{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_68946/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_68946","id":"gutenberg_68946","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68946","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Archaeology & Anthropology","Category: History - Ancient","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Category: Travel Writing","Greece -- Antiquities","Greece -- Description and travel -- Early works to 1800"],"text":"_BOHN\u2019S CLASSICAL LIBRARY._\n\n                      PAUSANIAS\u2019 DESCRIPTION OF\n                               GREECE.\n\n\n\n\n                              PAUSANIAS\u2019\n                         DESCRIPTION OF GREECE,\n\n                        TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH\n\n                          WITH NOTES AND INDEX\n\n\n                   BY ARTHUR RICHARD SHILLETO, M.A.,\n\n          _Sometime Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge_.\n\n\n\n\n                                VOLUME I.\n\n        \u201cPausanias est un homme qui ne manque ni de bon sens ni de\n    bonne foi, mais qui croit ou au moins voudrait croire \u00e0 ses dieux.\u201d\n    --CHAMPAGNY.\n\n\n                      LONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS,\n                       YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.\n                                  1886.\n\n\n          CHISWICK PRESS:--C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT,\n                            CHANCERY LANE.\n\n\n\n\nPREFACE.\n\n\nOf Pausanias personally we know very little, but that he lived during\nthe Reign of the Antonines, and travelled all round Greece, and wrote\nhis famous _Tour round Greece_, or _Description of Greece_, in 10\nBooks, describing what he had seen and heard. His chief merit is his\nshowing to us the state of the works of art still remaining in his day\nin the Greek cities, which have since been swept away by the various\ninvasions that have devastated that once happy land. \u201cWhen Pausanias\ntravelled through Greece, during the age of the Antonines, about 1690\nyears ago, he found every city teeming with life and refinement; every\nTemple a Museum of Art; and every spot hallowed by some tradition which\ncontributed to its preservation. The ruthless destruction of these\nworks of art, in subsequent ages, has reduced them to a small number;\nand the Traveller now pauses, with a melancholy interest, to reflect\nupon the objects described by Pausanias, but which no longer exist.\u201d[1]\n\n  Pausanias\u2019 _Description of Greece_ is also full of various\ninformation on many topics. It is for example a mine of Mythology. For\nits various matter it has been happily compared to a \u201cCounty History.\u201d\nThere is often a quiet vein of humour in Pausanias, who seems to have\nbeen almost equally a believer in Providence and in Homer.\n\n  I have translated from _Schubart\u2019s_ Text in the _Teubner_ Series,\n(1875), but have taken the liberty always, where the text seemed\nhopeless, to adopt a reading that seemed preferable from any other\nsource. I have constantly had before me the valuable edition of\n_Siebelis_, (Lipsi\u00e6, 1827), to whom I am much indebted, especially for\nhis Illustrations, still veracity obliges me to state that occasionally\nhe too gives one reason to remember the famous lines of a well-known\nRector of Welwyn in the Eighteenth Century.\n\n      \u201c_The_ commentators each dark passage shun,\n    And hold their farthing candle to the Sun.\u201d\n\n  In the _Index_ it is hardly necessary to state that I owe much to\n_Schubart_.\n\n  CAMBRIDGE,\n    _May, 1886_.\n\n\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[1] George Scharf, Esq., F.S.A. 1859. _Wordsworth\u2019s Greece_, p. 1.\n\n\n\n\n                               CONTENTS.\n\n\n                                             PAGE\n\n     BOOK I. ATTICA                             1\n\n         II. CORINTH                           90\n\n        III. LACONIA                          168\n\n         IV. MESSENIA                         228\n\n          V. ELIS                             302\n\n         VI. ELIS. Part ii.                   360\n\n             INDEX                            414\n\n\n\n\nPAUSANIAS.\n\n\n\n\nBOOK I.--ATTICA.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER I.\n\n\nOn the mainland of Greece, facing the islands called the Cyclades and\nthe \u00c6gean sea, the promontory of Sunium stands out on Attic soil:\nand there is a harbour for any one coasting along the headland, and\na temple of Athene of Sunium on the summit of the height. And as one\nsails on is Laurium, where the Athenians formerly had silver mines, and\na desert island of no great size called after Patroclus; for he had\nbuilt a wall in it and laid a palisade, when he sailed as admiral in\nthe Egyptian triremes, which Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, sent to punish\nthe Athenians, Antigonus, the son of Demetrius, in person making a raid\ninto their territory with a land force and ravaging it, and the fleet\nsimultaneously hemming them in by sea. Now the Pir\u00e6us was a township\nin ancient times, but was not a port until Themistocles ruled the\nAthenians; but their port was Phalerum, (for here the sea is nearest to\nAthens), and they say that it was from thence that Menestheus sailed\nwith the ships to Troy, and before him Theseus to exact vengeance\nfrom Minos for the death of Androgeos. But when Themistocles was in\npower, because the Pir\u00e6us appeared to him to be more convenient as a\nharbour, and it was certainly better to have three harbours than one\nas at Phalerum, he made this the port. And even up to my time there\nwere stations for ships, and at the largest of the three harbours the\ntomb of Themistocles; for they say that the Athenians repented of their\nconduct to him, and that his relatives exhumed his remains and brought\nthem home from Magnesia. Certain it is that the sons of Themistocles\nreturned from exile, and hung up a painting of Themistocles in the\nParthenon. Now of all the things in the Pir\u00e6us best worth seeing is the\ntemple of Athene and Zeus; both their statues are of gold, and Zeus has\na sceptre and Victory, while Athene is armed with a spear. Here, too,\nis a painting by Arcesilaus of Leosthenes and his sons, that famous\nhero who at the head of the Athenians and all the Greeks defeated the\nMacedonians in battle in B\u0153otia, and again beyond Thermopyl\u00e6, and drove\nthem into Lamia over against Mount \u0152ta and shut them up there. And it\nis in the long portico, where those near the sea have their market,\n(for there is another market for those more inland), and in the back\nof the portico near the sea are statues of Zeus and Demos, the design\nof Leochares. And near the sea is a temple erected to Aphrodite by\nConon, after his victory over the Laced\u00e6monian fleet off Cnidus in the\npeninsula of Caria. For Aphrodite is the tutelary saint of the men of\nCnidus, and they have several temples of the goddess; the most ancient\ncelebrates her as Doritis, the next in date as Acr\u00e6a, and latest of\nall that which everybody else calls Athene of Cnidus, but the Cnidians\nthemselves call it Athene of the Fair Voyage.\n\n  The Athenians have also another harbour at Munychia, and a temple\nof Artemis of Munychia, and another at Phalerum, as has been stated\nby me before, and near it a temple of Demeter. Here too is a temple\nof Sciradian Athene, and of Zeus at a little distance, and altars of\ngods called unknown, and of heroes, and of the children of Theseus and\nPhalerus; for this Phalerus, the Athenians say, sailed with Jason to\nColchis. There is also an altar of Androgeos the son of Minos, though\nit is only called altar of a hero, but those who take pains to know\nmore accurately than others their country\u2019s antiquities are well aware\nthat it is the altar of Androgeos. And twenty stades[2] further is\nthe promontory Colias; when the fleet of the Persians was destroyed\nthe tide dashed the wrecks against it. There is here also a statue of\nAphrodite of Colias and the goddesses who are called Genetyllides.\nI am of opinion that the Phocian goddesses in Ionia, that they call\nby the name of Gennaides, are the same as these at Colias called\nGenetyllides. And there is on the road to Athens from Phalerum a temple\nof Hera without doors or roof; they say that Mardonius, the son of\nGobryas, burnt it. But the statue there now is (as they say) the work\nof Alcamenes; this, indeed, the Persian cannot have touched.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER II.\n\n\nAs one enters into the city there is a monument of Antiope the Amazon.\nPindar says that this Antiope was carried off by Pirithous and Theseus,\nbut the account by Hegias of Tr\u0153zen is as follows: that Hercules\nbesieging Themiscyra near the river Thermodon could not take it; but\nthat Antiope being enamoured of Theseus, (who was besieging the place\nwith Hercules), handed the place over to him. This is the account\nHegias has given. But the Athenians say that, when the Amazons came,\nAntiope was shot by Molpadia with an arrow, and that Molpadia was slain\nby Theseus. There is a monument also to Molpadia among the Athenians.\nAnd as one ascends from the Pir\u00e6us there are remains of the walls\nwhich Conon re-erected after the sea-fight off Cnidus; for those which\nThemistocles had built after the defeat of the Persians had been pulled\ndown during the rule of The Thirty Tyrants, as they were called. And\nalong the way the most notable tombs are those of Menander the son of\nDiopeithes, and a cenotaph of Euripides without the body. For Euripides\nwas buried in Macedonia, having gone to the court of King Archelaus;\nand the manner of his death, for it has been told by many, let it be as\nthey say. Poets even in those days lived with kings and earlier still,\nfor when Polycrates was tyrant at Samos Anacreon lived at his court,\nand \u00c6schylus and Simonides journeyed to Syracuse to the court of Hiero;\nand to Dionysius, who was afterwards tyrant in Sicily, went Philoxenus;\nand to Antigonus, king of the Macedonians, went Antagoras of Rhodes and\nAratus of Soli. On the other hand Hesiod and Homer either did not get\nthe chance of living at kings\u2019 courts, or of their own accord didn\u2019t\nvalue it, the former because he lived in the country and shrank from\ntravelling, and the latter, having gone on his travels to very distant\nparts, depreciated pecuniary assistance from the powerful in comparison\nwith the glory he had amongst most men, for from him too we have the\ndescription of Demodocus\u2019 being at the court of Alcinous, and that\nAgamemnon left a poet with his wife. There is also a tomb not far from\nthe gates, with the statue of a soldier standing near a horse; who the\nsoldier is I don\u2019t know, but Praxiteles modelled both the horse and the\nsoldier.\n\n  As one enters into the city there is a building for the getting\nready of processions, which they conduct some annually, some at\nvarious intervals. And near is the temple of Demeter, and the statues\nin it are her and her daughter and Iacchus with a torch; and it is\nwritten on the wall in Attic letters that they are the production of\nPraxiteles. And not far from this temple is Poseidon on horseback, in\nthe act of hurling his spear at the giant Polybotes, in respect to\nwhom there is a story among the Coans as to the promontory of Chelone;\nbut the inscription of our days assigns the statue to another and not\nto Poseidon. And there are porticoes from the gates to the Ceramicus,\nand in front of them brazen statues of women and men who have obtained\nsome celebrity. And one of the porticoes has not only shrines of the\ngods, but also what is called the gymnasium of Hermes; and there is in\nit the house of Polytion, in which they say the most notable of the\nAthenians imitated the Eleusinian mysteries. But in my time it was\nconsecrated to Dionysus. And this Dionysus they call Melpomenos for\nthe same reason that they call Apollo Musagetes. Here are statues of\nP\u00e6onian Athene and Zeus and Mnemosyne and the Muses, and Apollo (the\nvotive offering and work of Eubulides), and Acratus a satellite of\nDionysus: his face alone is worked in the wall. And next to the shrine\nof Dionysus is a room with statues of earthenware, Amphictyon the king\nof the Athenians feasting Dionysus and all the other gods. Here too is\nPegasus Eleutherensis, who introduced Dionysus to the Athenians; and\nhe was assisted by the oracle at Delphi, which foretold that the god\nwould come and settle there in the days of Icarius. And this is the\nway Amphictyon got the kingdom. They say that Act\u00e6us was first king of\nwhat is now Attica; and on his death Cecrops succeeded to the kingdom\nhaving married Act\u00e6us\u2019 daughter, and he had three daughters, Erse, and\nAglaurus, and Pandrosus, and one son, Erysichthon. He never reigned\nover the Athenians, for he chanced to die in his father\u2019s lifetime, and\nthe kingdom of Cecrops fell to Cranaus, the foremost of the Athenians\nin power and influence. And they say that Cranaus had among other\ndaughters Atthis; from her they named the country Attica, which was\nbefore called Act\u00e6a. And Amphictyon rose up in insurrection against\nCranaus, although he was married to his daughter, and deposed him from\nthe kingdom; but was himself afterwards ejected by Erichthonius and\nhis fellow conspirators. And they say that Erichthonius had no mortal\nfather, but that his parents were Heph\u00e6stus and Mother Earth.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER III.\n\n\nNow the place Ceramicus gets its name from the hero Ceramus, he too\nreputed to be the son of Dionysus and Ariadne; and the first portico on\nthe right is called the royal portico, for there the king sits during\nhis yearly office which is called kingdom. On the roof of this portico\nare statues of earthenware, Theseus hurling Sciron into the sea, and\nAurora carrying off Cephalus, who, being most handsome, was, they say,\ncarried off by enamoured Aurora, and his son was Phaethon. And he made\nhim sacristan of the temple. All this has been told by others, and by\nHesiod in his poem about women. And near the portico are statues of\nConon and his son Timotheus, and Evagoras, the king of the Cyprians,\nwho got the Ph\u0153nician triremes given to Conon by King Artaxerxes;\nand he acted as an Athenian and one who had ancestral connection\nwith Salamis, for his pedigree went up to Teucer and the daughter of\nCinyras. Here too are statues of Zeus, surnamed Eleutherius, and the\nEmperor Adrian, a benefactor to all the people he ruled over, and\nespecially to the city of the Athenians. And the portico built behind\nhas paintings of the so-called twelve gods. And Democracy and Demos and\nTheseus are painted on the wall beyond. The painting represents Theseus\nrestoring to the Athenians political equality. The popular belief has\nprevailed almost universally that Theseus played into the hands of\nthe people, and that from his time they remained under a democratical\ngovernment, till Pisistratus rose up and became tyrant. There are\nother untrue traditions current among the mass of mankind, who have no\nresearch and take for gospel all they heard as children in the choruses\nand tragedies. One such tradition is that Theseus himself was king,\nand that after the death of Menestheus his descendants continued kings\neven to the fourth generation. But if I had a fancy for genealogies,\nI should certainly have enumerated all the kings from Melanthus to\nCleidicus the son of \u00c6simidas as well as these.\n\n  Here too is painted the action of the Athenians at Mantinea, who were\nsent to aid the Laced\u00e6monians. Xenophon and others have written the\nhistory of the entire war, the occupation of Cadmeia, and the slaughter\nof the Laced\u00e6monians at Leuctra, and how the B\u0153otians made a raid into\nthe Peloponnese, and of the help that came to the Laced\u00e6monians from\nthe Athenians. And in the picture is the cavalry charge, the most\nnoted officers in which were on the Athenian side Gryllus, the son of\nXenophon, and in the B\u0153otian cavalry Epaminondas the Theban. These\npaintings were painted for the Athenians by Euphranor, and in the\ntemple hard by he represented Apollo under the name Patrous. And in\nfront of the temple Leochares represented another Apollo, and Calamis\nthe Apollo who is called Averter of Evil. And they say the god got this\nname by stopping from his oracle at Delphi the noisome pestilence, that\nsmote them at the same time as the Peloponnesian war. There is also a\ntemple to the Mother of the Gods wrought by Phidias, and next to it a\ncouncil chamber for those who are called The Five Hundred, who are\nappointed annually. And in the council chamber are erected statues to\nZeus the Counsellor, and to Apollo (the artistic design of Pisias),\nand to Demos (the work of Lyson). And the legislators were painted by\nthe Caunian Protogenes, but Olbiades painted Callippus, who led the\nAthenians to Thermopyl\u00e6 to prevent the invasion of the Galati into\nGreece.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IV.\n\n\nNow these Galati inhabit the remotest parts of Europe, near a mighty\nsea, not navigable where they live: it has tides and breakers and\nsea monsters quite unlike those in any other sea: and through their\nterritory flows the river Eridanus, by whose banks people think the\ndaughters of the sun lament the fate of their brother Phaethon. And\nit is only of late that the name Galati has prevailed among them:\nfor originally they were called Celts both by themselves and by all\nother nations. And an army gathered together by them marched towards\nthe Ionian Sea, and dispossessed all the nations of Illyria and all\nthat dwelt between them and the Macedonians, and even the Macedonians\nthemselves, and overran Thessaly. And when they got near to Thermopyl\u00e6,\nmost of the Greeks did not interfere with their onward march,\nremembering how badly handled they had formerly been by Alexander\nand Philip, and how subsequently Antipater and Cassander had nearly\nruined Greece; so that, on account of their weakness, they did not\nconsider it disgraceful individually that a general defence should be\nabandoned. But the Athenians, although they had suffered more than\nany other of the Greeks during the long Macedonian war, and had had\ngreat losses in battles, yet resolved to go forth to Thermopyl\u00e6 with\nthose of the Greeks who volunteered, having chosen this Callippus as\ntheir General. And having occupied the narrowest pass they endeavoured\nto bar the passage of the barbarians into Greece. But the Celts\nhaving discovered the same defile by which Ephialtes the Trachinian\nhad formerly conducted the Persians, and having routed those of the\nPhocians who were posted there in battle array, crossed Mount \u0152ta\nunbeknown to the Greeks. Then it was that the Athenians displayed\nthemselves to the Greeks as most worthy, by their brave defence\nagainst the barbarians, being taken both in front and flank. But those\nsuffered most that were in their ships, inasmuch as the Lamiac Gulf was\nfull of mud near Thermopyl\u00e6; the explanation is, as it seems to me,\nthat here warm springs have their outlet into the sea. Here therefore\nthey suffered much. For, having taken on board their comrades, they\nwere obliged to sail over mud in vessels heavy with men and armour.\nThus did the Athenians endeavour to save the Greeks in the manner I\nhave described. But the Galati having got inside Pyl\u00e6, and not caring\nto take the other fortified towns, were most anxious to plunder the\ntreasures of the god at Delphi. And the people of Delphi, and those\nof the Phocians who dwelt in the cities round Parnassus, drew up in\nbattle array against them. A contingency of the \u00c6tolians also arrived:\nand you must know that at that era the \u00c6tolians were eminent for manly\nvigour. And when the armies engaged not only did lightnings dismay the\nGalati, and fragments of rock coming down on them from Parnassus, but\nthree mighty warriors pressed them hard, two, they say, came from the\nHyperboreans, Hyperochus and Amadocus, and the third was Pyrrhus, the\nson of Achilles. And in consequence of this aid the Delphians offer\nsacrifice to Pyrrhus, though before they held his tomb in dishonour as\nthat of an enemy. But the greater part of the Galati having crossed\ninto Asia Minor in their ships, ravaged its maritime parts. And some\ntime afterwards the inhabitants of Pergamum, which in old times was\ncalled Teuthrania, drove the Galati from the sea into the region now\ncalled Galatia. They lived in the region east of the river Sangarius,\nhaving captured Ancyra, a city of the Phrygians which Midas the son of\nGordias had formerly built. And the anchor which Midas found was still,\neven in my time, in the temple of Zeus, and the well shown which was\ncalled Midas\u2019 well: which Midas, they say, poured wine into that he\nmight capture Silenus. As well as Ancyra they captured Pessinus near\nthe mountain Agdistis, where they say Atte was buried. And the people\nof Pergamum have spoils of the Galati, and there is a painting of their\naction with the Galati. And the region which the people of Pergamum\ninhabit was in old times, they say, sacred to the Cabiri. And they\nclaim to be Arcadians who crossed over with Telephus into Asia Minor.\nOf their other wars, if they fought any, the fame has not universally\nspread: but three most notable exploits have been performed by them,\ntheir gaining dominion over the southern part of Asia Minor, and their\nexpulsion of the Galati from thence, and their venture under Telephus\nagainst the forces of Agamemnon, when the Greeks, unable to find Ilium,\nravaged the Mysian plain, thinking it was Trojan territory. But I\nreturn to where I made my digression from.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER V.\n\n\nNear the council chamber of The Five Hundred is the room called the\nRotunda, and here the Prytanes sacrifice, and there are some silver\nstatues not very large. And higher up are some statues of the heroes,\nfrom whom the tribes of the Athenians in later times got their names.\nAnd who made the tribes ten instead of four, and changed their names\nfrom the old ones, has been told by Herodotus. And of the heroes who\ngave their names to the tribes, (_Eponymus_ is the name they give\nthem), are Hippothoon, the son of Poseidon by Alope the daughter\nof Cercyon, and Antiochus, one of the sons of Hercules by Meda the\ndaughter of Phylas, and the third Ajax, the son of Telamon; and of the\nAthenians Leo, who is said to have devoted all his daughters for the\npublic weal at the bidding of the oracle. Erechtheus also is among\nthe Eponymi, who conquered the Eleusinians in battle, and slew their\ncommander Immaradus, the son of Eumolpus; also \u00c6gius, and \u0152neus the\nillegitimate son of Pandion, and of the sons of Theseus Acamas. And\nwhat Cecrops and Pandion they hold in honour, (for I saw their statues\ntoo among the Eponymi), I do not know, for there were two of each; the\nfirst Cecrops, that was king, married the daughter of Act\u00e6us, and the\nother, who settled at Eub\u0153a, was the son of Erechtheus, the grandson\nof Pandion and the great grandson of Erichthonius, and the two Pandion\nkings were the son of Erichthonius and the son of Cecrops the younger.\nThe latter was deposed from his kingdom by the Metionid\u00e6, and when he\nfled to Megara, the daughter of whose king he had married, his sons\nwere banished with him. And it is said that Pandion died there of\nillness, and his tomb is near the sea in Megara, on the rock that is\ncalled the rock of Athene the Diver. But his sons returned from exile\nat Megara, and expelled the Metionid\u00e6, and \u00c6geus, being the eldest, had\nthe sovereignty over the Athenians. Pandion also reared daughters, but\nnot with good fortune, nor had they any sons to avenge him. And yet for\nthe love of power he had made affinity with the king of Thrace. But\nman has no power to escape what is willed by the Deity. They say that\nTereus (though married to Procne) dishonoured Philomela, not acting\naccording to the law of the Greeks: and, having still further murdered\nthe damsel, he compelled the women to punish him. There is also another\nstatue erected to Pandion in the Acropolis, well worth seeing. These\nare the ancient Eponymi of the Athenians. And after these they have\nas Eponymi Attalus the Mysian, and Ptolemy the Egyptian, and, in my\ntime, the Emperor Adrian, who worshipped the gods more religiously than\nanyone, and who contributed most to the individual happiness of his\nsubjects. And he never willingly undertook any war, only he punished\nthe revolt of the Hebrews who live beyond the Syrians. And as to the\ntemples of the gods, part of which he originally built, and part of\nwhich he adorned with votive offerings and decorations, or of the gifts\nwhich he gave to the Greek cities and to those of the barbarians who\nasked for them, all these good deeds of his are written up at Athens,\nin the temple common to all the gods.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VI.\n\n\nAs to the actions of Attalus and Ptolemy, not only are they become more\nancient from the progress of time, so that the fame of them no longer\nremains, but also those who lived with those kings in former days\nneglected to register their exploits. I thought it well therefore to\nrecord whatever works they did, and how it was that the government of\nEgypt and of the Mysi, and of the neighbouring nations, fell to their\nfathers. Ptolemy, the Macedonians think, was really the son of Philip\nthe son of Amyntas, (but putatively the son of Lagus), for his mother,\nthey say, was pregnant when she was given to Lagus to wife by Philip.\nAnd they say that Ptolemy not only distinguished himself brilliantly\nin Asia Minor, but, when danger befel Alexander at Oxydrac\u00e6, he of\nall his companions was foremost to bring him aid. And upon the death\nof Alexander, he it was who mainly resisted those who wished to give\nall the dominions of Alexander to Arid\u00e6us the son of Philip, and he\nagain was responsible for the different nationalities being divided\ninto kingdoms. And he himself crossed into Egypt and slew Cleomenes,\nwhom Alexander had made satrap of Egypt, thinking him friendly to\nPerdiccas and therefore not loyal to himself, and persuaded those of\nthe Macedonians who were appointed to carry the dead body of Alexander\nto \u00c6g\u00e6 to hand it over to him, and buried him at Memphis with the\ncustomary Macedonian rites; but, feeling sure that Perdiccas would go\nto war with him, he filled Egypt with garrisons. And Perdiccas, to\ngive a specious colour to his expedition, led about with him Arid\u00e6us\nthe son of Philip, and the lad Alexander, the son of Alexander by\nRoxana the daughter of Oxyartes, but really was plotting to take away\nthe kingdom of Egypt from Ptolemy. But having been thrust out of\nEgypt, and consequently losing his former prestige as a general, and\nhaving incurred odium among the Macedonians on other grounds, he was\nassassinated by his bodyguard. The death of Perdiccas roused Ptolemy\nto immediate action: simultaneously he seized Syria and Ph\u0153nicia,\nwelcomed Seleucus the son of Antiochus, a fugitive who had been driven\ninto exile by Antigonus, and made preparations to take the field in\nperson against Antigonus. And Cassander the son of Antipater, and\nLysimachus king of Thrace, he persuaded to join him in the war, saying\nthat the exile of Seleucus and the aggrandisement of Antigonus was a\ncommon danger to all of them. Now Antigonus for a time went on with\nhis preparations, but by no means courted war. But when he heard that\nPtolemy had gone to Libya to put down a revolt of the people of Cyrene,\nforthwith he took Syria and Ph\u0153nicia by a _coup-de-main_, and, handing\nthem over to his son Demetrius, a boy in years a man in intellect,\nreturned to the Hellespont. But before getting there, on hearing\nthat Demetrius had been beaten in battle by Ptolemy, he led his army\nback again. But Demetrius, so far from yielding ground altogether to\nPtolemy, planned an ambush and cut to pieces a few of the Egyptians.\nAnd now, upon Antigonus\u2019 coming up, Ptolemy did not wait for him, but\nretired into Egypt. And when the winter was over Demetrius sailed to\nCyprus and beat Menelaus, Ptolemy\u2019s satrap, in a naval engagement, and\nthen Ptolemy himself, as he tried to force his way through. And he\nfled into Egypt and was blockaded both by land and sea by Antigonus\nand Demetrius. But Ptolemy, although in great straits, yet preserved\nhis kingdom by stationing himself with his army at Pelusium on the\n_qui vive_, and by keeping the enemy from the river with his fleet.\nAnd Antigonus had no further hope that he could take Egypt in the\npresent state of affairs, so he despatched Demetrius to the Rhodians\nwith a large army and ships, hoping that, if he could get possession\nof Rhodes, he could use it as his base against the Egyptians. But not\nonly did the Rhodians exhibit great daring and ingenuity against their\nbesiegers, but also Ptolemy himself to the utmost of his power assisted\nthem in the war. And Antigonus, though unsuccessful with Rhodes and\nEgypt, ventured not long afterwards to fight against Lysimachus and\nCassander and the army of Seleucus, and lost the greater part of his\nforces, and himself died mainly from being worn out by the length of\nthe war against Eumenes. And of the kings that put down the power of\nAntigonus I think the most unscrupulous was Cassander, who, having\npreserved his rule over the Macedonians only owing to Antigonus, went\nand fought against a man that had been his benefactor. And after the\ndeath of Antigonus, Ptolemy again took Syria and Cyprus, and restored\nPyrrhus to Thesprotian Epirus. And when Cyrene revolted, Magas the son\nof Berenice, who was at this time the wife of Ptolemy, took it in the\nfifth year after the revolt. Now if this Ptolemy was really the son\nof Philip the son of Amyntas, it will be clear that he inherited this\nmadness for women from his father, who, though married to Eurydice,\nthe daughter of Antipater, and having children by her, yet fell in love\nwith Berenice, (whom Antipater had sent into Egypt as a companion to\nEurydice), and so enamoured was he of her that he had children by her,\nand when his end was near willed to reign over Egypt Ptolemy, (from\nwhom the Athenians name one tribe), his son by Berenice and not by\nEurydice.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VII.\n\n\nThis Ptolemy being enamoured of Arsinoe, his sister on both sides,\nmarried her, doing what was by no means usual among the Macedonians,\nbut not uncommon among his Egyptian subjects. And next he slew his\nbrother Arg\u00e6us plotting against him, as was said. And he brought the\ncorpse of Alexander from Memphis. And he slew also another brother,\nthe son of Eurydice, observing that he was trying to make the Cyprians\nrevolt. And Magas the uterine brother of Ptolemy, (being the son of\nBerenice and one Philip, a Macedonian but one of the common people and\notherwise unknown), who had been chosen by his mother to be governor\nof Cyrene, at this time persuaded the people of Cyrene to revolt from\nPtolemy and marched with an army for Egypt. And Ptolemy, having guarded\nthe approaches, awaited the arrival of the men of Cyrene; but Magas\nhaving had news brought him on the road that the Marmarid\u00e6 had revolted\nfrom him, (now the Marmarid\u00e6 are a tribe of Libyan Nomads), endeavoured\nto get back to Cyrene at once. And Ptolemy, intending to follow him,\nwas prevented by the following reason. Among some of his defensive\noperations against Magas, he had invited in some foreign mercenaries,\nand among others some 4,000 Galati; but finding that they were plotting\nto make themselves masters of Egypt, he sent them down to the Nile to a\ndesert island. And here they perished, partly by one another\u2019s sword,\npartly by famine. And Magas being the husband of Apame, the daughter\nof Antiochus the son of Seleucus, persuaded Antiochus to violate the\nconditions which his father Seleucus had made with Ptolemy, and to\nlead an army into Egypt. But as he was preparing to do so, Ptolemy\nsent into all parts of Antichus\u2019 dominions guerilla troops to ravage\nthe country where the defenders were weak, and more formidable bodies\nhe checked with his army, so that Antiochus had no longer the chance\nto invade Egypt. I have previously described how this Ptolemy sent a\nfleet to aid the Athenians against Antigonus and the Macedonians; but,\nindeed, the Athenians derived no great benefit from it. Now his sons\nwere not by Arsinoe his sister, but by the daughter of Lysimachus,\nfor although he was married to his sister and lived with her, she\npre-deceased him and was childless, and the district Arsinoites is\nnamed after her.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VIII.\n\n\nOur subject now demands that we should relate the doings of Attalus,\nfor he is also one of the Athenian Eponymi. A Macedonian by name\nDocimus, one of Antigonus\u2019 generals, who afterwards gave himself and\nhis fortune into the hands of Lysimachus, had a Paphlagonian eunuch\ncalled Philet\u00e6rus. Now all the circumstances of Philet\u00e6rus\u2019 revolt from\nLysimachus, and how he invited in Seleucus, shall be narrated by me\nin my account of Lysimachus. But this Attalus was the son of Attalus,\nand nephew of Philet\u00e6rus, and got the kingdom from Eumenes his cousin\nhanding it over to him. And this is the greatest of his exploits, that\nhe compelled the Galati to leave the coast and go inland to Galatia,\nthe country which they now inhabit.\n\n  And next to the statues of the Eponymi are images of the gods,\nAmphiaraus and Peace with Wealth as a boy in her arms. Here, too, are\nstatues in bronze of Lycurgus the son of Lycophron, and of Callias who\nnegotiated peace, as most of the Athenians say, between the Greeks\nand Artaxerxes the son of Xerxes. Here, too, is Demosthenes, whom the\nAthenians drove into exile to Calauria, the island near Tr\u0153zen, and\nafter having recalled him drove him into exile a second time after\nthe defeat at Lamia. And when Demosthenes went into exile the second\ntime, he crossed over again to Calauria, where he died by taking\npoison. And he was the only exile who was not handed over to Antipater\nand the Macedonians by Archias. Now this Archias, who was a native\nof Thurii, acted very inhumanly. All who had opposed the Macedonians\nbefore the disaster which befel the Greeks in Thessaly, Archias handed\nover to Antipater for punishment. Now this was the end of Demosthenes\u2019\nexcessive affection for the Athenians. And it seems to me deserving of\nrecord, that a man who had been cruelly exiled for his policy, and had\nyet believed in the democracy, came to a bad end.\n\n  And near the statue of Demosthenes is the temple of Ares, where are\ntwo images of Aphrodite, and one of Ares designed by Alcamenes, and one\nof Athene designed by a Parian by name Locrus. Here too is an image of\nEnyo by the sons of Praxiteles. And round the temple are statues of\nHercules, and Theseus, and Apollo with his long hair in a fillet: and\nstatues of Calades, who was a legislator of the Athenians according\nto tradition, and of Pindar, who amongst other honour obtained this\nstatue from the Athenians because he praised them in an Ode. And at no\ngreat distance are statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton, the murderers\nof Hipparchus: the motive and manner of this murder has been told by\nothers. And of these statues some are by Critias, but the oldest ones\nby Antenor. And although Xerxes when he captured Athens, (the Athenians\nhaving left the city), took them off as booty, Antiochus sent them back\nafterwards to the Athenians.\n\n  And in the theatre, which they call Odeum, there are statues, in the\nentrance, of the Egyptian kings. Their names are all Ptolemy alike,\nbut each has another distinguishing name also. Thus they call one\nPhilometor, and another Philadelphus, and the son of Lagus Soter, a\nname the Rhodians gave him. Philadelphus is the one whom I have before\nmade mention of as one of the Eponymi. And near him is also a statue of\nhis sister Arsinoe.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IX.\n\n\nNow the Ptolemy called Philometor is the eighth in descent from\nPtolemy the son of Lagus, and he got his name in irony; for none of\nthese kings that we know of was so hated by their mother as he was;\nfor though he was the eldest of her sons she would not allow them to\ncall him to the kingdom, but got him banished to Cyprus by his father\npreviously. Now of this dislike of Cleopatra to her son they allege\nother motives, but especially this one, that she thought Alexander, the\nyounger of her sons, would be more obsequious to her. And therefore she\nurged the Egyptians to choose Alexander for their king. And when the\npeople opposed her in this, she sent Alexander to Cyprus, nominally\nas general, but really because she wished through him to make herself\nmore formidable to Philometor. And at last having mutilated those of\nthe eunuchs whom she thought most friendly, she brought them before the\npopulace, and pretended that she was plotted against by Philometor,\nand that the eunuchs had been treated in that shameful manner by\nhim. And the Alexandrians were eager to kill Philometor, but, as he\ngot on shipboard and escaped them, they made Alexander king on his\nreturn from Cyprus. But Cleopatra was punished eventually for her\ngetting Philometor banished by being slain by Alexander, whom she had\ngot appointed king over the Egyptians. And the crime being detected,\nand Alexander fleeing from fear of the citizens, Philometor quietly\nreturned from exile and a second time held Egypt, and warred against\nthe Thebans who had revolted. And having reduced them in the third\nyear after the revolt, he punished them so severely that there was no\nvestige left them of their ancient prosperity, which had reached such\na pitch that they excelled in wealth the wealthiest of the Greeks,\neven the treasures of the temple at Delphi and the Orchomenians. And\nPhilometor not long after meeting the common fate, the Athenians\nwho had been well treated by him in many respects that I need not\nenumerate, erected a brazen statue both of him and Berenice, his only\nlegitimate child. And next to the Egyptian kings are statues of Philip\nand his son Alexander. They performed greater exploits than to be mere\nappendages to an account of something else. To the other Egyptian kings\ngifts were given as being of real merit and benefactors, but to Philip\nand Alexander more, from the flattery of the community towards them,\nfor they also honoured Lysimachus by a statue, not so much out of good\nwill as thinking him useful under existing circumstances.\n\n  Now this Lysimachus was by birth a Macedonian and the armour-bearer\nof Alexander, whom Alexander once in anger shut up in a building with a\nlion and found him victorious over the beast. In all other respects he\ncontinued to admire him, and held him in honour as among the foremost\nof the Macedonians. And after Alexander\u2019s death Lysimachus ruled over\nthose Thracians who were contiguous to the Macedonians, over whom\nAlexander had ruled, and still earlier Philip. And these would be no\nvery great portion of Thrace. Now no nations are more populous than\nall the Thracians, except the Celts, if one compares one race with\nanother; and that is why none of the Romans ever subdued all Thrace at\nan earlier period. But all Thrace is now subject to the Romans, and\nas much of the Celtic land as they think useless from the excessive\ncold and inferiority of the soil has been purposely overlooked by\nthem, but the valuable parts they stick to. Now Lysimachus at this\nperiod fought with the Odrys\u00e6 first of all his neighbours, and next\nwent on an expedition against Dromichetes and the Get\u00e6. And fighting\nwith men not inexperienced in war, and in number far superior, he\nhimself getting into the greatest danger, fled for his life; and his\nson Agathocles, now first accompanying his father on campaign, was\ncaptured by the Get\u00e6. And Lysimachus after this, being unfortunate in\nbattles and being greatly concerned at the capture of his son, made a\npeace with Dromichetes, abandoning to Getes his possessions across the\nIster, and giving him his daughter in marriage, more of necessity than\nchoice. But some say that it was not Agathocles who was captured, but\nLysimachus himself, and that he was ransomed by Agathocles negotiating\nwith Getes on his account. And when he returned he brought with him\nfor Agathocles a wife in Lysandra, the daughter of Ptolemy Lagus\nand Eurydice. And he crossed over into Asia Minor in his fleet, and\ndestroyed the rule of Antigonus. And he built the present city of the\nEphesians near the sea, bringing into it as settlers Lebedians and\nColophonians, after destroying their cities, so that Ph\u0153nix, the Iambic\nwriter, laments the capture of Colophon. Hermesianax, the Elegiac\nwriter, could not have lived, it seems to me, up to this date; for else\nhe would surely have written an elegy over the capture of Colophon.\nLysimachus also waged war against Pyrrhus the son of \u00c6acides. And\nwatching for his departure from Epirus, as indeed he was wandering\nmost of his time, he ravaged all the rest of Epirus, and even meddled\nwith the tombs of the kings. I can scarce believe it, but Hieronymus\nof Cardia has recorded that Lysimachus took up the tombs of the dead\nand strewed the bones about. But this Hieronymus has the reputation\neven on other grounds of having written with hostility against all the\nkings except Antigonus, and of not having been altogether just even to\nhim. And in this account of the tombs in Epirus he clearly must have\ninvented the calumny, that a Macedonian would interfere with the tombs\nof the dead. And besides it appears that Lysimachus did not know that\nthe people of Epirus were not only the ancestors of Pyrrhus but also of\nAlexander; for Alexander was not only a native of Epirus, but on his\nmother\u2019s side one of the \u00c6acid\u00e6. And the subsequent alliance between\nPyrrhus and Lysimachus proves that if they did fight together there was\nno irreconcilable animosity between them. But perhaps Hieronymus had\nother causes of complaint against Lysimachus besides the chief one that\nhe destroyed the city of Cardia, and built instead of it Lysimachia on\nthe Isthmus of the Thracian Chersonese.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER X.\n\n\nNow as long as Arid\u00e6us, and after him Cassander and his sons, ruled,\nthere was friendship between Lysimachus and the Macedonians; but when\nthe kingdom came to Demetrius the son of Antigonus, then at once\nLysimachus thought war would be waged against him by Demetrius, and\npreferred to take the initiative himself, knowing that it was a family\ntradition with Demetrius to wish to be grasping something, and at\nthe same time observing that he had come to Macedonia on being sent\nfor by Alexander the son of Cassander, and on his arrival had killed\nAlexander and taken in his stead the kingdom of the Macedonians. For\nthese reasons he fought with Demetrius at Amphipolis and was within an\nace of being ejected from Thrace, but through the help of Pyrrhus he\nretained Thrace and afterwards ruled the Nestians and Macedonians also.\nBut the greater part of Macedonia Pyrrhus kept for himself, coming with\na force from Epirus and being useful to Lysimachus at that time. But\nwhen Demetrius crossed over into Asia Minor and fought with Seleucus,\nas long as the fortunes of Demetrius lasted the alliance between\nPyrrhus and Lysimachus remained unbroken; but when Demetrius got into\nthe power of Seleucus the friendship was dissolved, and Lysimachus\nfought with Antigonus, the son of Demetrius, and with Pyrrhus himself,\nand was easily victorious and got Macedonia and compelled Pyrrhus to\nreturn to Epirus. Now many misfortunes are wont to come on men through\nlove. For Lysimachus being already advanced in age, and being reputed\nfortunate in respect to his offspring, and although his son Agathocles\nhad children by Lysandra, yet married Arsinoe Lysandra\u2019s sister. And\nit is said that this Arsinoe, fearing for her children that after\nthe death of Lysimachus they would be in the hands of Agathocles,\nfor these reasons conspired against Agathocles. And some writers\nhave alleged that Arsinoe was violently in love with Agathocles,\nbut being disappointed in this plotted his death. And they say that\nafterwards Lysimachus came to know of the awful doings of his wife,\nwhen it was too late to be of any service to him, being entirely\ndeprived of his friends. For when Lysimachus permitted Arsinoe to put\nAgathocles to death, Lysandra fled to Seleucus, taking with her her\nsons and brothers, and in consequence of what had happened they fled\nfor refuge to Ptolemy. And these fugitives to the court of Seleucus\nwere accompanied by Alexander also, the son of Lysimachus by his wife\nOdrysiades. And they, having got to Babylon, besought Seleucus to go\nto war with Lysimachus; and Philet\u00e6rus at the same time, who had had\nall the money of Lysimachus entrusted to him, indignant at the death\nof Agathocles and thinking the conduct of Arsinoe suspicious, occupied\nPergamum beyond the river Caicus, and sent an envoy and offered himself\nand his money to Seleucus. And Lysimachus, learning all this, crossed\ninto Asia Minor forthwith, and himself began the war, and encountering\nSeleucus was badly beaten and himself killed. And Alexander, who\nwas his son by his wife Odrysiades, after much entreaty to Lysandra\nrecovered his corpse, and subsequently conveyed it to the Chersonese\nand buried it there, where even now his tomb is to be seen, between the\nvillage Cardia and Pactye. Such was the fate of Lysimachus.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XI.\n\n\nThe Athenians also have a statue of Pyrrhus. This Pyrrhus was only\nrelated to Alexander by ancestry. For Pyrrhus was the son of \u00c6acides\nthe son of Arybbas, whereas Alexander was the son of Olympias the\ndaughter of Neoptolemus. Now, Neoptolemus and Arybbas had the same\nfather, Alcetas the son of Tharypus. And from Tharypus to Pyrrhus,\nthe son of Achilles, are fifteen generations. For he first, after the\ncapture of Ilium, neglected, returning home to Thessaly, and removed to\nEpirus and dwelt there in accordance with the oracles of Helenus. And\nhe had no son by Hermione, but by Andromache he had Molossus and Pielus\nand the youngest Pergamus. And Helenus also had a son Cestrinus by\nAndromache, whom he married after the death of Pyrrhus at Delphi. And\nwhen Helenus died having handed over the kingdom to Molossus the son\nof Pyrrhus, Cestrinus with the Epirotes who volunteered to go with him\noccupied the region across the river Thyamis, and Pergamus, crossing\ninto Asia Minor, killed Arius the king of Teuthrania in single combat\nfor the sovereignty of the country, and gave the city his own name,\nwhich it now has. There is also to this day a temple of Andromache, who\naccompanied him, in the city. But Pielus remained at home in Epirus,\nand it was to him and not to Molossus that Pyrrhus the son of \u00c6acides\nand his fathers traced up their ancestry. Now up to the days of Alcetas\nthe son of Tharypus Epirus was under one king; but the sons of Alcetas\nafter some quarrelling changed the government to an equal share for\neach, and remained loyal to that agreement; and afterwards Alexander\nthe son of Neoptolemus died in Lucania, and Olympias returned to\nEpirus from fear of Antipater, and \u00c6acides, the son of Arybbas, in all\nrespects remained loyal to Olympias, and even joined her in fighting\nagainst Arid\u00e6us and the Macedonians, though the people of Epirus were\nunwilling to enter into it. But as Olympias, when she conquered, had\nacted infamously in connection with the death of Arid\u00e6us, and far more\nso to the Macedonians, and consequently was thought afterwards to\nhave only met with her deserts from Cassander, the Epirotes would not\nreceive \u00c6acides for a time owing to their hostility against Olympias;\nand when he obtained pardon from them some time after Cassander again\nprevented his return to Epirus. And a battle being fought between\nPhilip (the brother of Cassander) and \u00c6acides at \u0152nid\u00e6, \u00c6acides was\nwounded and died no long time after. And the people of Epirus made\nAlcetas king, the son of Arybbas and elder brother of \u00c6acides, a man\non previous occasions of ungovernable temper, and for that very reason\nbanished by his father. And now on his arrival he immediately so madly\nraged against the people of Epirus, that they rose up against him by\nnight and killed him and his sons. And when they had killed him they\nbrought back from exile Pyrrhus the son of \u00c6acides. And immediately\non his arrival Cassander marched against him, as being young and not\nfirmly established in the sovereignty. But Pyrrhus, on the invasion of\nthe Macedonians, went to Egypt to Ptolemy the son of Lagus; and Ptolemy\ngave him as wife the uterine sister of his own children, and restored\nhim with a force of Egyptians. And Pyrrhus, on becoming king, attacked\nthe Corcyr\u00e6ans first of the Greeks, seeing that the island of Corcyra\nlay opposite to his own territory, and not wishing it to be a base\nfor operations against him. And after the capture of Corcyra all the\ndefeats he met with fighting against Lysimachus, and how after he had\ndriven Demetrius out of Macedonia he ruled there until he in turn was\nejected by Lysimachus,--all these, the most important events at that\ntime in Pyrrhus\u2019 life, have been already narrated by me in connection\nwith Lysimachus. And we know of no Greek before Pyrrhus that warred\nwith the Romans. For there is no record of any engagement between\n\u00c6neas and Diomede and the Argives with him; and the Athenians, who\nwere very ambitious and desired to reduce all Italy, were prevented by\nthe disaster at Syracuse from attacking the Romans; and Alexander the\nson of Neoptolemus, of the same race as Pyrrhus but older in age, was\nprevented by his death in Lucania from coming to blows with the Romans.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XII.\n\n\nSo Pyrrhus is the first that crossed the Ionian Sea from Greece\nto fight against the Romans. And he crossed at the invitation of\nthe people of Tarentum, who had had earlier than this a war of\nlong standing with the Romans: and being unable to resist them by\nthemselves, (and they had already done services to Pyrrhus, for they\nhad aided him with their fleet when he was warring against Corcyra),\ntheir envoys won Pyrrhus over, giving him to understand that it would\nbe for the happiness of all Greece, and that it would not be honourable\nfor him to leave them in the lurch, inasmuch as they were friends and\non the present occasion suppliants. And as the envoys urged these\nthings, the remembrance of the capture of Ilium came to Pyrrhus,\nand he hoped the same would happen to him: for he, a descendant of\nAchilles, would be warring against colonies of Trojans. And as the\nidea pleased him, (and he was not the man to loiter at anything he\nhad a mind for), he forthwith equipped men-of-war and transports and\ngot ready cavalry and infantry to take with him. Now, there are some\nbooks written by men not remarkable for historical power still extant,\ncalled COMMENTARIES OF EVENTS. As often as I read them I am inclined to\nmarvel, not only at the daring of Pyrrhus which he displayed in action,\nbut also at the forethought which he always exhibited. On this occasion\nhe crossed over into Italy in his ships unbeknown to the Romans, and\nhis arrival was unknown to them until, (an attack being made by them\nupon the people of Tarentum), he first showed himself at the head of\nhis army, and, attacking them contrary to their expectation, threw\nthem into confusion as was only likely. And, knowing full well that\nhe was not a match for the Romans in fighting, he contrived to let\nloose elephants upon them. Now Alexander was the first European who\nhad elephants, after the conquest of Porus and India: and on his death\nother European kings had them, and Antigonus a very large quantity of\nthem: and the elephants of Pyrrhus were captured by him in the battle\nwith Demetrius. And now on their appearance a panic seized the Romans,\nwho thought they were something superhuman. For the use of ivory indeed\nall nations have clearly known from the earliest times; but the animals\nthemselves, until the Macedonians crossed into Asia, no nations had\nseen at all except the Indians and Libyans and the adjacent nations.\nAnd Homer proves this, who has represented the beds and houses of the\nwealthier of the kings as decked with ivory, but has made no mention\nwhatever of the elephant. And if he had seen or heard of them he would,\nI think, have recorded them rather than the battle of the Pygmies\nand cranes. Pyrrhus was also invited into Sicily by an embassy of\nSyracusans. For the Carthaginians used to cross over and take the Greek\ncities in Sicily, and Syracuse the only one left they were blockading\nand besieging. And Pyrrhus, hearing this from the envoys, left Tarentum\nand the Italians that dwelt on the headland, and crossed over into\nSicily and compelled the Carthaginians to raise the siege. And, having\noverweening self-confidence, he was elated to fight on sea against\nthe Carthaginians, (who were the greatest maritime nation of all the\nbarbarians of that day, having been originally Tyrians and Ph\u0153nicians),\nwith the natives of Epirus only, who even after the capture of Ilium\nwere most of them unacquainted with the sea, and knew not the use of\nsalt. As that line of Homer, in the \u201cOdyssey,\u201d bears me out:\n\n    \u201cMen who know not the sea, nor eat food seasoned with salt.\u201d[3]\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIII.\n\n\nThen Pyrrhus, after his defeat, sailed for Tarentum with the remnant of\nhis fleet. There his fortunes suffered great reverses, and he contrived\nhis flight in the following manner, (for he knew that the Romans would\nnot let him go scot-free). On his return from Sicily he first sent\nletters everywhere to Asia Minor and Antigonus, asking for soldiers\nfrom some of the kings and for money from others, and for both from\nAntigonus. And when the messengers returned and their letters were\ngiven to him, he called together a council of the chief men of Epirus\nand Tarentum, and read none of the letters which he had with him but\nmerely said that aid would come. And quickly a report spread among the\nRomans, that the Macedonians and other tribes of Asia Minor were going\nto come over to the help of Pyrrhus. So the Romans when they heard\nthis remained quiet, and Pyrrhus under the shelter of the next night\ncrossed over to the mountains which they call Ceraunia. And after this\nreverse in Italy he remained quiet with his forces for some time, and\nthen proclaimed war against Antigonus, bringing other charges against\nhim but mainly because he had failed to bring reinforcements to Italy.\nAnd having beaten Antigonus\u2019 own troops, and the foreign contingent\nwith him of the Galati, he pursued them to the maritime cities, and\nbecame master of Upper Macedonia and Thessaly. And the greatness of\nthe battle and the magnitude of Pyrrhus\u2019 victory are shown by the arms\nof the Galati hung up in the temple of Athene Itonia between Pher\u00e6 and\nLarissa, and the inscription on them is as follows:\n\n  \u201cMolossian Pyrrhus hung up these shields of the brave Galati to\nItonian Athene, when he had destroyed all the host of Antigonus. No\ngreat wonder. The \u00c6acid\u00e6 are warriors now as formerly.\u201d\n\n  The shields of the Galati he put here, but those of the Macedonians\nhe hung up to Zeus of the Macedonians at Dodona. And the following is\nthe inscription on them:\n\n    \u201cThese formerly ravaged the wealthy Asian territory,\n      These also brought slavery to the Greeks;\n    But now hang up on the pillars in the house of Zeus\n      The spoils snatched from boasting Macedonia.\u201d\n\n  But Pyrrhus was prevented from overthrowing the Macedonians entirely,\nthough he came within an ace of it, and was only too ready always to\nseize whatever was at his feet, by Cleonymus. Now this Cleonymus, who\nhad persuaded Pyrrhus to leave Macedonia and come to the Peloponnese,\nalthough a Laced\u00e6monian led a hostile force into the territory of the\nLaced\u00e6monians, for the reason which I shall give after his pedigree.\nPausanias that led the Greeks at Plat\u00e6a had a son Pleistoanax, and he a\nson Pausanias, and he a son Cleombrotus, who fought against Epaminondas\nand the Thebans, and was killed at Leuctra. And Cleombrotus had two\nsons Agesipolis and Cleomenes, and the former dying childless Cleomenes\nhad the kingdom. And he had two sons, the elder Acrotatus and the\nyounger Cleonymus. And Acrotatus dying first and after him Cleomenes,\nthere was a dispute who should be king between Acrotatus\u2019 son, Areus,\nand Cleonymus. And Cleonymus, determined to get the kingdom whether\nor no, called in Pyrrhus into the country. And the Laced\u00e6monians\nbefore Leuctra had met with no reverse, so that they would not admit\nthey could be conquered by a land army: for in the case of Leonidas\nthey said his followers were not sufficient to completely destroy the\nPersians, and as for the exploit of Demosthenes and the Athenians at\nthe island of Sphacteria, they said that was a fluke of war and not\na genuine victory. But after their first reverse in B\u0153otia, they had\na second severe one with Antipater and the Macedonians: and thirdly\nthe war with Demetrius came on the land as an unexpected evil. And\nwhen fourthly Pyrrhus invaded them, when they saw the enemy\u2019s army,\nthey drew up in battle array together with their allies from Argos and\nMessene. And Pyrrhus conquered and was within an ace of taking Sparta\nat the first assault; but after having ravaged their territory and got\nmuch booty he rested for awhile. And the Spartans prepared for a siege,\nSparta even before in the war with Demetrius having been fortified by\ndeep trenches and strong palisades, and in the weakest parts by special\nworks. And during this time and the long Laconian war Antigonus having\nfortified the towns of the Macedonians pressed into the Peloponnese,\nperceiving that Pyrrhus, if he should subdue Sparta and most of the\nPeloponnese, would not go into Epirus, but into Macedonia again and to\nthe war sure to come there. And when Antigonus was intending to move\nhis army from Argos into Spartan territory, Pyrrhus himself had arrived\nat Argos. And, being victorious, he followed the fugitives and entered\nthe city with them, and, as was likely, his army dispersed into all\nquarters of the city. And as they were fighting in the temples and\nhouses and alleys and in all parts of the city promiscuously, Pyrrhus\nwas left all alone and got wounded in the head. They say Pyrrhus was\nkilled by a tile thrown by a woman: but the Argives say it was not a\nwoman that slew him, but Demeter in the form of a woman. This is the\naccount which the Argives themselves give of the death of Pyrrhus;\nthis is also what Lyceas, the expounder of his country\u2019s usages, has\nwritten in his verses. And on the spot where Pyrrhus died was erected\na temple to Demeter in accordance with the oracle of the god: and in\nit was Pyrrhus buried. I am astonished that of all those who were\ncalled \u00c6acid\u00e6 their end happened in the same supernatural manner, since\nHomer says Achilles was slain by Alexander the son of Priam and by\nApollo; and Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, was ordered to be slain by\nthe Pythian oracle at Delphi; and this son of \u00c6acides met his fate as\nhas been recorded by the Argives and sung by Lyceas. And yet this is\ndifferent to the account given by Hieronymus of Cardia: for one that\nlives with a king must needs write history like a courtier. And if\nPhilistus, hoping for a return to Syracuse, was justified in concealing\nthe most flagitious acts of Dionysius, then Hieronymus, I ween, had\ngood excuse for writing to please Antigonus. Such was the end of the\nglory of Epirus.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIV.\n\n\nAnd as one enters the Odeum at Athens, there is a Dionysus and other\nthings worth seeing. And near is a spring called the Nine Springs\nconstructed so by Pisistratus: for there are wells all over the city\nbut this is the only spring. And two temples have been built over the\nspring, one to Demeter and the other to Proserpine; in one of them\nis a statue to Triptolemus, about whom I will record the traditions,\nomitting what is said about Deiope. Now the Argives are those of the\nGreeks who chiefly dispute with the Athenians their rival claims to\nantiquity, and assert that they have received gifts from the gods,\njust as among the barbarians the Egyptians have similar disputes with\nthe Phrygians. The story goes then that when Demeter came to Argos\nPelasgus received her into his house, and that Chrysanthis, knowing of\nthe rape of Proserpine, informed her of it: and afterwards Trochilus\nthe initiating priest fled they say from Argos in consequence of the\nhatred of Agenor, and came to Attica, and there married a wife from\nEleusis, and had children by her, Eubules and Triptolemus. This is\nthe account of the Argives. But the Athenians and neighbouring tribes\nknow that Triptolemus, the son of Celeus, was the first who sowed\ncorn in the fields. And it is sung by Mus\u00e6us, (if indeed the lines\nare by Mus\u00e6us), that Triptolemus was the son of Ocean and Earth, and\nit is sung by Orpheus, (if these lines again are by Orpheus, which I\ndoubt), that Dysaules was the father of Eubules and Triptolemus, and\nthat Demeter taught them how to sow corn because they had given her\ninformation about the rape of her daughter. But the Athenian Ch\u0153rilus,\nin the play called \u201cAlope,\u201d says that Cercyon and Triptolemus were\nbrothers, that their mother was a daughter of Amphictyon, and that the\nfather of Triptolemus was Rharus, and the father of Cercyon Poseidon.\nAnd as I was intending to go further into the account, and narrate all\nthings appertaining to the temple at Athens called the Eleusinium, a\nvision in the night checked me: but what it is lawful for me to write\nfor everybody, to this I will turn. In front of this temple, where\nis also a statue of Triptolemus, there is a brazen bull being led to\nsacrifice, and Epimenides the Gnossian is pourtrayed in a sitting\nposture, who is recorded to have gone into a field and entered into a\ncave and slept there, and woke not from that sleep till forty years\nhad rolled by, and afterwards wrote epic poems and visited Athens and\nother cities. And Thales, who stopped the plague at Laced\u00e6mon, was no\nrelation of his, nor of the same city as Epimenides: for the latter was\na Gnossian, whereas Thales is declared to have been a Gortynian by the\nColyphonian Polymnastus, who wrote a poem on him for the Laced\u00e6monians.\nAnd a little further is the temple of Euclea, (_Fair Fame_), a votive\noffering for the victory over the Persians at Marathon. And I think the\nAthenians prided themselves not a little on this victory: \u00c6schylus,\nat any rate, on his death-bed, remembered none of his other exploits,\nthough he was so remarkable as a Dramatist and had fought both at\nArtemisium and Salamis: and he wrote in the Poem he then composed his\nown name and the name of his city, and that he had as witnesses of his\nprowess the grove at Marathon and the Persians who landed there.\n\n  And beyond the Ceramicus and the portico called _The Royal Portico_\nis a temple of Heph\u00e6stus, and that a statue of Athene was placed in\nit I was not at all surprised at when I remembered the story about\nErichthonius. But seeing that the statue of Athene had grey eyes, I\nfound that this was a legend of the Libyans, who record that she was\nthe daughter of Poseidon and the Tritonian Marsh, and that therefore\nher eyes were grey as those of Poseidon. And near is a temple of\nCelestial Aphrodite, who was first worshipped by the Assyrians, and\nafter them by the Paphians of Cyprus, and by the Ph\u0153nicians who dwell\nat Ascalon in Palestine. And from the Ph\u0153nicians the people of Cythera\nlearned her worship. And among the Athenians her worship was instituted\nby \u00c6geus, thinking that he had no children, (for he had none then), and\nthat his sisters were unfortunate, owing to the wrath of the Celestial\nOne. And her statue is still among us of Parian stone, the design of\nPhidias. And the Athenians have a township of the Athmoneans, who say\nthat Porphyrion, who reigned even before Act\u00e6us, erected among them a\ntemple to the Celestial Aphrodite. But the traditions of townships and\nthe dwellers in cities are widely different.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XV.\n\n\nAnd as one goes into the portico, which they call _The Painted\nChamber_ from the paintings, there is a brazen statue of Hermes of the\nMarket-Place, and a gate near, and by it is a trophy of the Athenians\nwho overcame Plistarchus in a cavalry engagement, who, being the\nbrother of Cassander, had brought his cavalry and a foreign force\nagainst them. Now, this portico has first the Athenians drawn up in\nbattle array, at \u0152noe in Argive territory, against the Laced\u00e6monians:\nand it is painted not in the height of the action, nor when the time\nhad come for the display of reckless valour in the heady fight, but\nat the commencement of the engagement, and when they were just coming\nto blows. And in the middle of the walls are painted the Athenians\nand Theseus fighting with the Amazons. Now these are the only women\nas it seems from whom reverses in war did not take away a relish for\ndanger; for after the capture of Themiscyra by Hercules, and later on\nafter the destruction of the army which they sent against Athens, they\nyet went to Ilium and fought with the Athenians and other Greeks. And\nnext to the Amazons you may see painted the Greeks at the capture of\nIlium, and the kings gathered together on account of Ajax\u2019s violence to\nCassandra: and the painting has Ajax himself, and Cassandra among the\nother captive women. And at the end of the painting are the Greeks that\nfought at Marathon, of the B\u0153otians the Plat\u00e6ans, and all the Attic\ncontingent are marching against the barbarians. And in this part of\nthe painting the valour is equal on both sides, but in the middle of\nthe battle the barbarians are fleeing and pushing one another into the\nmarsh. And at the end of this painting are the Ph\u0153nician ships, and the\nGreeks slaying the barbarians who are trying to get on board. Here too\nis a painting of the hero Marathon from whom the plain is named, and\nTheseus in the guise of putting out to sea, and Athene and Hercules:\nfor by the people of Marathon first, as they themselves allege, was\nHercules considered a god. And of the combatants there stand out most\nplainly in the painting Callimachus, who was chosen by the Athenians\nas Polemarch, and Miltiades, one of the generals, and the hero who\nwas called Echetlus, of whom I shall make mention hereafter. Here\nalso are fixed up brazen shields, and these have an inscription that\nthey are from the Scion\u00e6ans and their allies, and others smeared over\nwith pitch, that neither time nor rust should hurt them, are said to\nhave belonged to the Laced\u00e6monians who were captured in the island of\nSphacteria.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVI.\n\n\nAnd before the portico are brazen statues of Solon, the Athenian\nlegislator, and a little further Seleucus, to whom came beforehand\nclear indications of his future prosperity. For when he started from\nMacedonia with Alexander, as he was sacrificing to Zeus at Pella,\nthe wood laid on the altar moved to the statue of the god of its own\naccord, and burst into a blaze without fire. And on the death of\nAlexander Seleucus, fearing the arrival of Antigonus at Babylon, fled\nto Ptolemy the son of Lagus, but returned some time after to Babylon,\nand on his return defeated the army of Antigonus and slew Antigonus\nhimself, and afterwards captured Demetrius, the son of Antigonus,\nwho came against him with an army. And as all these things succeeded\nwith him, and not long after the power of Lysimachus collapsed, he\nhanded over all his power in Asia Minor to his son Antiochus, and\nhimself hurried into Macedonia, and took with him an army of Greeks\nand barbarians. But Ptolemy the brother of Lysandra, who had fled to\nSeleucus from Lysimachus, and who was generally speaking a very bold\nand daring fellow and on that account called Lightning, when the army\nof Seleucus reached Lysimachia privately slew Seleucus, and, allowing\nthe other kings to take Seleucus\u2019 money, became king of Macedonia,\nuntil venturing first of all the kings we know to fight against the\nGalati, he was killed by the barbarians, and Antigonus the son of\nDemetrius recovered the kingdom. And Seleucus, I am persuaded, was\nan especially upright king, pious and religious. I infer this partly\nbecause he restored to the Milesians at Branchid\u00e6 the brazen Apollo,\nthat had been carried away to Ecbatana in Persia by Xerxes; and partly\nbecause, when he built Seleucia on the river Tigris and introduced\nBabylonians to dwell there, he destroyed neither the wall of Babylon\nnor the temple of Bel, but allowed the Chald\u00e6ans to dwell in its\nvicinity.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVII.\n\n\nAnd the Athenians have in the market-place among other things not\nuniversally notable an altar of _Mercy_, to whom, though most useful\nof all the gods to the life of man and its vicissitudes, the Athenians\nalone of all the Greeks assign honours. And not only is philanthropy\nmore regarded among them; but they also exhibit more piety to the gods\nthan others. For they have also an altar to _Shame_, and _Rumour_, and\n_Energy_. And it is clear that those people who have a larger share\nof piety than others have also a larger share of good fortune. And in\nthe gymnasium of the market-place, which is not far off and is called\nafter Ptolemy because he established it, are Herm\u00e6 in stone worth\nseeing, and a brazen statue of Ptolemy; and the Libyan Juba is here,\nand Chrysippus of Soli. And near the gymnasium is a temple of Theseus,\nwhere are paintings of the Athenians fighting against the Amazons. And\nthis war has also been represented on the shield of Athene, and on the\nbase of Olympian Zeus. And in the temple of Theseus is also painted\nthe fight between the Centaurs and Lapith\u00e6. Theseus is represented as\njust having slain a Centaur, but with all the rest in the picture the\nfight seems to be on equal terms. But the painting on the third wall is\nnot clear to those who do not know the story, partly as the painting\nhas faded from age, partly because Micon has not pourtrayed the whole\nstory. When Minos took Theseus and the rest of the band of boys to\nCrete, he was enamoured of Perib\u0153a, and when Theseus was very opposed\nto this, he in his rage among other sarcasms that he hurled against\nhim said that he was not the son of Poseidon, for if he threw the ring\nwhich he chanced to be wearing into the sea he could not get it again,\nMinos is said at once to have thrown the ring into the sea when he had\nsaid this. And they say that Theseus jumped into the sea and came up\nwith the ring and a golden crown, the gift of Amphitrite. And as to the\ndeath of Theseus many varying accounts have been given. For they say\nthat he was once bound by Pluto until he was liberated by Hercules.\nBut the most credible account I have heard is that Theseus having\ninvaded Thesprotia, intending to carry off the wife of the king of the\ncountry, lost the greater part of his army, and himself and Pirithous\nwere taken prisoners, (for Pirithous also came on the expedition\nmarriage-hunting), and confined by the king of Thesprotia at Cichyrus.\n\n  Now among other things worth seeing in Thesprotia are the temple\nof Zeus at Dodona, and a beech-tree sacred to the god. And near\nCichyrus there is a marsh called Acherusia and the river Acheron, and\nthere too flows Cocytus with most unpleasant stream. And I fancy that\nHomer, having seen these, ventured to introduce them in his account\nof the rivers of Hades, and to borrow his names from these rivers in\nThesprotia. However that may be, Theseus being detained there, the sons\nof Tyndarus led an expedition to Aphidna, and captured it, and restored\nMenestheus to the kingdom. And Menestheus paid no attention to the sons\nof Theseus, who had gone to Eub\u0153a for shelter to Elephenor; but as to\nTheseus himself, thinking he would be a dangerous adversary if ever\nhe returned from Thesprotia, he coaxed the people so that if Theseus\never returned he would be sent back again. Accordingly Theseus was\nsent to Crete to Deucalion, and being carried out of his way by storms\nto the island Scyrus, the Scyrians gave him a brilliant reception,\nboth for the splendour of his race and the renown of his exploits;\nand it was owing to this that Lycomedes planned his death. And the\nshrine of Theseus at Athens was after the time that the Persians were\nat Marathon, for it was Miltiades\u2019 son, Cimon, that drove out the\ninhabitants of Scyrus to revenge the hero\u2019s death, and that conveyed\nhis bones to Athens.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVIII.\n\n\nNow the temple of the Dioscuri is ancient; they are designed standing,\nand their sons seated on horseback. Here too is a painting by\nPolygnotus of the marriage of the daughters of Leucippus, and by Micon\nof the Argonauts who sailed with Jason to Colchi: in this painting\nAcastus and his horses stand out remarkably well. And above the temple\nof the Dioscuri is the grove of Aglaurus, to whom and to her sisters\nErse and Pandrosus they say Athene gave Erichthonius, after putting\nhim in a chest and forbidding them to pry into the contents. Pandrosus\nthey say obeyed, but the other two opened the chest, and went mad when\nthey saw Erichthonius, and threw themselves down the Acropolis at the\nvery steepest place. It was on that very spot that the Persians landed,\nand slew those Athenians who thought they understood the oracle better\nthan Themistocles, and fortified the Acropolis with wooden palisades.\nAnd next is the Prytaneum, where the laws of Solon are written up,\nand where are images of the goddesses Peace and Vesta, and among\nother statues one to Autolycus the pancratiast; for Miltiades and\nThemistocles have been removed for a Roman and a Thracian! As one goes\nthence to the lower parts of the city is the temple of Serapis, whose\nworship the Athenians introduced to please Ptolemy. Of the Egyptian\ntemples to Serapis the most famous is that at Alexandria, but the\noldest is that at Memphis, into which strangers may not enter, nor\neven priests except during the ritual in connection with Apis. And not\nfar from the temple of Serapis is the place where they say Pirithous\nand Theseus agreed to go to Laced\u00e6mon, and afterwards to Thesprotia.\nAnd next is a temple erected to Ilithyia, who they say came from the\nHyperborean regions to assist Leto in her travail-throes, and of whom\nother nations learnt from the people of Delos, who sacrifice to her and\nsing at her altar the Hymn of Olen. But the Cretans consider her to\nhave been born at Amnisus in Gnossian territory, and to have been the\ndaughter of Hera. And among the Athenians alone her statues are draped\nto the bottom of her feet. Two of her statues the women said were\nCretan and votive offerings of Ph\u00e6dra, while the oldest was brought by\nErysichthon from Delos.\n\n  And before going into the temple of Olympian Zeus--which Adrian the\nRoman Emperor built, and in which he placed that remarkable statue of\nOlympian Zeus (larger than any works of art except the Colossuses at\nRhodes and Rome); it is in ivory and gold, and elegant if you consider\nthe size--are two statues of Adrian in Thasian stone, and two in\nEgyptian stone: and brazen statues in front of the pillars of what the\nAthenians call their colonial cities. The whole circuit of the temple\nis about four stades, and is full of statues; for from each city is\na statue of the Emperor Adrian, and the Athenians outdid them by the\nvery fine colossal statue of the Emperor which they erected at the\nback of the temple. And in the temple precincts is an ancient statue\nof Zeus in brass and a shrine of Cronos and Rhea, and a grove to Earth\nby the title of Olympian. Here there is about a cubit\u2019s subsidence of\nsoil, and they say that after Deucalion\u2019s flood the water came in and\nescaped there, and they knead every year a cake of barley meal with\nhoney and throw it into the cavity. And there is on a pillar a statue\nof Isocrates, who left behind him 3 notable examples, his industry (for\nthough he lived to the age of 98 he never left off taking pupils),\nhis wisdom (for all his life he kept aloof from politics and public\nbusiness), and his love of liberty (for after the news of the battle\nof Ch\u00e6ronea he pined away and died of voluntary starvation). And there\nare some Persians in stone holding up a brazen tripod, both themselves\nand the tripod fine works of art. And they say that Deucalion built\nthe old temple of Olympian Zeus, bringing as evidence that Deucalion\nlived at Athens his tomb not far from this very temple. Adrian erected\nalso at Athens a temple of Hera and Pan-Hellenian Zeus, and a temple\nfor all the gods in common. But the most remarkable things are 100\npillars wrought in Phrygian stone, and the walls in the porticoes\ncorresponding. And there is a room here with a roof of gold and\nalabaster stone, adorned also with statues and paintings: and books are\nstored up in it. And there is a gymnasium called the Adrian gymnasium:\nand here too are 100 pillars of stone from Libyan quarries.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIX.\n\n\nAnd next to the temple of Olympian Zeus is a statue of Pythian\nApollo, as also a temple of Delphian Apollo. And they say that, when\nthis temple was completed except the roof, Theseus came to the city\nincognito. And having a long garment down to his feet and his hair\nbeing elegantly plaited, when he came near this temple, those who were\nbuilding the roof asked him jeeringly why a maiden ripe for marriage\nwas wandering about alone. And his only answer was, it is said,\nunyoking the oxen from the waggon which stood by, and throwing it in\nthe air higher than the roof they were building. And with respect to\nthe place that they call _The Gardens_, and the temple of Aphrodite,\nthere is no account given by the Athenians, nor in respect to the\nstatue of Aphrodite which stands next the temple, and is square like\nthe Herm\u00e6, and the inscription declares that Celestial Aphrodite is\nthe oldest of those that are called _Fates_. The statue of Aphrodite\nin _The Gardens_ is the work of Alcamenes, and is among the few things\nat Athens best worth seeing. There is also a temple of Hercules\ncalled Cynosarges: (_i.e._, _of the white dog_); the history of the\nwhite dog may be learnt by those who have read the oracle. And there\nare altars to Hercules and Hebe, (the daughter of Zeus), who, they\nthink, was married to Hercules. There is also an altar of Alcmene and\nIolaus, who was associated with Hercules in most of his Labours. And\nthe Lyceum gets its name from Lycus the son of Pandion, but is now\nas of old considered a temple of Apollo, for Apollo was here called\nLyceus originally. And it is also said that the natives of Termil\u00e6,\nwhere Lycus went when he fled from \u00c6geus, are called Lycians from the\nsame Lycus. And behind the Lyceum is the tomb of Nisus who was king of\nMegara and slain by Minos, and the Athenians brought his corpse here\nand buried it. About this Nisus there is a story that he had purple\nhair, and that the oracle said he would die if it was shorn off. And\nwhen the Cretans came into the land, they took all the other cities of\nMegaris by storm, but had to blockade Nis\u00e6a, into which Nisus had fled\nfor refuge. And here they say the daughter of Nisus, who was enamoured\nof Minos, cut off her father\u2019s locks. This is the story. Now the rivers\nof Attica are the Ilissus and the Eridanus that flows into it, having\nthe same name as the Celtic Eridanus. The Ilissus is the river where\nthey say Orithyia was playing when carried off by the North Wind, who\nmarried her, and because of his affinity with the Athenians aided them\nand destroyed many of the barbarians\u2019 ships. And the Athenians think\nthe Ilissus sacred to several gods, and there is an altar also on its\nbanks to the Muses. The place is also shewn where the Peloponnesians\nslew Codrus, the son of Melanthus, the king of Athens. After you cross\nthe Ilissus is a place called Agr\u00e6, and a temple of Artemis Agrotera,\n(_The Huntress_), for here they say Artemis first hunted on her arrival\nfrom Delos: accordingly her statue has a bow. And what is hardly\ncredible to hear, but wonderful to see, is a stadium of white marble;\none can easily conjecture its size in the following manner. Above the\nIlissus is a hill, and this stadium extends from the river to the hill\nin a crescent-shaped form. It was built by Herodes an Athenian, and\nmost of the Pentelican quarry was used in its construction.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XX.\n\n\nNow there is a way from the Prytaneum called _The Tripods_, so called\nfrom some large temples of the gods there and some brazen tripods in\nthem, which contain many works of art especially worthy of mention. For\nthere is a Satyr on which Praxiteles is said to have prided himself\nvery much: and when Phryne once asked which was the finest of his\nworks, they say that he offered to give it her like a lover, but would\nnot say which he thought his finest work. A servant of Phryne at this\nmoment ran up, and said that most of Praxiteles\u2019 works were destroyed\nby a sudden fire that had seized the building where they were, but\nthat they were not all burnt. Praxiteles at once rushed out of doors,\nand said he had nothing to show for all his labour, if the flames had\nconsumed his Satyr and Cupid. Phryne then bade him stay and be of good\ncheer, for he had suffered no such loss, but it was only her artifice\nto make him confess which were his finest works. She then selected the\nCupid. And in the neighbouring temple is a boy Satyr handing a cup to\nDionysus. And there is a painting by Thymilus of Cupid standing near\nDionysus. But the most ancient temple of Dionysus is at the theatre.\nAnd inside the sacred precincts are two shrines of Dionysus and two\nstatues of him, one by Eleuthereus, and one by Alcamenes in ivory and\ngold. There is a painting also of Dionysus taking Heph\u00e6stus to Heaven.\nAnd this is the story the Greeks tell. Hera exposed Heph\u00e6stus on his\nbirth, and he nursing up his grievance against her sent her as a gift a\ngolden seat with invisible bonds, so that when she sat in it she was a\nprisoner, and Heph\u00e6stus would not obey any of the gods, and Dionysus,\nwhose relations with Heph\u00e6stus were always good, made him drunk and\ntook him to Heaven. There are paintings also of Pentheus and Lycurgus\npaying the penalty for their insults to Dionysus, and of Ariadne\nasleep, Theseus putting out to sea, and Dionysus coming to carry her\noff. And there is near the temple of Dionysus and the theatre a work\nof art, said to have been designed in imitation of Xerxes\u2019 tent. It\nis a copy, for the original one was burnt by Sulla the Roman general\nwhen he took Athens. And this is how the war came about. Mithridates\nwas king of the barbarians in the neighbourhood of the Euxine Sea.\nNow his pretext for fighting against the Romans, and how he crossed\ninto Asia, and the cities he reduced by war or won over by diplomacy,\nlet those who wish to know the whole history of Mithridates concern\nthemselves about all this: I shall merely relate the circumstances\nattending the capture of Athens. There was an Athenian called Aristion,\nwhom Mithridates employed as ambassador to the Greek States: he\npersuaded the Athenians to prefer the friendship of Mithridates to\nthat of the Romans. However he persuaded only the democracy and the\nfiercer spirits, for as to the more respectable Athenians they of\ntheir own accord joined the Romans. And in the battle that ensued the\nRomans were easily victorious, and pursued Aristion and the fleeing\nAthenians to the city, and Archelaus and the barbarians to the Pir\u00e6us.\nNow Archelaus was the general of Mithridates, whom before this the\nMagnesians who inhabit Sipylus wounded, as he was ravaging their\nterritory, and killed many of the barbarians. So Athens was blockaded,\nand Taxilus another general of Mithridates happened to be investing\nElatea in the Phocian district, but when tidings of this came to him he\nwithdrew his forces into Attica. And the Roman general learning this\nleft part of his army to continue the siege of Athens, but himself went\nwith the greater part of his force to encounter Taxilus in B\u0153otia. And\nthe third day after news came to both the Roman camps, to Sulla that\nthe walls at Athens had been carried, and to the force besieging Athens\nthat Taxilus had been defeated at Ch\u00e6ronea. And when Sulla returned\nto Attica, he shut up in the Ceramicus all his Athenian adversaries,\nand ordered them to be decimated by lot. And Sulla\u2019s rage against the\nAthenians not a whit relaxing, some of them secretly went to Delphi:\nand when they enquired if it was absolutely fated that Athens should be\ndestroyed, the Pythian priestess gave them an oracular response about\nthe bladder.[4] And Sulla after this had the same complaint with which\nI learn Pherecydes the Syrian was visited. And the conduct of Sulla\nto most of the Athenians was more savage than one would have expected\nfrom a Roman: but I do not consider this the cause of his malady, but\nthe wrath of Zeus the God of Suppliants, because when Aristion fled for\nrefuge to the temple of Athene he tore him away and put him to death.\nAthens being thus injured by the war with the Romans flourished again\nwhen Adrian was Emperor.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXI.\n\n\nNow the Athenians have statues in the theatre of their tragic and\ncomic dramatists, mostly mediocrities, for except Menander there is no\nComedian of first-rate powers, and Euripides and Sophocles are the\ngreat lights of Tragedy. And the story goes that after the death of\nSophocles the Laced\u00e6monians made an incursion into Attica, and their\nleader saw in a dream Dionysus standing by him, and bidding him honour\nthe new Siren with all the honours paid to the dead: and the dream\nseemed manifestly to refer to Sophocles and his plays. And even now\nthe Athenians are wont to compare the persuasiveness of his poetry and\ndiscourses to a Siren\u2019s song. And the statue of \u00c6schylus was I think\ncompleted long after his death, and subsequently to the painting which\nexhibits the action at Marathon. And \u00c6schylus used to tell the story\nthat when he was quite a lad, he slept in a field watching the grapes,\nand Dionysus appeared to him and bade him write tragedy: and when\nit was day, he wished to obey the god, and found it most easy work.\nThis was his own account. And on the South Wall, which looks from the\nAcropolis to the theatre, is the golden head of Medusa the Gorgon,\nwith her \u00e6gis. And at the top of the theatre there is a crevice in\nthe rocks up to the Acropolis: and there is a tripod also here. On it\nare pourtrayed Apollo and Artemis carrying off the sons of Niobe. I\nmyself saw this Niobe when I ascended the mountain Sipylus: the rock\nand ravine at near view convey neither the idea of a woman, nor a woman\nmourning, but at a distance you may fancy to yourself that you see a\nwoman all tears and with dejected mien.\n\n  As you go from the theatre to the Acropolis is the tomb of Calus.\nThis Calus, his sister\u2019s son and art-pupil, D\u00e6dalus murdered and fled\nto Crete: and afterwards escaped into Sicily to Cocalus. And the temple\nof \u00c6sculapius, in regard to the statues of the god and his sons and\nalso the paintings, is well worth seeing. And there is in it a spring,\nin which they say Halirrhothius the son of Poseidon was drowned by\nAres for having seduced his daughter, and this was the first case of\ntrial for murder. Here too among other things is a Sarmatic coat of\nmail: anyone looking at it will say that the Sarmatians come not a whit\nbehind the Greeks in the arts. For they have neither iron that they\ncan dig nor do they import it, for they have less idea of barter than\nany of the barbarians in those parts. This deficiency they meet by the\nfollowing invention. On their spears they have bone points instead\nof iron, and bows and arrows of cornel wood, and bone points to their\narrows: and they throw lassoes at the enemy they meet in battle, and\ngallop away and upset them when they are entangled in these lassoes.\nAnd they make their coats of mail in the following manner. Everyone\nrears a great many mares, being as they are a nomadic tribe, the land\nnot being divided into private allotments, and indeed growing nothing\nbut forest timber. These mares they use not only for war, and sacrifice\nto the gods of the country, but also for food. And after getting\ntogether a collection of hoofs they clean them and cut them in two, and\nmake of them something like dragons\u2019 scales. And whoever has not seen\na dragon has at any rate seen a pine nut still green: anyone therefore\ncomparing the state of the hoof to the incisions apparent on pine nuts\nwould get a good idea of what I mean. These they perforate, and having\nsewn them together with ligaments of horses and oxen make them into\ncoats of mail no less handsome and strong than Greek coats of mail: for\nindeed whether they are struck point-blank or shot at they are proof.\nBut linen coats of mail are not equally useful for combatants, for they\nadmit the keen thrust of steel, but are some protection to hunters, for\nthe teeth of lions and panthers break off against them. And you may see\nlinen coats of mail hung up in other temples and in the Gryneum, where\nis a most beautiful grove of Apollo, where the trees both cultivated\nand wild please equally both nose and eye.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXII.\n\n\nNext to the temple of \u00c6sculapius as you go to the Acropolis is the\ntemple of Themis. And before it is the sepulchre of Hippolytus. His\ndeath they say came to him in consequence of the curses of his father.\nBut the story of the guilty love of Ph\u00e6dra, and the bold forwardness\nof her nurse, is well known even to any barbarians who know Greek.\nThere is also a tomb of Hippolytus among the Tr\u00e6zenians, and their\nlegend is as follows. When Theseus intended to marry Ph\u00e6dra, not\nwishing if he had children by her that Hippolytus should either be\ntheir subject or king, he sent him to Pittheus, to be brought up at\nTr\u00e6zen and to be king there. And some time after Pallas and his sons\nrevolted against Theseus, and he having slain them went to Tr\u00e6zen to\nbe purified of the murder, and there Ph\u00e6dra first saw Hippolytus, and\nbecame desperately enamoured of him, and (being unsuccessful in her\nsuit) contrived his death. And the people of Tr\u00e6zen have a myrtle whose\nleaves are perforated throughout, and they say it did not grow like\nthat originally, but was the work of Ph\u00e6dra which she performed in her\nlove-sickness with her hairpin. And Theseus established the worship\nof the Pandemian Aphrodite and of Persuasion, when he combined the\nAthenians into one city from several townships. Their old statues did\nnot exist in my time: but those in my time were by no mean artists.\nThere is also a temple to Earth, the Rearer of Children, and to\nDemeter as Chloe. The meaning of these names may be learnt from the\npriests by enquirers. To the Acropolis there is only one approach: it\nallows of no other, being everywhere precipitous and walled off. The\nvestibules have a roof of white marble, and even now are remarkable\nboth for their beauty and size. As to the statues of the horsemen I\ncannot say with precision, whether they are the sons of Xenophon, or\nmerely put there for decoration. On the right of the vestibules is\nthe shrine of Wingless Victory. From it the sea is visible, and there\n\u00c6geus drowned himself as they say. For the ship which took his sons\nto Crete had black sails, but Theseus told his father, (for he knew\nthere was some peril in attacking the Minotaur), that he would have\nwhite sails, if he should sail back a conqueror. But he forgot this\npromise in his loss of Ariadne. And \u00c6geus seeing the ship with black\nsails, thinking his son was dead, threw himself in and was drowned.\nAnd the Athenians have a hero-chapel to his memory. And on the left\nof the vestibules is a building with paintings: and among those that\ntime has not destroyed are Diomede and Odysseus, the one taking away\nPhiloctetes\u2019 bow in Lemnos, the other taking the Palladium from Ilium.\nAmong other paintings here is \u00c6gisthus being slain by Orestes, and\nPylades slaying the sons of Nauplius that came to \u00c6gisthus\u2019 aid. And\nPolyxena about to have her throat cut near the tomb of Achilles. Homer\ndid well not to mention this savage act. He also appears to me to have\ndone well, in his account of the capture of Scyrus by Achilles, to have\nsaid not a word about what others relate, of Achilles having lived\nat Scyrus among the maidens, which Polygnotus has painted; who has\nalso painted Odysseus suddenly making his appearance as Nausicaa and\nher maids were bathing in the river, just as Homer has described it.\nAnd among other paintings is Alcibiades, and there are traces in the\npainting of the victory of his horses at Nemea. There too is Perseus\nsailing to Seriphus, carrying to Polydectes the head of Medusa. But I\nam not willing to tell the story of Medusa under \u2018Attica.\u2019 And, among\nother paintings, to pass over the lad carrying the waterpots, and the\nwrestler painted by Tim\u00e6netus, is one of Mus\u00e6us. I have read verses in\nwhich it is recorded that Mus\u00e6us could fly as a gift of Boreas, but\nit seems to me that Onomacritus wrote the lines, and there is nothing\ncertainly of Mus\u00e6us\u2019 composition except the Hymn to Demeter written\nfor the Lycomid\u00e6. And at the entrance to the Acropolis is a Hermes,\nwhom they call Propyl\u00e6us, and the Graces, which they say were the\nwork of Socrates the son of Sophroniscus, whom the Pythian priestess\ntestified to have been the wisest of men, a thing which was not said to\nAnacharsis, though he went to Delphi on purpose.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIII.\n\n\nNow the Greeks among other things say that they had the seven wise\nmen. And among these they include the Lesbian tyrant and Periander the\nson of Cypselus: and yet Pisistratus and his son Hippias were far more\nhumane and wise than Periander, both in war and in all that appertained\nto citizen life, until Hippias because of the death of Hipparchus acted\nwith great cruelty, especially to a woman called Le\u00e6na, (_Lioness_).\nFor after the death of Hipparchus, (I speak now of what has never\nbefore been recorded in history, but yet is generally believed by\nthe Athenians), Hippias tortured her to death, knowing that she had\nbeen Aristogiton\u2019s mistress, and thinking that she could not have been\nignorant of the plot against Hipparchus. In return for this, when\nthe Pisistratid\u00e6 had been deposed from the kingdom, a brazen lioness\nwas erected by the Athenians to her memory, and near her a statue of\nAphrodite, which they say was a votive offering of Callias, designed by\nCalamis.\n\n  And next is a brazen statue of Diitrephes pierced with arrows. This\nDiitrephes, among other things which the Athenians record, led back the\nThracian mercenaries who came too late, for Demosthenes had already\nsailed for Syracuse. And when he got to the Euripus near Chalcis,\nand opposite Mycalessus in B\u0153otia, he landed and took Mycalessus:\nand the Thracians slew not only the fighting men, but also the women\nand children. And this proves what I say, that all the cities of the\nB\u0153otians, whom the Thebans had dispossessed, were inhabited in my time\nby those who had fled at their capture. Therefore if the barbarians\nhad not landed and slain all the Mycalessians, those that were left\nwould afterwards have repeopled the city. A very wonderful fact about\nthis statue of Diitrephes is that it was pierced with arrows, seeing\nthat it was not customary for any Greeks but the Cretans to shoot with\nthe bow. For we know that the Opuntian Locrians were so armed as early\nas the Persian war, for Homer described them as coming to Ilium with\nbows and slings. But the use of bows did not long remain even with\nthe Malienses: and I think that they did not use them before the days\nof Philoctetes, and soon afterwards ceased to use them. And next to\nDiitrephes, (I shall not mention the more obscure images), are some\nstatues of goddesses, as Hygiea, (_Health_), who they say was the\ndaughter of \u00c6sculapius, and Athene by the same name of Hygiea. And\nthere is a small stone such as a little man can sit on, on which they\nsay Silenus rested, when Dionysus came to the land. Silenus is the name\nthey give to all old Satyrs. About the Satyrs I have conversed with\nmany, wishing to know all about them. And Euphemus a Carian told me\nthat sailing once on a time to Italy he was driven out of his course\nby the winds, and carried to a distant sea, where people no longer\nsail. And he said that here were many desert islands, some inhabited\nby wild men: and at these islands the sailors did not like to land, as\nthey had landed there before and had experience of the natives, but\nthey were obliged on that occasion. These islands he said were called\nby the sailors Satyr-islands, the dwellers in them were red-haired,\nand had tails at their loins not much smaller than horses. When they\nperceived the sailors they ran down to the ship, spoke not a word, but\nbegan to handle the women on board. At last the sailors in dire alarm\nlanded a barbarian woman on the island: and the Satyrs treated her in\nsuch a way as we will not venture to describe.\n\n  I noticed other statues in the Acropolis, as the boy in brass with\na laver in his hand by Lycius the son of Myron, and Perseus having\nslain Medusa by Myron. And there is a temple of Brauronian Artemis,\nthe statue the design of Praxiteles, but the goddess gets her name\nfrom Brauron. And the ancient statue is at Brauron, called Tauric\nArtemis. And a brazen model of the Wooden Horse is here, and that this\nconstruction of Epeus was a design to break down the walls, every\none knows who does not consider the Phrygians plainly fatuous. And\ntradition says of that Horse that it had inside it the bravest of the\nGreeks, and this model in brass corresponds in every particular, and\nMenestheus and Teucer are peeping out of it, as well as the sons of\nTheseus. And of the statues next the Horse, Critias executed that of\nEpicharinus training to run in heavy armour. And \u0152nobius did a kindness\nto Thucydides the son of Olorus. For he passed a decree that Thucydides\nshould be recalled from exile to Athens, and as he was treacherously\nmurdered on his return, he has a tomb not far from the Melitian gates.\nAs to Hermolycus the Pancratiast, and Phormio the son of Asopichus,\nas others have written about them I pass them by: only I have this\nlittle bit more to say about Phormio. He being one of the noblest of\nthe Athenians, and illustrious from the renown of his ancestors, was\nheavily in debt. He went therefore to the P\u00e6anian township, and had\nhis maintenance there until the Athenians chose him as Admiral. He\nhowever declined on the score that he owed money, and that he would\nhave no influence with the sailors till he had paid it. Accordingly the\nAthenians paid his debts, for they would have him as Admiral.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIV.\n\n\nHere too is Athene pourtrayed striking Marsyas the Silenus, because he\nwould take up her flutes, when the goddess wished them thrown away.\nBesides those which I have mentioned is the legendary fight between\nTheseus and the Minotaur, a man or a beast according to different\naccounts. Certainly many more wonderful monsters than this have been\nborn of woman even in our times. Here too is Phrixus the son of\nAthamas, who was carried to Colchi by the ram. He has just sacrificed\nthe ram to some god, (if one might conjecture to the god who is called\nLaphystius among the Orchomenians), and having cut off the thighs\naccording to the Greek custom, he is looking at them burning on the\naltar. And next, among other statues, is one of Hercules throttling\nsnakes according to the tradition. And there is Athene springing out\nof the head of Zeus. And there also is a bull, the votive offering of\nthe council of the Areopagus. Why they offered it is not known, but\none might make many guesses if one liked. I have said before that the\nAthenians more than any other Greeks have a zeal for religion. For they\nfirst called Athene the worker, they first worshipped the mutilated\nHerm\u00e6, and in their temple along with these they have a God of the\nZealous. And whoever prefers modern works of real art to the antique,\nmay look at the following. There is a man with a helmet on, the work\nof Cle\u0153tas, and his nails are modelled in silver. Here is also a\nstatue of Earth supplicating to Zeus for rain, either wanting showers\nfor the Athenians, or a drought impending on all Greece. Here too is\nTimotheus, the son of Conon, and Conon himself. Here too are cruel\nProcne and her son Itys, by Alcamenes. Here too is Athene represented\nshowing the olive tree, and Poseidon showing water. And there is a\nstatue by Leochares of Zeus the Guardian of the city, in recording\nwhose customary rites I do not record the reasons assigned for them.\nThey put barley on the altar of this Zeus Guardian of the city, and do\nnot watch it: and the ox kept and fattened up for the sacrifice eats\nthe corn when it approaches the altar. And they call one of the priests\nOx-killer, and he after throwing the axe at the ox runs away, for that\nis the usage: and (as if they did not know who had done the deed) they\nbring the axe into court as defendant. They perform the rites in the\nway indicated.\n\n  And as regards the temple which they call the Parthenon, as you\nenter it everything pourtrayed on the gables relates to the birth of\nAthene, and behind is depicted the contest between Poseidon and Athene\nfor the soil of Attica. And this work of art is in ivory and gold. In\nthe middle of her helmet is an image of the Sphinx--about whom I shall\ngive an account when I come to B\u0153otia--and on each side of the helmet\nare griffins worked. These griffins, says Arist\u00e6us the Proconnesian in\nhis poems, fought with the Arimaspians beyond the Issedones for the\ngold of the soil which the griffins guarded. And the Arimaspians were\nall one-eyed men from their birth, and the griffins were beasts like\nlions, with wings and mouth like an eagle. Let so much suffice for\nthese griffins. But the statue of Athene is full length, with a tunic\nreaching to her feet, and on her breast is the head of Medusa worked\nin ivory, and in one hand she has a Victory four cubits high, in the\nother hand a spear, and at her feet a shield, and near the spear a\ndragon which perhaps is Erichthonius. And on the base of the statue is\na representation of the birth of Pandora, the first woman according to\nHesiod and other poets, for before her there was no race of women. Here\ntoo I remember to have seen the only statue here of the Emperor Adrian,\nand at the entrance one of Iphicrates the celebrated Athenian general.\n\n  And outside the temple is a brazen Apollo said to be by Phidias: and\nthey call it Apollo _Averter of Locusts_, because when the locusts\ndestroyed the land the god said he would drive them out of the country.\nAnd they know that he did so, but they don\u2019t say how. I myself know\nof locusts having been thrice destroyed on Mount Sipylus, but not in\nthe same way, for some were driven away by a violent wind that fell on\nthem, and others by a strong blight that came on them after showers,\nand others were frozen to death by a sudden frost. All this came under\nmy own notice.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXV.\n\n\nThere are also in the Acropolis at Athens statues of Pericles the\nson of Xanthippus and Xanthippus himself, who fought against the\nPersians at Mycale. The statue of Pericles stands by itself, but\nnear that of Xanthippus is Anacreon of Teos, the first after Lesbian\nSappho who wrote erotic poetry mainly: his appearance is that of a\nman singing in liquor. And near are statues by Dinomenes of Io the\ndaughter of Inachus, and Callisto the daughter of Lycaon, both of\nwhom had precisely similar fates, the love of Zeus and the hatred of\nHera, Io being changed into a cow, and Callisto into a she-bear. And\non the southern wall Attalus has pourtrayed the legendary battle of\nthe giants, who formerly inhabited Thrace and the isthmus of Pallene,\nand the contest between the Amazons and the Athenians, and the action\nat Marathon against the Persians, and the slaughter of the Galati in\nMysia, each painting two cubits in size. There too is Olympiodorus,\nillustrious for the greatness of his exploits, notably at that period\nwhen he infused spirit in men who had been continually baffled, and on\nthat account had not a single hope for the future. For the disaster at\nCh\u00e6ronea was a beginning of sorrows for all the Greeks, and made slaves\nalike of those who were absent from it, and of those who fought at it\nagainst the Macedonians. Most of the Greek cities Philip captured,\nand though he made a treaty with the Athenians nominally, he really\nhurt them most, robbing them of their islands, and putting down their\nnaval supremacy. And for some time they were quiet, during the reign\nof Philip and afterwards of Alexander, but when Alexander was dead and\nthe Macedonians chose Arid\u00e6us as his successor, though the whole power\nfell to Antipater, then the Athenians thought it no longer endurable\nthat Greece should be for all time under Macedonia, but themselves\ntook up arms and urged others to do the same. And the cities of the\nPeloponnesians which joined them were Argos, Epidaurus, Sicyon, Tr\u0153zen,\nElis, Phlius, Messene, and outside the Peloponnese the Locrians, the\nPhocians, the Thessalians, the Carystians, and those Acarnanians\nwho ranked with the \u00c6tolians. But the B\u0153otians who inhabited the\nTheban territory which had been stripped of Thebans, fearing that the\nAthenians would eject them from Thebes, not only refused to join the\nconfederate cities but did all they could to further the interests of\nthe Macedonians. Now the confederate cities were led each by their own\ngeneral, but the Athenian Leosthenes was chosen generalissimo, partly\nfrom his city\u2019s renown, partly from his own reputation for experience\nin war. He had besides done good service to all the Greeks. For when\nAlexander wished to settle in Persia all of those who had served for\npay with Darius and the satraps, Leosthenes was beforehand with him\nand conveyed them back to Europe in his ships. And now too, after\nhaving displayed more brilliant exploits than they expected, he infused\ndejection in all men by his death, and that was the chief reason of\ntheir failure. For a Macedonian garrison occupied first Munychia,\nand afterwards the Pir\u00e6us and the long walls. And after the death of\nAntipater Olympias crossed over from Epirus and ruled for some time,\nafter putting Arid\u00e6us to death, but not long after she was besieged\nby Cassander, and betrayed by the multitude. And when Cassander was\nking, (I shall only concern myself with Athenian matters), he captured\nFort Panactus in Attica and Salamis, and got Demetrius the son of\nPhanostratus, (who had his father\u2019s repute for wisdom), appointed king\nover the Athenians. He was however, deposed by Demetrius the son of\nAntigonus, a young man well disposed to the Greeks: but Cassander, (who\nhad a deadly hatred against the Athenians), won over Lachares, who\nhad up to this time been the leader of the democracy, and persuaded\nhim to plot to be king: and of all the kings we know of he was most\nsavage to men and most reckless to the gods. But Demetrius the son\nof Antigonus, though he had not been on the best of terms with the\nAthenian democracy, yet was successful in putting down the power of\nLachares. And when the town was taken Lachares fled into B\u0153otia. But as\nhe had taken the golden shields from the Acropolis, and had stripped\nthe statue of Athene of all the ornaments that were removable, he was\nsupposed to be very rich, and was killed for his money\u2019s sake by the\npeople of Corone. And Demetrius the son of Antigonus, having freed\nthe Athenians from the yoke of Lachares, did not immediately after\nthe flight of Lachares give up to them the Pir\u00e6us, but after being\nvictorious in war with them put a garrison in the town, and fortified\nwhat is called the Museum. Now the Museum is within the old town walls,\non a hill opposite the Acropolis, where they say that Mus\u00e6us sang, and\ndied of old age, and was buried. And on the same place afterwards a\ntomb was erected to a Syrian. This hill Demetrius fortified.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVI.\n\n\nSome time after a few remembered the fame of their ancestors, and\nwhen they considered what a change had come over the glory of Athens,\nthey elected Olympiodorus as their general. And he led against the\nMacedonians old men and lads alike, hoping that by zeal rather than\nstrength their fortunes in war would be retrieved. And when the\nMacedonians came out against him he conquered them in battle, and when\nthey fled to the Museum he took it. So Athens was delivered from the\nMacedonians. And of the Athenians that distinguished themselves so as\nto deserve special mention, Leocritus the son of Protarchus is said to\nhave displayed most bravery in action. For he was the first to scale\nthe wall and leap into the Museum: and as he fell in the fight, among\nother honours conferred on him by the Athenians, they dedicated his\nshield to Zeus Eleutherius, writing on it his name and his valour. And\nthis is the greatest feat of Olympiodorus, though he also recovered\nthe Pir\u00e6us and Munychia: and when the Macedonians invaded Eleusis he\ncollected a band of Eleusinians and defeated them. And before this,\nwhen Cassander intended to make a raid into Attica, he sailed to \u00c6tolia\nand persuaded the \u00c6tolians to give their help, and this alliance was\nthe chief reason why they escaped war with Cassander. And Olympiodorus\nhas honours at Athens in the Acropolis and Prytaneum, and a painting\nat Eleusis. And the Phocians who dwell at Elatea have erected a brazen\nstatue to him at Delphi, because he also helped them when they revolted\nfrom Cassander.\n\n  And next the statue of Olympiodorus is a brazen image of Artemis\ncalled Leucophryene, and it was erected to her by the sons of\nThemistocles: for the Magnesians, over whom Themistocles ruled, having\nreceived that post from the king, worship Artemis Leucophryene. But I\nmust get on with my subject, as I have all Greece to deal with. End\u0153us\nwas an Athenian by race, and the pupil of D\u00e6dalus, and accompanied\nD\u00e6dalus to Crete, when he fled there on account of his murder of Calus.\nThe statue of Athene sitting is by him, with the inscription that\nCallias dedicated it and End\u0153us designed it.\n\n  There is also a building called the Erechtheum: and in the vestibule\nis an altar of Supreme Zeus, where they offer no living sacrifice,\nbut cakes without the usual libation of wine. And as you enter there\nare three altars, one to Poseidon, (on which they also sacrifice to\nErechtheus according to the oracle,) one to the hero Butes, and the\nthird to Heph\u00e6stus. And on the walls are paintings of the family of\nButes. The building is a double one, and inside there is sea water in\na well. And this is no great marvel, for even those who live in inland\nparts have such wells, as notably the Aphrodisienses in Caria. But this\nwell is represented as having a roar as of the sea when the South wind\nblows. And in the rock is the figure of a trident. And this is said to\nhave been Poseidon\u2019s proof in regard to the territory Athene disputed\nwith him.\n\n  Sacred to Athene is all the rest of Athens, and similarly all Attica:\nfor although they worship different gods in different townships, none\nthe less do they honour Athene generally. And the most sacred of all\nis the statue of Athene in what is now called the Acropolis, but was\nthen called the Polis (_city_), which was universally worshipped many\nyears before the various townships formed one city: and the rumour\nabout it is that it fell from heaven. As to this I shall not give an\nopinion, whether it was so or not. And Callimachus made a golden lamp\nfor the goddess. And when they fill this lamp with oil it lasts for a\nwhole year, although it burns continually night and day. And the wick\nis of a particular kind of cotton flax, the only kind imperishable by\nfire. And above the lamp is a palmtree of brass reaching to the roof\nand carrying off the smoke. And Callimachus the maker of this lamp,\nalthough he comes behind the first artificers, yet was remarkable for\ningenuity, and was the first who perforated stone, and got the name of\n_Art-critic_, whether his own appellation or given him by others.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVII.\n\n\nIn the temple of Athene Polias is a Hermes of wood, (said to be a\nvotive offering of Cecrops,) almost hidden by myrtle leaves. And of\nthe antique votive offerings worthy of record, is a folding chair\nthe work of D\u00e6dalus, and spoils taken from the Persians, as a coat\nof mail of Masistius, who commanded the cavalry at Plat\u00e6a, and a\nscimetar said to have belonged to Mardonius. Masistius we know was\nkilled by the Athenian cavalry: but as Mardonius fought against the\nLaced\u00e6monians and was killed by a Spartan, they could not have got\nit at first hand, nor is it likely that the Laced\u00e6monians would have\nallowed the Athenians to carry off such a trophy. And about the olive\nthey have nothing else to tell but that the goddess used it as a proof\nof her right to the country when it was contested by Poseidon. And\nthey record also that this olive was burnt when the Persians set fire\nto Athens, but though burnt it grew the same day two cubits. And next\nto the temple of Athene is the temple of Pandrosus; who was the only\none of the three sisters who didn\u2019t peep into the forbidden chest.\nNow the things I most marvelled at are not universally known. I will\ntherefore write of them as they occur to me. Two maidens live not far\nfrom the temple of Athene Polias, and the Athenians call them the\n_carriers of the holy things_: for a certain time they live with the\ngoddess, but when her festival comes they act in the following way by\nnight. Putting upon their heads what the priestess of Athene gives them\nto carry, (neither she nor they know what these things are,) these\nmaidens descend, by a natural underground passage, from an enclosure\nin the city sacred to Aphrodite of the Gardens. In the sanctuary below\nthey deposit what they carry, and bring back something else closely\nwrapped up. And these maidens they henceforth dismiss, and other two\nthey elect instead of them for the Acropolis. And near the temple of\nAthene is an old woman, about a cubit in size, well-modelled, with an\ninscription saying that she is the handmaid Lysimache, and there are\nlarge brazen statues of two men standing apart as for a fight: the one\nthey call Erechtheus and the other Eumolpus. And yet all that know\nAthenian Antiquities are aware that it was Eumolpus\u2019 son, Immaradus,\nthat was slain by Erechtheus. And at the base are statues of Tolmides\u2019\nprophet, and Tolmides himself, who was the Athenian Admiral, and did\ngreat damage especially to the maritime region of the Peloponnesians,\nand burnt the dockyards of the Laced\u00e6monians at Gythium, and took B\u0153\u00e6\nin the neighbouring country, and the island of Cytherus, and made a\ndescent on Sicyonia, and, when the Sicyonians fought against him as\nhe was ravaging their land, routed them and pursued them up to the\ncity. And afterwards when he returned to Athens, he conducted colonies\nof the Athenians to Eub\u0153a and Naxos, and attacked the B\u0153otians with\na land force: and, having laid waste most of the country, and taken\nCh\u00e6ronea after a siege, when he got to Haliartia was himself killed in\nbattle and his whole army defeated. Such I learnt were the fortunes\nof Tolmides. And there are old statues of Athene: they are entire but\nrather grimy, and too weak to bear a knock, for fire passed upon them\nwhen Xerxes found the city bare of fighting men, as they had all gone\nto man the fleet. There is also a representation of a boar-hunt, (about\nwhich I know nothing for certain unless it is the Calydonian boar,) and\nof the fight between Cycnus and Hercules. This Cycnus they say killed\namong others the Thracian Lycus in a prize fight: but was himself\nslain by Hercules near the river Peneus.\n\n  Of the legends that they tell at Tr\u0153zen about Theseus one is that\nHercules, visiting Pittheus at Tr\u0153zen, threw down during dinner his\nlion\u2019s skin, and that several Tr\u0153zenian lads came into the room with\nTheseus, who was seven years of age at most. They say that all the\nother boys when they saw the lion\u2019s skin fled helter skelter, but\nTheseus not being afraid kept his ground, and plucked an axe from one\nof the servants, and began to attack it fiercely, thinking the skin\nwas a live lion. This is the first Tr\u0153zenian legend about him. And\nthe next is that \u00c6geus put his boots and sword under a stone as means\nof identifying his son, and then sailed away to Athens, and Theseus\nwhen he was eighteen lifted the stone and removed what \u00c6geus had left\nthere. And this legend is worked in bronze, all but the stone, in the\nAcropolis. They have also delineated another exploit of Theseus. This\nis the legend. A bull was ravaging the Cretan territory both elsewhere\nand by the river Tethris. In ancient times it appears wild beasts\nwere more formidable to men, as the Nemean and Parnasian lions, and\ndragons in many parts of Greece, and boars at Calydon and Erymanthus\nand Crommyon in Corinth, of whom it was said that some sprang out of\nthe ground, and others were sacred to the gods, and others sent for\nthe punishment of human beings. And this bull the Cretans say Poseidon\nsent into their land, because Minos, who was master of the Grecian sea,\nheld Poseidon in no greater honour than any other god. And they say\nthat this bull crossed over from Crete to the Peloponnese, and that one\nof the twelve Labours of Hercules was to fetch it to Eurystheus. And\nwhen it was afterwards let go on the Argive plain, it fled through the\nIsthmus of Corinth, and into Attica to the township of Marathon, and\nkilled several people whom it met, and among them Androgeos the son\nof Minos. And Minos sailed to Athens, (for he could not be persuaded\nthat the Athenians had had no hand in the death of Androgeos,) and did\ngreat damage, until it was covenanted to send annually seven maidens\nand seven boys to Crete to the Minotaur, who was fabled to live in the\nLabyrinth at Gnossus. As to the bull that had got to Marathon, it is\nsaid to have been driven by Theseus into the Acropolis, and sacrificed\nto Athene. And the township of Marathon has a representation of it.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVIII.\n\n\nWhy they erected a brazen statue to Cylon, although he plotted for the\nsovereignty, I cannot clearly tell. But I conjecture the reason was\nthat he was very handsome in person and not unknown to fame, as he\nhad won the victory at Olympia in the double course, and it was his\ngood fortune to wed the daughter of Theagenes the king of Megara. And\nbesides those I have mentioned there are two works of art especially\nfamous, made out of Athenian spoil, a brazen statue of Athene, the\nwork of Phidias, made out of spoil taken from the Persians who landed\nat Marathon: (the battle of the Lapith\u00e6 with the Centaurs, and all the\nother things represented on her shield, are said to have been carved by\nMys, but Parrhasius is said to have drawn for Mys the outline of these\nand of his other works.) The spearpoint of this Athene, and the plume\nof her helmet, are visible from Sunium as you sail in. And there is a\nbrazen chariot made out of spoil of the B\u0153otians and Chalcidians in\nEub\u0153a. And there are two other votive offerings, a statue of Pericles\nthe son of Xanthippus, and, (one of the finest works of Phidias,)\na statue of Athene, called the Lemnian Athene because an offering\nfrom the people of Lemnos. The walls of the Acropolis, (except what\nCimon the son of Miltiades built,) are said to have been drawn out by\nPelasgians who formerly lived under the Acropolis. Their names were\nAgrolas and Hyperbius. When I made enquiries who they were, all that I\ncould learn of them was that they were originally Sicilians, who had\nemigrated to Acarnania.\n\n  As you descend, not into the lower part of the city but only below\nthe Propyl\u00e6a, there is a well of water, and near it a temple of Apollo\nin a cave. Here they think Apollo had an amour with Creusa the daughter\nof Erechtheus. And as to Pan, they say that Philippides, (who was sent\nas a messenger to Laced\u00e6mon when the Persians landed), reported that\nthe Laced\u00e6monians were deferring their march: for it was their custom\nnot to go out on a campaign till the moon was at its full. But he\nsaid that he had met with Pan near the Parthenian forest, and he had\nsaid that he was friendly to the Athenians, and would come and help\nthem at Marathon. Pan has been honoured therefore for this message.\nHere is also the Areopagus, so called because Ares was first tried\nhere. I have before stated how and why he slew Halirrhothius. And they\nsay that subsequently Orestes was tried here for the murder of his\nmother. And there is an altar of Athene Area, which Orestes erected\nwhen he escaped punishment. And the two white stones, on which both\ndefendants and plaintiffs stand in this court, are respectively called\n_Rigour-of-the-law_ and _Impudence_.\n\n  And not far off is the temple of the Goddesses whom the Athenians\ncall _The Venerable Ones_, but Hesiod in his Theogony calls them the\nErinnyes. And \u00c6schylus first represented them with snakes twined in\ntheir hair: but in the statues here, either of these or of any other\ninfernal gods, there is nothing horrible. Here are statues of Pluto\nand Hermes and Earth. Here all that have been acquitted before the\nAreopagus offer their sacrifices, besides foreigners and citizens\noccasionally. Within the precincts is also the tomb of \u0152dipus. After\nmany enquiries I found that his bones had been brought there from\nThebes: for I could not credit Sophocles\u2019 account about the death of\n\u0152dipus, since Homer records that Mecisteus went to Thebes after the\ndeath of \u0152dipus and was a competitor in the funeral games held in his\nhonour there.[5]\n\n  The Athenians have other Courts of Law, but not so famous as the\nAreopagus. One they call Parabystum and another Trigonum, [that is\n_Crush_ and _Triangle_,] the former being in a low part of the city\nand crowds of litigants in very trumpery cases frequenting it, the\nother gets its name from its shape. And the Courts called _Froggy_ and\n_Scarlet_ preserve their names to this day from their colours. But\nthe largest Court, which has also the greatest number of litigants,\nis called Heli\u00e6a. Murder-cases are taken in the Court they call\nthe Palladium, where are also tried cases of manslaughter. And that\nDemophon was the first person tried here no one disputes: but why he\nwas tried is debated. They say that Diomede, sailing home after the\ncapture of Ilium, put into Phalerum one dark night, and the Argives\nlanded as on hostile soil, not knowing in the dark that it was Attica.\nThereupon they say Demophon rushed up, being ignorant that the men in\nthe ships were Argives, and slew several of them, and went off with the\nPalladium which he took from them, and an Athenian not recognized in\nthe mel\u00e9e was knocked down and trodden underfoot by Demophon\u2019s horse.\nFor this affair Demophon had to stand his trial, prosecuted some say by\nthe relations of this Athenian, others say by the Argives generally.\nAnd the Delphinium is the Court for those who plead that they have\ncommitted justifiable homicide, which was the plea of Theseus when he\nwas acquitted for killing Pallas and his sons who rose up against him.\nAnd before the acquittal of Theseus every manslayer had to flee for his\nlife, or if he stayed to suffer the same death as he had inflicted. And\nin the Court called the Prytaneum they try iron and other inanimate\nthings. I imagine the custom originated when Erechtheus was king of\nAthens, for then first did Ox-killer kill an ox at the temple of Zeus\nGuardian of the City: and he left the axe there and fled the country,\nand the axe was forthwith acquitted after trial, and is tried annually\neven nowadays. Other inanimate things are said to have spontaneously\ncommitted justifiable homicide: the best and most famous illustration\nof which is afforded by the scimetar of Cambyses.[6] And there is at\nthe Pir\u00e6us near the sea a Court called Phreattys: here fugitives, if\n(after they have once escaped) a second charge is brought against them,\nmake their defence on shipboard to their hearers on land. Teucer first\n(the story goes) thus made his defence before Telamon that he had had\nno hand in the death of Ajax. Let this suffice for these matters, that\nall who care may know everything about the Athenian law-courts.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIX.\n\n\nNear the Areopagus is shewn the ship that is made for the procession\nat the Panathen\u00e6a. And this perhaps has been outdone. But the ship at\nDelos is the finest I have ever heard of, having nine banks of rowers\nfrom the decks.\n\n  And the Athenians in the townships, and on the roads outside the\ncity, have temples of the gods, and tombs of men and heroes. And not\nfar distant is the Academy, once belonging to a private man, now a\ngymnasium. And as you go down to it are the precincts of Artemis, and\nstatues of her as _Best_ and _Beautifullest_: I suppose these titles\nhave the same reference as the lines of Sappho, another account about\nthem I know but shall pass over. And there is a small temple, to\nwhich they carry every year on appointed days the statue of Dionysus\nEleuthereusis. So many temples to the gods are there here. There are\nalso tombs, first of Thrasybulus the son of Lycus, in all respects one\nof the most famous of the Athenians either since his day or before\nhim. Most of his exploits I shall pass by, but one thing will be\nenough to prove my statement. Starting from Thebes with only sixty\nmen he put down the _Thirty Tyrants_, and persuaded the Athenians who\nwere in factions to be reconciled to one another and live on friendly\nterms. His is the first tomb, and near it are the tombs of Pericles\nand Chabrias and Phormio. And all the Athenians have monuments here\nthat died in battle either on land or sea, except those that fought\nat Marathon. For those have tombs on the spot for their valour. But\nthe others lie on the road to the Academy, and slabs are on their\ntombs recording the name and township of each. First come those whom\nthe Edoni unexpectedly fell upon and slew in Thrace, when they had\nmade themselves masters of all the country up to Drabescus: and it\nis said also that hailstones fell on them. And among generals are\nLeagrus, who had the greatest amount of power committed to him, and\nSophanes of Decelea, who slew the Argive Eurybates, (who was helping\nthe \u00c6ginetans), the victor in five contests at Nemea. And this is the\nthird army the Athenians sent out of Greece. For all the Greeks by\nmutual consent fought against Priam and the Trojans: but the Athenians\nalone sent an army into Sardinia with Iolaus, and again to Ionia, and\nthe third time to Thrace. And before the monument is a pillar with\na representation of two cavalry officers fighting, whose names are\nMelanopus and Macartatus, who met their death contending against the\nLaced\u00e6monians and B\u0153otians, at the border of the Eleonian and Tanagr\u00e6an\nterritory. And there is the tomb of the Thessalian cavalry who\nremembered their ancient friendship to Athens, when the Peloponnesians\nunder Archidamas first invaded Attica: they are near the Cretan\narchers. And again there are tombs of the Athenians, as of Clisthenes,\n(who made the regulations for the tribes which are observed even\nnow,) and the cavalry who were slain on that day of danger, when the\nThessalians brought aid. Here too are the Cleon\u00e6i, who came with the\nArgives into Attica: why they came I shall tell when I come to Argos.\nHere too is the tomb of the Athenians who fought with the \u00c6ginetans\nbefore the Persian War. And that was I ween a just decree of the people\nthat, if the Athenians gave a public burial to the slaves, their names\nshould be written on a pillar. And this proves that they behaved well\nto their masters in the wars. And there are also monuments of other\nvaliant men, who fell fighting in various places: the most illustrious\nof those that fought at Olynthus, and Melesander (who sailed in his\nships up the M\u00e6ander in Upper Caria), and those who fell in the war\nwith Cassander, and those Argives who were formerly the allies of the\nAthenians. This alliance came about (they say) in the following manner.\nThere was an earthquake at Laced\u00e6mon, and the Helots revolted and went\nto Ithome: and when they revolted the Laced\u00e6monians sent for aid to\nthe Athenians and others: and they despatched to them picked men under\nCimon the son of Miltiades. These the Laced\u00e6monians sent back moved by\nsuspicion. And the Athenians thought such an outrage insufferable, and,\non their return home again, made an offensive and defensive alliance\nwith the Argives, who had always been the enemies of the Laced\u00e6monians.\nAnd afterwards, when a battle between the Athenians and B\u0153otians and\nLaced\u00e6monians was on the eve of taking place at Tanagra, the Argives\ncame to the aid of the Athenians. And when the Argives were having the\nbetter of it, night came on and took away the certainty of victory,\nand the next day the Laced\u00e6monians won the victory, the Thessalians\nhaving betrayed the Athenians. I ought also to mention Apollodorus the\nleader of the mercenaries, who was an Athenian, but had been sent by\nArsites, the satrap of Phrygia near the Hellespont, and had relieved\nPerinthia, when Philip attacked it with an army. He is buried here,\nwith Eubulus the son of Spintharus, and other men who although they\ndeserved it did not meet with good fortune; some fell conspiring\nagainst the tyrant Lachares, and others counselled the seizure of the\nPir\u00e6us when the Macedonians guarded it, but before they could carry\nout their plan they were informed against by their fellow-conspirators\nand put to death. Here too are the tombs of those who fell at Corinth:\nand it was palpably shewn here (and afterwards at Leuctra) by the\nDeity, that those whom the Greeks call brave were nothing without\ngood fortune, since the Laced\u00e6monians who had formerly conquered the\nCorinthians and Athenians, and moreover the Argives and B\u0153otians, were\nafterwards so completely routed at Leuctra by the B\u0153otians alone. And\nnext to the tombs of those that fell at Corinth, some elegiac lines\ntestify that the pillar was erected not only to them, but also to\nthose that died at Eub\u0153a and Chios, as also to some whom it declares\nwere slain in the remote parts of the continent of Asia Minor, and in\nSicily. And all the Generals are inscribed on it except Nicias, and the\nPlat\u00e6an soldiers and citizens together. Nicias was passed over for the\nfollowing reason: I give the same account as Philistus, who said that\nDemosthenes made conditions of surrender for everybody but himself,\nand when he was taken attempted suicide, whereas Nicias surrendered\nvoluntarily. And so his name was not written on the pillar, as he was\nshewn to be a willing captive and not a man fit for war. On another\npillar are the names of those who fought in Thrace, and at Megara,\nand when Alcibiades persuaded the Mantin\u00e6ans and Eleans to revolt\nfrom the Laced\u00e6monians, and those who conquered the Syracusans before\nDemosthenes came to Sicily. Those also are buried here who fought the\nnaval engagement at the Hellespont, and those who fought against the\nMacedonians at Ch\u00e6ronea, and those who served with Cleon at Amphipolis,\nand those who fell at Delium in the territory of the Tanagr\u00e6ans, and\nthose whom Leosthenes led to Thessaly, and those who sailed to Cyprus\nwith Cimon, and those, thirteen only, who with Olympiodorus drove out\nthe Macedonian garrison. And the Athenians say that, when the Romans\nwere fighting against one of their neighbours, they sent a small force\nto their aid, and certainly afterwards there were five Attic triremes\npresent at the sea-fight between the Romans and Carthaginians. These\nalso have their tomb here. The exploits of Tolmides and his men, and\nthe manner of their death, I have already described: but let any one\nto whom their memory is dear know that they too lie buried on this\nroad. They too lie here who on the same day won under Cimon a glorious\nvictory both by land and sea. Here too lie Conon and Timotheus,\nfather and son, second only to Miltiades and Cimon in their brilliant\nfeats. Here too lie Zeno the son of Mnaseas, and Chrysippus of Soli,\nand Nicias the son of Nicomedes, (the best painter of animals in his\nday,) and Harmodius and Aristogiton who murdered Hipparchus the son of\nPisistratus, and the orators Ephialtes, (who did his best to discredit\nthe legislation of the Areopagus,) and Lycurgus the son of Lycophron.\nThis Lycurgus put into the public treasury 6,500 talents more than\nPericles the son of Xanthippus got together, and furnished elaborate\napparatus for the processions of Athene, and golden Victories, and\ndresses for 100 maidens, and for war arms and darts, and 400 triremes\nfor naval engagements. And as for buildings he finished the theatre\nthough others began it, and during his term of office built docks at\nthe Pir\u00e6us, and a gymnasium at the Lyceum. All his silver and gold work\nLachares plundered when he was in power: but the buildings remain to\nthis day.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXX.\n\n\nBefore the entrance into the Academy is an altar of Eros, with the\ninscription that Charmus was the first of the Athenians to offer\nvotive offerings to Eros. And they say that the altar in the city\ncalled the altar of Anteros is the offering of the resident aliens,\nfor Meles an Athenian, tired of Timagoras, a resident alien who was\nenamoured of him, bade him go to the highest part of the rock and\nthrow himself down. And Timagoras careless of his life, and wishing\nin all things to gratify the stripling\u2019s commands, threw himself down\naccordingly. But Meles, when he saw that Timagoras was dead, was so\nstricken with remorse, that he threw himself down from the same rock,\nand so perished. And in consequence it was ordained that the resident\naliens should worship as a god Anteros, the avenger of Timagoras. And\nin the Academy is an altar of Prometheus, and they run from it to the\ncity with lighted torches. The game is to keep the torch alight as\nthey run. And if the torch goes out there is no longer victory to the\nfirst, but the second wins instead. And if his is out, then the third.\nAnd so on. And if the torches of all go out, then there is no one who\ncan win the game. There is also an altar of the Muses, and another of\nHermes, and in the interior one of Athene, and another of Hercules.\nAnd there is an olive-tree, which is said to have been the second that\never was. And not far from the Academy is the tomb of Plato, to whom\nthe Deity foretold that he would be most excellent in Philosophy, and\nforetold it in the following way. Socrates, the night before Plato was\ngoing to be his pupil, dreamed that a swan flew into his bosom. Now\nthe swan is a bird that has a fame for music, for they say that Cycnus\n[_Swan_], king of the Ligyans across the Eridanus in Celtic territory,\nwas fond of music, and when he died was at Apollo\u2019s desire changed into\na bird. I daresay a musical man reigned over the Ligyans, but I can\nhardly believe that a man became a bird. Here too is seen the tower of\nTimon, who was the only person who thought one can be happy in no way\nexcept by shunning one\u2019s kind. There is also shewn here a place called\nColonus, sacred to Poseidon the creator of horses, the first place in\nAttica which they say \u0152dipus came to: this is however different from\nthe account of Homer, still it is the account they give. There is also\nan altar of Poseidon God of Horses and of Athene Goddess of Horses, and\na hero-chapel of Pirithous and Theseus and \u0152dipus and Adrastus. But\nPoseidon\u2019s grove and temple were burnt by Antigonus, when he invaded\nAttica and ravaged it with his army.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXI.\n\n\nNow the small townships of Attica, founded by haphazard, have the\nfollowing records. The Alimusii have a temple to Law-giving Demeter and\nher daughter Proserpine; and in Zoster [_Belt_] by the sea is an altar\nto Athene and Apollo and Artemis and Leto. They say that Leto did not\ngive birth to her children here, but loosed her belt as if she were\ngoing to, and that was why the place got that name. The Prospaltii also\nhave a temple to Proserpine and Demeter, and the Anagyrasians have a\ntemple to the Mother of the Gods. And at Cephal\u00e6 Castor and Pollux are\nheld in highest honour: for they call them the Great Gods.\n\n  And the people of Prasi\u00e6 have a temple of Apollo: here came (they\nsay) the firstfruits of the Hyperboreans, handed over by them to the\nArimaspians, and by the Arimaspians to the Issedones, and brought\nthence by the Scythians to Sinope, and thence carried by the Greeks to\nPrasi\u00e6, and by the Athenians to Delos: these firstfruits are hidden\nin an ear of wheat, and may be looked at by nobody. At Prasi\u00e6 there\nis also a monument to Erysichthon, who died on his passage home, as\nhe sailed back from Delos after his mission there. That Cranaus the\nking of the Athenians was expelled by Amphictyon, though he was his\nkinsman, I have before narrated: and they say that when he fled with\nhis adherents to the Lamprian township he was killed and buried there:\nand his tomb is there to this day. And Ion the son of Xuthus, (for he\ntoo dwelt in Attica, and commanded the Athenians in the war against\nthe Eleusinians,) has a tomb in the place called Potami.\n\n  So far tradition goes. And the Phlyenses have altars to\nDionysus-giving Apollo and Lightgiving Artemis, and to Dionysus\nCrowned with flowers, and to the Nymphs of the River Ismenus, and to\nEarth whom they call the Great Goddess: and another temple has altars\nto Fruitbearing Demeter, and Zeus the Protector of Property, and\nTithronian Athene, and Proserpine the Firstborn, and to the goddesses\ncalled _The Venerable Ones_, (_i.e._ the Eumenides.) And at Myrrhinus\nthere is a statue to Col\u00e6nian Artemis. And the Athmonenses worship\nAmarynthian Artemis. And when I enquired of the Interpreters and\nExperts as to these Goddesses, I could obtain no accurate information,\nbut I conjecture as follows. Amarynthus is in Eub\u0153a, and there too they\nworship the Amarynthian Artemis. And the Athenians at her feast bestow\nas much honour on her as the Eub\u0153ans. In this way I think she got her\nname among the Athmonenses, and Col\u00e6nian Artemis at Myrrhinus from\nCol\u00e6nus. I have written already elsewhere that it is the opinion of\nmany in the townships that there were kings at Athens before Cecrops.\nNow Col\u00e6nus is the name of a king who ruled at Athens before Cecrops,\naccording to the tradition of the people of Myrrhinus. And there is a\ntownship at Acharn\u00e6: the Acharnians worship among other gods Apollo of\nthe Streets and Hercules. And there is an altar to Athene Hygiea: they\nalso worship Athene by the name of _Horse-lover_, and Dionysus by that\nof _Songster_, and _Ivy-God_, for they say ivy grew here first.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXII.\n\n\nAnd the mountains of Attica are Pentelicus, famous for its\nstonequarries, and Parnes, which affords good hunting of wild boars\nand bears, and Hymettus, which is the best place for bees next to the\nterritory of the Alazones. For among the Alazones the bees are so tame\nthat they live with the people, and go freely about for their food\nanywhere, and are not confined in hives: and they make honey anywhere,\nand it is so firm and compact that you cannot separate it from the\ncomb. And on the mountains of Attica also are statues of the gods.\nAt Pentelicus there is a statue of Athene, and at Hymettus one of\nZeus of Hymettus: there are altars also to Rainy Zeus, and Apollo the\nFore-seer. And at Parnes there is a brazen statue of Parnesian Zeus,\nand an altar to Semalean Zeus. There is also another altar at Parnes,\nand they sacrifice on it sometimes to Zeus the Rainy, sometimes to Zeus\nthe Averter of Ill. There is also the small mountain called Anchesmus,\nand on it the statue of Anchesmian Zeus.\n\n  Before I turn to the description of the islands, I will enter\nagain into the history of the townships. The township of Marathon\nis about equidistant from Athens and Carystus in Eub\u0153a. It was this\npart of Attica that the Persians landed at, and were defeated, and\nlost some of their ships as they were putting out to sea in retreat.\nAnd in the plain is the tomb of the Athenians, and on it are pillars\nwith the names of the dead according to their tribes. And another\nfor the Plat\u00e6ans of B\u0153otia and their slaves: for this was the first\nengagement in which slaves fought. And there is apart a monument to\nMiltiades the son of Cimon, whose death occurred afterwards, when he\nfailed to capture Paros, and was on that account put on his trial by\nthe Athenians. Here every night one may hear horses neighing and men\nfighting: those who come on purpose to see the sight suffer for their\ncuriosity, but if they are there as spectators accidentally the wrath\nof the gods harms them not. And the people of Marathon highly honour\nthose that fell in the battle, calling them heroes, as also they\npay honours to Marathon (from whom the township gets its name), and\nHercules, whom they say they first of all the Greeks worshipped as a\ngod. And it chanced, as they say, in the battle that a man of rustic\nappearance and dress appeared, who slew many of the Persians with a\nploughshare, and vanished after the fight: and when the Athenians made\nenquiry of the oracle, the god gave no other answer, but bade them\nhonour the hero Echetl\u00e6us. And a trophy of white stone was erected\nthere. And the Athenians say that they buried the Persians, (it being\na matter of decency to bury in the ground a man\u2019s corpse,) but I could\nfind no tomb. For there was no mound nor any other visible trace of\nburial. So they must have carried them to some hole and thrown them\nin pell mell. And there is at Marathon a fountain called Macaria, and\nthis is the tradition about it. When Hercules fled from Eurystheus\nat Tiryns, he went to his friend Ceyx the king of Trachis. And when\nHercules left mankind Eurystheus asked for his children, and Ceyx sent\nthem to Athens, pleading his own weakness, and suggesting that Theseus\nmight be able to protect them. And coming to Athens as suppliants,\nthey brought about the first war between the Peloponnesians and the\nAthenians, as Theseus would not give them up to Eurystheus, though he\nbegged hard for them. And they say that an oracle told the Athenians\nthat one of the children of Hercules must voluntarily die, or else they\nwould not get the victory. Hereupon Macaria, the daughter of Deianira\nand Hercules, sacrificed herself that the Athenians might conquer in\nthe war, and the fountain gets its name from her. And there is at\nMarathon a lake for the most part muddy: into it the fugitive Persians\nfell not knowing the way, and most of the slaughter happened they say\nhere. And above the lake are the mangers of the horses of Artaphernes\nin stone, and among the rocks vestiges of a tent. And a river flows\nfrom the lake, affording pleasant water to the herds that come to the\nlake, but at its outlet into the sea it is salt and full of sea fish.\nAnd at a little distance from the plain is a mountain of Pan, and a\ncave well worth seeing. The entrance to it is narrow, but when you get\nwell in there are rooms and baths, and what is called Pan\u2019s herd of\ngoats, rocks very like goats in shape.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXIII.\n\n\nAnd not far from Marathon is Brauron, where they say Iphigenia, the\ndaughter of Agamemnon, landed in her flight from the Tauri, bringing\nwith her the statue of Artemis, and, having left it here, went on\nto Athens and afterwards to Argos. Here is indeed an ancient statue\nof Artemis. But those who have the Tauric statue of the goddess in\nmy opinion, I shall show in another part of my work. And about\nsixty stades from Marathon is Rhamnus, as you go along the shore to\nOropus. And there are buildings near the sea for men, and a little\nway from the sea on the cliff is a temple of Nemesis, who is the most\nimplacable of all the gods to haughty men. And it seems that those\nPersians who landed at Marathon met with vengeance from this goddess:\nfor despising the difficulty of capturing Athens, they brought Parian\nmarble to make a trophy of, as if they had already conquered. This\nmarble Phidias made into a statue of Nemesis, and on the goddess\u2019\nhead is a crown with some figures of stags, and some small statues of\nVictory: in one hand she has a branch of an apple tree, in the other\na bowl, on which some Ethiopians are carved. As to these Ethiopians I\ncould not myself conjecture what they referred to, nor could I accept\nthe account of those who thought they knew, who say that they were\ncarved on the bowl because of the river Oceanus: for the Ethiopians\ndwelt by it, and Oceanus was Nemesis\u2019 father. For indeed Oceanus is\nnot a river but a sea, the remotest sea sailed on by men, and on\nits shore live the Spaniards and Celts, and in it is the island of\nBritain. But the remotest Ethiopians live beyond Syene by the Red Sea,\nand are fisheaters, from which circumstance the gulf near which they\nlive is called Fish-eater. But the most upright ones[7] inhabit the\ncity Meroe, and what is called the Ethiopian plain: these shew the\nTable of the Sun, but have no sea or river except the Nile. And there\nare other Ethiopians (who live near the Mauri), that extend to the\nterritory of the Nasamones. For the Nasamones, whom Herodotus calls\nthe Atlantes, but geographers call Lixit\u00e6, are the remotest of the\nLibyans who live near Mount Atlas. They sow nothing, and live on wild\nvines. And neither these Ethiopians nor the Nasamones have any river.\nFor the water near Mount Atlas, though it flows in three directions,\nmakes no river, for the sand sucks it all in. So the Ethiopians live\nby no river or ocean. And the water from Mount Atlas is muddy, and at\nits source there are crocodiles two cubits long, and when men approach\nthey dive down into the water. And many have the idea that this water\ncoming up again out of the sand makes the river Nile in Egypt. Now\nMount Atlas is so high that its peaks are said to touch the sky, and\nit is inaccessible from the water and trees which are everywhere. The\nneighbourhood of the Nasamones has been explored, but we know of no one\nwho has sailed by the parts near the sea. But let this account suffice.\nNeither this statue of Nemesis nor any other of the old statues of\nher are delineated with wings, not even the most holy statues at\nSmyrna: but in later times people, wishing to shew this goddess as\nespecially following upon Love, gave Nemesis wings as well as Love. I\nshall describe what is at the base of the statue, only clearing up the\nfollowing matter. They say Nemesis was the mother of Helen, but Leda\nsuckled her and brought her up: but her father the Greeks generally\nthink was Zeus and not Tyndareus. Phidias having heard this represented\non the base of the statue Helen being carried by Leda to Nemesis, and\nTyndareus and his sons, and a man called Hippeus with a horse standing\nby. There too are Agamemnon and Menelaus, and Pyrrhus the son of\nAchilles, the first husband of Hermione, the daughter of Helen. Orestes\nwas passed over for the murder of his mother, though Hermione remained\nwith him all her life and bore him a son. And next come Epochus, and\nanother young man. I have heard nothing else of them than that they are\nthe brothers of \u0152noe, who gave her name to the township.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXIV.\n\n\nThe land about Oropus between Attica and Tanagra, which originally\nbelonged to B\u0153otia, is now Athenian. The Athenians fought for it\ncontinually, but got no firm hold of it till Philip gave it them after\nthe capture of Thebes. The city is near the sea and has played no great\npart in history: about 12 stades from it is the temple of Amphiaraus.\nAnd it is said that, when Amphiaraus fled from Thebes, the earth opened\nand swallowed up him and his chariot: but it did not they say happen\nhere but at a place called Harma (_Chariot_), on the way from Thebes to\nChalcis. And the Oropians first made Amphiaraus a god, and since all\nthe Greeks have so accounted him. I can mention others who were once\nmen, who have honours paid to them as gods, and cities dedicated to\nthem, as Eleus in the Chersonese to Protesilaus, and Lebadea in B\u0153otia\nto Trophonius: so Amphiaraus has a temple at Oropus, and a statue in\nwhite stone. And the altar has five divisions: one belongs to Hercules\nand Zeus and P\u00e6onian Apollo, and another is dedicated to heroes and\nheroes\u2019 wives. And the third belongs to Vesta and Hermes and Amphiaraus\nand the sons of Amphilochus: but Alcm\u00e6on, owing to the murder of\nEriphyle, has no honour with Amphiaraus, nor with Amphilochus. And\nthe fourth division of the altar belongs to Aphrodite and Panacea,\nand also to Jason and Hygiea and P\u00e6onian Athene. And the fifth has\nbeen set apart for the Nymphs and Pan, and the rivers Achelous and\nCephisus. And Amphilochus has also an altar at Athens, and at Mallus\nin Cilicia an oracle most veracious even in my day. And the Oropians\nhave a fountain near the temple, which they call Amphiaraus\u2019, but they\nneither sacrifice at it, nor use it for lustrations or washing their\nhands. But when any disease has been cured by means of the oracle, then\nit is customary to throw into the fountain some gold or silver coin:\nand here they say Amphiaraus became a god. And the Gnossian Iophon,\none of the interpreters of Antiquities, has preserved some oracular\nresponses of Amphiaraus in Hexameters, given he says to the Argives\nwho were despatched to Thebes. These lines had irresistible attraction\nfor the general public. Now besides those who are said of old to have\nbeen inspired by Apollo, there was no oracle-giving seer, but there\nwere people good at explaining dreams, and inspecting the flights of\nbirds and the entrails of victims. Amphiaraus was I think especially\nexcellent in divination by dreams: and it is certain when he became\na god that he instituted divination by dreams. And whoever comes to\nconsult Amphiaraus has first (such is the custom) to purify himself,\nthat is to sacrifice to the god. They sacrifice then to all the other\ngods whose names are on the altar. And after all these preliminary\nrites, they sacrifice a ram, and wrapping themselves up in its skin go\nto sleep, and expect divine direction through a dream.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXV.\n\n\nAnd the Athenians have various islands not far from Attica, one called\nafter Patroclus, about which I have already given an account, and\nanother a little beyond Sunium, as you sail leaving Attica on the left:\nhere they say Helen landed after the capture of Ilium, so the Island\nis called Helena. And Salamis lies over against Eleusis and extends\ntowards Megaris. The name Salamis was they say originally given to\nthis island from Salamis the mother of Asopus, and afterwards the\n\u00c6ginetans under Telamon inhabited the island: and Phil\u00e6us, the son\nof Eurysaces and grandson of Ajax, became an Athenian and handed it\nover to Athens. And many years afterwards the Athenians expelled the\npeople of Salamis, condemning them for having been slack of duty in\nthe war with Cassander, and for having surrendered their city to the\nMacedonians more from choice than compulsion: and Ascetades (who had\nbeen chosen as Governor of Salamis) they condemned to death, and swore\nthat for all time they would remember this treason of the people of\nSalamis. And there are yet ruins of the market, and a temple of Ajax,\nand his statue in ebony. And divine honours are to this day paid by\nthe Athenians to Ajax and Eurysaces: the latter has also an altar at\nAthens. And a stone is shown at Salamis not far from the harbour: on\nwhich they say Telamon sate and gazed at the vessel in which his sons\nwere sailing away to Aulis, to join the general expedition of the\nGreeks against Ilium. And the natives of Salamis say that after the\ndeath of Ajax a flower first appeared on their island: white and red,\nsmaller than the lily especially in its petals, with the same letters\non it as the hyacinth.[8] And I have heard the tradition of the \u00c6olians\n(who afterwards inhabited Ilium) as to the controversy about the\narms of Achilles, and they say that after the shipwreck of Odysseus\nthese arms were washed ashore by the sea near the tomb of Ajax. And\nsome particulars as to his great size were given me by a Mysian. He\ntold me that the sea washed his tomb which was on the seashore, and\nmade entrance to it easy, and he bade me conjecture the huge size of\nhis body by the following detail. His kneepans, (which the doctors\ncall _mills_,) were the size of the quoits used by any lad practising\nfor the Pentathlum. I do not wonder at the size of those who are\ncalled Cabares, who, remotest of the Celts, live in a region thinly\npeopled from the extreme cold, for their corpses are not a bit bigger\nthan Egyptian ones. I will now relate some remarkable cases of dead\nbodies. Among the Magnesians at Leth\u00e6us one of the citizens, called\nProtophanes, was victor on the same day at Olympia in the pancratium\nand in the wrestling: some robbers broke into his tomb, thinking to\nfind something valuable there, and after them came others to see his\ncorpse: his ribs were not separated as is usual, but he was all bone\nfrom his shoulders to the lowest ribs, which are called by the doctors\n_false ribs_. And the Milesians have in front of their city the island\nLade, which breaks off into two little islands, one of which is called\nAsterius. And they say that Asterius was buried here, and that he\nwas the son of Anax, and Anax was the son of Earth: his corpse is\ntwo cubits, no less. The following circumstance also appears to me\nwonderful. In Upper Lydia there is a small town called the Gates of\nTemenus. Some bones were discovered here, when a piece of cliff broke\noff in a storm, in shape like those of a man, but on account of their\nsize no one would have thought them a man\u2019s. And forthwith a rumour\nspread among the populace that it was the dead body of Geryon the son\nof Chrysaor, and that a man\u2019s seat fashioned in stone on the hillside\nwas his seat. And they called the mountain torrent Oceanus, and said\nthat people ploughing often turned up horns of oxen, for the story goes\nthat Geryon bred most excellent oxen. But when I opposed their theory,\nand proved to them that Geryon lived at Gades, and that he has no known\ntomb but a tree of various forms, hereupon the Lydian Antiquarians told\nthe real truth, that it was the dead body of Hyllus, and that Hyllus\nwas the son of Earth, and gave his name to the river Hyllus. They said\nalso that Hercules on account of his former intercourse with Omphale\ncalled his son Hyllus after the same river.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXVI.\n\n\nAt Salamis, to return to my subject, there is a temple of Artemis, and\na trophy erected for the victory which Themistocles the son of Neocles\nwon for the Greeks. There is also a temple to Cychreus. For when the\nAthenians were fighting the naval engagement with the Persians it is\nsaid that a dragon was seen in the Athenian fleet, and the oracle\ninformed the Athenians that it was the hero Cychreus. And there is an\nisland facing Salamis called Psyttalea, on which they say as many as\n400 Persians landed: who after the defeat of Xerxes\u2019 fleet were they\nsay slain by the Greeks who passed over into Psyttalea. There is not\none statue in the island which is a work of art, but there are some\nrude images of Pan made anyhow.\n\n  And as you go to Eleusis from Athens, by the way which the Athenians\ncall the Sacred Way, is the tomb of Anthemocritus, to whom the\nMegarians acted most unscrupulously, inasmuch as they killed him though\nhe came as a herald, to announce to them that henceforth they were not\nto cultivate the sacred land. And for this act of theirs the wrath of\nthe two goddesses[9] still abides, since they are the only Greeks that\nthe Emperor Adrian was not able to aggrandise. And next to the column\nof Anthemocritus is the tomb of Molottus, who was chosen as General of\nthe Athenians when they crossed over into Eub\u0153a to the aid of Plutarch.\nAnd near this is a village called Scirus for the following reason.\nWhen the people of Eleusis were at war with Erechtheus, a prophet\ncame from Dodona Scirus by name, who also built at Phalerum the old\ntemple of Sciradian Athene. And as he fell in battle the Eleusinians\nburied him near a mountain torrent, and both the village and torrent\nget their name from the hero. And near is the tomb of Cephisodorus,\nwho was the leader of the people, and especially opposed Philip the\nson of Demetrius, the king of the Macedonians. And Cephisodorus got\nas allies for the Athenians the Mysian king Attalus, and the Egyptian\nking Ptolemy, and independent nations as the \u00c6tolians, and islanders as\nthe Rhodians and Cretans. And as the succours from Egypt and Mysia and\nCrete came for the most part too late, and as the Rhodians (fighting\nby sea only) could do little harm to heavy-armed soldiers like the\nMacedonians, Cephisodorus sailed for Italy with some of the Athenians,\nand begged the Romans to aid them. And they sent them a force and a\ngeneral, who so reduced Philip and the Macedonians that eventually\nPerseus, the son of Philip, lost his kingdom, and was carried to Italy\nas a captive. This Philip was the son of Demetrius: who was the first\nof the family who was king of Macedonia, after slaying Alexander the\nson of Cassander, as I have before related.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXVII.\n\n\nAnd next to the tomb of Cephisodorus are buried Heliodorus the\nAliensian, (you may see a painting of him in the large temple of\nAthene): and Themistocles the son of Poliarchus, the great grandson of\nthe Themistocles that fought the great sea-fight against Xerxes and the\nMedes. All his other descendants except Acestius I shall pass by. But\nshe the daughter of Xenocles, the son of Sophocles, the son of Leo,\nhad the good fortune to have all her ancestors torchbearers even up to\nher great grandfather Leo, and in her life she saw first her brother\nSophocles a torchbearer, and after him her husband Themistocles, and\nafter his death her son Theophrastus. Such was the good fortune she is\nsaid to have had.\n\n  And as you go a little further is the grove of the hero Lacius, who\ngives his name to a township. There too is the tomb of Nicocles of\nTarentum, who won the greatest fame of all harpers. There is also an\naltar to Zephyrus, and a temple of Demeter and Proserpine: Athene and\nPoseidon have joint honours with them. Here they say Phytalus received\nDemeter into his house, and the goddess gave him in return a fig tree.\nMy account is confirmed by the inscription on Phytalus\u2019 tomb.\n\n    \u201cHere Phytalus king-hero once received\n    Holy Demeter, when she first vouchsafed\n    The fruit that mortals call the fig: since when\n    The race of Phytalus has deathless fame.\u201d\n\n  And before crossing over the river Cephisus, is the tomb of\nTheodorus, one of the best tragic actors of his day. And there are two\nstatues near the river, Mnesimaches, and his son cutting off his hair\nas a votive offering to the Cephisus. That it was an ancient custom for\nall the Greeks to cut off locks of their hair to rivers one would infer\nfrom the verses of Homer, who describes Peleus as vowing to cut off\nhis hair to the river Spercheus if his son Achilles returned safe from\nTroy.[10]\n\n  On the other side of the Cephisus is an ancient altar to Milichian\n(_i.e._ _mild_) Zeus, where Theseus got purified after slaying the\nprogeny of Phytalus. He had slain other robbers, and Sinis, who was his\nrelation by Pittheus his maternal grandfather. And there are the tombs\nhere of Theodectes the son of Phaselites, and of Mnesitheus. This last\nthey say was a noted doctor, and dedicated several statues, and among\nthem one of Iacchus. And by the roadside is a small temple called the\ntemple of Cyamites (_Bean-man_): but I have no certain information,\nwhether he first sowed beans, or whether they gave the name to some\nhero, because it was not lawful to ascribe the invention of beans to\nDemeter. And whoever has seen the Eleusinian mysteries, or has read the\nOrphic poems, knows what I mean. And of the tombs that are finest for\nsize and beauty are two especially, one of a Rhodian who had migrated\nto Athens, the other of Pythionice, made by Harpalus a Macedonian, who\nhad fled from Alexander and sailed to Europe from Asia, and coming\nto Athens was arrested by the Athenians, but escaped by bribing\nthe friends of Alexander and others, and before this had married\nPythionice, whose extraction I don\u2019t know, but she was a courtesan both\nat Athens and Corinth. He was so enamoured of her that, when she died,\nhe raised this monument to her, the finest of all the ancient works of\nart in Greece.\n\n  And there is a temple in which are statues of Demeter and Proserpine\nand Athene and Apollo: but originally the temple was built to Apollo\nalone. For they say that Cephalus the son of Deioneus went with\nAmphitryon to the Telebo\u00e6, and was the first dweller in the island\nwhich is now called from him Cephallenia: and that he fled from Athens,\nand lived for some time at Thebes, because he had murdered his wife\nProcris. And in the tenth generation afterwards Chalcinus and D\u00e6tus\nhis descendants sailed to Delphi, and begged of the god permission to\nreturn to Athens: and he ordered them first to sacrifice to Apollo on\nthe spot where they should see a trireme on land moving. And when they\ngot to the mountain called P\u0153cilus a dragon appeared eagerly running\ninto its hole: and here they sacrificed to Apollo, and afterwards on\ntheir arrival at Athens the Athenians made them citizens. Next to this\nis a temple of Aphrodite, and before it a handsome wall of white stone.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXVIII.\n\n\nNow the channels called Rheti are like rivers only in their flow, for\ntheir water is sea water. And one might suppose that they flow from\nthe Euripus near Chalcis underground, falling into a sea with a lower\nlevel. These Rheti are said to be sacred to Proserpine and Demeter,\nand their priests only may catch the fish in them. And they were,\nas I hear, in old times the boundaries between the territory of the\nEleusinians and Athenians. And the first inhabitant on the other side\nof the Rheti was Crocon, and that district is called to this day the\nkingdom of Crocon. This Crocon the Athenians say married S\u00e6sara the\ndaughter of Celeus. This at least is the tradition of the occupants\nof the township of Scambonid\u00e6. Crocon\u2019s tomb indeed I could not find,\nbut Eumolpus\u2019 tomb the Athenians and Eub\u0153ans both show. This Eumolpus\nthey say came from Thrace, and was the son of Poseidon and Chione: and\nChione was they say the daughter of Boreas and Orithyia. Homer has\nnot indeed given us his pedigree, but he calls him in his poem a noble\nman. And in the battle between the people of Eleusis and the Athenians\nErechtheus the king of Athens was slain, and also Immaradus the son of\nEumolpus: and peace was concluded on these conditions, that the people\nof Eleusis should be in all other respects Athenians, but should have\nthe private management of their Mysteries. And the rites of the two\ngoddesses, Demeter and Proserpine, were performed by the daughters of\nCeleus. Pamphus and Homer alike call them by the names Diogenea, and\nPammerope, and S\u00e6sara. But on the death of Eumolpus Ceryx the youngest\nson was the only one left, who (the heralds say) was not the son of\nEumolpus at all, but the son of Hermes by Aglaurus the daughter of\nCecrops.\n\n  There is also a hero-chapel to Hippothoon, from whom a tribe gets its\nname, and near it one to Zarex, who is said to have learnt music of\nApollo. But my own idea is that Zarex was a stranger, a Laced\u00e6monian\nwho had come into Attica, and that the city Zarex in Laconia by the\nsea was called after him. But if the hero Zarex was a native of\nAttica, I know nothing about him. And the river Cephisus flows near\nthe Eleusinian territory with greater speed than before: and here\nis a place called Erineus, where Pluto they say descended, when he\ncarried off Proserpine. On the banks of this river Theseus slew the\nrobber Polypemon, who was surnamed Procrustes. And the Eleusinians\nhave a temple to Triptolemus, and to Propyl\u00e6an Artemis, and to Father\nPoseidon, and a well called Callichorus, where the Eleusinian women\nfirst danced and sang songs to the goddess. And the Rharian plain\nwas the first sown and the first that produced crops according to\ntradition, and this is the reason why it is the custom to use barley\nfrom it to make cakes for the sacrifices. Here is shown Triptolemus\u2019\nthreshing-floor and altar. But what is inside the sacred wall I am\nforbidden by a dream to divulge, for those who are uninitiated, as\nthey are forbidden sight of them, so also clearly may not hear of the\nmysteries. And the hero Eleusis, from whom the city gets its name, was\naccording to some the son of Hermes and Daira the daughter of Oceanus,\nothers make him the son of Ogygus. For the ancients, when they had no\ndata for their pedigrees, invented fictitious ones, and especially in\nthe pedigrees of heroes.\n\n  And as you turn from Eleusis to B\u0153otia the boundary of Attica is\nthe Plat\u00e6an district. That was the old boundary between the Athenians\nand the people of Eleuther\u00e6. But when the people of Eleuther\u00e6 became\nAthenians then Mount Cith\u00e6ron in B\u0153otia became the boundary. And the\npeople of Eleuther\u00e6 became Athenians not by compulsion, but from hatred\nto the Thebans and a liking for the Athenian form of government. In\nthis plain too is a temple of Dionysus, and a statue of the god was\nremoved thence to Athens long ago: the one at Eleuther\u00e6 now is an\nimitation of it. And at some distance is a small grotto, and near it a\nspring of cold water. And it is said that Antiope gave birth to twins\nand left them in this grotto, and a shepherd finding them near the\nspring gave them their first bath in it, having stript them of their\nswaddling clothes. And there was still in my day remains of a wall and\nbuildings at Eleuther\u00e6. This makes it clear that it was a town built a\nlittle above the plain towards Mount Cith\u00e6ron.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXIX.\n\n\nAnd another road leads from Eleusis to Megara: as you go along this\nroad is a well called the Well of Flowers. Pamphus records that it\nwas at this well that Demeter sat in the guise of an old woman after\nthe rape of Proserpine: and that she was taken thence as an old woman\nof the country by the daughters of Celeus to their mother, and that\nMetanira entrusted her with the education of her son. And not far\nfrom the well is the temple of Metanira, and next to it the tombs of\nthose that fell at Thebes. For Creon, who was at that time the ruler\nat Thebes (being Regent for Laodamas the son of Eteocles), would not\nallow their relations to bury the dead: and Adrastus having supplicated\nTheseus, and a battle having been fought between the Athenians and\nB\u0153otians, when Theseus was the victor, he conveyed the dead bodies\nto Eleusis and there buried them. But the Thebans say that they\nsurrendered the dead bodies of their own free will, and did not fight\non this question. And next to the tombs of the Argives is the monument\nof Alope, who they say was the mother of Hippothoon by Poseidon,\nand was in consequence put to death by her father Cercyon. Now this\nCercyon is said in other respects to have been harsh to strangers, and\nespecially to those who would not contend with him in wrestling: and\nthis place was called even in my day Cercyon\u2019s wrestling ground, at a\nlittle distance from the tomb of Alope. And Cercyon is said to have\nkilled all that wrestled with him but Theseus. But Theseus wrestled\nagainst him cunningly throw for throw and beat him: for he was the\nfirst who elevated wrestling into a science, and afterwards established\ntraining schools for wrestling: for before the time of Theseus only\nsize and strength were made use of in wrestling.\n\n  Such in my opinion are the most noteworthy among Athenian traditions\nor sights. And in my account I have selected out of a mass of material\nthat only which was important enough to be considered history.\n\n  Next to Eleusis is the district called Megaris: it too belonged\noriginally to the Athenians, having been bequeathed to Pandion by (its)\nking Pylas. Proofs of what I assert are the tomb of Pandion in that\ndistrict, and the fact that Nisus, though he conceded the kingdom of\nAttica to \u00c6geus the head of the family, yet himself was selected to\nbe king of Megara and the whole district up to Corinth: and even now\nthe Megarians have a dockyard called Nis\u00e6a after him. And afterwards,\nwhen Codrus was king, the Peloponnesians marched against Athens: and\nnot having any brilliant success there they went home again, but took\nMegara from the Athenians, and gave it to the Corinthians and others\nof their allies that wished to dwell in it. Thus the Megarians changed\ntheir customs and dialect and became Dorians. And they say the city\ngot its name in the days of Car, the son of Phoroneus, who was king in\nthis district: in his day they say first temples were built to Demeter\namong them, and the inhabitants called them Halls.[11] This is at\nany rate the tradition of the Megarians. But the B\u0153otians say that\nMegareus the son of Poseidon lived at Onchestus, and went with an army\nof B\u0153otians to aid Nisus in his war against Minos, and that he fell in\nthe battle, and got buried there, and the city which had been formerly\ncalled Nisa, got its name Megara from him. And years afterwards, in the\n12th generation from Car, the son of Phoroneus, the Megarians say Lelex\ncame from Egypt and became king, and during his reign the Megarians\nwere called Leleges. And he had a son Cleson, and a grandson Pylas,\nand a great-grandson Sciron, who married the daughter of Pandion, and\nafterwards, (Sciron having a controversy with Nisus the son of Pandion\nabout the sovereignty), \u00c6acus was arbitrator, and gave his decision\nthat the kingdom was to belong to Nisus and his descendants, but the\ncommand of the army was to devolve upon Sciron. And Megareus the son of\nPoseidon, having married Iphinoe the daughter of Nisus, succeeded Nisus\nthey say in the kingdom. But of the Cretan war, and the capture of the\ncity in the days of King Nisus, they pretend to know nothing.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XL.\n\n\nThere is in the city a conduit erected by Theagenes, of whom I\nmentioned before that he married his daughter to Cylon an Athenian.\nThis Theagenes when he was king erected this conduit, well worth seeing\nfor its size and beauty and the number of its pillars. And the water\nthat flows into is called after the Sithnidian Nymphs, who, according\nto the Megarian tradition, are natives, and one of them bare a son\nto Zeus, whose name was Megarus, and who escaped Deucalion\u2019s flood\nby getting to the top of Mount Gerania (_Cranemountain_), which was\nnot the original name of the mountain, but was so called because he\nfollowed in his swimming the flight of some cranes by their cry. And\nnot far from this conduit is an ancient temple, and there are some\nstatues in it of Roman Emperors, and an image of Artemis in brass\nby the name of Saviour. The story goes that some men in the army of\nMardonius who had overrun Megaris wished to return to Thebes to join\nMardonius, but by the contrivance of Artemis wandered about all night,\nand lost their way, and got into the mountainous part of the country,\nand, endeavouring to ascertain if the enemy\u2019s army was about, shot some\narrows, and the rock shot at returned a groan, and they shot again and\nagain furiously. And at last their arrows were expended in shooting\nat their supposed foes. And when day dawned, and the Megarians really\ndid attack them, (well armed against men badly armed and now _minus_\nammunition), they slew most of them. And this is why they put up an\nimage to Artemis the Saviour. Here too are images of the so-called 12\ngods, the production of Praxiteles. He also made an Artemis of the\nStrongylii. And next, as you enter the sacred enclosure of Zeus called\nthe Olympieum, there is a temple well worth seeing: the statue of Zeus\nis not finished in consequence of the war between the Peloponnesians\nand the Athenians, in which the Athenians every year by land and by\nsea injured the Megarians both publicly and privately, ravaging their\nterritory, and bringing them individually to the greatest poverty.\nAnd the head of this statue of Zeus is of ivory and gold, but the\nother parts are of clay and earthenware: and they say it was made by\nTheocosmus a native, assisted by Phidias. And above the head of Zeus\nare the Seasons and the Fates: it is plain to all that Fate is his\nservant, and that he orders the Seasons as is meet. In the back part of\nthe temple there are some wooden figures only half finished: Theocosmus\nintended to finish them when he had adorned the statue of Zeus with\nivory and gold. And in the temple there is the brazen ram of a trireme,\nwhich was they say taken at Salamis, in the sea fight against the\nAthenians. The Athenians do not deny that there was for some time a\ndefection on the part of Salamis to the Megarians, but Solon they say\nby his elegiac verses stirred the Athenians up, and they fought for\nit, and eventually retook it. But the Megarians say that some of their\nexiles, called Doryclei, mixed themselves among the inhabitants and\nbetrayed Salamis to the Athenians. And next to the enclosure of Zeus,\nas you ascend the Acropolis still called the Carian from Car the son\nof Phoroneus, is the temple of Nyctelian Dionysus, and the temple of\nAphrodite the Procuress, and the Oracle of Night, and a roofless\ntemple of dusty Zeus. And statues of \u00c6sculapius and Hygiea, both the\nwork of Bryaxis. Here too is the sacred Hall of Demeter: which they say\nwas erected by Car when he was king.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XLI.\n\n\nAs you descend from the Acropolis in a Northerly direction, you come\nto the sepulchre of Alcmene near the Olympieum. She died they say at\nMegara on her journey from Argos to Thebes, and the sons of Hercules\nhad a dispute, some wishing to take her dead body to Argos, others to\nThebes: for the sons of Hercules by Megara were buried at Thebes, as\nalso Amphitryon\u2019s sons. But Apollo at Delphi gave the oracular response\nthat it would be better for them to bury Alcmena at Megara. From this\nplace the interpreter of national Antiquities took me to a place called\nRhun (_Flow_), so called because some water flowed here from the hills\nabove the city, but Theagenes when he was king diverted the water\ninto another direction, and erected here an altar to Achelous. And at\nno great distance is the monument of Hyllus the son of Hercules, who\nfought in single combat with the Arcadian Echemus, the son of Aeropus.\nWho this Echemus was that slew Hyllus I shall shew in another place,\nbut Hyllus is buried at Megara. The expedition to the Peloponnese, when\nOrestes was king, might rightly be called an expedition of the sons\nof Hercules. And not far from the monument of Hyllus is the temple of\nIsis, and near it the temple of Apollo and Artemis. This last they say\nwas built by Alcathous, after he had slain the lion that was called\nthe lion of Mount Cith\u00e6ron. This lion had they say devoured several\nMegarians and among them the king\u2019s son Euippus: whose elder brother\nTimalcus had been killed by Theseus still earlier, when he went\nwith Castor and Pollux to the siege of Aphidna. Megareus therefore\npromised his daughter in marriage, and the succession to the kingdom,\nto whoever should kill the lion of Mount Cith\u00e6ron. So Alcathous (the\nson of Pelops) attacked the beast and slew him, and, when he became\nking built this temple, dedicating it to Huntress Artemis and Hunter\nApollo. This at any rate is the local tradition. But though I don\u2019t\nwant to contradict the Megarians, I cannot find myself in agreement\nwith them entirely, for though I quite admit that the lion of Mount\nCith\u00e6ron was killed by Alcathous, yet who ever recorded that Timalcus\nthe son of Megareus went to Aphidna with Castor and Pollux? And how (if\nhe had gone there) could he have been thought to have been killed by\nTheseus, seeing that Alcman in his Ode to Castor and Pollux, recording\nhow they took Athens, and carried away captive the mother of Theseus,\nyet says that Theseus was away? Pindar also gives a very similar\naccount, and says that Theseus wished to be connected by marriage with\nCastor and Pollux, till he went away to help Pirithous in his ambitious\nattempt to wed Proserpine. But whoever drew up the genealogy plainly\nknew the simplicity of the Megarians, since Theseus was the descendant\nof Pelops. But indeed the Megarians purposely hide the real state of\nthings, not wishing to own that their city was captured when Nisus was\nking, and that Megareus who succeeded to the kingdom was the son in law\nof Nisus, and that Alcathous was the son in law of Megareus. But it is\ncertain that it was not till after the death of Nisus, and a revolution\nat Megara, that Alcathous came there from Elis. And this is my proof.\nHe built up the wall anew, when the whole of the old wall had been\ndemolished by the Cretans. Let this suffice for Alcathous and the lion,\nwhether he slew the lion on Mount Cith\u00e6ron or somewhere else, before he\nerected the temple to Huntress Artemis and Hunter Apollo.\n\n  As you descend from this temple is the hero-chapel of Pandion, who,\nas I have already shewn, was buried at what is called the rock of\nAthene the Diver. He has also divine honours paid to him at Megara.\nAnd near the hero-chapel of Pandion is the monument of Hippolyta. This\nis the Megarian tradition about her. When the Amazons, on account of\nAntiope, made an expedition against the Athenians, they were beaten\nby Theseus, and most of them (it so happened) fell in battle, but\nHippolyta (the sister of Antiope), who was at that time leader of the\nAmazons, fled to Megara with the remnant of them, and there, having\nbeen unsuccessful with her army, and dejected at the present state\nof things, and still more despondent about getting safe home again to\nThemiscyra, died of grief and was buried. And the device on her tomb\nis an Amazon\u2019s shield. And not far distant is the tomb of Tereus, who\nmarried Procne the daughter of Pandion. Tereus was king (according to\nthe Megarian tradition) of Pag\u00e6 in Megaris, but in my opinion (and\nthere are still extant proofs of what I state) he was king of Daulis\nN.W. of Ch\u00e6ronea: for most of what is now called Hellas was inhabited\nin old time by barbarians. And his subjects would no longer obey\nTereus after his vile conduct to Philomela, and after the murder of\nItys by Procne and Philomela. And he committed suicide at Megara, and\nthey forthwith piled up a tomb for him, and offer sacrifices to him\nannually, using pebbles in the sacrifice instead of barley. And they\nsay the hoopoe was first seen here. And Procne and Philomela went to\nAthens, and lamenting what they had suffered and done melted away in\ntears: and the tradition that they were changed into a nightingale\nand swallow is, I fancy, simply that these birds have a sorrowful and\nmelancholy note.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XLII.\n\n\nThere is also another citadel at Megara that gets its name from\nAlcathous. As one goes up to it, there is on the right hand a monument\nof Megareus, who started from Onchestus to aid the Megarians in the\nCretan War. There is also shown an altar of the gods called Prodromi:\nand they say that Alcathous first sacrificed to them when he was\ncommencing to build his wall. And near this altar is a stone, on which\nthey say Apollo put his harp down, while he assisted Alcathous in\nbuilding the wall. And the following fact proves that the Megarians\nwere numbered among the Athenians: Perib\u0153a the daughter of Alcathous\nwas certainly sent by him to Crete with Theseus in connection with the\ntribute. And Apollo, as the Megarians say, assisted him in building the\nwall, and laid his harp down on the stone: and if one chances to hit\nit with a pebble, it sounds like a harp being played. This inspired\ngreat wonder in me, but not so much as the Colossus in Egypt. At\nThebes in Egypt, when you cross the Nile, at a place called the Pipes\n(_Syringes_), there is a seated statue that has a musical sound, most\npeople call it Memnon: for he they say went from Ethiopia to Egypt and\neven to Susa. But the Thebans say it was a statue not of Memnon, but\nPhamenophes a Theban, and I have heard people say it was Sesostris.\nThis statue Cambyses cut in two: and now the head to the middle of\nthe body lies on the ground, but the lower part remains in a sitting\nposture, and every morning at sunrise resounds with melody, and the\nsound it most resembles is that of a harp or lyre with a chord broken.\n\n  And the Megarians have a council chamber, which was once as they say\nthe tomb of Timalcus, who, as I said a little time back, was killed\nby Theseus. And on the hill where the citadel stands is a temple of\nAthene, and a brazen statue of the goddess, except the hands and the\ntoes, which as well as the face are of ivory. And there is another\ntemple here of Athene called Victory, and another of her as Aiantis.\nAs regards the latter, all mention of it is passed over by the\ninterpreters of curiosities at Megara, but I will write my own ideas.\nTelamon the son of \u00c6acus married Perib\u0153a the daughter of Alcathous. I\nimagine then that Aias, having succeeded to the kingdom of Alcathous,\nmade this statue of Athene Aiantis.\n\n  The old temple of Apollo was made of brick: but afterwards the\nEmperor Adrian built it of white stone. The statues called Apollo\nPythius and Apollo Decataphorus are very like Egyptian statues, but the\none they call Archegetes is like \u00c6ginetan handiwork. And all alike are\nmade of ebony. I heard a Cyprian, a cunning herbalist, say that the\nebony has neither leaves nor fruit, and that it is never seen exposed\nto the sun, but its roots are underground, and the Ethiopians dig them\nup, and there are men among them who know how to find it. There is\nalso a temple of Law-giving Demeter. And as you go down from thence\nis the tomb of Callipolis the son of Alcathous. Alcathous had also an\nelder son called Ischepolis, whom his father sent to assist Meleager in\n\u00c6tolia against the Calydonian boar. And when he was killed Callipolis\nheard the news first in this place: and he ran to the citadel, where\nhis father was sacrificing to Apollo, and threw down the wood from the\naltar. And Alcathous, not having yet heard the news about Ischepolis,\nwas vexed with Callipolis for his irreverence, and in his wrath killed\nhim instantaneously by striking him on the head with one of the pieces\nof wood he had thrown down from the altar.\n\n  On the road to the Prytaneum there is a hero-chapel of Ino, and\na cornice of stone round it. Some olive-trees also grow there. The\nMegarians are the only Greeks that say that the dead body of Ino was\ncast on the shore of Megaris, and that Cleso and Tauropolis, the\ndaughters of Cleso and granddaughters of Lelex, found it and buried\nit. And they say that Ino was called by them first Leucothea, and they\nsacrifice to her every year.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XLIII.\n\n\nThey also lay claim to the possession of a mortuary-chapel of\nIphigenia, for she too they say died at Megara. But I have heard a\ndifferent account of Iphigenia from the Arcadians, and I know that\nHesiod in his Catalogue of Women describes Iphigenia as not dying, but\nbeing changed into Hecate by the will of Artemis. And Herodotus[12]\nwrote not dissimilarly to this, that the Tauric people in Scythia after\nshipwreck sacrifice to a virgin, who is they say Iphigenia the daughter\nof Agamemnon. Adrastus also has divine honours among the Megarians:\nhe too they say died among them (when he was leading the army back\nafter the capture of Thebes), of old age and sorrow for the death of\n\u00c6gialeus. And Agamemnon erected an altar to Artemis at Megara, when he\nwent to Calchas, a native of the place, to persuade him to join the\nexpedition to Ilium. And in the Prytaneum they say Euippus the son of\nMegareus was buried, and also Ischepolis the son of Alcathous. And\nthere is a rock near the Prytaneum called _The Calling Rock_, because\nDemeter (if there is any truth in the tale), when she wandered about\nseeking her daughter, called out for her here. And the Megarian women\nstill perform a kind of mimic representation of this. And the Megarians\nhave tombs in the city: one they erected for those who fell fighting\nagainst the Medes, the other, called \u00c6symnian, is a monument to heroes.\nFor when Hyperion, the last king of Megara, the son of Agamemnon, was\nkilled by Sandion on account of his greed and haughtiness, they chose\nno longer to be under kingly government, but to have chief magistrates\nannually chosen, so as to be under one another\u2019s authority by turn.\nThen it was that \u00c6symnus, second to none of the Megarians in fame and\ninfluence, went to Apollo at Delphi, and asked how they were to have\nprosperity. And the god among other things told them they would fare\nwell if they deliberated on affairs with the majority. Thinking these\nwords had reference to the dead, they built here a council chamber,\nthat the tomb of the heroes might be inside their council chamber. As\nyou go from thence to the hero-chapel of Alcathous, which the Megarians\nnow use as a Record Office, there are two tombs, one they say of\nPyrgo, the wife of Alcathous before he married Eu\u00e6chma the daughter of\nMegareus, the other of Iphinoe the daughter of Alcathous, who they say\ndied unmarried. At her tomb it is the custom of maidens before marriage\nto pour libations, and sacrifice some of their long hair, as the\nmaidens of Delos used to do to Hecaerge and Opis. And near the entrance\nto the temple of Dionysus are the tombs of Astycratea and Manto, the\ndaughters of Polyidus, (the son of C\u0153ranus, the son of Abas, the son of\nMelampus,) who went to Megara, and purged Alcathous for the murder of\nhis son Callipolis. And Polyidus also built the temple of Dionysus, and\nerected a statue of the god veiled in my day except the face: that is\nvisible. And a Satyr is near Dionysus, the work of Praxiteles in Parian\nmarble. And this they call Tutelary Dionysus, and another they call\nDionysus Dasyllius (_the Vine-ripener_), and this statue they say was\nerected by Euchenor the son of C\u0153ranus the son of Polyidus. And next to\nthe temple of Dionysus is the shrine of Aphrodite, and a statue of the\ngoddess in ivory, under the title Praxis (_Action_). This is the oldest\nstatue in the shrine. And _Persuasion_ and another goddess whom they\ncall _Consolation_ are by Praxiteles: and by Scopas _Love_ and _Desire_\nand _Yearning_, each statue expressing the particular shade of meaning\nmarked by the words. And near the shrine of Aphrodite is the temple\nof Chance: this too is by Praxiteles. And in the neighbouring temple\nLysippus has made the Muses and a brazen Zeus.\n\n  The Megarians also have the tomb of Cor\u0153bus: the verses about him I\nshall relate here though they are also Argive intelligence. In the days\nwhen Crotopus was king in Argos, his daughter Psamathe they say had\na child by Apollo, and being greatly afraid of her father knowing it\nexposed the child. And some sheep dogs of Crotopus lit upon the child\nand killed it, and Apollo sent upon the city _Punishment_, a monster\nwho took children away from their mothers (they say), till Cor\u0153bus\nkilled it to ingratiate himself with the Argives. And after killing it,\nas a second plague came on them and vexed them sore, Cor\u0153bus of his own\naccord went to Delphi, and offered to submit to the punishment of the\ngod for killing _Punishment_. The Pythian priestess forbade Cor\u0153bus\nto return to Argos, but told him to carry a tripod from the temple,\nand wherever the tripod should fall, there he was to build a temple to\nApollo and himself dwell. And the tripod slipt out of his hand and fell\n(without his contrivance) on the mountain Gerania, and there he built\nthe village Tripodisci. And his tomb is in the market-place at Megara:\nand there are some elegiac verses on it that relate to Psamathe and\nCor\u0153bus himself, and a representation on the tomb of Cor\u0153bus killing\nPunishment. These statues are the oldest Greek ones in stone that I\nhave myself seen.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XLIV.\n\n\nNext Cor\u0153bus is buried Orsippus, who, though the athletes according to\nolden custom had girdles round their loins, ran naked at Olympia in\nthe race and won the prize. And they say that he afterwards as general\ncut off a slice of his neighbours\u2019 territory. But I think at Olympia\nhe dropped his girdle on purpose, knowing that it is easier for a\nman to run naked than with a girdle on. And as you descend from the\nmarket-place by the way called Straight, there is on the right hand a\ntemple of Protecting Apollo: you can find it by turning a little out\nof the way. And there is in it a statue of Apollo well worth seeing,\nand an Artemis and Leto, and other statues, and Leto and her sons by\nPraxiteles. And there is in the ancient gymnasium, near the gates\ncalled Nymphades, a stone in shape like a small pyramid. This they\ncall Apollo Carinus, and there is here a temple to Ilithyia also.\nSuch are the notable things the city contains. And as you descend to\nthe dockyard, which is still called Nis\u00e6a, is a temple of Demeter the\nWool-bearer. Several explanations are given of this title, among them\nthat those who first reared sheep in this country gave her that name.\nAnd one would conjecture that the roof had fallen from the temple by\nthe lapse of time. There is here also a citadel called Nis\u00e6a. And as\nyou descend from it there is near the sea a monument of Lelex the\nking, who is said to have come from Egypt, and to have been the son of\nPoseidon by Libye the daughter of Epaphus. There is an island too near\nNis\u00e6a of no great size called Minoa. Here the navy of the Cretans was\nmoored in the war with Nisus. And the mountainous part of Megaris is on\nthe borders of B\u0153otia, and contains two towns, Pag\u00e6 and \u00c6gosthena. As\nyou go to Pag\u00e6, if you turn a little off from the regular road, there\nis shewn the rock which has arrows fixed in it everywhere, into which\nthe Medes once shot in the night. At Pag\u00e6 too well worth seeing is a\nbrazen statue of Artemis under the title of _Saviour_, in size and\nshape like the statues of the goddess at Megara. There is also here\na hero-chapel of \u00c6gialeus the son of Adrastus. He, when the Argives\nmarched against Thebes the second time, was killed in the first battle\nat Glisas, and his relations carried him to Pag\u00e6 in Megaris, and buried\nhim there, and the hero-chapel is still called after his name. And at\n\u00c6gosthena is a temple of Melampus the son of Amythaon, and a man of\nno great size is carved on a pillar. And they sacrifice to Melampus\nand have a festival to him every year. But they say that he has no\nprophetic powers either in dreams or in any other way. And I also heard\nat Erenea a village of Megaris, that Autonoe the daughter of Cadmus,\nexcessively grieving at the death of Act\u00e6on, and the circumstances\nof it which tradition records, and the general misfortunes of her\nfather\u2019s house, migrated there from Thebes: and her tomb is in that\nvillage.\n\n  And as you go from Megara to Corinth there are several tombs, and\namong them that of the Samian flute-player Telephanes. And they say\nthat this tomb was erected by Cleopatra, the daughter of Philip the\nson of Amyntas. And there is a monument of Car the son of Phoroneus,\noriginally only a mound of earth, but afterwards in consequence of the\noracle it was beautified with a shell-like stone. And the Megarians\nare the only Greeks who possess this peculiar kind of stone, and many\nthings in their city are made of it. It is very white, and softer than\nother stone, and seashells are everywhere in it. Such is this kind of\nstone. And the road, called the Scironian road after Sciron, is so\ncalled because Sciron, when he was commander in chief of the Megarians,\nfirst made it a road for travellers according to tradition. And the\nEmperor Adrian made it so wide and convenient that two chariots could\ndrive abreast.\n\n  Now there are traditions about the rocks which project in the narrow\npart of the road; with regard to the Molurian rock, that Ino threw\nherself into the sea from it with Melicerta, the younger of her sons:\nfor Learchus the oldest was killed by his father. Athamas also is\nsaid to have acted in the same way when mad, and to have exhibited\nungovernable rage to Ino and her children, thinking that the famine\nwhich befell the Orchomenians, which also apparently caused the\ndeath of Phrixus, was not the visitation of God, but a stepmother\u2019s\ncontrivance against them all. So she to escape him threw herself and\nher boy Melicerta into the sea from the Molurian rock. And the boy,\nbeing carried it is said by a dolphin to the Isthmus of Corinth, had\nvarious honours paid to him under the name of Pal\u00e6mon, and the Isthmian\ngames were celebrated in his honour. This Molurian rock they consider\nsacred to Leucothea and Pal\u00e6mon, but the rocks next to it they consider\naccursed, because Sciron lived near them, who threw into the sea all\nstrangers that chanced to come there. And a tortoise used to swim about\nnear these rocks, so as to devour those that were thrown in: these sea\ntortoises are like land tortoises, except in size and the shape of\ntheir feet which are like those of seals. But the whirligig of time\nwhich brought on Sciron punishment for all this, for he himself was\nthrown by Theseus into the same sea. And on the top of the mountain is\na temple to Zeus called the Remover. They say that Zeus was so called\nbecause when a great drought once happened to the Greeks, and \u00c6acus in\nobedience to the oracle prayed to Pan-Hellenian Zeus at \u00c6gina, he took\nit away and removed it. Here are also statues of Aphrodite and Apollo\nand Pan. And as you go on a little further is the tomb of Eurystheus.\nThey say that he fled here from Attica after the battle with the\nHeraclid\u00e6, and was killed by Iolaus. As you descend this road is a\ntemple of Latoan Apollo, and near to it the boundaries between Megaris\nand Corinth, where they say Hyllus the son of Hercules had a single\ncombat with the Arcadian Echemus.\n\n\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[2] A stade was about one-eighth of a Roman mile.\n\n[3] Odyssey, xi., 122, 123.\n\n[4] See Plutarch\u2019s \u201cLife of Theseus.\u201d\n\n[5] Iliad, xxiii., 677-680.\n\n[6] See Herod., iii., 64.\n\n[7] Perhaps a reminiscence of Hom. Il. i. 423.\n\n[8] See Verg. Ecl. 3. 106. Theocr. x. 28. And especially Ovid,\nMetamorph. x. 210-219.\n\n[9] Demeter and Proserpine.\n\n[10] Iliad xxiii. 144-148.\n\n[11] The Greek is _Megara_. Hence the paronomasia.\n\n[12] Herod. iv. 99, and 103.\n\n\n\n\nBOOK II.--CORINTH.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER I.\n\n\nThe Corinthian territory, a part of Argolis, gets its name from\nCorinthus, and that he was the son of Zeus I know of none who seriously\nassert but most Corinthians, for Eumelus the son of Amphilytus of the\nrace called Bacchid\u00e6, who is also said to have been a poet, says in\nhis History of Corinth (if indeed he is the author of it), that Ephyre\nthe daughter of Oceanus, dwelt first in this land, and that afterwards\nMarathon the son of Epopeus, the son of Aloeus, the son of the Sun,\nfled from the lawless insolence of his father, and took a colony into\nthe maritime parts of Attica, and when Epopeus was dead returned to the\nPeloponnese, and after dividing the kingdom among his sons went back\ninto Attica, and from his son Sicyon Asopia got the name of Sicyonia,\nand Ephyrea got called Corinth from his son Corinthus.\n\n  Now Corinth is inhabited by none of the ancient Corinthians, but by\ncolonists who were sent there by the Romans. And this is owing to the\nAch\u00e6an confederacy. For the Corinthians joined it, and took their part\nin the war with the Romans which Critolaus, who had been appointed\ncommander in chief of the Ach\u00e6ans, brought about, having persuaded\nthe Ach\u00e6ans and most of the Greeks outside the Peloponnese to revolt\nagainst Rome. And the Romans, after conquering all the other Greeks in\nbattle, took away from them their arms, and razed the fortifications of\nall the fortified cities: but they destroyed Corinth under Mummius the\nGeneral of the Roman army, and they say it was rebuilt by Julius C\u00e6sar,\nwho instituted the present form of government at Rome, (the Imperial).\nCarthage also was rebuilt in his term of power.\n\n  Now the place called Crommyon in the Corinthian territory is so\ncalled from Cromus the son of Poseidon. Here they say was the haunt of\nthe Ph\u00e6an boar, and the scene of Theseus\u2019 legendary exploits against\nPityocamptes, (the _Pinebender_). As you go forward the famous pine was\nto be seen even in my time near the seashore; and there was an altar to\nMelicerta there, for it was here they say that he was conveyed by the\ndolphin: and Sisyphus, finding him lying dead on the shore, buried him\nat the Isthmus, and established the Isthmian games in honour of him.\nNow it is at the head of the Isthmus that the robber Sinis took two\npine-trees and bent them down to the ground: and whoever he conquered\nin battle he tied to these pine-trees, and let the pines go up into\nthe air again: and each of these pines dragged the poor fellow tied to\nit, and (neither yielding but pulling with equal vigour) the victim\ntied to them was torn asunder. In this way Sinis himself was killed\nby Theseus. For Theseus cleared all the road from Tr\u0153zen to Athens\nof evildoers, having killed those whom I mentioned before, and, at\nEpidaurus the Holy, Periphetes the putative son of Heph\u00e6stus, whose\nweapon in fighting was a brazen club. The Isthmus of Corinth extends\nin one direction to the sea near Cenchre\u00e6, and in the other to the\nsea near Lech\u00e6um. This Isthmus makes the Peloponnese a Peninsula. And\nwhoever attempted to make the Peloponnese an island died before the\ncompletion of a canal across the Isthmus. And where they began to dig\nis now plainly visible, but they didn\u2019t make much progress because\nof the rock. The Peloponnese remains therefore what it was by nature\nmain land. And when Alexander, the son of Philip, wished to make a\ncanal through Mimas, the work was all but completed. But the oracle\nat Delphi forbade the navvies to complete the work. So difficult is\nit for man to oppose the divine ordinances. And the Corinthians are\nnot alone in their boasting about their country, but it seems to me\nthat the Athenians even earlier used tall talk in regard to Attica.\nThe Corinthians say that Poseidon had a controversy with the Sun about\ntheir land, and that Briareus was the Arbitrator, awarding the Isthmus\nand all in that direction to Poseidon, and giving the height above\nthe city to the Sun. From this time they say the Isthmus belongs to\nPoseidon.\n\n  The great sights at Corinth are the Theatre, and the Stadium of\nwhite stone. And as you approach the temple of the god, there are\nstatues of the Athletes who have been conquerors in the Isthmian games\non one side, and on the other pine-trees planted in a row, mostly in\na straight line. And at the temple, which is not very large, there\nstand some Tritons in brass. And there are statues in the porch two of\nPoseidon, and one of Amphitrite, and a brazen Sea. And inside Herod an\nAthenian placed in our time 4 horses all gold except the hoofs, which\nare of ivory. And two golden Tritons are near the horses, ivory below\nthe waist. And Amphitrite and Poseidon are standing in a chariot, and\ntheir son Pal\u00e6mon is seated bolt upright on the dolphin\u2019s back: and\nthese are made of ivory and gold. And on the middle of the base, on\nwhich the chariot rests, is the Sea supporting the child Aphrodite\nrising from it, and on each side are the so-called Nereids, who have I\nknow altars in other parts of Greece, and some have temples dedicated\nto them as Shepherdesses, in places where Achilles is also honoured.\nAnd at Doto among the Gabali there is a holy temple, where the peplus\nis still kept, which the Greeks say Eriphyle took for her son Alcm\u00e6on.\nAnd on the base of Poseidon\u2019s statue are in bas relief the sons of\nTyndareus, because they are the patron saints of ships and sailors.\nAnd the other statues are Calm and Sea, and a horse like a sea-monster\nbelow the waist, and Ino and Bellerophon and Pegasus.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER II.\n\n\nAnd inside the precincts there is on the left hand a temple of Pal\u00e6mon,\nand some statues in it of Poseidon and Leucothea and Pal\u00e6mon himself.\nAnd there is also a crypt, approached by an underground passage,\nwhere they say Pal\u00e6mon is buried: whatever Corinthian or foreigner\ncommits perjury here has no chance of escaping punishment. There is\nalso an ancient temple called the altar of the Cyclopes, to whom they\nsacrifice upon it. But the tombs of Sisyphus and Neleus, (for they say\nthat Neleus came to Corinth, and died there of some disease, and was\nburied near the Isthmus), no one could find from the account in the\npoems of Eumelus. As to Neleus they say that his tomb was not even\nshewn to Nestor by Sisyphus: for it was to be unknown to all alike.\nBut that Sisyphus was buried at the Isthmus, and indeed the very site\nof his tomb, a few Corinthians who were his contemporaries know. And\nthe Isthmian games did not fall into disuse when Corinth was taken by\nMummius, but as long as the city lay desolate, these games took place\nat Sicyon, and when the city was rebuilt the old honour came back to\nCorinth.\n\n  The Corinthian seaports got their names from Leches and Cenchrias,\nwho were reputed to be the sons of Poseidon by Pirene the daughter of\nAchelous: though in Hesiod\u2019s poem _the great E\u0153\u00e6_ Pirene is said to be\nthe daughter of \u0152balus. And there is at Lech\u00e6um a temple and brazen\nstatue of Poseidon, and as you go to Cenchre\u00e6 from the Isthmus a temple\nof Artemis, and old wooden statue of the goddess. And at Cenchre\u00e6 there\nis a shrine of Aphrodite and her statue in stone, and next it, on the\nbreakwater near the sea, a brazen statue of Poseidon. And on the other\nside of the harbour are temples of \u00c6sculapius and Isis. And opposite\nCenchre\u00e6 is the bath of Helen: where much salt water flows into the sea\nfrom the rock, like water just with the chill off.\n\n  As you go up the hill to Corinth there are several tombs along the\nwayside, and at the gate is buried Diogenes of Sinope, whom the Greeks\nnickname the Cynic. And in front of the city is a grove of cypress\ntrees called Craneum. Here is a temple of Bellerophon, and a shrine\nof Mel\u00e6nian Aphrodite, and the tomb of Lais, with a lioness carved\non it with a ram in its front paws. And there is another monument of\nLais said to exist in Thessaly: for she went to Thessaly when she\nwas enamoured of Hippostratus. She is said to have come originally\nfrom Hyccara in Sicily, and to have been taken prisoner as a child by\nNicias and the Athenians, and to have been sold at Corinth, and to have\noutstripped in beauty all the courtesans there, and so admired was she\nby the Corinthians that even now they claim her as a Corinthian.\n\n  The notable things in the city are partly the remains of antiquity\nstill to be seen there, partly works of art more recent, when Corinth\nwas at the height of all her glory. In the market-place, for most of\nthe temples are there, is Ephesian Artemis, and there are two wooden\nstatues of Dionysus gilt except the faces, which are painted with\nred paint, one they call Lysian Dionysus, and the other Dionysus the\nReveller. The tradition about these statues I will record. Pentheus\nthey say, when he outraged Dionysus, among other acts of reckless\ndaring actually at last went to Mount Cith\u00e6ron to spy the women, and\nclimbed up into a tree to see what they were doing: and when they\ndetected him, they forthwith dragged him down, and tore him limb from\nlimb. And afterwards, so they say at Corinth, the Pythian Priestess\ntold them to discover that tree and pay it divine honours. And that is\nwhy these statues are made of that very wood. There is also a Temple\nof Fortune: her statue is in a standing posture, in Parian marble. And\nnear it is a temple to all the gods. And near it is a conduit, and a\nbrazen Poseidon on it, and a dolphin under Poseidon\u2019s feet passing the\nwater. And there is a brazen statue of Apollo called the Clarian, and\na statue of Aphrodite by Hermogenes of Cythera. And both the statues\nof Hermes are of brass and in a standing posture, and one of them has\na shrine built for it. And there are three statues of Zeus in the open\nair, one has no special title, the second is called Zeus of the Nether\nWorld, and the third Zeus of Highest Heaven.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER III.\n\n\nAnd in the middle of the market-place is a statue of Athene in brass:\non the base are sculptured effigies of the Muses. And above the\nmarket-place is a temple of Octavia, the sister of Augustus, who was\nEmperor of the Romans after C\u00e6sar, the founder of modern Corinth.\n\n  And as you go from the market-place towards Lech\u00e6um there are\nvestibules, on which are golden chariots, one with Phaethon in it (the\nson of the Sun), and the other with the Sun himself in it. And at a\nlittle distance from the vestibules on the right as you enter is a\nbrazen statue of Hercules. And next to it is the approach to the well\nof Pirene. They say that Pirene became a well from a woman through the\ntears she shed, bewailing the death of her son Cenchrias at the hands\nof Artemis. And the well is beautified with white stone, and there are\ncells like caves to match, from which the water trickles into that part\nof the well which is in the open air, and it has a sweet taste, and\nthey say that Corinthian brass when hissing hot is dipped into this\nwater. There is also a statue of Apollo near Pirene, and some precincts\nof the god. There is also a painting of Odysseus taking vengeance on\nthe suitors.\n\n  And as you go straight on for Lech\u00e6um, you will see a brazen Hermes\nin a sitting posture, and by it a ram, for Hermes more than any of the\ngods is thought to watch over and increase flocks, as indeed Homer\nhas represented him in the Iliad \u201cThe son of Phorbas rich in flocks\nand herds, whom Hermes loved most of the Trojans, and increased his\nsubstance.\u201d[13] But the tradition about Hermes and the ram in the rites\nof the Great Mother (though I know it) I purposely pass over. And next\nto the statue of Hermes are Poseidon and Leucothea, and Pal\u00e6mon on\nthe dolphin\u2019s back. And there are several baths in various parts of\nCorinth, some erected at the public expense, and others by the Emperor\nAdrian. And the most famous of them is near the statue of Poseidon.\nIt was erected by Eurycles a Spartan, who beautified it with various\nstones, amongst others by the stone they dig at Croce\u00e6 in Laconia.\nOn the left of the entrance is a statue of Poseidon, and next to him\none of Artemis hunting. And many conduits have been built in various\nparts of the city, as there is abundance of water, as well as the water\nwhich the Emperor Adrian brought from Stymphelus: the handsomest is the\nconduit by the statue of Artemis, and on it is a figure of Bellerophon,\nand the water flows by the hoof of Pegasus.\n\n  As you go from the market-place towards Sicyon, there is visible on\nthe right of the road a temple and brazen statue of Apollo, and at a\nlittle distance a well called the well of Glauce: for she threw herself\ninto it, thinking the water would be an antidote against the poison of\nMedea. Above this well is what is called the Odeum. And near it is the\ntomb of the sons of Medea, whose names were Mermerus and Pheres, who\nare said to have been stoned by the Corinthians because of the gifts\nwhich they took Glauce. But because their death was violent and unjust,\nthe children of the Corinthians wasted away in consequence, until at\nthe oracular response of the god yearly sacrifices were ordained for\nthem, and a statue of Panic erected. This statue still remains to our\nday, the figure of a woman represented as feeling the greatest terror.\nBut since the capture of Corinth by the Romans and the decay of the\nold Corinthians, the sacrifices are no longer continued by the new\nsettlers, nor do their children continue to shear their hair, or wear\nblack raiment. And Medea when she went to Athens, lived with \u00c6geus, but\nsome time after (being detected plotting against Theseus) she had to\nfly from Athens also, and going to the country which was then called\nAria, gave her name to its inhabitants, so that they were called Medes\nfrom her. And the son whom she carried off with her when she fled to\nthe Arians was they say her son by \u00c6geus, and his name was Medus. But\nHellanicus calls him Polyxenus, and says Jason was his father. And\nthere are poems among the Greeks called Naupactian: in which Jason\nis represented as having migrated from Iolcus to Corcyra after the\ndeath of Pelias, and Mermerus (the elder of his sons) is said to have\nbeen torn to pieces by a lioness, as he was hunting on the mainland\nopposite: but about Pheres nothing is recorded. And Cin\u00e6thon the\nLaced\u00e6monian, who also wrote Genealogical Poems, said that Jason had\nby Medea a son Medeus and a daughter Eriopis: but of any children more\nhe too has made no mention. But Eum\u0153lus\u2019 account is that the Sun gave\nAsopia to Aloeus, and Ephyr\u00e6a to \u00c6etes: and \u00c6etes went to Colchis, and\nleft the kingdom to Bunus the son of Hermes and Alcidamea, and after\nBunus\u2019 death, Epopeus reigned over the Ephyr\u00e6ans. And when in after\ndays Corinthus the son of Marathon died childless, the Corinthians\nsent for Medea from Iolcus to hand over the kingdom to her: and it was\nthrough her that Jason became king of Corinth, and Medea had children,\nby Jason, but whenever each was born she took it to the temple of\nHera and hid it there, for she thought that by hiding them they would\nbe immortal: but eventually she learned that she was wrong in this\nexpectation, and, being at the same time detected by Jason, he would\nnot forgive her though she pleaded hard for forgiveness, but sailed\naway to Iolcus. Eventually Medea herself went away too, and handed over\nthe kingdom to Sisyphus. This is the account I have read.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IV.\n\n\nAnd not far from the tomb of Mermerus and Pheres is the temple of\nAthene the _Bridler_: who they say helped Bellerophon more than any of\nthe gods in various ways, and gave him Pegasus, after having broken\nit in and bridled it herself. Her statue is of wood, but the head and\nhands and toes are of white stone. That Bellerophon was not absolute\nking at Corinth, but limited in his power by Pr\u0153tus and the Argives I\nam positive, as every one will be who has read Homer carefully. And\nwhen Bellerophon migrated into Lycia, the Corinthians seem just the\nsame to have obeyed those who were in power at Argos or Mycen\u00e6. And\nthey had no separate commander-in-chief of their own in the expedition\nagainst Troy, but took part in the expedition only as a contingent with\nthe men of Mycen\u00e6; and Agamemnon\u2019s other troops. And Sisyphus had as\nsons not only Glaucus the father of Bellerophon, but also Ornytion,\nand Thersander, and Almus. And Phocus was the son of Ornytion, though\nnominally the son of Poseidon. And he colonized Tithorea in what is\nnow called Phocis, but Thoas, the younger son of Ornytion, remained\nat Corinth. And Demophon was the son of Thoas, Propodas the son of\nDemophon, Doridas and Hyanthidas the sons of Propodas. During the joint\nreign of Doridas and Hyanthidas the Dorians led an expedition against\nCorinth, under the command of Aletes the son of Hippotas, (the son\nof Phylas, the son of Antiochus, the son of Hercules). Doridas and\nHyanthidas handed over the kingdom to Aletes, and were permitted to\nremain at Corinth, but the Corinthian people were expelled, after being\nbeaten in battle by the Dorians. And Aletes himself and his descendants\nreigned for five generations, down to Bacchis the son of Prumnis,\nand his descendants the Bacchid\u00e6 reigned five more generations, down\nto Telestes the son of Aristodemus. And Telestes was slain by Arieus\nand Perantas out of hatred, and there were no longer any kings, but\nPresidents elected annually from the Bacchid\u00e6, till Cypselus the son\nof Eetion drove out the Bacchid\u00e6, and made himself king. He was the\ndescendant of Melas the son of Antasus. And when Melas joined the\nDorian expedition against Corinth from Gonussa beyond Sicyon, Aletes\nat first according to the oracle told him to go to other Greeks, but\nafterwards disregarded the oracle and took him as associate. Such is\nthe result of my researches about the kings of the Corinthians.\n\n  Now the temple of Athene the _Bridler_ is near the theatre, and not\nfar off is a wooden statue of a naked Hercules, which they say is the\nwork of D\u00e6dalus. All the works of D\u00e6dalus are somewhat odd to look at,\nbut there is a wonderful inspiration about them. And above the theatre\nis a temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in the Roman diction, in Greek\nit would be Zeus Coryph\u00e6us. And not far from this theatre is an old\ngymnasium, and a well called Lerna. And there are pillars round it, and\nseats to refresh those who come in in summertime. In this gymnasium\nthere are shrines of the gods, one of Zeus, one of \u00c6sculapius: and\nstatues of \u00c6sculapius and Hygiea (_Health_) in white stone, and one of\nZeus in brass. As you ascend to Acro-Corinthus, (it is the top of the\nhill above the city, Briareus gave it to the Sun, after litigation, and\nthe Sun, as the Corinthians say, let Aphrodite have it), there are two\ntemples of Isis, one they call the Pelagian and the other the Egyptian,\nand two of Serapis, one under the name of Canobus. And next them are\naltars to the Sun, and a temple of Necessity and Force, into which it\nis not customary to enter. Above this is a temple of the Mother of\nthe Gods, and a stone pillar and seat. The temples of the Fates and\nDemeter and Proserpine have statues rather dim with age. Here too is a\ntemple of Bun\u00e6an Hera, which Bunus the son of Hermes erected. Hence the\ngoddess got the title Bun\u00e6an.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER V.\n\n\nOn the ascent to Acro-Corinthus there is also a temple of Aphrodite:\nand statues of her in full armour, and the Sun, and Cupid with a bow.\nAnd the fountain behind the temple is they say the gift of Asopus to\nSisyphus: for he, though he knew that Zeus had carried off \u00c6gina the\ndaughter of Asopus, refused to tell him unless he would give him this\nwater on Acro-Corinthus. And Asopus giving this water he vouchsafed\nthe required information, and for his information pays the penalty\nin Hades, if indeed this is credible. But I have heard people say\nthat this fountain is Pirene, and that the water in the city flows\ndown from it. This river Asopus has its rise in the neighbourhood of\nPhlius, flows through the Sicyonian district, and has its outlet in the\nCorinthian Gulf. And the people of Phlius say that Asopus\u2019 daughters\nwere Corcyra and \u00c6gina and Thebe: and that from Corcyra and \u00c6gina the\nislands Scheria and \u0152none got their present names, and that Thebe gave\nits name to Thebes the city of Cadmus. But the Thebans do not admit\nthis, for they say that Thebe was the daughter of the B\u0153otian Asopus,\nand not the Asopus that has its rise at Phlius. The Phliasians and\nSicyonians say further about this river that it is foreign and not\nindigenous, for M\u00e6ander they say flowing down from Cel\u00e6n\u00e6 through\nPhrygia and Caria, and falling into the sea at Miletus, travelled to\nthe Peloponnese and made the river Asopus. And I remember to have\nheard something of the same kind from the people of Delos of the\nriver Inopus, which they say came to them from the Nile. And moreover\nthere is a tradition that the same Nile is the river Euphrates, which\nwas lost in a lake and re-emerged as the Nile in the remote part of\nEthiopia. This is what I heard about the Asopus. As you turn towards\nthe mountains from Acro-Corinthus is the Teneatic gate, and a temple\nof Ilithyia. Now Tenea is about 60 stades from Corinth. And the people\nof Tenea say that they are Trojans, and were carried away captive by\nthe Greeks from Tenedos, and located here by Agamemnon: and accordingly\nApollo is the god they hold in highest honour.\n\n  And as you go from Corinth along the coast in the direction of Sicyon\nthere is a temple, which was burnt down, not far from the city on the\nleft hand of the way. There have been several wars in the neighbourhood\nof Corinth, and fire has consumed, as one would indeed expect, both\nhouses and temples outside the city walls: this was they say a temple\nof Apollo, and burnt down by Pyrrhus the son of Achilles. I have also\nheard another account, that the Corinthians erected this temple to\nOlympian Zeus, and that it was some accidental fire that burnt it down.\nAnd the people of Sicyon, who are near neighbours to the Corinthians,\nsay of their region that \u00c6gialeus the Autochthon first dwelt there, and\nthat what is now called \u00c6gialus in the Peloponnese was called after him\nits king, and that he was founder of \u00c6gialea a city in the plain: and\nthat the site of the temple of Apollo was the citadel. And they say\nthat the son of \u00c6gialeus was Europs, and the son of Europs Telchis,\nand the son of Telchis Apis. Now this Apis had grown to such magnitude\nbefore Pelops came to Olympia, that all the land inside the Isthmus\nwas called after him Apian. And the son of Apis was Thelxion, and the\nson of Thelxion was \u00c6gyrus, and his son was Thurimachus, and the son\nof Thurimachus was Leucippus, and Leucippus had no male children, and\nonly one daughter Chalcinia, who they say bore a child to Poseidon, who\nwas called Peratus, and was brought up by Leucippus, and on his death\nsucceeded to the kingdom as his heir. And the history of Plemn\u00e6us the\nson of Peratus seems to me most marvellous. All his children died that\nhis wife bare to him directly they were born and had uttered the first\ncry, till Demeter took compassion on him, and coming to \u00c6gialea as a\nstranger to Plemn\u00e6us reared his child Orthopolis. And Orthopolis had a\ndaughter Chrysorthe: she had a child, supposed to be Apollo\u2019s, called\nCoronus. And Coronus had Corax and a younger son Lamedon.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VI.\n\n\nAnd Corax dying childless, about this time Epopeus came from Thessaly\nand obtained the kingdom. In his reign first (they say) did a hostile\narmy ever come into their country, as they had heretofore in all\ntime lived in peace. And the origin of the war was this. Antiope\nthe daughter of Nycteus had a great reputation for beauty among the\nGreeks, and there was a rumour about her that she was the daughter of\nAsopus, the river that forms the boundary between Thebes and Plat\u00e6a,\nand not the daughter of Nycteus. I know not whether Epopeus asked her\nin marriage, or carried her off with more audacious designs from the\nbeginning. But the Thebans came with an army, and Nycteus was wounded,\nand Epopeus too (though he won the victory). Nycteus though very bad\nthey took back to Thebes, and, when he was on the point of death, he\ngave orders that Lycus his brother should be ruler of the Thebans for\nthe present: for Nycteus himself was Regent for Labdacus, (the son\nof Polydorus, the son of Cadmus), who was still a child, and now he\nleft the Regency to Lycus. He also begged Lycus to go with a larger\nforce to \u00c6gialea and punish Epopeus, and even to illtreat Antiope if\nhe could get hold of her. And Epopeus at first offered sacrifices for\nhis victory and built a temple to Athene, and when it was finished\nprayed that the goddess would shew by some sign if it was to her mind,\nand after the prayer they say oil trickled in front of the temple.\nBut afterwards Epopeus chanced to die of his wound which had been\noriginally neglected, so Lycus had no longer any need of war, for\nLamedon (the son of Coronus) the king after Epopeus gave Antiope up.\nAnd she, as she was being conducted to Thebes, gave birth to a child\non the road near Eleuther\u00e6. And it is in reference to this event that\nAsius the son of Amphiptolemus has written the lines, \u201cAntiope, the\ndaughter of the deep-eddying river Asopus, bare Zethus and divine\nAmphion, being pregnant both by Zeus, and Epopeus shepherd of his\npeople.\u201d\n\n  But Homer[14] has given them a finer pedigree, and says that they\nfirst built Thebes, distinguishing as it seems to me the lower city\nfrom the city built by Cadmus. And King Lamedon married a wife from\nAthens, Pheno the daughter of Clytius: and afterwards, when there was\nwar between him and Archander and Architeles, the sons of Ach\u00e6us, he\ninvited Sicyon from Attica to help him, and gave him his daughter\nZeuxippe in marriage, and when he became king the region got called\nafter him Sicyonia, and the town Sicyon instead of \u00c6gialea. And the\nSicyonians say that Sicyon was not the son of Marathon the son of\nEpopeus, but the son of Metion the son of Erechtheus. And Asius agrees\nwith them. But Hesiod has represented Sicyon as the son of Erechtheus,\nand Ibycus says he was the son of Pelops. However Sicyon had a daughter\nChthonophyle, who is said to have had a son Polybus by Hermes: and\nafterwards Phlias the son of Dionysus married her, and she had a son\nAndrodamas. And Polybus gave his daughter Lysianassa to Talaus, the son\nof Bias, the king of the Argives: and when Adrastus fled from Argos he\nwent to Polybus at Sicyon, and after Polybus\u2019 death he obtained the\nchief power at Sicyon. But when Adrastus was restored to Argos, then\nIaniscus the descendant of Clytius, the father in law of Lamedon, came\nfrom Attica and became king, and on his death Ph\u00e6stus, who was reputed\nto be one of the sons of Hercules. And Ph\u00e6stus having migrated to\nCrete in accordance with an oracle, Zeuxippus, the son of Apollo and\nthe nymph Syllis, is said to have become king. And after the death of\nZeuxippus Agamemnon led an army against Sicyon and its king Hippolytus,\nthe son of Rhopalus, the son of Ph\u00e6stus. And Hippolytus fearing the\ninvading army agreed to be subject to Agamemnon and Mycen\u00e6. And this\nHippolytus had a son Lacestades. And Phalces, the son of Temenus,\nhaving seized Sicyon by night in conjunction with the Dorians, did no\nharm to Lacestades (as being himself also a descendant of Hercules),\nbut shared the royal power with him.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VII.\n\n\nAnd the Sicyonians became Dorians after this, and a part of Argolis.\nAnd their city, built by \u00c6gialeus in the plain, Demetrius the son of\nAntigonus razed to the ground, and built the present city on the site\nof what was in former times the citadel. And the reason of the low\nfortunes of the Sicyonians one could not find out by investigation, but\none would have to be content with what is said by Homer about Zeus,[15]\n\n    \u201cWho hath brought down the pride of many cities.\u201d\n\nAnd when they were in a far from favourable condition an earthquake\ncame on them, and made the city almost bare of men, and robbed them of\nmany works of art. This earthquake also injured the cities of Caria and\nLycia, and the island of Rhodes suffered especially, insomuch that the\noracle of the Sibyl about Rhodes was fulfilled.\n\n  And as you go from Corinth towards Sicyon you come to the tomb of\nMessenian Lycus, whoever this Lycus was. For I find no Messenian Lycus\nthat practised in the pentathlum, or carried off the prize at Olympia.\nThis tomb is a mound of earth, and the Sicyonians mostly bury in the\nfollowing manner. The body they deposit in the ground, and over it a\nstone slab with pillars on the top, on which are figures, generally\nlike the eagles in the temples. But they write no epitaph, but simply\nthe name of the deceased, not even his parentage, and bid the dead\nfarewell. And next to the tomb of Lycus, when you have crossed over the\nAsopus, is on the right hand the temple of Olympian Zeus, and a little\nfurther on, on the left side of the road, is the tomb of Eupolis the\nAthenian Comedian. Further on in the direction of the city is the tomb\nof Xenodice, who died in childbirth: it is unlike the tombs in this\npart of the country, and has a painting, which is very fine. A little\nfurther is the tomb of the Sicyonians, who died at Pellene, and Dyme in\nAchaia, and at Megalopolis and Sellasia, whose exploits I shall relate\nfully later on. And they have near the gate a well in a cave, which\noozes through the roof of the cave, so it is called the Dripping Well.\n\n  And in the present citadel there is a temple to Fortune Dwelling on\nthe Heights, and next it one to the Dioscuri. Both these and the statue\nof Fortune are of wood. And in the theatre built under the citadel the\nperson represented on the stage-curtain is, they say, Aratus the son\nof Clinias. And next to the theatre is a temple of Dionysus: the god\nis fashioned in gold and ivory, and near him some Bacchantes in white\nstone. These women they say are sacred to Dionysus, and full of Bacchic\nfury. And the Sicyonians have other statues in a secret place, which\none night in every year they bring to the temple of Dionysus from the\nplace called Ornament Room, and they bring them with lighted torches\nand national Hymns. The leader of the procession is called Baccheus,\nthis functionary was appointed by Androdamas the son of Phlias, and\nthe next in the procession is called Lysius, whom the Theban Phanes\nbrought from Thebes at the bidding of the Pythian Priestess. And Phanes\ncame to Sicyon, when Aristomachus the son of Cleod\u00e6us, mistaking the\noracle, lost thereby his return to the Peloponnese. And as you go from\nthe temple of Dionysus to the market-place there is a shrine of Artemis\nLimn\u00e6a on the right hand. And that the roof has fallen in is clear to\nthe spectator. But as to the statue of the goddess--for there is none\nnow--the people of Sicyon do not say whether it was carried away to\nsome other place, or how it was destroyed (if destroyed).\n\n  And as you enter the market-place is a temple of Persuasion, also\nwithout a statue. Persuasion is worshipped by them on the following\nground. Apollo and Artemis after slaying Pytho went to \u00c6gialea to\npurify themselves. But being seized with some panic fear in the place\nwhich they now call Fear, they turned aside to Crete to Carmanor, and\na pestilence came upon the people at \u00c6gialea, and they were ordered by\nthe seers to propitiate Apollo and Artemis. And they sent 7 lads and\n7 maidens to the river Sythas to supplicate Apollo and Artemis, and\npersuaded by them these deities went to what was then the citadel, and\nthe place they first reached was the temple of Persuasion. A Pageant\nof all this goes on to this day. On the Festival of Apollo the lads\ngo to the river Sythas, and, after bringing Apollo and Artemis to the\ntemple of Persuasion, take them back again to the temple of Apollo. And\nthat temple is in the middle of the present market-place, and they say\nit was originally built by Pr\u0153tus, because his daughters got cured of\nmadness here. They say also that Meleager hung up in this temple the\nspear with which he killed the Calydonian boar: here too (they say) are\ndeposited the flutes of Marsyas: for after his awful death the river\nMarsyas carried them to M\u00e6ander, and they turned up again at the Asopus\nand were landed at Sicyon, and given to Apollo by a shepherd who found\nthem. Of these votive offerings there is no vestige: for they were\nburnt with the temple. And the temple and statue were re-erected in my\ntime by Pythocles.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VIII.\n\n\nThe sacred enclosure near the temple of Persuasion, consecrated to\nthe Roman emperors, was formerly the house of Cleon the king. For\nClisthenes the son of Aristonymus, the son of Myro, was king of the\nSicyonians in the lower part of the city, but Cleon in what is now the\ncity (_i.e._ the upper part). In front of this house is a hero-chapel\nto Aratus, who did the greatest exploits of all the Greeks in his\ntime: and this is what he did. After the death of Cleon there came\non those in authority such unbridled lust for power, that Euthydemus\nand Timoclidas usurped the chief power. These the people afterwards\ndrove out, and put in their place Clinias the father of Aratus: and\nnot many years afterwards Abantidas got the chief power, (after the\ndeath of Clinias), and either exiled Aratus, or Aratus retired of his\nown free will. However the men of the country killed Abantidas, and\nPascas his father succeeded him, and Nicocles killed him, and reigned\nin his room. Against him came Aratus with some Sicyonian refugees and\nmercenaries from Argos, and slipping by some of the garrison in the\ndarkness (for he made his attack by night), and forcing others back,\ngot inside the walls: and (for by now it was day) leading his men to\nthe tyrant\u2019s house, he made a fierce attack on it. And he took it by\nstorm with no great difficulty, and Nicocles slipt out at a back door\nand fled. And Aratus granted the Sicyonians isonomy, reconciling them\nto the refugees, and giving back to the refugees all their houses and\ngoods that had been sold, but not without full compensation to former\npurchasers. And because all the Greeks were greatly afraid of the\nMacedonians and Antigonus (the Regent for Philip the son of Demetrius),\nhe forced the Sicyonians, though they were Dorians, into the Ach\u00e6an\nleague. And forthwith he was chosen commander in chief by the Ach\u00e6ans,\nand he led them against the Locrians that live at Amphissa, and into\nthe territory of the hostile \u00c6tolians, and ravaged it. And although\nAntigonus held Corinth with a Macedonian garrison, he dismayed them by\nthe suddenness of his attack, and in a battle defeated and killed many\nof them, and among others Pers\u00e6us the head of the garrison, who had\nbeen a disciple of Zeno (the son of Mnaseas) in philosophy. And when\nAratus had set Corinth free, then the Epidaurians and the Tr\u0153zenians\nwho occupy the coast of Argolis, and the Megarians beyond the Isthmus,\njoined the Ach\u00e6an league, and Ptolemy also formed an alliance with\nthem. But the Laced\u00e6monians and Agis (the son of Eudamidas) their king\nwere beforehand with them, and took Pellene by a _coup de main_, but\nwhen Aratus and his army came up they were beaten in the engagement,\nand evacuated Pellene, and returned home again on certain conditions.\nAnd Aratus, as things had prospered so well in the Peloponnese, thought\nit monstrous that the Pir\u00e6us and Munychia, and moreover Salamis and\nSunium, should be allowed to continue in Macedonian hands, and, as he\ndid not expect to be able to take them by storm, he persuaded Diogenes,\nwho was Governor of these Forts, to surrender them for 150 talents, and\nof this money he himself contributed one sixth part for the Athenians.\nHe also persuaded Aristomachus, who was king at Argos, to give a\ndemocratical form of government to the Argives, and to join the Ach\u00e6an\nleague. And he took Mantinea from the Laced\u00e6monians. But indeed all\nthings do not answer according to a man\u2019s wish, since even Aratus was\nobliged eventually to become the ally of the Macedonians and Antigonus.\nThis is how it happened.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IX.\n\n\nCleomenes, the son of Leonidas, and grandson of Cleonymus, when he\nsucceeded to the kingdom in Sparta, imitated Pausanias in desiring to\nbe an autocrat, and not to obey the established laws. And as he was\nmore impetuous than Pausanias, and brave as a lion, he quickly moulded\neverything to his will by his sagacity and boldness, and took off by\npoison Eurydamidas, the king of the other royal branch, while quite\na lad, and vested the power of the Ephors in his brother Epiclidas,\nand having put down the power of the Senate, he established instead\nof them The Great Council of Patronomi (as they were called). And\nbeing very ambitious of greater fortunes, and even the supremacy over\nGreece, he attacked the Ach\u00e6ans first, hoping to have them as allies if\nhe conquered them, and not wishing to give them the chance to hinder\nhis actions. And he attacked them and beat them at Dyme above Patr\u00e6,\nAratus being in this action the Ach\u00e6an general, and this defeat it was\nthat compelled Aratus to invite the aid of Antigonus, being afraid\nfor the Ach\u00e6ans, and even for the safety of Sicyon. And Cleomenes\nhaving violated his conditions with Antigonus, (having openly acted\nagainst the terms of the treaty in other respects, and especially by\nturning out the inhabitants of Megalopolis,) Antigonus crossed into\nthe Peloponnese, and in concert with the Ach\u00e6ans attacked Cleomenes at\nSellasia. And the Ach\u00e6ans were victorious, and Sellasia was enslaved,\nand Laced\u00e6mon captured. Antigonus and the Ach\u00e6ans then gave back to\nthe Laced\u00e6monians their old Polity: and of Leonidas\u2019s sons, Epiclidas\nwas killed in battle, and Cleomenes, (who fled to Egypt and received\nthe greatest honours from Ptolemy), was cast into prison subsequently\nfor inciting the Egyptians to revolt. And he escaped out of prison,\nand caused some trouble at Alexandria: but at last he was taken and\ncommitted suicide. And the Laced\u00e6monians, glad to get rid of Cleomenes,\nchose to submit to kingly government no longer, but from thenceforth\nuntil now had the republican form of government. And Antigonus\ncontinued friendly to Aratus, as he had done him many good and splendid\nservices. But when Philip took the government into his own hands,\nbecause Aratus did not praise his frequent exhibition of temper to his\nsubjects, and sometimes even checked him in his outbursts, he murdered\nhim, giving him poison when he didn\u2019t expect it. And from \u00c6gium, for\nhere fate took him, they took his body to Sicyon and buried him, and\nthe hero-chapel Arateum is still called after him. And Philip acted in\njust the same way to Euryclides and Micon, who were Athenians: for them\ntoo, (being orators and not unpersuasive with the people), he took off\nby poison. But poison was it seems destined to bring disaster to Philip\nhimself: for his son Demetrius was poisoned by Perseus, his youngest\nbrother, and so caused his father\u2019s death by sorrow. And I have gone\nout of my way to give this account, remembering the divine saying of\nHesiod, that he who plots mischief for another brings it first on his\nown pate.[16]\n\n  And next to the hero-chapel of Aratus is an altar to Poseidon\nIsthmius, and rude statues of Milichian Zeus and Tutelary Artemis.\nMilichian Zeus is in the shape of Pyramid, Artemis in that of a Pillar.\nHere too has been built a Council Chamber, and a Porch called the\nClisthenic from its builder Clisthenes, who built it out of spoil which\nhe took in the war against Cirrha, as an ally of the Amphictyones.\nAnd in the part of the market-place which is in the open air there is\na Zeus in brass, the work of Lysippus, and near it a golden Artemis.\nAnd next is the temple of Lycian (_Wolf-god_) Apollo, in a very\ndilapidated condition. When wolves used to devour the flocks so that\nthere was no profit in keeping sheep, Apollo pointed out a certain\nplace where some dry wood lay, and ordered the bark of this wood and\nflesh to be laid together before the wolves. And this bark killed the\nwolves immediately they tasted it. This wood is kept stored up in the\ntemple of the Wolf-god: but what tree it is of none of the Sicyonian\nantiquaries know. And next are some brazen statues, said to be the\ndaughters of Pr\u0153tus, but the inscription has other women\u2019s names. There\nis also a Hercules in brass, by Sicyonian Lysippus. And near it is a\nstatue of Hermes of the Market.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER X.\n\n\nNot far from the market-place in the gymnasium is a Hercules in stone,\nthe work of Scopas. There is also elsewhere a temple of Hercules: the\nprecincts of which they call P\u00e6dize, and the temple is in the middle of\nthe precincts, and in it is an old wooden statue of Hercules by Laphaes\nof Phlius. And the sacrifices they are wont to conduct as follows.\nThey say that Ph\u00e6stus, when he went to Sicyon, found that the people\nthere offered victims to Hercules as a hero, whereas he thought they\nought to sacrifice to him as to a god. And now the Sicyonians sacrifice\nlambs and burn their thighs on the altar, and part of the meat they\neat and part they offer as to a hero. And the first of the days of the\nFeast which they keep to Hercules they call _Names_, and the second\n_Hercules\u2019 Day_.\n\n  A road leads from here to the temple of \u00c6sculapius. In the precincts\nthere is on the left hand a double building: in the outer room is a\nstatue of _Sleep_, and there is nothing of it remaining but the head.\nAnd the inner room is dedicated to Carnean Apollo, and none but the\npriests may enter it. In the Porch is the huge bone of a sea-monster,\nand next it the statue of _Dream_, and _Sleep_, called _the Bountiful_,\nlulling a lion to rest. And as you go up to the temple of \u00c6sculapius,\non one side is a statue of Pan seated, on the other one of Artemis\nerect. At the entrance is the god himself (\u00c6sculapius) beardless, in\ngold and ivory, the work of Calamis: he has his sceptre in one hand,\nand in the other the fruit of the pine-tree. And they say that the god\nwas brought to them from Epidaurus by a pair of mules, and that he was\nlike a dragon, and that he was brought by Nicagora a native of Sicyon,\nthe mother of Agasicles, and the wife of Echetimus. There are also some\nsmall statues fastened to the ceiling. The woman seated on the dragon\nis they say Aristodama the mother of Aratus, and they consider Aratus\nthe son of \u00c6sculapius. Such are the notable things to be seen in these\nprecincts.\n\n  And there are other precincts there sacred to Aphrodite: and in them\nfirst is the statue of Antiope. For they say her sons were born at\nSicyon, and this is the connection with Antiope. Next is the temple\nof Aphrodite. None may enter into it but a maiden Sacristan, who must\nnever marry, and another maiden who performs the annual rites. This\nmaiden they call bath-carrier. All others alike must only look at the\ngoddess from the porch and worship her there. Her figure seated is the\ndesign of Canachus a native of Sicyon, (who also designed the Didym\u00e6an\nApollo for the Milesians, and the Ismenian Apollo for the Thebans). It\nis in gold and ivory. The goddess wears on her head a cap, and in one\nhand holds a poppy, in the other an apple. And they offer in sacrifice\nto her the thighs of any victims but wild boars, all other parts they\nburn with juniper wood, and when they burn the thighs they burn up\ntogether with them the leaves of p\u00e6deros; which is a plant that grows\nin the precincts of the goddess\u2019 temple in the open air, and grows in\nno other land, nor in any other part of Sicyonia. And its leaves are\nsmaller than the leaves of the beech, but larger than those of the holm\noak, and their shape is that of the oak-leaf, partly black, partly\nwhite like the silvery white of the poplar tree.\n\n  And as you go hence to the gymnasium, on the right is the temple of\nPher\u00e6an Artemis: the wooden statue of the goddess was they say brought\nfrom Pher\u00e6. Clinias built this gymnasium, and they educate boys there\nstill. There is an Artemis also in white stone, carved only down to the\nwaist, and a Hercules in his lower parts like the square Herm\u00e6.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XI.\n\n\nAnd as you turn from thence to the gate called The Holy Gate, not far\nfrom the gate is a shrine of Athene, which Epopeus formerly erected,\nin size and beauty surpassing those of its time. But time has obscured\nits fame. The god struck it with lightning: and now there remains only\nthe altar, for the lightning did not light on it. And in front of\nthe altar is the tomb of Epopeus, and near his tomb are the Gods the\nAverters of Evil, to whom they sacrifice (as the Greeks generally) to\navert evil. And they say that Epopeus built the neighbouring temple to\nArtemis and Apollo, and Adrastus the one next to Hera: but no statues\nremain in either temple. Adrastus also built behind the temple of\nHera two altars, one to Pan, and one to the Sun God in white stone.\nAnd as you descend to the plain is a temple of Demeter, and they say\nPlemn\u00e6us built it in gratitude to the goddess for rearing his son. And\nat a little distance from the temple of Hera, which Adrastus built, is\nthe temple of Carnean Apollo. There are only the pillars of it left,\nyou will find neither walls nor roof nor anything else there--nor in\nthe temple of Hera the _Guide_: which was built by Phalces the son\nof Temenus, who said that Hera was his guide on the way to Sicyon.\nAnd as you go from Sicyon on the straight road to Phlius, about ten\nstades, and then turn off to the left, is the grove called Pyr\u00e6a, and\nin it a temple of Demeter Prostasia, and Proserpine. Here the men have\na festival to themselves, and give up what is called the _Nymphon_\nto the women to celebrate their festival in, and there are statues\nof Dionysus and Demeter and Proserpine (showing only their faces) in\nthe _Nymphon_. And the road to Titane is sixty stades, and because of\nits narrowness it is impassable by a carriage and pair: and 20 stades\nfurther you cross the Asopus, and see on the left a grove of holm-oaks,\nand a temple of the Goddesses whom the Athenians call the Venerable,\nbut the Sicyonians the Eumenides. And every year they keep a feast to\nthem on one day, sacrificing ewes big with young, and they are wont\nto pour libations of honey and milk, and to use flowers as chaplets.\nThey go through the same rites on the altar of the Fates in the open\nair, in the grove. And as you turn back again to the road, and cross\nthe Asopus again, you come to a mountain-top, where the natives say\nTitan first dwelt, who was the brother of the Sun, and gave the name\nTitane to this place. This Titan seems to me to have been wonderfully\nclever in watching the seasons of the year, as when the Sun fructified\nand ripened seeds and fruit, and this was why he was considered the\nSun\u2019s brother. And afterwards Alexanor, the son of Machaon, the son of\n\u00c6sculapius, came to Sicyon, and built a temple of \u00c6sculapius at Titane.\nA few people dwell there, but for the most part only the suppliants of\nthe god, and there are within the precincts some old cypress trees. But\nit is not possible to learn of what wood or metal \u00c6sculapius\u2019 statue is\nmade, nor do they know who made it, though some say Alexanor himself.\nThe only parts of the statue that are visible are the face and fingers\nand toes, for a white woollen tunic and cloak are thrown round it. And\nthere is a statue of Hygiea somewhat similar. You can not see it either\neasily, so hidden is it by the hair of the women which they shear to\nthe goddess, and by the folds of a Babylonish garment. And whichever of\nthese any one wishes to propitiate, he is instructed to worship Hygiea.\nAlexanor and Euamerion have also statues, to the former they offer\nsacrifices after sunset as to a hero, but to the latter they sacrifice\nas to a god. And (if my conjecture is correct) this Euamerion is called\nTelesphorus (according to some oracle) by the people of Pergamum, but\nby the people of Epidaurus Acesis. There is also a wooden statue of\nCoronis, but not anywhere in the temple: but when bull or lamb or pig\nare sacrificed to the goddess, then they take Coronis to the temple of\nAthene and honour her there. Nor are they contented merely with cutting\noff the thighs of the victims, but they burn all the victims whole\non the ground except birds, and these they burn on the altar. On the\ngable ends are figures of Hercules, and several Victories. And in the\nporch are statues of Dionysus and Hecate and Aphrodite and The Mother\nof the Gods and Fortune: these are all in wood, and one of Gortynian\n\u00c6sculapius in stone. And people are afraid to approach the sacred\ndragons: but if their food is put at the entrance they give no further\ntrouble. There is also within the precincts a statue of Granianus, a\nnative of Sicyon, in brass. He won two victories at Olympia in the\npentathlum, and a third in the stadium, and two in the double course,\nwhich he ran both in armour and out of armour.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XII.\n\n\nAnd at Titane there is also a temple of Athene, into which they carry\nthe statue of Coronis. And in it is an old wooden statue of Athene.\nThis too is said to have been struck by lightning. As you descend from\nthe hill, for the temple is built on the hill, is the altar of the\nwinds, on which the priest sacrifices to them one night in every year.\nAnd he performs mysterious rites at four pits, to tame their violence,\nchanting, so they say, the incantations of Medea.\n\n  And as you go from Titane to Sicyon, and descend towards the sea,\nthere is on the left a temple of Hera, with neither statue nor roof.\nThey say Pr\u0153tus the son of Abas built it. And as you go down to what\nis called the harbour of the Sicyonians, and turn to Aristonaut\u00e6, the\nport of the people of Pellene, there is, a little above the road, on\nthe left a temple of Poseidon. And as you go on along the high road\nyou come to the river Helisson, and next the river Sythas, both rivers\nflowing into the sea.\n\n  Next to Sicyonia is Phliasia. Its chief town Phlius is 40 stades at\nmost distant from Titane, and the road to it from Sicyon is straight.\nThat the Phliasians have no connection with the Arcadians is plain\nfrom the catalogue of the Arcadians in Homer\u2019s Iliad, for they are\nnot included among them. And that they were Argives originally, and\nbecame Dorians after the return of the Heraclid\u00e6 to the Peloponnese,\nwill appear in the course of my narrative. As I know there are many\ndifferent traditions about among the Phliasians, I shall give those\nwhich are most generally accepted among them. The first person who\nlived in this land was they say Aras an Autochthon, and he built a\ncity on that hill which is still in our time called the Arantine hill,\n(not very far from another hill, on which the Phliasians have their\ncitadel and a temple of Hebe.) Here he built his city, and from him\nboth land and city got called of old Arantia. It was in his reign that\nAsopus (said to be the son of Celusa and Poseidon) found the water of\nthe river which they still call Asopus from the name of the person who\nfound it.[17] And the sepulchre of Aras is in a place called Cele\u00e6,\nwhere they say also Dysaules, an Eleusinian, is buried. And Aras had a\nson Aoris and a daughter Ar\u00e6thyrea, who the Phliasians say were cunning\nhunters and brave in war. And, Ar\u00e6thyrea dying first, Aoris changed the\nname of the city into Ar\u00e6thyrea. Homer has made mention of it (when\nrecording those who went with Agamemnon to Ilium) in the line\n\n    \u201cThey lived at Orne\u00e6 and lovely Ar\u00e6thyrea.\u201d[18]\n\nAnd I think the tombs of the sons of Aras are on the Arantine hill. And\nat their tombs are some remarkable pillars, and before the rites which\nthey celebrate to Ceres they look at these tombs, and call Aras and his\nsons to the libations. As to Phlias, the third who gave his name to\nthe land, I cannot at all accept the Argive tradition that he was the\nson of Cisus the son of Temenus, for I know that he was called the son\nof Dionysus, and was said to have been one of those who sailed in the\nArgo. And the lines of the Rhodian poet bear me out, \u201cPhlias also came\nwith the men of Ar\u00e6thyrea, where he dwelt, wealthy through his sire\nDionysus, near the springs of Asopus.\u201d And Ar\u00e6thyrea was the mother of\nPhlias and not Chthonophyle, for Chthonophyle was his wife and he had\nAndromedas by her.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIII.\n\n\nBy the return of the Heraclid\u00e6 all the Peloponnese was disturbed\nexcept Arcadia, for many of the cities had to take Dorian settlers,\nand frequent changes of inhabitants took place. The following were\nthe changes at Phlius. Rhegnidas a Dorian (the son of Phalces the son\nof Temenus) marched against it from Argos and Sicyon. And some of the\nPhliasians were content with his demands, that they should remain in\ntheir own land, that he should be their king, and that the Dorians and\nhe should have lands assigned to them. But Hippasus and his party stood\nout for a vigorous defence, and not for yielding up to the Dorians\ntheir numerous advantages without a fight. But as the people preferred\nthe opposite view, Hippasus and those who agreed with him fled to\nSamos. And the great grandson of this Hippasus was Pythagoras, surnamed\nthe Wise: who was the son of Mnesarchus, the son of Euphron, the son of\nHippasus. This is the account the Phliasians give of their own history,\nand in most particulars the Sicyonians bear them out.\n\n  The most notable public sights are as follows. There is in the\ncitadel at Phlius a cypress grove, and a temple hoary from old\nantiquity. The deity to whom the temple belongs is said by the most\nancient of the Phliasians to have been Ganymeda, but by later ones\nHebe: of whom Homer has made mention in the single combat between\nMenelaus and Paris, saying that she was the cupbearer of the gods, and\nagain in the descent of Odysseus to Hades he has said that she was\nthe wife of Hercules. But Olen in his Hymn to Hera says that she was\nreared by the Seasons, and was mother of Ares and Hebe. And among the\nPhliasians this goddess has various honours and especially in regard to\nslaves; for they give them entire immunity if they come as suppliants\nhere, and when prisoners are loosed of their fetters they hang them up\non the trees in the grove. And they keep a yearly feast which they\ncall _Ivy-cuttings_. But they have no statue in any secret crypt, nor\ndo they display one openly: and they have a sacred reason for acting\nso, for on the left as you go out there is a temple of Hera with a\nstatue in Parian marble. And in the citadel there are some precincts\nsacred to Demeter, and in them a temple and statue of Demeter and\nPersephone, and also a brazen statue of Artemis, which seemed to me\nancient. And as you go down from the citadel there is on the right\na temple and beardless statue of \u00c6sculapius. Under this temple is a\ntheatre. And not far from it is a temple of Demeter, and some old\nstatues of the goddess in a sitting posture.\n\n  And in the market-place there is a brazen she-goat, mostly gilt.\nIt got honours among the Phliasians for the following reason. The\nconstellation which they call the She-Goat does continuous harm to\nvines at its rise. And that no serious detriment might result from it,\nthey paid various honours to this brazen goat, and decked its statue\nwith gold. Here too is a monument of Aristias the son of Pratinas. The\nSatyrs carved by Aristias and Pratinas are reckoned the best carving\nnext to that of \u00c6schylus. In the back part of the market-place is a\nhouse called by the Phliasians the seer\u2019s house. Into it Amphiaraus\nwent (so they say) and lay all night in sleep before giving his\noracular responses: and according to their account he for some time\nlived there privately and not as a seer. And since his time the\nbuilding has been shut up entirely. And not far off is what is called\n_Omphalus_, the centre of all the Peloponnese, if indeed their account\nis correct. Next you come to an ancient temple of Dionysus, and another\nof Apollo, and another of Isis. The statue of Dionysus may be seen by\nanybody, as also that of Apollo: but that of Isis may only be seen\nby the priests. The following is also a tradition of the Phliasians,\nthat Hercules, when he returned safe from Libya with the apples of the\nHesperides, went to Phlius for some reason or other, and when he was\nliving there was visited by \u0152neus, who was a connexion by marriage.\nOn his arrival from \u00c6tolia either he feasted Hercules, or Hercules\nfeasted him. However this may be, Hercules struck the lad Cyathus, the\ncupbearer of \u0152neus, on the head with one of his fingers, not being\npleased with the drink he offered him: and as this lad died immediately\nfrom the blow, the Phliasians erected a chapel to his memory. It was\nbuilt near the temple of Apollo, and has a stone statue of Cyathus in\nthe act of handing the cup to Hercules.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIV.\n\n\nNow Cele\u00e6 is about five stades from Phlius, and they sacrifice to\nDemeter there every fourth year and not annually. Nor is the presiding\npriest appointed for life, but a different one is chosen on each\noccasion, who may marry if he chooses. In this respect they differ from\nthe Eleusinian mysteries, though generally speaking, as the Phliasians\nthemselves admit, their mysteries are an imitation of those. They\nsay that Dysaules the brother of Celeus came to their country and\nestablished these rites, when he was driven from Eleusis by Ion the son\nof Xuthus, who had been chosen commander in chief by the Athenians in\nthe war against the people of Eleusis. This statement of the Phliasians\nI cannot assent to, that an Eleusinian should have been conquered in\nbattle and gone into exile, when before the war was fought out the\nmatter was submitted to arbitration, and Eumolpus remained at Eleusis.\nBut it is quite possible that Dysaules may have gone to Cele\u00e6 for some\nother reason, and not that which the Phliasians allege. Nor indeed\nhad he, as it seems to me, any other relation with the Eleusinian\nchiefs than as brother of Celeus, for else Homer would not have passed\nhim over in his Hymn to Demeter: where in his list of those who were\ntaught the mysteries by the goddess he ignores Dysaules. These are\nhis lines. \u201cShe shewed Triptolemus, and Diocles tamer of horses, and\npowerful Eumolpus, and Celeus leader of the people, the due performance\nof her rights and mysteries.\u201d[19] However, according to the Phliasian\ntradition, this Dysaules established the mysteries here, and also gave\nthe name Cele\u00e6 to the place. There is also here as I have said the\ntomb of Dysaules, but subsequent to the date of the tomb of Aras: for\naccording to the Phliasian account Dysaules came after the days when\nAras was king. For they say Aras was a contemporary of Prometheus the\nson of Iapetus, and lived three generations earlier than Pelasgus the\nson of Arcas, and those who were called the Autochthons at Athens. And\nthey say the chariot of Pelops is attached to the roof of the temple\ncalled the Anactorum. Such are the most important traditions of the\nPhliasians.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XV.\n\n\nOn the road from Corinth to Argos you come to the small town of Cleon\u00e6.\nSome say Cleone was the daughter of Pelops, others that she was one of\nthe daughters of Asopus, the river that flows by Sicyon: however the\ntown got its name from her. There is a temple of Athene there, and a\nstatue of the goddess by Scyllis and Dip\u0153nus, pupils of D\u00e6dalus. But\nsome say that D\u00e6dalus took a wife from Gortyns, and that Dip\u0153nus and\nScyllis were his sons by her. At Cleon\u00e6 beside this temple is the tomb\nof Eurytus and Cteatus, who had gone from Elis to be spectators of the\nIsthmian games, and whom Hercules shot with arrows there, charging them\nwith having fought against him in the battle with Augeas.\n\n  From Cleon\u00e6 there are two roads to Argos, one convenient for rapid\nwalkers and the shorter route, the other called Tretus (_Bored_), more\nconvenient for a carriage, though it too is narrow and has mountains on\nboth sides. Among these mountains is still shown the lair of the Nemean\nlion, for Nemea is only about 15 stades distant.\n\n  At Nemea is a temple well worth seeing of Nemean Zeus, only the roof\nhas tumbled in, and there is no longer any statue there: but there is\na cypress grove near the temple, where they say that Opheltes, placed\non the grass there by his nurse, was devoured by a dragon. The Argives\nalso sacrifice to Zeus at Nemea, and select the priest of Nemean\nZeus, and have a contest in running for men in armour at the winter\nmeeting at Nemea. Here too is the tomb of Opheltes, and round it a\nwall of stones, and altars within the precincts: and there is a piled\nup mound of earth as a monument to Lycurgus the father of Opheltes.\nAnd the fountain they call Adrastea, whether for some other reason or\nbecause Adrastus discovered it. And they say the name Nemea was given\nto the place by Nemea the daughter of Asopus. And above Nemea is the\nMountain Apesas, where they say Perseus sacrificed first to Apesantian\nZeus. And as you go up to Argos by the road called Tretus you will see\non the left hand the ruins of Mycen\u00e6. All Greeks know that Perseus\nfounded Mycen\u00e6, and I shall relate the circumstances of the founding,\nand why the Argives afterwards dispossessed the old inhabitants. For\nin what is now called Argolis they mention no older town, and they say\nthat Inachus the king gave his name to the river, and sacrificed to\nHera. They also say that Phoroneus was the first mortal in this land,\nand that Inachus his father was not a man but a river: and that he\nand Cephisus and Asterion were the arbitrators between Poseidon and\nHera in their dispute about the land: and when they judged that it was\nHera\u2019s, then Poseidon took away all their water. And this is the reason\nwhy neither Inachus nor any other of these rivers mentioned have any\nwater except after rain. And in summer their streams are dry except at\nLerna. And Phoroneus the son of Inachus first gathered men together in\ncommunities, who before lived scattered and solitary: so the city in\nwhich they were first gathered together was called Phoronicum.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVI.\n\n\nAnd Argos his daughter\u2019s son, who reigned after Phoroneus, gave Argos\nhis own name. And to Argos were born Pirasus and Phorbas, and to\nPhorbas Triopas, and to Triopas Iasus and Agenor. Io the daughter of\nIasus went to Egypt, either as Herodotus tells the story or as the\nGreeks tell the story, and Crotopus the son of Agenor had the rule\nafter Iasus, and the son of Crotopus was Sthenelas. And Danaus sailed\nfrom Egypt against Gelanor the son of Sthenelas, and expelled from the\nkingdom the descendants of Agenor. All the world knows the history, how\nhis daughters acted to their cousins, and how after his death Lynceus\nhad the kingdom. And his grandsons, the sons of Abas, divided the\nkingdom, Acrisius remained at Argos, and Pr\u0153tus had Her\u00e6um and Midea\nand Tiryns and all the maritime parts of Argolis: and there are to\nthis day remains of Pr\u0153tus\u2019 palace at Tiryns. And some time afterwards\nAcrisius, hearing that Perseus was alive and a mighty man of valour,\nretired to Larissa by the river Peneus. And Perseus, as he wished\nexcessively to see his mother\u2019s father and greet him with kind words\nand deeds, went to him to Larissa. And being in the prime of life,\nand rejoicing in the invention of the game of quoits, he displayed\nhis prowess to all, and by fatality Acrisius was unintentionally\nkilled by the throw of his quoit. Thus was the prophecy of the god\nfulfilled to Acrisius, nor did his contrivances against his daughter\nand her son turn away his fate. But when Perseus returned to Argos,\nfor he was ashamed of the infamy of this murder of his grandfather,\nhe persuaded Megapenthes the son of Pr\u0153tus to exchange kingdoms with\nhim, and founded Mycen\u00e6, where the scabbard of his sword fell off,\nfor he thought this an indication that he should build a city there.\nAnother tradition is that when thirsty he took up a fungus from the\nground, and when some water flowed from it he drank it and was pleased,\nand called the name of the place Mycen\u00e6 [which means both _scabbard_\nand _fungus_.] Homer indeed in the Odyssey[20] has recorded the lady\nMycene in the following line,\n\n    \u201cTyro and Alcmene and Mycene adorned with garlands;\u201d\n\nand the poem called the Great E\u0153\u00e6, by Hesiod, represents her as the\ndaughter of Inachus and the wife of Arestor: and from her some say the\ncity got its name. But the tradition of Acusilaus which they also add,\nthat Myceneus was the son of Sparton, and Sparton the son of Phoroneus,\nI could not accept, far less would the Laced\u00e6monians. For they have\nat Amycl\u00e6 the image of a woman called Sparta, and if they heard that\nSparton was the son of Phoroneus they would marvel at once.\n\n  Now the Argives destroyed Mycen\u00e6 in jealousy. For though they took no\npart against the Medes, the people of Mycen\u00e6 sent to Thermopyl\u00e6 80 men,\nwho shared in the glory of the famous 300. This public spirit brought\nabout their destruction, by provoking the Argives to jealousy. But\nthere are still some remains of the precincts and the gate, and there\nare some lions on it: which were they say executed by the Cyclopes, who\nbuilt the wall at Tiryns for Pr\u0153tus. And among the ruins at Mycen\u00e6 is a\nfountain called Perseus\u2019, and some underground buildings belonging to\nAtreus and his sons, where their treasures were. And there is the tomb\nof Atreus, and of those whom \u00c6gisthus slew at a banquet on their return\nfrom Ilium with Agamemnon. As to Cassandra\u2019s tomb the Laced\u00e6monians\nof Amycl\u00e6 claim that they have it. And there is the tomb of Agamemnon\nthere, and that of Eurymedon the charioteer, and the joint-tomb of\nTeledamus and Pelops, who were twins of Cassandra, and were butchered\nby \u00c6gisthus (while still babes) after their parents. There is also the\ntomb of Electra, who married Pylades, and Orestes gave her away. And\nHellanicus has recorded that Medon and Strophius were the issue of the\nmarriage. And Clyt\u00e6mnestra and \u00c6gisthus were buried a little outside\nthe walls, for they were thought unworthy to lie within the city, and\nmingle their ashes with Agamemnon and those who were murdered with him.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVII.\n\n\nAbout fifteen stades from Mycen\u00e6 on the left is a temple of Hera. By\nthe road flows the river Eleutherius. And the priestesses use it for\nlustrations and for private sacrifices. And this temple is on the\nmore level part of Eub\u0153a, for Eub\u0153a is a mountain, and they say the\ndaughters of the river god Asterion were Eub\u0153a and Prosymna and Acr\u00e6a,\nand that they were nurses of Hera. And Acr\u00e6a gave her name to all the\nmountain opposite the temple of Hera, and Eub\u0153a to the mountain near\nthe temple, and Prosymna to the ground below the temple. And this\nAsterion flows above the temple of Hera and falls into a ravine and so\ndisappears. And the flower called Asterion grows on its banks: they\ncarry this flower to Hera and plait her crowns of its leaves. The\narchitect of the temple was they say Eupolemus the Argive: and all the\ncarved work above the pillars relates partly to the birth of Zeus and\nthe gods and the battle with the Giants, and partly to the Trojan war\nand the capture of Ilium. And there are some statues in the porch, of\nthe priestesses of Hera, and of Orestes and other heroes. For they\nsay the one bearing the inscription that it is the Emperor Augustus\nis really Orestes. In the Ante-chapel are some old statues of The\nGraces, and on the right hand the bed of Hera, and a votive offering,\nthe spear which Menelaus took from Euphorbus at Ilium. And there is a\nhuge statue of Hera seated on a throne, in gold and ivory, the design\nof Polycletus. And she has a crown on her head composed of Graces and\nSeasons, and in one hand she has the fruit of the pomegranate, and in\nthe other her sceptre. As to the pomegranate let me pass that over,\nfor I am forbid to speak of it. But as to the cuckoo which sits on\nthe sceptre, they say that Zeus, when he was enamoured of Hera while\nstill a maid, changed himself into that bird, and that Hera chased the\nsupposed cuckoo in sport. This tradition and similar ones about the\ngods I do not record because I believe them, but I record them just\nthe same. And near Hera is a statue of Hebe said to be by Naucydes,\nthis too in ivory and gold. And near it on a pillar is an old statue\nof Hera. But the oldest statue of Hera was made of wild pear tree,\nand was placed at Tiryns by Pirasus the son of Argus, and the Argives\nwhen they took Tiryns conveyed it to the temple of Hera, and I myself\nhave seen it, a statue not very large seated. And the votive offerings\nworthy of record are a silver altar, with the legendary marriage of\nHebe and Hercules carved upon it, and a peacock of gold and precious\nstones, an offering of the Emperor Adrian: he made this present because\nthe peacock is sacred to Hera. There is also a golden crown and purple\nrobe, the offerings of Nero. And there are above this temple the\nfoundations of an older one and whatever the flames have spared. That\ntemple was burnt by Chryseis, the priestess of Hera, falling asleep,\nand her lamp first setting fire to the decorations. And Chryseis went\nto Tegea and supplicated Alean Athene: and the Argives, although such\na misfortune had befallen them, did not remove the effigy of Chryseis,\nbut it is there to this day in front of the burnt temple.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVIII.\n\n\nAnd as you go from Mycen\u00e6 to Argos there is on the left hand a\nhero-chapel of Perseus near the road. He has honours here from the\npeople in the neighbourhood, but the greatest honours are paid him\nat Seriphus, and he has also a temple among the Athenians, and in\nit an altar to Dictys and Clymene, who are called the Saviours of\nPerseus. And as you advance on the road to Argos a little way from this\nhero-chapel is the tomb of Thyestes on the right hand: and on it is\na ram in stone, for Thyestes stole the golden sheep, when he seduced\nhis brother\u2019s wife. And Atreus could not be satisfied with the law\nof Tit for Tat, but slaughtered the children of Thyestes and served\nthem up to him at table. But afterwards I cannot pronounce decidedly\nwhether \u00c6gisthus began the injury, or whether it began with the murder\nof Tantalus the son of Thyestes by Agamemnon: for they say he married\nClyt\u00e6mnestra as her first husband having received her from Tyndareus.\nAnd I do not wish to accuse them of wickedness incarnate. But if\nthe crime of Pelops and the ghost of Myrtilus haunted the family so\nruthlessly, it reminds one of the answer of the Pythian Priestess to\nGlaucus the son of Epicydes the Spartan, when he purposed perjury, that\npunishment would come on his descendants.\n\n  As you go on a little to the left from the _Rams_, for so they call\nthe tomb of Thyestes, is a place called Mysia, and a temple of Mysian\nDemeter, so called from a man called Mysius, who was as the Argives\nsay a host of Demeter. It has no roof. And in it is a shrine of baked\nbrick, and images of Proserpine and Pluto and Demeter. And a little\nfurther is the river Inachus, and on the other side of the river is an\naltar of the Sun. And you will go thence to the gate called from the\nneighbouring temple, the temple of Ilithyia.\n\n  The Argives are the only Greeks I know of who were divided into three\nkingdoms. For in the reign of Anaxagoras, the son of Argos, the son of\nMegapenthes, a madness came on the women, they went from their homes\nand wandered up and down the country, till Melampus the son of Amythaon\ncured them of that complaint, on condition that he and his brother\nBias should share alike with Anaxagoras. And five kings of Bias\u2019 race\nreigned for four generations to Cyanippus the son of \u00c6gialeus, being\nall descended from Neleus on the mother\u2019s side, and from Melampus six\ngenerations and six kings to Amphilochus the son of Amphiaraus. But\nthe native race, the descendants of Anaxagoras, reigned longer. For\nIphis, the son of Alector, the son of Anaxagoras, left the kingdom to\nSthenelus the son of his brother Capaneus: and Amphilochus after the\ncapture of Ilium having migrated to what is now called Amphilochi,\nand Cyanippus dying childless, Cylarabes the son of Sthenelus had the\nkingdom alone. And he too had no children, and so Orestes the son\nof Agamemnon got Argos, as he was a near neighbour, and besides his\nhereditary sway had added to his dominions much Arcadian territory, and\nas he had also got the kingdom in Sparta, and had ever ready help in\nthe alliance of the Phocians. And he was king of the Laced\u00e6monians at\ntheir own request. For they thought the sons of Tyndareus\u2019 daughters\nbetter entitled to the kingdom than Nicostratus and Megapenthes, the\nsons of Menelaus by a bondmaid. And when Orestes died Tisamenus,\nthe son of Orestes by Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, had the\nkingdom. And Penthilus, Orestes\u2019 bastard son by Erigone the daughter\nof \u00c6gisthus, is mentioned by Cin\u00e6thon in his Verses. It was in the\nreign of this Tisamenus that the Heraclid\u00e6 returned to the Peloponnese,\n_viz._ Temenus and Cresphontes the sons of Aristomachus, and, as\nAristodemus had died earlier, his sons came too. And they laid claim\nto Argos and its kingdom on it seems to me the justest grounds, for\nTisamenus was a descendant of Pelops, but the Heraclid\u00e6 derived from\nPerseus. And they represented that Tyndareus had been turned out by\nHippocoon, and they said that Hercules had slain Hippocoon and his\nsons, and had given the country back to Tyndareus. Similarly they said\nabout Messenia, that it was given to Nestor as a charge by Hercules\nwhen he took Pylos. They turned out therefore Tisamenus from Laced\u00e6mon\nand Argos, and the descendants of Nestor from Messenia, _viz._ Alcm\u00e6on\nthe son of Sillus the son of Thrasymedes, and Pisistratus the son of\nPisistratus, and the sons of P\u00e6on the son of Antilochus, and besides\nthem Melanthus the son of Andropompus, the son of Borus, the son of\nPenthilus, the son of Periclymenus. So Tisamenus and his sons went to\nwhat is now called Achaia with his army: and all the other sons of\nNeleus but Pisistratus, (for I don\u2019t know to what people he betook\nhimself), went to Athens, and the P\u00e6onid\u00e6 and the Alcm\u00e6onid\u00e6 were\ncalled after them. Melanthus also had the kingdom, after driving out\nThym\u0153tes, the son of Oxyntas, who was the last of the descendants of\nTheseus that reigned at Athens.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIX.\n\n\nAs to Cresphontes and the sons of Aristodemus there is nothing pressing\nto narrate about them. But Temenus openly made use of Deiphontes (the\nson of Antimachus, the son of Thrasyanor, the son of Ctesippus, the\nson of Hercules) as general for his battles instead of his sons, and\nmade him his associate in all things, and gave him as wife his daughter\nHyrnetho whom he loved more than all his children, and was suspected of\nintending to make her and Deiphontes his heirs in the kingdom. And for\nthese reasons he was slain by his sons, and Cisus the eldest of them\nbecame king. But the Argives, who had from the most ancient times loved\nequality and home rule, reduced the kingly power so low, that Medon,\nthe son of Cisus, and his descendants were left the royal title only.\nAnd Meltas the son of Lacedas, the 10th descendant of Medon, the people\nsentenced to deprivation of his kingdom altogether.\n\n  Of the temples in the city of the Argives the most notable is that\nof Lycian (_Wolf-God_) Apollo. The statue in our day was the work of\nan Athenian, Attalus, but originally the temple and wooden statue was\nthe offering of Danaus. I think all statues were wooden in those days,\nand especially Egyptian ones. Now Danaus built a temple to Apollo\nthe Wolf-God for the following reason. When he came to Argos, he and\nGelanor the son of Sthenelas were rival competitors for the kingdom.\nAnd many ingratiating words having been spoken by both of them to the\npeople, and Gelanor\u2019s speech seeming rather the best, the people, they\nsay, put off the decision to the next day. And at break of day a wolf\nattacked a herd of cattle that were feeding near the walls, and had a\nfierce encounter with the bull, the leader of the herd. And it occurred\nto the Argives that Gelanor was like the bull, Danaus like the wolf,\nfor just as this animal does not live with human beings so Danaus had\nnot up to that time lived with them. And as the wolf mastered the bull,\nso Danaus got the kingdom. And he thinking that Apollo had sent that\nwolf against the herd, built a temple to Apollo the Wolf-God. In it\nis the throne of Danaus, and an image of Biton, the man who carried\na bull on his shoulders (as Lyceas has represented), for, when the\nArgives were sacrificing to Zeus at Nemea, Biton took up a bull by\nsheer strength and carried it to the altar. And they light the fire\nclose to this image, and they call it the fire of Phoroneus: for they\ndo not admit that Prometheus gave fire to men, but they attribute\nthe invention of fire to Phoroneus. Here also are wooden statues of\nAphrodite and Hermes, the latter the work of Epeus, and the former\nthe offering of Hypermnestra. For she, the only one of his daughters\nwho disobeyed his cruel order, was brought to trial by Danaus, partly\nbecause he thought his own safety compromised by that of Lynceus, and\npartly because her not joining with her sisters in their atrocious\ndeed augmented the disgrace of the contriver of the deed. And, being\nacquitted by the Argives, she erected as a votive offering in this\ntemple a statue of Victorious Aphrodite. And there is inside the temple\na statue of Ladas, who excelled all his contemporaries in fleetness of\nfoot, and one of Hermes making a lyre out of a tortoise. And there is\nin front of the temple an amphitheatre with a representation of the\nfight between the bull and the wolf, and a maiden throwing a stone at\nthe bull. They think this maiden represents Artemis. Danaus had all\nthis constructed, and some pillars near, and wooden statues of Zeus and\nArtemis.\n\n  Here also are the tombs of Linus the son of Apollo, and of Psamathe\nthe daughter of Crotopus, and this is that Linus they say who wrote\npoetry. I pass him by now as more meet to be discussed in another\nplace, and as regards Psamathe I have already given a full account of\nher in what I have written about Megara. Next is a statue of Apollo the\nGuardian of the Streets, and the altar of Rainy Zeus, where those who\nconspired the return of Polynices to Thebes swore that they would die\nif unsuccessful in taking Thebes. As to the sepulchre of Prometheus,\nthe Argives seem to me to give a less credible account than the\nOpuntians, but they stick to their account all the same.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XX.\n\n\nAnd passing by the effigy of Creux the boxer, and the trophy erected\nover the Corinthians, you come to the statue of Milichian Zeus seated,\nthe work of Polycletus in white stone. I ascertained that the following\nwas the reason why it was made. When the Laced\u00e6monians began the war\nwith the Argives, they continued hostilities till Philip the son of\nAmyntas compelled them to remain within their original boundaries. For\nduring all previous time the Laced\u00e6monians never interfered outside\nthe Peloponnese, but were always cutting a slice off Argolis, or the\nArgives, if the Laced\u00e6monians were engaged in war, would at such a\ntime make a swoop on their borders. And when their mutual animosity\nwas at its height, the Argives resolved to keep a standing army of\n1000 picked men, and their captain was Bryas the Argive, who in other\nrespects was insolent to the people, and outraged a maiden, who was\nbeing led in procession to her bridegroom\u2019s house, tearing her away\nfrom her escort. But during the night catching him asleep she blinded\nBryas: and being arrested at daybreak implored protection from the\npeople. As they would not abandon her to the vengeance of the thousand,\nthere ensued a fight, and the people were victorious, and in the heat\nof victory left not one of the 1000 alive. But afterwards they made\nexpiation for this shedding of kinsmen\u2019s blood, and erected a statue\nto Milichian Zeus. And near are statues in stone of Cleobis and Bito,\nwho themselves drew the car with their mother in it to the temple of\nHera.[21] And opposite these is the temple of Nemean Zeus, and in it a\nbrazen statue of the god erect, the design of Lysippus. And next to it,\nas you go forward, on the right hand, is the tomb of Phoroneus: to whom\nthey still offer victims. And opposite the temple of Nemean Zeus is a\ntemple of Fortune of most ancient date, since Palamedes the inventor of\ndice made a votive offering of his dice to this temple. And the tomb\nnear they call that of the M\u00e6nad Chorea, who they say with the other\nwomen accompanied Dionysus to Argos, and Perseus being victorious in\nthe battle slew most of the women: the others they buried all together,\nbut for her they had a tomb separately, as she excelled the others in\nmerit. And at a little distance is a temple of the Seasons. And as\nyou go on there are some full-length statues of Polynices, the son\nof \u0152dipus, and all the chief warriors that died with him in battle\nfighting against Thebes. These men \u00c6schylus has described as only\nseven in number, though more must have come from Argos and Messene\nand Arcadia. And near these seven, (for the Argives also follow the\ndescription of \u00c6schylus), are the statues of those that took Thebes,\n\u00c6gialeus the son of Adrastus, and Promachus the son of Parthenop\u00e6us the\nson of Talaus, and Polydorus the son of Hippomedon, and Thersander,\nand Alcm\u00e6on and Amphilochus the sons of Amphiaraus, and Diomede and\nSthenelus: also Euryalus the son of Mecisteus, and Adrastus and Timeas,\nthe sons of Polynices. And not far from these statues is exhibited the\nsepulchre of Danaus, and a cenotaph of the Argives whom fate seized in\nIlium or on the journey home. And there is here also a temple of Zeus\nSoter, at a little distance from which is a building where the Argive\nwomen bewail Adonis. And on the right hand of the entrance a temple has\nbeen built to the river Cephisus: the water of this river they say was\nnot altogether dried up by Poseidon, but flowed under ground on the\nsite of the temple. And near the temple of the Cephisus is a head of\nthe Medusa in stone: this also they say is the work of the Cyclopes.\nAnd the place behind they call to this day _Judgement Hall_, because\nthey say that Hypermnestra was put upon her trial there by Danaus. And\nnot far distant is a theatre: and in it among other things well worth\nseeing is Perilaus the Argive, the son of Alcenor, slaying Othryades\nthe Spartan. Perilaus before this had had the good luck to carry off\nthe prize for wrestling in the Nemean games. And beyond the theatre\nis a temple of Aphrodite, in front of which is a statue of Telesilla\nthe poetess on a pillar: at her feet lie her volumes of poetry, and\nshe herself is looking at a helmet, which she holds in her hand and\nis about to put on her head. This Telesilla was otherwise remarkable\namong women, besides being honoured for her poetic gifts. For when upon\nthe Argives fell disaster untold at the hands of Cleomenes (the son\nof Anaxandrides) and the Laced\u00e6monians, and most of them perished in\nthe battle, and when all that fled for refuge to the grove at Argos\nperished also, at first coming out for quarter, but when they found\nthat the promised quarter was not granted, setting themselves and the\ngrove on fire together, then Cleomenes led the Laced\u00e6monians to an\nArgos stript of men. Then it was that Telesilla manned the walls with\nall the slaves who through youth or age were reckoned unfit to carry\narms, and herself getting together all the arms which were left in\nthe houses or the temples, and mustering all the women in the prime\nof life, armed them, and drew them up in battle array where she knew\nthe enemy would approach. And when the Laced\u00e6monians came up, and the\nwomen so far from being dismayed at their war cry received their attack\nstoutly, then the Laced\u00e6monians considering that if they killed all\nthe women their victory would be discreditable, and if they themselves\nwere beaten their reverse would be disgraceful, yielded to the women.\nNow the Pythian Priestess had foretold this, and Herodotus, whether\nunderstanding the oracle or not, had recorded it as follows.[22] \u201cBut\nwhen the female conquering the male shall drive him out and win fame\nfor the Argives, then shall the god make many of the Argive women\nwretched.\u201d These words of the oracle describe the action of the women.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXI.\n\n\nAnd as you descend from thence and turn to the market-place you see the\ntomb of Cerdo, the wife of Phoroneus, and the temple of \u00c6sculapius.\nAnd the temple of Artemis, under the name Persuasion, was erected also\nby Hypermnestra, when she was victorious over her father in the trial\nabout Lynceus. There is also a brazen statue of \u00c6neas, and a place\ncalled Delta, but why it is called Delta I purposely pass over, for I\ndidn\u2019t like the explanation. And in front of it is a temple of Zeus\nPromoter of Flight, and near it is the sepulchre of Hypermnestra the\nmother of Amphiaraus, and the sepulchre of Hypermnestra the daughter\nof Danaus, who lies in the same grave with Lynceus. And opposite them\nis the tomb of Talaus the son of Bias, about whom and his descendants\nI have spoken already. And there is a temple of Athene under the name\nof _Trumpet_, which they say Hegeleus built. This Hegeleus they say was\nthe son of Tyrsenus, who was the son of Hercules and a Lydian woman,\nand Tyrsenus was the first who invented the trumpet, and Hegeleus his\nson taught the Dorians who followed Temenus the use of it, and that\nwas why he called Athene _Trumpet_. And before the temple of Athene is\nthey say the tomb of Epimenides: for the Laced\u00e6monians when they fought\nagainst the Gnossians took Epimenides alive, but killed him afterwards\nbecause he did not prophesy auspiciously for them, and they say they\nbrought his remains, and buried them, here. And the building of white\nstone, nearly in the middle of the market-place, is not a trophy over\nPyrrhus the king of Epirus, as the Argives say, but a memorial that his\nbody was burnt here, inasmuch as elephants and all other things which\nhe used in battle are represented here. This was the building for his\nfuneral pyre: but his bones lie in the temple of Demeter, where in my\naccount of Attica I have shown that he died. And at the entrance of\nthis temple of Demeter you may see his brazen shield hanging over the\ndoor.\n\n  And not far from the building in the market-place of the Argives\nis a mound of earth. They say the head of the Gorgon Medusa lies\nunder it. To omit fable, it has been recorded of her that she was the\ndaughter of Phorcus, and that after the death of her father she ruled\nover the people that live near the Tritonian marsh, and used to go out\nhunting and led the Libyans in battle, and moreover resisted with her\narmy the power of Perseus, though picked men followed him from the\nPeloponnese, but she was treacherously slain by night, and Perseus,\nmarvelling at her beauty even after death, cut her head off and brought\nit home to display to the Greeks. But Procles the Carthaginian, the\nson of Eucrates, has another account more plausible than this one. The\ndesert of Libya produces monsters scarce credible to those that hear\nof them, and there both wild men and wild women are born: and Procles\nsaid he had seen one of those wild men that had been taken to Rome. He\nconjectured therefore that Medusa was a woman who had wandered from\nthem, and gone to the Tritonian marsh, and illtreated the inhabitants\ntill Perseus slew her: and Athene he thought assisted Perseus in the\nwork, because the men in the neighbourhood of the Tritonian marsh were\nsacred to her. And in Argos close to this monument of the Gorgon is the\ntomb of the Gorgon-slayer Perseus. Why she was called Gorgon is plain\nto the hearer at once.[23] They say she was the first woman who ever\nmarried a second husband, for she married one \u0152balus, when her husband\nPerieres the son of \u00c6olus was dead, with whom she had lived from her\nvirginity. Previously it was customary for women to remain widows if\ntheir husband died. And before this tomb is a trophy erected in stone\nto the Argive Laphaes, whom, according to the Argive tradition, the\npeople rose up against and expelled when he was king, and when he\nfled to Sparta the Laced\u00e6monians endeavoured to restore him, but the\nArgives being victorious in the battle slew Laphaes and most of the\nLaced\u00e6monians. And not far from this trophy is the temple of Leto, and\na statue of her by Praxiteles. And the figure near the goddess is the\nmaiden they call Chloris, who they say was the daughter of Niobe, and\nwas originally called Melib\u0153a. And when the children of Amphion and\nNiobe were slain by Apollo and Artemis, she alone and Amyclas were\nsaved alive, as they supplicated Leto. But fear turned Melib\u0153a so\npale that she remained so all the rest of her life, insomuch that her\nname was changed from Melib\u0153a into Chloris (_pale_). This Chloris and\nAmyclas the Argives say built the original temple of Leto. But I myself\nam of opinion, (for I lean more than most people to the authority of\nHomer,) that none of the children of Niobe survived. The following line\nbears me out.\n\n    \u201cTwo arrows only slew the whole family.\u201d[24]\n\n  Homer therefore describes the whole family of Amphion as cut off.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXII.\n\n\nNow the temple of Flowery Hera is on the right hand of the temple of\nLeto, and in front of it is the tomb of the women who fell in the\nfight between the Argives and Perseus, and had marched with Dionysus\nfrom the islands in the \u00c6gean, and who were called _Marines_ from\nthat circumstance. And right opposite the sepulchre of those women\nis the temple of Demeter, surnamed Pelasgian because Pelasgus the\nson of Triopas built it, and at no great distance from the temple\nis Pelasgus\u2019 tomb. And beyond the tomb is a brazen shrine not very\nlarge, which contains old statues of Artemis and Zeus and Athene.\nLyceas in his verses has represented it as a votive offering to Zeus\nthe Contriver, and said that the Argives who went on the expedition\nto Ilium swore here that they would not give over fighting, till they\nshould either capture Ilium or be killed fighting there. But others\nhave said that the remains of Tantalus are in that brazen shrine. I\nwill not dispute that the Tantalus who was the son of Thyestes or\nBroteus, (for both traditions are current), who married Clyt\u00e6mnestra\nbefore Agamemnon, was buried here. But the Tantalus who was said to\nbe son of Zeus or Pluto was buried at Sipylus in a very handsome tomb\nwhich I have myself seen. And moreover there was no necessity for him\nto flee from Sipylus, as happened afterwards to Pelops when Ilus the\nPhrygian came against him with an army. But let the enquiry proceed no\nfurther. As for the rites which take place at the neighbouring trench,\nthey say they were instituted by Nicostratus, a man of those parts. To\nthis day they place in the trench lighted torches to Proserpine the\ndaughter of Demeter. There too is a temple of Poseidon under the name\nof the _Flood-god_--for Poseidon flooded most of the region, because\nInachus and the other arbitrators decided that the land was Hera\u2019s and\nnot his. But Hera afterwards got Poseidon to draw the water off: and\nthe Argives, at the place where the stream retired, built a temple\nto Poseidon the _Flood-god_. And as you go a little further is the\ntomb of Argos, who was reputed to be the son of Zeus and Niobe the\ndaughter of Phoroneus: and next is the temple of the Dioscuri. And\nthere are statues of them and their sons, Anaxis and Mnasinous, and\nwith them their mothers Hilaira and Ph\u0153be, in black ebony wood, by\nDip\u0153nus and Scyllis. Even the horses are mostly made of ebony, though\npartly of ivory. And near this temple of the Dioscuri is a temple of\nIlithyia, the offering of Helen, when Theseus went with Pirithous to\nThesprotia, and Aphidna was captured by the Dioscuri, and Helen was\ntaken to Laced\u00e6mon. For they say she was pregnant by Theseus, and\nbare a child in Argos and built this temple to Ilithyia, and gave the\nchild to Clyt\u00e6mnestra, who was now the wife of Agamemnon, and the\nchild afterwards became the wife of Menelaus. Euphorion the Chalcidian\nand Alexander the Pleuronian have mentioned it in their poems, and\nstill earlier Stesichorus of Himera, and they say like the Argives\nthat Iphigenia was the daughter of Theseus by Helen. And beyond the\ntemple of Ilithyia is the temple of Hecate, and the statue is the work\nof Scopas. It is of stone and right opposite are two brazen statues\nof Hecate, one by Polycletus, and the other by his brother Naucydes\nthe son of Mothon. And as you go straight for the gymnasium, which\nis called Cylarabis after Cylarabus, the son of Sthenelus, you come\nto the tomb of Licymnius the son of Electryon. Homer says he was\nslain by Tleptolemus the son of Hercules, who had to fly from Argos\nin consequence of this murder. And, as you turn off a little towards\nCylarabis and the gate in this direction, is the sepulchre of Sacadas,\nwho was the first who played the Hymn to Apollo at Delphi on the flute:\nand it seems the anger of Apollo against flute-players (which he had\nin consequence of the contest with Marsyas the Silenus) was appeased\nby this Sacadas. In this gymnasium of Cylarabus is a bust of Athene\nCapanea, and they show the tomb of Sthenelus, and of Cylarabus himself.\nAnd not far from this gymnasium is a monument to the Argives who sailed\nwith the Athenians to reduce Syracuse and Sicily.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIII.\n\n\nAs you go thence on the road called the Hollow Way, there is on the\nright hand a temple of Dionysus: the statue of the god they say came\nfrom Eub\u0153a. For when the Greeks returning from Ilium were shipwrecked\nat Caphareus, those of the Argives who contrived to escape to shore\nwere in evil plight from cold and hunger. But when they prayed that one\nof the gods would save them in their present emergency, immediately as\nthey went forward they saw a cave of Dionysus, and a statue of the god\nin the cave, and some wild goats that had taken refuge from the cold\nwere huddled together in it. These the Argives killed, and eat their\nflesh, and used their skins for clothing. And when the winter was over,\nthey repaired their vessels and sailed homewards, and took with them\nthe wooden statue from the cave, and worship it to this day. And very\nnear the temple of Dionysus you will see the house of Adrastus, and at\nsome distance from it the temple of Amphiaraus, and beyond that the\ntomb of Eriphyle. And next these is the shrine of \u00c6sculapius, and close\nto it the temple of Bato, who was of the family of Amphiaraus and one\nof the Melampodid\u00e6, and was Amphiaraus\u2019 charioteer when he went out\nto battle: and when the rout from Thebes came about, the earth opened\nand swallowed up Amphiaraus and the chariot and Bato all together.\nAnd as you return from the Hollow Way you come to the reputed tomb\nof Hyrnetho. If it is a cenotaph and merely in memory of her, their\naccount is probable enough, but if they say that the body of Hyrnetho\nlies there I cannot believe them, but let him believe them who knows\nnothing about Epidaurus. The most famous of the temples of \u00c6sculapius\nat Argos has a statue still to be seen, \u00c6sculapius seated, in white\nstone, and next to him a statue of Hygiea. There are also seated\nnear them those who designed these statues, Xenophilus and Strato.\nThat temple was originally built by Sphyrus, the son of Machaon, and\nthe brother of the Alexanor who has honours among the Sicyonians at\nTitane. And the statue of Pher\u00e6an Artemis, (for the Argives worship\nPher\u00e6an Artemis as well as the Athenians and Sicyonians,) was they say\nbrought from Pher\u00e6 in Thessaly. But I cannot agree with the Argives\nwho say that they have at Argos the tombs of Deianira the daughter of\n\u0152neus, and of Helenus the son of Priam, and that they have the statue\nof Athene that was carried away from Ilium, and whose loss caused its\nfall. The Palladium, for that is its name, was certainly carried by\n\u00c6neas to Italy. As to Deianira, we know she died at Trachis and not\nat Argos, and her tomb is near that of Hercules on Mount \u0152ta. And as\nto Helenus the son of Priam, I have already shown that he went with\nPyrrhus the son of Achilles to Epirus, and married Andromache, and\nwas Regent for the sons of Pyrrhus, and that Cestrine in Epirus took\nits name from his son Cestrinus. Not that the Argive antiquarians are\nignorant that all their traditions are not true, still they utter\nthem: for it is not easy to get the mass of mankind to change their\npreconceived opinions. There are other things at Argos worth seeing,\nas the underground building, (in which is the brazen chamber which\nAcrisius formerly got constructed for the safe custody of his daughter,\nPerilaus deposed and succeeded him,) and the tomb of Crotopus, and\nthe temple of Cretan Dionysus. For they say that Dionysus, after he\nhad warred with Perseus and got friendly again with him, was highly\nhonoured by the Argives in various respects, and was given as a special\nhonour this enclosure. And afterwards it was called the temple of\nCretan Dionysus, because they buried Ariadne here. And Lyceas says that\nwhen the temple was restored an earthenware cinerary urn was found that\ncontained the ashes of Ariadne: which he said several Argives had seen.\nAnd near this temple of Dionysus is the temple of Celestial Aphrodite.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIV.\n\n\nAnd the citadel they call Larissa from the daughter of Pelasgus, and\nfrom two cities of that name in Thessaly, one on the coast, and one by\nthe river Peneus. And as you go up to the citadel there is a temple of\nHera Dwelling on the Heights, there is also a temple of Apollo, which\nPyth\u00e6us, who first came from Delphi, is said to have erected. The\nstatue is of brass erect, and is called Apollo of the Ridgeway, for the\nplace is called Ridge. Oracular responses, for there is an oracle there\neven to our day, are given in the following manner. The prophetess is\ndebarred from marriage: and when a lamb is sacrificed every month,\nshe tastes of the blood and becomes possessed by the god. And next to\nthe temple of Apollo of the Ridgeway is the temple of Athene called\n_Sharp-eyed_, the votive offering of Diomede, because when he was\nfighting at Ilium the goddess upon one occasion took a mist from his\neyes.[25] And close by is the race-course where they hold the games to\nNemean Zeus and to Hera. On the left of the road to the citadel is a\nmonument to the sons of \u00c6gyptus. Their heads are here apart from their\nbodies, for the bodies are at Lerna where the murder of the young men\nwas perpetrated, and when they were dead their wives cut their heads\noff, to show their father their desperate deed. And on the summit of\nLarissa is the temple of Lariss\u00e6an Zeus, which has no roof to it: and\nthe statue, which is made of wood, stands no longer on its base. And\nthere is a temple of Athene well worth seeing. There are several votive\nofferings there, and a wooden statue of Zeus, with the usual two eyes,\nand a third in the forehead. This Zeus they say was the tutelary god of\nPriam the son of Laomedon, and was placed in his hall in the open air,\nand when Ilium was taken by the Greeks, it was to his altar that Priam\nfled for refuge. And when they divided the spoil Sthenelus the son of\nCapaneus got it, and placed it here. One might conjecture that the god\nhas three eyes for the following reason. That he reigns in heaven is\nthe universal tradition of all mankind. And that he reigns also under\nthe earth the line of Homer proves, speaking of him as\n\n    \u201cZeus the lord of the under world, and dread Proserpine.\u201d[26]\n\nAnd \u00c6schylus the son of Euphorion calls him also Zeus of the sea. The\nsculptor therefore whoever he was represented him with three eyes to\ndenote that the god rules in these three departments of the universe.\n\n  Among the roads from Argos to various parts of the Peloponnese,\nis one to Tegea a town in Arcadia. On the right of this road is the\nmountain Lycone, full of cypress trees. And on the top of the mountain\nis a temple to Orthian Artemis, and there are statues of Apollo and\nLeto and Artemis in white stone; said to be by Polycletus. And as you\ngo down from the mountain there is on the left of the road a temple of\nArtemis. And at a little distance on the right is the mountain called\nChaon. And underneath it trees are planted, and manifestly here the\nErasinus has its rise: for a while it flows from Stymphalus in Arcadia,\nas the Rheti flow from Euripus to Eleusis and so to the sea. And where\nthe river Erasinus gushes out on the mountain-side they sacrifice to\nDionysus and Pan, and keep the feast of Dionysus called _Medley_. And\nas you return to the Tegean road, you come to Cenchre\u00e6 on the right of\nwhat is called Trochus. Why it was called Cenchre\u00e6 they do not tell us,\nexcept the name came from Cenchreus the son of Pirene. There is here a\ngeneral tomb of the Argives who conquered the Laced\u00e6monians in battle\nnear Hysi\u00e6. I ascertained that this battle was fought when Pisistratus\nwas ruler at Athens, and in the 4th year of the Olympiad in which\nEurybotus the Athenian won the prize in the course. And as you descend\nto the plain are the ruins of the town Hysi\u00e6 in Argolis, and here they\nsay the reverse happened to the Laced\u00e6monians.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXV.\n\n\nThe road to Mantinea from Argos is not the same as the road to Tegea,\nbut you start from the gates near the ridge. And on this road there\nis a temple with a double entrance, one facing west, another east.\nAt the east end is a wooden statue of Aphrodite, at the west one of\nAres. These statues are they say votive offerings of Polynices and the\nArgives who were associated with him in his expedition. And as you go\non from thence after crossing the winter torrent called Ravine you come\nto \u0152noe, which gets its name (so the Argives say) from \u0152neus, who was\nking in \u00c6tolia, and expelled they say from his kingdom by the sons of\nAgrius, and went to Argos to Diomede. And he helped him somewhat by\nleading an army into Calydonia, but he couldn\u2019t he said stay there:\nbut recommended him if he liked to accompany him to Argos. And when he\nwent there, he treated him in all respects well, as one would expect a\nperson to treat his grandfather, and when he died he buried him here.\nThe place got called \u0152noe by the Argives after him. And above \u0152noe is\nthe Mountain Artemisium, and a temple of Artemis on the top of the\nmountain. And on this mountain are the sources of the Inachus: for it\nhas its rise here, though it flows underground for some way. There is\nnothing else to see here.\n\n  And another road from the gates near the Ridge goes to Lyrceia. This\nis the place to which Lynceus alone of all the 50 brothers is said to\nhave escaped, and when he got there safe, he held up a lighted torch\nthere. For it was no doubt agreed between Hypermnestra and him that he\nshould do so as a signal, if he should escape from Danaus and get to\na place of safety. And she also they say kindled another at Larissa,\nmanifestly to show that she too was in no danger. And in memory of\nthis the Argives every year have a torch procession. And in those\ndays the place was called Lynceia, but afterwards, because Lyrcus an\nillegitimate son of Abas lived there, it got the name Lyrceia from him.\nThere is nothing very notable among the ruins but the effigy of Lyrcus\non a pillar. From Lyrceia to Argos is about 60 stades, and it is about\nthe same distance from Lyrceia to Orne\u00e6. Homer has made no mention of\nLyrceia in his catalogue, as the city was already depopulated at the\ntime of the expedition to Ilium: but Orne\u00e6, which was still inhabited,\nHomer[27] has recorded before Phlius and Sicyon, according to its\ngeographical situation in Argolis. And it got its name from Orneus the\nson of Erechtheus: and this Orneus had a son Peteos, and he had a son\nMenestheus, who aided Agamemnon with a force from Athens to put down\nthe dominion of Priam. From Orneus then the city got its name, and the\nArgives afterwards dispossessed the people of Orne\u00e6; and when they were\ndispossessed they were naturalized among the Argives. And there is at\nOrne\u00e6 a temple of Artemis, and a wooden statue of the goddess in an\nerect posture, and another temple to all the gods in common. And beyond\nOrne\u00e6 are Sicyonia and Phliasia.\n\n  And as you go from Argos to the district of Epidaurus there is a\nbuilding on the right hand like a pyramid, with some Argolic shields\nworked on it as a design. Here Pr\u0153tus fought with Acrisius for the\nsupremacy, and their contest was they say drawn, and they had a peace\nafterwards, as neither of them could conquer the other. And they say\nthat they engaged first with shields, and then they and the army\non both sides in full armour. And those who fell on both sides, as\nthey were fellow citizens and kinsmen, had one tomb and monument in\ncommon. And as you go on from thence and turn to the right you come\nto the ruins of Tiryns. And the Argives dispossessed the inhabitants\nof Tiryns, wishing to take them in as settlers to aggrandize Argos.\nAnd they say the hero Tiryns, from whom the city got its name, was the\nson of Argus the son of Zeus. And the walls of the city, which are the\nonly ruins left, are the work of the Cyclopes made of rude stones, each\nstone of so gigantic a size that the smallest of them could hardly\nbe moved by a pair of mules. And in ancient times small stones were\ninserted so as to dovetail in with the large stones. And as you go down\nto the sea, are the chambers of the daughters of Pr\u0153tus. And when you\nreturn to the high road you will come to Midea on the left. They say\nthat Electryon the father of Alcmena was king of Midea. But now nothing\nis left of Midea but the site. And on the direct road to Epidaurus is\nthe village Lessa, and there is a temple of Athene in it, and a wooden\nstatue very similar to that in the citadel at Larissa. And above Lessa\nis the Mountain Arachn\u00e6um, which in old times in the days of Inachus\nhad the name of Sapyselaton. And there are altars on it to Zeus and\nHera. They sacrifice to these gods here when there is a deficiency of\nrain.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVI.\n\n\nAnd near Lessa is Epidaurus in Argolis, and before you get to the town\nitself, you will come to the temple of \u00c6sculapius. I do not know who\ndwelt in this place before Epidaurus came to it: nor could I learn from\nany of the people of the neighbourhood anything about his descendants.\nBut the last king they say before the Dorians came to the Peloponnese\nwas Pityreus, the descendant of Ion the son of Xuthus. He they say gave\nup the land without fighting for it to Deiphontes and the Argives: and\nretired to Athens with his subjects and dwelt there, and Deiphontes\nand the Argives who espoused his cause occupied Epidauria. For there\nwas a split among the Argives at the death of Temenus, Deiphontes and\nHyrnetho being hostile to the sons of Temenus, and the army with them\nfavouring Deiphontes and Hyrnetho more than Cisus and his brothers.\nEpidaurus, from whom the country got its name, was, as the people\nof Elis say, the son of Pelops: but according to the opinion of the\nArgives, and the poem of Hesiod called The Great E\u0153\u00e6, the father of\nEpidaurus was Argus the son of Zeus. But the Epidaurians make Epidaurus\nthe son of Apollo. And the district was generally held sacred to\n\u00c6sculapius for the following reason. The Epidaurians say that Phlegyas\ncame to the Peloponnese on the pretext of seeing the country, but\nreally to spy out the population, and see if the number of fighting\nmen was large. For Phlegyas was the greatest warrior of that day, and,\nwhoever he attacked, used to carry off their corn and fruit and booty\nof all kinds. But when he came to the Peloponnese his daughter followed\nhim, who though her father knew it not was with child by Apollo. And\nwhen she bore her child on Epidaurian soil, she exposed it on the\nmountain called in our day Titthion, but which was then called Myrgion.\nAnd as he was exposed there one of the she-goats feeding on the\nmountain gave him milk, and the watch-dog of the flock guarded him. And\nAresthanas, for that was the name of the goat-herd, when he found the\nnumber of the goats not tallying and that the dog was also absent from\nthe flock, went in search everywhere, and when he saw the child desired\nto take him away, but when he got near saw lightning shining from the\nchild, and thinking there was something divine in all this, as indeed\nthere was, he turned away. And it was forthwith noised abroad about the\nlad both by land and sea that he could heal sicknesses, and raise the\ndead. There is also another tradition told of him, that Coronis, when\npregnant with \u00c6sculapius, lay with Ischys the son of Elatus, and that\nshe was put to death by Artemis who thus punished her unfaithfulness\nto Apollo, and when the funeral pyre was already lighted Hermes is\nsaid to have plucked the child from the flame. And a third tradition\nis as it seems to me the least likely of all, which makes \u00c6sculapius\nthe son of Arsinoe, the daughter of Leucippus. For when Apollophanes\nthe Arcadian went to Delphi and enquired of the god, whether \u00c6sculapius\nwas the son of Arsinoe and a citizen at Messene, Apollo answered from\nhis oracle, \u201cO \u00c6sculapius, that art born a great joy to all mortals,\nwhom lovely Coronis, the daughter of Phlegyas, bare to me the child of\nlove, at rocky Epidaurus.\u201d This oracular response shows plainly that\n\u00c6sculapius was not the son of Arsinoe, but that Hesiod, or somebody\nthat interpolated Hesiod, inserted that legend to please the people\nof Messene. And this too bears me out that \u00c6sculapius was born at\nEpidaurus, that his worship is derived from thence. For the Athenians\ncall the day on which they worship \u00c6sculapius _Epidauria_, and they\nsay the god is worshipped by them from Epidaurus; and also Archias the\nson of Arist\u00e6chmus, being healed in Epidauria of a convulsion that\nseized him when he was hunting near Pindasus, introduced the worship\nof the god at Pergamum. And from the people of Pergamum it passed in\nour time to the people of Smyrna. And at Balagr\u00e6 amongst the Cyren\u00e6ans\nthe Epidaurian \u00c6sculapius is called _Doctor_. And from the Cyren\u00e6ans\n\u00c6sculapius got worshipped in Labene among the Cretans. And there\nis this difference between the Cyren\u00e6an and Epidaurian customs of\nworshipping \u00c6sculapius, that the former sacrifice goats, which is not\ncustomary with the latter. And I find that \u00c6sculapius was considered as\na god from the beginning, and not merely as he got fame as time went\non, from other proofs, and the testimony of Homer in what Agamemnon\nsays about Machaon,\n\n    \u201cTalthybius, call here as quickly as possible Machaon the mortal,\n        the son of \u00c6sculapius,\u201d\n\nas if he said the man the son of the god.[28]\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVII.\n\n\nThe sacred grove of \u00c6sculapius is walled in on all sides: nor do any\ndeaths or births take place in the precincts of the god, just as is the\ncase at the island Delos. And the sacrifices, whether any native of\nEpidaurus or stranger be the sacrificer, they consume in the precincts.\nThe same I know happens at Titane. And the statue of \u00c6sculapius is in\nsize half that of Olympian Zeus at Athens, and is made of ivory and\ngold: and the inscription shows that it was by the Parian Thrasymede\nthe son of Arignotus. The god sits on a seat holding a staff in one\nhand, and the other hand he has on a dragon\u2019s head, and a dog is seated\nat his feet. And on the seat are represented the actions of Argive\nheroes, as Bellerophon killing the Chim\u00e6ra, and Perseus with the head\nof Medusa. And beyond the temple is a sleeping-place for suppliants.\nAnd a round building has been built near well worth seeing, of white\nstone, called the Rotunda. And in it there is a painting by Pausias of\nCupid throwing away his bow and arrows and taking up a lyre instead.\nThere is also here a painting of Drunkenness, also by Pausias, drinking\nout of a glass bowl. You may see in the painting the glass bowl and in\nit a woman\u2019s face reflected. And six pillars to this day stand in the\nprecincts, but in old time there were more. On these are recorded the\nnames of men and women healed by \u00c6sculapius, and the complaint from\nwhich each suffered, and how they were cured, written in Doric. And\napart from the rest is an ancient pillar, which states that Hippolytus\noffered 20 horses to the god. And the people of Aricia have a tradition\ncorresponding to the inscription on this pillar, that, when Hippolytus\ndied in consequence of the imprecations of Theseus, \u00c6sculapius restored\nhim to life again: and when he came to life again, he refused to pardon\nhis father, and disregarding his entreaties went into Italy to the\npeople of Aricia, and there became king and built a temple to Artemis,\nwhere in my time the prize for victory in single combat was to become\nthe priest of the goddess. But the contest was not for freemen, but for\nslaves who had run away from their masters. And the Epidaurians have a\ntheatre in their temple, especially well worth seeing in my opinion:\nfor the Roman theatres beat all in the world in magnificence, and for\nsize the Arcadian theatre at Megalopolis carries the day: but for\nbeauty of proportion what architect could compete with Polycletus? And\nPolycletus it was that designed this theatre and round building. And\nwithin the grove there is a temple of Artemis, and a statue of Epione,\nand a temple of Aphrodite and Themis, and a stadium, as generally among\nthe Greeks, consisting of a mound of earth, and a fountain well worth\nseeing for its roof and other decoration. And Antonine the Senator\nconstructed in our days a bath of \u00c6sculapius, and a temple of the gods\nthey call the _Bountiful Gods_. He built also a temple for Hygiea and\nfor \u00c6sculapius and for Apollo under the title of Egyptian gods. He\nrestored also Cotys\u2019 porch for the roof had fallen in and it had all\ncome to ruin as it had been built of unbaked brick. And the Epidaurians\nwho lived near the temple were especially unfortunate, for their women\nmight not bear children under a roof but only in the open air. But\nAntonine set this right and erected a building where it was lawful\nboth to die and bear children. And there are two mountains above the\ngrove, one called Titthion and the other Cynortion, and on the latter\na temple to Maleatian Apollo. The building is ancient, but everything\nelse in connection with the temple, as the reservoir _e.g._ in which\nrainwater is stored up, was put there by Antonine for the benefit of\nthe Epidaurians.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVIII.\n\n\nNow all kinds of dragons, and especially those which incline to tawny\nin colour, are considered sacred to \u00c6sculapius, and are tame, and the\nEpidaurian country alone breeds them. I find similar phenomena in other\ncountries. Thus Libya alone breeds land crocodiles no smaller than two\ncubits, and from India alone come parrots and other birds. For the\ngreat snakes in size as big as 30 cubits, which are produced in India\nand in Libya, the Epidaurians say are not dragons but another species\naltogether. And as you ascend the mountain called Coryphon there is\nan olive tree called Twisted, its having been so moulded by Hercules\u2019\nhand is the origin of the name. I can hardly believe that he meant this\nfor a boundary for the Asin\u00e6i in Argolis, for as the country on both\nsides lies waste one could find no clear boundary here. And on the top\nof the mountain Coryphon is the temple of Artemis, which Telesilla has\nmentioned in a poem. And as you go down to the city of the Epidaurians\nis a place, called Hyrnethium, full of wild olives that grow there. I\nshall record the Epidaurian tradition and the probable truth. Cisus and\nthe other sons of Temenus knew that they would greatly vex Deiphontes,\nif they could by any means get Hyrnetho from him. Cerynes and Phalces\ntherefore went alone to Epidaurus: for Arg\u00e6eus the youngest did not\napprove of their plot. And they leaving their travelling carriage near\nthe walls sent a messenger to their sister, wishing they said to have\na conversation with her. And when she complied with their invitation,\nthe young men at once brought various charges against Deiphontes, and\nbegged her earnestly to return to Argos, making various promises, and\nthat they would give her in marriage to a man in every respect better\nthan Deiphontes, to the ruler of a larger population and a more fertile\ncountry. And Hyrnetho vexed at their words gave them back as good as\nthey brought, and said that Deiphontes was acceptable to her as a\nhusband, and that to be Temenus\u2019 son in law was not to be despised,\nbut they ought to be called rather Temenus\u2019 murderers than his sons.\nAnd they made no reply to her, but took hold of her, put her into the\ntravelling carriage, and drove off. And an Epidaurian took the news to\nDeiphontes that Cerynes and Phalces had gone off with Hyrnetho against\nher will. And he came to the rescue with all speed, and the Epidaurians\nwhen they heard what the matter was came to the rescue with him. And\nDeiphontes when he came up with Cerynes shot at him and killed him\nwith an arrow, but as Phalces was close to Hyrnetho he did not dare\nto shoot at him, lest he should miss him and kill her, but he closed\nwith him and endeavoured to get her away. But Phalces resisting and\npulling Hyrnetho too violently killed her, for she was pregnant. And\nhe perceiving what he had done to his sister, drove the travelling\ncarriage at full speed, hastening to be off before the Epidaurians\ncould come up: and Deiphontes with his sons (for he had had by Hyrnetho\nAntimenes and Xanthippus and Argeus, and one daughter Orsobia, who\nafterwards married Pamphylus the son of \u00c6gimius), took the dead body of\nHyrnetho and conveyed it to the place which is now called Hyrnethium.\nAnd they built a chapel to her memory and paid her other honours, and\nwith regard to the olive trees that grow in her grove, or any other\ntrees there, it is an established custom that no one should break\npieces of them off and carry them away, nor use them for any purpose,\nbut leave them intact as sacred to Hyrnetho. And not far from the city\nis the sepulchre of Melissa, who was the wife of Periander the son of\nCypselus, and the sepulchre of Proclees the father of Melissa. And he\nwas king at Epidaurus, as his son in law Periander was at Corinth.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIX.\n\n\nEpidaurus has the following things most worthy of record. There is\na temple of \u00c6sculapius, and statues of \u00c6sculapius and Epione, who\nthey say was his wife. These are in the open air, and are of Parian\nmarble. And there are temples of Dionysus and Artemis, the latter as\na Huntress. There is a temple also built to Aphrodite: and near the\nharbour on the cliff jutting out into the sea is they say one of Hera.\nAnd the Athene in the citadel, a wooden statue well worth seeing, they\ncall Ciss\u00e6an Athene.\n\n  The \u00c6ginetans inhabit the island opposite Epidauria. And they say\nthere were no inhabitants there originally, but Zeus having taken \u00c6gina\nthe daughter of Asopus there to that desert island, it was called \u00c6gina\nafter her instead of its old name \u0152none, and when \u00c6acus was grown up\nhe asked of Zeus for settlers, and then they say that Zeus produced\nmen from the soil. And they can tell of no king reigning there but\n\u00c6acus, for we know of none of the sons of \u00c6acus continuing there, for\nPeleus and Telamon had to flee for the murder of Phocus, and the sons\nof Phocus again dwelt near Parnassus in what is now called Phocis. And\nthe name Phocis was given to the district when Phocus of the family of\nOrnytion first came to it. In the days of this Phocus the country near\nTithorea and Parnassus was called Phocis: but in the days of \u00c6acus the\nname Phocis included everybody from Miny\u00e6 near Orchomenus to Scarphea\nin Locris. And Peleus\u2019 sons were kings in Epirus, and of Telamon\u2019s\nsons the family of Ajax was rather obscure (as he lived in a retired\nway privately), except Miltiades, who led the Athenians at Marathon,\nand his son Cimon, both of whom were exceedingly illustrious. And\nthe descendants of Teucer were kings of Cyprus down to Evagoras. And\naccording to the poet Asius Phocus\u2019 sons were Panopeus and Crisus: and\nthe son of Panopeus was Epeus, who according to Homer was the contriver\nof the wooden horse, and the grandson of Crisus was Pylades, the son\nof Strophius, the son of Crisus by Anaxibia the daughter of Agamemnon.\nSuch is the pedigree of the so-called \u00c6acid\u00e6, but they branched off\nfrom the beginning into other directions. And in after time a part of\nthe Argives that had occupied Epidaurus with Deiphontes crossed over to\n\u00c6gina, and, mixing among the old settlers at \u00c6gina, introduced into the\nisland the Doric language and manners. And the \u00c6ginetans became a great\npower, so that they were even a greater naval power than the Athenians,\nand in the Persian War furnished the greatest number of vessels next\nto the Athenians, but their prosperity did not last, for they were\nturned out of \u00c6gina by the Athenians, and went and dwelt at Thyrea\nin Argolis, which the Laced\u00e6monians gave them. They recovered \u00c6gina\nindeed, when the Athenian triremes were captured at the Hellespont, but\nnever regained their former wealth and power. Of all the Greek islands\n\u00c6gina is the most difficult of access. For there are rocks under the\nsea all round it, and sunken reefs. And they say that \u00c6acus contrived\nthis on purpose from fear of pirates, and that he might not be exposed\nto enemies. And near the chief harbour is a temple of Aphrodite, and\nin the most conspicuous part of the city what is called the Hall of\n\u00c6acus, a square court of white stone: at the entrance of which are\nstatues of the envoys who were sent by the Greeks to \u00c6acus. All give\nthe same account of this as the \u00c6ginetans. A drought for some time\nafflicted Greece, and there was no rain either beyond the Isthmus or in\nthe Peloponnese, until they sent messengers to Delphi, to enquire the\ncause, and at the same time to beg to be rid of the evil. The Pythian\nPriestess told them to propitiate Zeus, and that, if he was to listen\nto them, \u00c6acus must be the suppliant. Accordingly they sent envoys\nfrom every city to beg \u00c6acus to do so. And he offered sacrifices and\nprayers to Pan-Hellenian Zeus and caused rain to come on the earth:\nand the \u00c6ginetans made these effigies of all the envoys that had come\nto him. And within the precincts are some olive trees planted a long\ntime ago, and an altar not much higher than the ground, which it is\nsecretly whispered is a memorial of \u00c6acus. And near the Hall of \u00c6acus\nis the tomb of Phocus, a mound of earth with a base in the shape of a\ncircle, and on it is a rough stone: and when Telamon and Peleus invited\nPhocus to the contest of the pentathlum, and it was Peleus\u2019 turn to\nthrow the stone, which served them for a quoit, he purposely threw it\nat Phocus and hit him. And in this they gratified their mother, for\nthey were the sons of Endeis the daughter of Sciron, and Phocus was the\nson of her sister Thetis, if the Greeks speak the truth. And Pylades\nappears to me for this reason, and not merely in friendship to Orestes,\nto have contrived the death of Neoptolemus. But when Phocus was struck\nby the quoit and fell down dead, then the sons of Endeis got on board\nship and fled. And Telamon later on sent a messenger, and endeavoured\nto clear himself of having contrived the death of Phocus. But \u00c6acus\nwould not let him land on the island, but bade him if he liked pile up\na mole in the sea and make his defence there. Accordingly he sailed to\nthe harbour called Secret, and by night produced a mole, which remains\nto this day. And being pronounced guilty of the death of Phocus he\nsailed back again to Salamis. And not far from this harbour Secret is\na theatre well worth seeing, in size and workmanship very similar to\nthe one at Epidaurus. And behind it is built one side of a stadium,\nupholding the theatre and serving as a prop for it.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXX.\n\n\nAnd near one another are temples of Apollo, and Artemis, and Dionysus.\nThe wooden statue of Apollo is naked and of native art, but Artemis\nand Dionysus are draped, and Dionysus is represented with a beard. But\nthe temple of \u00c6sculapius is on the other side and not here, and the\nstatue of stone, seated. And of all the gods the people of \u00c6gina honour\nHecate most, and celebrate her rites annually, saying that Orpheus the\nThracian introduced those rites. And within the precincts is a temple,\ncontaining a wooden statue of Hecate by Myron, with only one head and\none body. Alcamenes as it seems to me was the first who made the statue\nof Hecate with three heads and three bodies which the Athenians call\nHecate Epipurgidia: it stands near the temple of Wingless Victory.\nAnd in \u00c6gina as you go to the mountain of Pan-Hellenian Zeus is the\ntemple of Aph\u00e6a, about whom Pindar wrote an ode for the \u00c6ginetans. And\nthe Cretans say, (for her worship is indigenous among them too), that\nEubulus was the son of that Carmanor who purged Apollo of the murder\nof Python, and that Britomartis was the daughter of Zeus by Carme the\ndaughter of Eubulus: and that she rejoiced in races and hunting, and\nwas a very great friend of Artemis. And fleeing from Minos, who was\nenamoured of her, she threw herself into some nets set for catching\nfish. Artemis made her a goddess, and she is worshipped not only by\nthe Cretans but also by the \u00c6ginetans, who say that Britomartis was\nseen in their island. And she is called Aph\u00e6a in \u00c6gina, but Dictynna\nin Crete. And the mountain Pan-Hellenium has nothing of note but the\ntemple of Zeus, which they say \u00c6acus erected. As to what concerns\nAuxesia and Lamia, how there was no rain at Epidaurus, and how after\nreceiving olive trees from Athens they made wooden statues according to\nthe bidding of the oracle, and how the Epidaurians did not pay to the\nAthenians their charge for the \u00c6ginetans having these statues, and how\nthe Athenians who crossed over to \u00c6gina to exact payment perished, all\nthis has been told accurately and circumstantially by Herodotus. I do\nnot therefore care to write again what has been so well told before,\nbut this much I may say that I have seen the statues and sacrificed to\nthem as they are accustomed to sacrifice at Eleusis.\n\n  Let so much suffice for \u00c6gina, and \u00c6acus and his exploits. And\nnext to Epidauria come the people of Tr\u0153zen, who are proud of their\ncountry if any people are. And they say that Orus was a native of\ntheir country. To me however the name Orus seems decidedly Egyptian\nand not at all Greek. However they say he was their king, and that the\ncountry was called Or\u00e6a after him, and Althepus the son of Poseidon\nby Leis the daughter of Orus, succeeding to Orus, called the country\nAlthepia. When he was king they say that Athene and Poseidon had a\ndispute about the country, and resolved to hold it in common, for so\nZeus ordered them to do. And so they worship Athene under the names\nPolias and Sthenias, and Poseidon under the name of king. And so their\nancient coins have on them a trident and the head of Athene. And next\nto Althepus Saron was king, who they say built the temple to Saronian\nArtemis near the sea where it was muddy on the surface, insomuch that\nit was called the Ph\u0153b\u00e6an marsh. And it chanced that Saron, who was\nvery fond of hunting, was pursuing a stag and followed it to the sea\nas it fled. And it swam further and further from the land, and Saron\ncontinued to follow it up, till in his impetuosity he got out to open\nsea, and, as he was by now tired, and the waves were too much for him,\nhe was drowned. And his dead body was cast on shore on the Ph\u0153b\u00e6an\nmarsh, and they buried him in the grove of Artemis, and they call the\nsea here after him the Saronian marsh instead of the Ph\u0153b\u00e6an. The\nnames of the kings that followed him they do not know till Hyperes and\nAnthas, who they say were the sons of Poseidon by Alcyone the daughter\nof Atlas, and built the cities in that country called Hyperea and\nAnthea. And Aetius the son of Anthas, succeeding his father and uncle\nin the kingdom, called one of these two cities Poseidonias. And when\nTr\u0153zen and Pittheus joined Aetius, there were three kings instead of\none, and the sons of Pelops were the stronger. And this proves it.\nAfter the death of Tr\u0153zen Pittheus joined together Hyperea and Anthea,\nand combined the inhabitants into one city, which he called Tr\u0153zen from\nthe name of his brother. And many years afterwards the descendants\nof Aetius, the son of Anthas, were sent on a colony from Tr\u0153zen, and\ncolonized Halicarnassus in Caria, and Myndus. And the sons of Tr\u0153zen,\nAnaphlystus and Sphettus, migrated to Attica, and gave their names to\ntwo townships. And as regards Theseus the son of Pittheus\u2019 daughter I\ndo not write to people who know all the history. But I must narrate\nthus much. When the Heraclid\u00e6 returned to the Peloponnese the people\nof Tr\u0153zen received as colonists the Dorians from Argos, having been\nformerly subject to the Argives. And Homer in his catalogue says that\nthey were under the rule of Diomede. Diomede at least and Euryalus the\nson of Mecisteus, who were Regents for Cyanippus the son of \u00c6gialeus,\nled the Argives to Troy. But Sthenelus, as I have shown before, was of\nmore illustrious birth, being of the family of the Anaxagorid\u00e6, and\nthe kingdom of the Argives was more his by right. Such are all the\nhistorical details about Tr\u0153zen, except a list of the cities which\nare said to have been colonized from Tr\u0153zen. I will now describe the\ncontents of the temples and other notable things in Tr\u0153zen.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXI.\n\n\nIn the market-place is a temple, and statues, of Artemis the Saviour.\nAnd it is said that Theseus built it and called her Saviour, when he\nreturned from Crete after having killed Asterion the son of Minos. This\nseems to me to have been the most notable of all his exploits, not\nso much because Asterion excelled in bravery all who were killed by\nTheseus, but because he escaped the hidden snares of the labyrinth, and\nall this makes it clear that Theseus and his companions were saved by\nprovidence. In this temple are altars of the gods said to rule in the\nlower world: and they say that Semele was brought here from Hades by\nDionysus, and that Hercules brought Cerberus here from Hades. But I do\nnot think that Semele died at all, as she was the wife of Zeus: and as\nto Cerberus I shall elsewhere tell what I think.\n\n  And behind the temple there is a monument of Pittheus, and three\nseats are on it of white stone: and Pittheus and two others with\nhim are said to be giving sentence on these seats. And at no great\ndistance is a temple of the Muses, built they say by Ardalus, the son\nof Heph\u00e6stus: who they think discovered the use of the flute, and so\nthey call the Muses Ardalian after him. Here they say Pittheus taught\nthe art of language, and I have myself read a book written by Pittheus,\nthat was given me by an Epidaurian. And not far from, the temple of\nthe Muses is an ancient altar, erected as they say also by Ardalus. And\nthey sacrifice on it to the Muses and Sleep, saying that Sleep is the\ngod most friendly to the Muses. And near the theatre is a temple of\nLycean Artemis, which Hippolytus built. Why the goddess was so called I\ncould not find from the antiquarians, but it seems to me it was either\nbecause Hippolytus drove out the wolves that ravaged Tr\u0153zen and the\nneighbourhood, or that it was a title of Artemis among the Amazons, of\nwhom his mother was one. Or there may be some other explanation which I\ndo not know. And the stone in front of the temple called the holy stone\nwas they say the stone on which formerly the 9 men of Tr\u0153zen cleared\nOrestes of the murder of his mother. And not far from the temple of\nLycean Artemis are altars at no great distance from one another.\n\n  The first of them is one of Dionysus, called Saviour in accordance\nwith some oracle, and the second is called Themidon, Pittheus dedicated\nit they say. And they very likely built an altar to the Sun the\nLiberator when they escaped the slavery of Xerxes and the Persians. And\nthey say Pittheus built the temple of Thearian Apollo, which is the\noldest of all I know. There is indeed an old temple of Athene among\nthe Phocians in Ionia, which Harpagus the Persian burnt, old also is\nthe temple of Pythian Apollo among the Samians, but far later are both\nthan this one at Tr\u0153zen. And the statue of the god is still to be seen,\nthe votive offering of Auliscus, and the design of Hermon of Tr\u0153zen,\nwho also made wooden statues of the Dioscuri. And there are also in\nthe porch in the market-place stone statues of the women and children\nwhom the Athenians committed to the charge of the people of Tr\u0153zen,\nwhen they resolved to leave Athens, and not to encounter the attack of\nthe Mede with a land force. And they are said to have put here statues\nnot of all those women, for they are not many here, but only of those\nwho were especially remarkable for merit. And there is a building in\nfront of the temple of Apollo, called the tent of Orestes. For before\nhe was cleared of his mother\u2019s blood, none of the people of Tr\u0153zen\nwould receive him in their houses: but they put him here and gradually\ncleared him and fed him here, till the expiatory rites were completed.\nAnd to this day the descendants of those that cleared him feast here on\nappointed days. And the expiations having been buried not far from this\ntent, they say a laurel sprang up from them, which is still to be seen\nin front of the tent. And they say that Orestes among other purgations\nused water from Hippocrene. For the people of Tr\u0153zen have a well called\nHippocrene, and the tradition about it is the same as the B\u0153otian\ntradition. For they too say that water sprang up from the ground when\nPegasus touched the ground with his hoof, and that Bellerophon came to\nTr\u0153zen to ask for \u00c6thra as his wife from Pittheus, but it so chanced\nthat before the marriage came off he fled from Corinth.\n\n  And there is here a statue of Hermes called Polygius, and they say\nHercules offered his club to it, and the club was of wild olive, and,\n(believe it who will,) sprouted in the earth and grew, and is now a\ntree, for Hercules they say discovered the wild olive in the Saronian\nmarsh and cut a club of it. There is also a temple of Zeus Soter, built\nthey say by King Aetius the son of Anthas. And they call their river\nChrysorrhoe (_golden stream_), for when there was a drought in the land\nand no rain for nine years, and all other water they say dried up, this\nChrysorrhoe continued to flow as usual.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXII.\n\n\nAnd Hippolytus the son of Theseus has precincts and a temple in them\nand ancient statue. Diomede they say erected all these, and was the\nfirst to sacrifice to Hippolytus: and the people of Tr\u0153zen have\na priest of Hippolytus who serves for life, and they have yearly\nsacrifices, and the following custom. Every maiden cuts off a lock of\nher hair before marriage, and takes it and offers it at this temple.\nAnd they don\u2019t represent Hippolytus as having died through being torn\nin pieces by his horses, nor do they point out his tomb if they know\nit: but they try to make out that Hippolytus is called in heaven\nthe Charioteer, and has this honour from the gods. And within his\nprecincts is the temple of Apollo Epibaterius, the votive offering of\nDiomede when he escaped the storm which fell on the Greeks as they were\nreturning from Ilium: they say also that Diomede first established\nthe Pythian games in honour of Apollo. And as to Lamia and Auxesia\n(for they also have their share of honour) the people of Tr\u0153zen do\nnot give the same account as the Epidaurians and \u00c6ginetans, but say\nthat they were virgins who came from Crete, and in a general commotion\nin the city were stoned by one of the rival factions, and they have\na festival to them called Stonethrowing. And in another part of the\nprecincts is what is called Hippolytus\u2019 race-course, and overlooking\nit a temple of Peeping Aphrodite: where, when Hippolytus was training,\nPh\u00e6dra would gaze at him in her love. Here too grows the myrtle with\nthe leaves pricked, as I described before: for when Ph\u00e6dra was in\ndespair and found no relief for her love-pains, she wreaked her agony\non the leaves of the myrtle. And Ph\u00e6dra\u2019s tomb is here, not very far\nfrom the monument of Hippolytus, or that myrtle tree. And there is a\nstatue of \u00c6sculapius by Timotheus, but the people of Tr\u0153zen say it is\nnot \u00c6sculapius but Hippolytus. I saw also the house of Hippolytus, and\nin front of it is what is called the Well of Hercules, the water (as\nthe people of Tr\u0153zen say) which Hercules discovered. And in the citadel\nthere is a temple of Athene Sthenias, the wooden statue of the goddess\nis by Callon of \u00c6gina; who was the pupil of Tect\u00e6us and Angelion, who\ndesigned the statue of Apollo at Delos; and they were pupils of Dip\u0153nus\nand Scyllis. And as you go down from thence you come to the temple of\nPan the Deliverer, for he shewed dreams to the chief people of the\nTr\u0153zenians which brought about deliverance from the plague, which\npressed so hard on the Athenians. And in the environs of Tr\u0153zen you\nwill see a temple of Isis, and above it one of Aphrodite of the Height:\nthe temple the Halicarnassians built for Tr\u0153zen their mother city; but\nthe statue of Isis was a votive offering of the people of Tr\u0153zen.\n\n  As you go along the mountains to Hermione you see the source of\nthe river Hyllicus, which was originally called Taurius, and a rock\ncalled Theseus\u2019 rock, which used in former times to be called the altar\nof Sthenian Zeus, but had its name changed to Theseus\u2019 rock because\nTheseus found under it the shoes and sword of \u00c6geus. And near this rock\nis the temple of Bridal Aphrodite, which was built by Theseus when\nhe married Helen. And outside the walls is a temple of Fruit-giving\nPoseidon: for they say that Poseidon in wrath threatened to make their\nland fruitless, by casting brine on the seeds and roots of their\nplants, till mollified by their sacrifices and prayers he sent brine on\ntheir land no longer. And above the temple of Poseidon is Law-giving\nDemeter, which was built they say by Althepus. And as you descend to\nthe harbour near what is called Celenderis, is the place which they\ncall Natal-place, because they say Theseus was born there. And in front\nof this place is a temple of Ares on the spot where Theseus conquered\nthe Amazons in battle: they must have been some of that band who fought\nin Attica with Theseus and the Athenians. And as you go towards the\nPsiph\u00e6an sea there is a wild olive tree called twisted _Rhachus_. The\npeople of Tr\u0153zen give that name to every kind of olive that bears no\nfruit, whether its general name is \u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, or \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, or \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2. And\nthey call it twisted because, the reins catching in it, the chariot\nof Hippolytus got overturned. And at no great distance from this is\nthe temple of Saronian Artemis, about which I have already given an\naccount. But this much more shall be stated, that they keep an annual\nfeast called Saronia to Artemis.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXIII.\n\n\nOf the islands near Tr\u0153zen one is so close to the mainland, that you\ncan wade over to it at low water. It was called Sph\u00e6ria in former days,\nand _Sacred_ for the following reason. It contains the tomb of Sph\u00e6rus,\nwho they say was the charioteer of Pelops. He had a dream from Athene,\nthat \u00c6thra crossed over into the island with offerings for the dead,\nand when she crossed over there \u2019tis said that Poseidon had an intrigue\nwith her. Accordingly \u00c6thra built a temple here to _Injurious Athene_,\nand called the island _Sacred_ instead of Sph\u00e6ria: she also imposed\nthe custom on the maidens of Tr\u0153zen that they should before marriage\ndedicate their maiden-girdle to _Injurious Athene_. And they say the\nisland Calaurea was in ancient days sacred to Apollo, when Delphi\nbelonged to Poseidon, it is also said that they exchanged these places\nwith one another. And they produce in support of their statement the\nfollowing oracle,\n\n    \u201cIt is all one whether you dwell at Delos or Calaurea\n    At sacred Pytho or the wind-swept T\u00e6narus.\u201d\n\n  There is also at Calaurea a sacred temple to Poseidon, and the\npriestess is a maiden till the period for marriage. And within the\nprecincts is the tomb of Demosthenes. Fortune seems to have shown\nespecial malignity to Demosthenes as earlier to Homer, since Homer was\nnot only blind but overwhelmed by such poverty that he was a strolling\nbeggar on every soil, and Demosthenes in his old age had to taste the\nbitterness of exile, and came to a violent end. Much has been said\nabout Demosthenes by others and by himself, by which it is clear that\nhe had no share in the money which Harpalus brought from Asia, but\nwhat was said afterwards I will relate. Harpalus, after having fled\nfrom Athens and crossed over with the fleet to Crete, was murdered\nnot long afterwards by some of his attendant slaves: but some say\nhe was treacherously murdered by the Macedonian Pausanias. And the\ndispenser of the money fled to Rhodes, and was arrested by Philoxenus\nthe Macedonian, who had also demanded the extradition of Harpalus\nfrom the Athenians. And getting this lad he cross-questioned him,\nuntil he obtained full intelligence of those who had had any money\nfrom Harpalus: and when he ascertained their names he sent letters to\nAthens. Although in those letters he enumerated the names of those who\nhad had any money from Harpalus, and the precise sum which each of\nthem had, he made no mention whatever of Demosthenes, though he was\nmost bitterly hated by Alexander, and although Philoxenus himself was\nprivately his enemy. Demosthenes had honours paid to him in other parts\nof Greece also as well as by the inhabitants of Calaurea.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXIV.\n\n\nIn the Tr\u0153zenian district there is an isthmus jutting out some way into\nthe sea, and on it has been built a small town near the sea called\nMethana. And there is a temple of Isis there, and a statue in the\nmarket-place of Hermes, and another of Hercules. And at the distance of\nabout 30 stades from this small town are some warm baths. And they say\nthat water first appeared there when Antigonus, the son of Demetrius,\nwas King of the Macedonians, and water did not first appear, but fire\nbubbled up from the ground, and when this burnt itself out then water\nbegan to flow, which bubbles up even to this day warm and very salt.\nAnd if one bathes here the water is not cold near the shore, but if\nyou go well out to sea swimming is dangerous, for there are many kinds\nof sea-monsters and especially sea dogs. But the most wonderful thing\nat Methana I will now record. The South West Wind when the vines are\ngrowing blows upon them from the Saronic Gulf, and scorches them up.\nAnd when the wind is still sweeping down on them, two men take a cock\nwith white feathers only, and tear it in half, and run round the vines\nin different directions, each with half the cock, and when they come\nback to the place where they started, they bury it there. This is their\ninvention and contrivance against the South West Wind. The little\nislands, which lie just off the coast, 9 in number, they call the\nislands of Pelops, and they say when it rains rain never comes on one\nof them. Whether this is so I do not know, but the people about Methana\nsay so, and I have heard of people trying to avert hail by sacrifices\nand incantations. Methana then is an Isthmus in the Peloponnese: and\ninside the Tr\u0153zenian Isthmus is the neighbouring town of Hermione. And\nthe people of Hermione say that the founder of the old city was one\nHermion the son of Europs. And this Europs, who was certainly the son\nof Phoroneus, was said by Herophanes of Tr\u0153zen to be illegitimate, on\nthe ground that the kingdom of Argos would not have come to Argus the\ndaughter\u2019s son of Phoroneus, had Phoroneus had a legitimate son. But,\neven if Europs was legitimate and died before Phoroneus, I know very\nwell that a son of his would not have been considered equal to Niobe\u2019s\nson, who was reckoned to be the son of Zeus. And afterwards Dorians\nfrom Argos colonized Hermione, but amicably I think, for had there been\na war it would have been mentioned by the Argives.\n\n  And there is a road to Hermione from Tr\u0153zen along the rock which was\nformerly called the altar of Zeus Sthenius, but after Theseus removed\nthe shoes and sword of \u00c6geus, it was called Theseus\u2019 rock. As you go\nby this rock on the mountain side, you come to the temple of Apollo\ncalled _The God of the Plane-Trees_, and the hamlet is called Ilei,\nand in it are temples of Demeter and her daughter Proserpine. And near\nthe sea, on the border of the territory of Hermione, is a temple of\nDemeter under the title Thermasia. And at the distance of about eighty\nstades is the promontory called Scyll\u00e6um from Scylla, the daughter\nof Nisus. For after Minos took Nis\u00e6a and Megara through her treason,\nhe refused to marry her though he had promised, and even ordered the\nCretans to throw her overboard, and the tide washed her dead body on\nto this promontory. And they exhibit no tomb of her, for they say that\nher body was neglected, and carried away by sea birds bit by bit. And\nas you sail from Scyll\u00e6um in the direction of the city is another\npromontory called Bucephala, and next to it 3 islands, of which the\nfirst is Haliusa, which affords a convenient harbour for ships to ride\nat anchor, and next is Pityusa, and the third they call Arister\u00e6. And\nas you coast along by these islands, there is another promontory called\nColyergia jutting out from the mainland, and next it an island called\nTricrana, and a mountain Buporthmus jutting out into the sea from the\nPeloponnese. And at Buporthmus is a temple of Demeter and Proserpine,\nand also one of Athene under the title Promachorma. And in front of\nBuporthmus lies an island called Aperopia. And at no great distance\nfrom Aperopia is another island called Hydrea. And the shore on the\nmainland opposite these islands extends in a crescent shape, and is\nrocky from the easterly direction close to the sea as far as the temple\nof Poseidon, but slopes at the westerly end of the bay, where it has\nits harbours. The length of this rocky headland is about seven stades,\nand the breadth in the broadest part about three stades or a little\nmore. Here was the old town of Hermione. And even now there are several\ntemples there, one of Poseidon at the commencement of the headland,\nand as you go from the sea to the heights a temple of Athene, and near\nit some remains of a race-course, where they say the sons of Tyndareus\nused to practise. There is also another small temple of Athene, but\nthe roof has fallen in. And there is a temple to the Sun, and another\nto the Graces, and another to Serapis and Isis. And there is a circle\nof huge unhewn stones, and inside this circle they perform the sacred\nrites of Demeter. Such are the objects to be seen at the old town of\nHermione. But the new town is at about four stades\u2019 distance from the\npromontory on which there is the temple of Poseidon, and it lies on a\ngentle slope as you ascend the hill called Pron, for that is its name.\nThere is a wall all round Hermione. And it has various objects of\ninterest, but what I select as most worthy of record are the temple of\nMarine Aphrodite and Aphrodite of the Harbour, and a statue of white\nstone of huge size, and a work of art. And there is another temple of\nAphrodite, which has other honours from the people of Hermione and\nthis special one, that maidens or widows intending to marry must all\nsacrifice here before their marriage. And Thermasian Demeter has two\ntemples, one on the borders of Tr\u0153zen as I have before said, and one in\nnew Hermione.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXV.\n\n\nAnd next is a temple of Dionysus Melan\u00e6gis, in whose honour they have a\nmusical contest every year, and give prizes for diving and rowing. And\nthere is a temple of Artemis under the name of Iphigenia, and a statue\nof Poseidon in bronze with one foot on a dolphin. And as you proceed\nto the temple of Vesta, you find no statue, but an altar on which they\nsacrifice to Vesta. And there are three temples and three statues of\nApollo: one has no title, the second is called Pyth\u00e6an Apollo, and\nthe third Apollo of the Borders. The name Pyth\u00e6an they borrowed from\nthe Argives: for Telesilla says that to their country first of all\nthe Greeks came Pyth\u00e6us the son of Apollo. But why they call the god\nApollo of the Borders I cannot precisely tell, but I conjecture that\nhaving obtained victory either by war or litigation in reference to the\nborders, they honoured for this Apollo of the Borders. And the temple\nof Fortune is they say the latest one that the people of Hermione have,\nthe statue is colossal in Parian marble. And they have two wells, one\nan old one into which the water flows by a hidden channel, but it would\nnever grow dry, not even if all the population were to come and drink\nof it: and another dug in our day, and the name of the place from which\nthe water flows into it is Meadow. But the temple most worthy of notice\nis that of Demeter on the Pron. This temple the people of Hermione say\nwas built by Clymenus, the son of Phoroneus, and by Chthonia the sister\nof Clymenus. And the Argives say, when Demeter came to Argolis, that\nAtheras and Mysius offered the goddess hospitality, but Colontas would\nneither receive her into his house, nor pay her any other attention:\nand in this he acted very much against the wish of his daughter\nChthonia. And Colontas they say for this conduct was burnt house and\nall, but Chthonia was conveyed to Hermione by Demeter, and built the\ntemple there to Demeter. And Demeter is called Chthonia there, and the\nannual festival held in her honour in the season of summer is called\nChthonia too. And they keep the festival in this wise. The priests of\nthe gods and all the town authorities for the year lead the procession,\nand the women and men follow. It is customary for boys too to honour\nthe goddess by a procession, in which they take part clothed in white,\nand with garlands on their heads plaited of the flower which they call\nhere _cosmosandalum_, but which seems to me from size and colour to\nresemble the hyacinth, it has also on its petals the same mournful\nletters. And the procession is followed by some people who lead a full\ngrown heifer from the herd, tightly bound with ropes and curvetting\nwildly. Some drag this heifer to the temple and unfasten the ropes so\nas to let it inside, while others keep the doors open till they see\nthe heifer inside, and then shut them. And four old women are waiting\ninside, and they finish the heifer. For whoever can get the chance\ncuts its throat with a sickle. And afterwards the doors are opened,\nand those who have this duty drive up a second, third, and even fourth\nheifer. The women finish them all off in the same way, and then this\nfresh wonder is added to the sacrifice: on whichever side the first\nheifer falls all must fall. This is the way in which the sacrifice is\nperformed by the people of Hermione. And in front of the temple there\nare a few statues of women who have been priestesses of Demeter, and as\nyou enter in there are seats on which the old women sit, waiting for\neach heifer to be driven in, and there are some statues not very old\nof Athene and Demeter. But the special object of their worship neither\nhave I seen nor any man, whether stranger or native of Hermione. These\nold women only know what it is.\n\n  There is also another temple: and there are statues all round it.\nThis temple is opposite the temple of Chthonia, and is called the\ntemple of Clymenus, to whom they sacrifice here. I don\u2019t think Clymenus\nis the name of an Argive that came to Hermione, but the title of a god\nwho according to the tradition was a king in the infernal regions. Hard\nby is another temple and statue of Ares. On the right of the temple of\nChthonia is a porch, called by the natives Echo, as a man\u2019s slightest\nwhisper is repeated thrice. And behind the temple of Chthonia are\nsome places which the people of Hermione call, one Clymenus\u2019 place,\nand another Pluto\u2019s place, and a third the Acherusian marsh. They\nare all fenced in with a wall of stone: and in Clymenus\u2019 place there\nis a hole in the ground, through which Hercules brought up Cerberus\naccording to the tradition of the people of Hermione. And near the gate\nfrom which the road leads straight to Mases, is a temple of Ilithyia\nwithin the walls. They propitiate the goddess Ilithyia in various ways\nevery day with sacrifices and incense, and to her are most of the\nvotive offerings given, but her statue no one may look at except her\npriestesses.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXVI.\n\n\nAbout seven stades on the high road to Mases, as you turn to the left,\nis the road to Halice. Halice in our days is deserted, but it was\nformerly inhabited, and is mentioned on the pillars of the Epidaurians,\nwhich record the cures wrought by \u00c6sculapius. I know of nothing else\nworthy of record, either of the place or its population. And the\nroad that leads to it passes between Pron and another mountain that\nin old times was called Thornax. But because of the legendary change\nof Zeus into the cuckoo they say its name was changed to Coccygium\n(_Cuckoo-mountain_). And there are temples on the tops of both these\nmountains, one of Zeus on the top of Coccygium, and one of Hera on the\ntop of Pron. That at Coccygium is at the end of the mountain, and it\nhas neither doors nor roof, nor any statue in it, and it was said to be\nApollo\u2019s temple. And near it is a road to Mases as you take the turn to\nthe right. And Mases was a town in old times, as Homer has mentioned\nit in his catalogue of the Argives, and the people of Hermione use\nit as their port now. And from Mases there is a road on the right to\nthe promontory called Struthus, and it is about 250 stades from this\npromontory along the mountain passes to what is called Philanorium and\nto Bolei. Bolei consists of layers of unhewn stones. And another place\nwhich they call Didymi is 20 stades from Bolei. At Didymi there is a\ntemple of Apollo, and another of Poseidon, and another of Demeter: and\ntheir statues are erect, in white stone.\n\n  As you go from thence you come to the district of the Argives\nformerly called Asin\u00e6a from its chief town Asine, the ruins of which\nare near the sea. And when the Laced\u00e6monians under their king Nicander,\nthe son of Charillus, the son of Polydectes, the son of Eunomus, the\nson of Prytanis, the son of Eurypon, invaded Argolis with an army, the\npeople of Asine joined them, and ravaged with them the territory of\nthe Argives. But when the Laced\u00e6monian force went home again, then the\nArgives and their king Eratus marched against Asine. And for some time\nthe people of Asine defended their walls, and slew several of the most\nvaliant of the Argives and among them Lysistratus, but when their walls\nwere carried, then they put their wives and children on shipboard and\nleft the town, and the Argives razed it to the ground, and added it to\ntheir territory, but they left the temple of Apollo standing, and it is\nnow to be seen, and they buried Lysistratus near it.\n\n  Now the sea at Lerna[29] is about 40 stades from Argos. And as you\ngo down to Lerna you first come to the river Erasinus, which flows\ninto the Phrixus, and the Phrixus into the sea between Temenium and\nLerna. And as you turn from the Erasinus about 8 stades to the left\nthere is a temple of the Dioscuri called the Kings: and their statues\nare of wood just like those in the city. And as you turn to the right\nyou cross the Erasinus, and come to the river Chimarrus. And near it\nis a circle of stones, and here (so the story goes) Pluto, after the\nRape of Proserpine the daughter of Demeter, descended to his supposed\nunderground realms. Now Lerna is, as I have previously said, by the\nsea, and they have rites here to Demeter of Lerna. And there is a\nsacred grove beginning at the mountain which they call Pontinus. And\nthis mountain Pontinus does not let the rain flow off, but absorbs it.\nThough the river Pontinus does indeed flow from it. And on the top of\nthe mountain is the temple of Saitian Athene, only ruins now, and the\nfoundations of the house of Hippomedon, who accompanied Polynices the\nson of \u0152dipus in his attempt against Thebes.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXVII.\n\n\nAnd the grove of plane-trees beginning at this mountain extends most of\nthe way to the sea, bounded on one side by the river Pontinus, and on\nthe other by the river Amymone, which gets its name from the daughter\nof Danaus. And inside the grove are statues of Demeter Prosymne and\nDionysus, and the statue of Demeter is seated and not a large one.\nThese are of stone: but in another temple there is a wooden one of\nDionysus the Saviour seated; and a stone statue of Aphrodite near the\nsea, which they say was a votive offering of the daughters of Danaus,\nand Danaus himself erected the temple of Athene near the Pontinus.\nAnd they say that Philhammon was the founder of the rites at Lerna.\nThe traditions about these mysteries are manifestly not very ancient.\nAnd what I have heard was written on a heart made of orichalcum; this\nArriphon could not have got from Philhammon, for Arriphon was a native\nof Triconium in \u00c6tolia, and held in most repute of all the Lycians in\nour time, and a clever fellow at finding out what nobody before knew,\nand who no doubt found this out for himself. The verses and all the\nprose mixed up with the verses were in Doric: but before the return of\nthe Heraclid\u00e6 to the Peloponnese the Argives used the same dialect as\nthe Athenians. And in the days of Philhammon I do not believe that even\nthe name of Dorians was known throughout all Greece. This proves my\ncase.\n\n  And near the source of the Amymone grows a plane-tree, under which\nthey say the hydra was reared. I believe that this beast was larger in\nsize than other water-snakes, and that its poison was so venomous that\nHercules dipped the points of his arrows in its gall, but I cannot help\nthinking it had only one head and not more. But Pisander of Camirus,\nthat the beast might appear more formidable and so add lustre to his\npoem, described it as having many heads. I have seen also the well of\nAmphiaraus and the Alcyonian marsh, by which the Argives say Dionysus\ndescended to Hades to fetch up Semele, for Polymnus shewed him the\ndescent. There is indeed no end to the depth of the Alcyonian marsh,\nnor do I know of any man who by any device ever got to the bottom of\nit, since even Nero, though he got and fastened together ropes many\nstades long, and put a piece of lead and other apparatus for sounding\nat the end, never could arrive at an accurate knowledge of its depth. I\nhave also heard that though the water of the marsh, as you would infer\nfrom looking at it, is calm and quiet, if anyone ventures to swim in\nit, it is sure to drag him down and suck him underneath to the bottom.\nThe circuit of the lake is not large, only about a third of a stade,\nand on its banks are grass and reeds. But the nightly rites which take\nplace near it annually I am not permitted to write for public reading.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXVIII.\n\n\nAnd as you go from Lerna to Temenium--now Temenium belongs to the\nArgives, and gets its name from Temenus the son of Aristomachus: for\nhe occupied and fortified the place, when he fought with the Dorians\nagainst Tisamenus and the Ach\u00e6ans from this base--the river Phrixus\nhas its outlet into the sea, and there is a temple of Poseidon at\nTemenium and another of Aphrodite, and there is a monument of Temenus\nwhich is honoured by the Dorians at Argos. And about 50 stades I should\nsay from Temenium is Nauplia, deserted in our day, it was founded by\nNauplius who is reputed to have been the son of Poseidon and Amymone.\nAnd there are still some remains of walls at Nauplia, and a temple\nof Poseidon and a harbour, and a well called Canathus: in which the\nArgives say Hera bathes every year and becomes a virgin again. This is\na tradition in connection with the secret rites which they perform to\nHera. And the traditions of the people of Nauplia about the ass, that\nby gnawing twigs off the vine it makes the produce more abundant, (and\nconsequently they have an ass carved on the rock as having taught the\nart of pruning vines), I pass over deeming them unworthy of mention.\nThere is also another road going from Lerna by the seaside to a place\nwhich they call Genesium: and near the sea close to Genesium there is\na small temple of Poseidon. And close to this is another place called\nLanding-place: for according to tradition this was the first place in\nArgolis where Danaus and his sons landed. And as you go on from thence\nis a place called Anigr\u00e6a, on a road narrow and difficult of access.\nIt is on the left hand and extends to the sea, and is a good soil for\ntrees especially olive trees. And as you go up to the mainland there\nis a place called Thyrea, where 300 picked men of the Argives fought\nwith 300 picked men of the Laced\u00e6monians for the possession of the\nland. And as they were all killed except one Spartan and two Argives,\nthe tombs of those that fell in the action were piled up here, but\nthe Laced\u00e6monians afterwards got a firm footing at the place, as they\nfought in full force with the Argives, and enjoyed it themselves for\na time, and afterwards gave it to the \u00c6ginetans who had been driven\nout of \u00c6gina by the Athenians. And in my day the Argives inhabited\nthe district of Thyrea, and they say that they recovered it justly by\nconquest. Next to that burial-ground you come to Athene, where those\n\u00c6ginetans dwelt, and another village Neris, and a third Eua, the\nlargest of the three villages, and Polemocrates has a temple in it.\nHe was the son of Machaon, and brother of Alexanor, and he heals the\npeople here, and has divine honours from the inhabitants. And beyond\nthese villages extends Mount Parnon, which is the boundary between the\nLaced\u00e6monians and Argives and people of Tegea. And some stone Herm\u00e6\nstand as border stones to mark the boundaries, and the place gets its\nname from them. And there is a river called Tanaus, the only river\nwhich flows from Mount Parnon. It flows through Argive territory into\nthe Thyreatic gulf.\n\n\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[13] Iliad xvi. 490, 491, cf. also Hes. Th. 444.\n\n[14] Odyss., xi. 261-65.\n\n[15] Iliad, ii. 117.\n\n[16] Hesiod. _Works and Days._ 265. Cf. also Ovid, A.A. i. 655, 656.\n\n[17] \u201cInventus forsan eodem modo est quo Eurotas, iii. i.\u201d _Siebelis_.\n\n[18] Iliad, ii. 571.\n\n[19] Hymn to Demeter, 474-476.\n\n[20] ii. 120.\n\n[21] See the story told by Addison, _Spectator_, No. 483.\n\n[22] Hdt. vi. 77.\n\n[23] The word _Gorgon_ means _grim_, terrible.\n\n[24] Il. xxiv. 609.\n\n[25] See Il. v. 127, 128.\n\n[26] Il. ix. 457.\n\n[27] Iliad, ii. 571.\n\n[28] Iliad, iv. 193, 194. Is Pausanias nodding here?\n\n[29] _Qu._ \u201cNow Lerna by the sea\u201d (\u1f21 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u039b\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1). Cf. a little\nbelow.\n\n\n\n\nBOOK III.--LACONIA.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER I.\n\n\nNext to the Herm\u00e6 comes Laconia on the West. And according to the\nLaced\u00e6monian tradition Lelex the _autochthon_ first reigned in this\nland, and the people over whom he ruled were called after him Leleges.\nAnd Lelex\u2019 sons were Myles and a younger son Polycaon. Where Polycaon\nwent to and why I shall relate elsewhere. But on the death of Myles his\nson Eurotas succeeded him in the kingdom. He diverted to the sea by a\ncanal all the stagnant water that filled the plain, and as it flowed\nto the sea in mighty volume and became a noble river, he called it the\nEurotas. As he had no male children he left the kingdom to Laced\u00e6mon,\nwhose mother was Taygete, (who gave her name to the mountain Taygetus),\nand reputed father Zeus. And Laced\u00e6mon married Sparta the daughter of\nEurotas, and when he succeeded to the kingdom he first gave the country\nand inhabitants his own name, and then built and gave his wife\u2019s name\nto the city Sparta, which is so called even to our day. And Amyclas\nhis son, wishing also himself to leave a memorial behind him, built\nthe little town Amycl\u00e6 in Laconia. And of his sons Hyacinthus, the\nyoungest and most handsome, died in his father\u2019s lifetime, and there\nis a monument of him at Amycl\u00e6 close to the statue of Apollo. And on\nthe death of Amyclas the succession devolved upon Argalus his eldest\nson, and after the death of Argalus upon Cynortas. And Cynortas had\na son called \u0152balus. He married Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus\nfrom Argos, and had a son Tyndareus, with whom Hippocoon contended for\nthe kingdom, claiming it on the ground of seniority. And Icarius and\nhis party espousing Hippocoon\u2019s cause, he far exceeded Tyndareus in\npower, and compelled him to retire from fear to Pellene, according to\nthe Laced\u00e6monian account. But the account of the Messenians is that\nTyndareus fled to Aphareus in Messenia, and that Aphareus was the son\nof Perieres and the uterine brother of Tyndareus: and they say he dwelt\nat Thalam\u00e6 in Messenia, and had sons born to him there. And some time\nafterwards he was restored by Hercules and recovered his kingdom. And\nhis sons reigned after him, as well as his son-in-law Menelaus the\nson of Atreus, and Orestes the husband of Hermione the daughter of\nMenelaus. But when the Heraclid\u00e6 returned in the reign of Tisamenus\nthe son of Orestes, one party in Messene and Argos made Temenus king,\nand another section Cresphontes. And in Laced\u00e6mon as Aristodemus had\ntwins there were two royal houses, and they say this was in accordance\nwith the oracle at Delphi. And they say that Aristodemus died at\nDelphi before the Dorians returned to the Peloponnese. Some indeed,\nmagnifying their own history, say that Aristodemus was shot with\narrows by Apollo, because he had not gone to the oracle, but consulted\nHercules whom he chanced to meet first, as to how the Dorians should\nreturn to the Peloponnese. But the truer account is that the sons of\nPylades and Electra, who were cousins of Tisamenus the son of Orestes,\nmurdered Aristodemus. The names of his two sons were Procles and\nEurysthenes, who though they were twins were in most respects very\nunlike one another. But though they hated one another very cordially,\nyet they jointly combined with Theras, the son of Autesion, their\nArgive mother\u2019s brother, and their Regent, in establishing a colony\nat the island which was then called Calliste, Theras hoping that the\ndescendants of Membliarus would abandon the kingdom of their own free\nwill, as in fact they did, reckoning that Theras\u2019 pedigree went up to\nCadmus, whereas they were only descendants of Membliarus, a private\nindividual whom Cadmus left in the island as leader of the colonists.\nAnd Theras gave his own name to the island instead of Calliste, and the\npeople of Thera even now yearly offer victims to him as their founder.\nAnd Procles and Eurysthenes vied with one another in their zeal for\ncarrying out the wishes of Theras, but in all other respects were at\nvariance together. Not that, even if they had been one in heart and\nmind, I could have put all their descendants into one common pedigree,\nas cousin with cousin, and cousins\u2019 children, with cousins\u2019 children,\nand so on, that to the latest posterity they should arithmetically\ndovetail in with one another. I shall therefore pursue the history of\neach family separately, and not mix up the two together in one account.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER II.\n\n\nEurysthenes, the eldest of the sons of Aristodemus, had a son Agis they\nsay: (and from him they call the descendants of Eurysthenes Agid\u00e6).\nDuring his reign, when Patreus the son of Preugenes founded the city in\nAchaia called to this day Patr\u00e6 after him, the Laced\u00e6monians took part\nin that colony. They cooperated also with Grais, the son of Echelas,\nthe son of Penthilus, the son of Orestes, who was sailing with a fleet\nto make a colony somewhere or other. And he indeed was destined to\noccupy the country between Ionia and Mysia, which is in our day called\n\u00c6olis: his grandfather Penthilus had already occupied Lesbos, the\nisland opposite this mainland. And during the reign of Echestratus the\nson of Agis at Sparta the Laced\u00e6monians expelled all the Cynurians that\nwere in their prime, alleging as their excuse that robbers from Cynuria\nravaged Argolis, and the Argives were their kinsmen, and that the\nCynurians themselves made open incursions into Argolis. If tradition\nspeaks true the Cynurians were originally Argives, and they say their\nfounder was Cynurus the son of Perseus. And not many years afterwards\nLabotas the son of Echestratus was king at Sparta. This Labotas, as we\nare told by Herodotus in his account of Cr\u0153sus, had during his minority\nthe famous legislator Lycurgus as his Regent, only Herodotus calls him\nLeobotes instead of Labotas. In his days first did the Laced\u00e6monians\nmake war against the Argives, and they alleged as their reasons for\ndeclaring war that the Argives when they invaded Cynuria took a slice\nof Laced\u00e6monian territory, and tried to stir up their neighbouring\nsubjects to revolt. In this war they say nothing very notable was done\non either side: and those of this family who succeeded one another as\nkings, _viz._ Doryssus the son of Labotas and Agesilaus the son of\nDoryssus, both died at no great interval after one another. And it was\nwhen Agesilaus was king that Lycurgus legislated for the Laced\u00e6monians,\nand some say that he derived his laws from Crete, others that he was\ninstructed by the Oracle at Delphi. And the Cretans say that their laws\ncome from Minos, who received divine assistance in codifying them. And\nit seems to me that Homer has hinted as much in the following lines\nabout the legislation of Minos, \u201cThere too is Gnossus, the great city\nwhere Minos reigned nine years, the bosom-friend of great Zeus.\u201d[30]\nBut of Lycurgus I shall have more to say hereafter. And the son of\nAgesilaus was Archelaus. In his reign the Laced\u00e6monians conquered in\nwar and enslaved one of the neighbouring cities called \u00c6gys, suspecting\nthat the people of it had an understanding with the Arcadians. And\nCharillus, the king of the other family, assisted Archelaus against\n\u00c6gys, and his own separate doings as leader of the Laced\u00e6monians I\nshall relate later on when I come to the so-called Eurypontid\u00e6. And\nthe son of Archelaus was Teleclus. In his reign the Laced\u00e6monians took\nin war the neighbouring cities of Amycl\u00e6 and Pharis and Geranthr\u00e6,\nwhich were then in the possession of the Ach\u00e6ans, and razed them to\nthe ground. The inhabitants however of Pharis and Geranthr\u00e6, being\nterrified at the approach of the Dorians, agreed to evacuate the\nPeloponnese upon conditions: but the people of Amycl\u00e6 they could\nnot drive out at first assault, but only after a long siege and the\ngreatest exhibition of valour. And the Dorians themselves shewed this\nby erecting a trophy after the conquest of Amycl\u00e6, as thinking that\nconquest no small feather in their cap. And not long after all this\nTeleclus was killed by the Messenians in the temple of Artemis in the\ntown of Limn\u00e6, on the borders between Laconia and Messenia. And after\nthe death of Teleclus Alcamenes his son succeeded him, and during his\nreign the Laced\u00e6monians sent to Crete Charmidas the son of Euthys,\none of the most famous men in Sparta, who put down the insurrection\nat Crete, and persuaded the Cretans to abandon the cities which were\ninland and in other respects weak, and to inhabit instead those which\nwere conveniently situated on the coast. The Laced\u00e6monians also\ndepopulated Helos, a city by the sea in the possession of the Ach\u00e6ans,\nand defeated the Argives who came to the help of the people of Helos.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER III.\n\n\nAnd after the death of Alcamenes Polydorus his son succeeded to the\nkingdom, and the Laced\u00e6monians sent a colony into Italy to Croton,\nand to the Locrians at the promontory Zephyrium: and the war that\nwas called the war with Messene was at its height when Polydorus was\nking. The Laced\u00e6monians and Messenians give different reasons for\nthis war. Their different accounts, and the progress of the war, will\nbe set forth by me in their turn: but thus much will I record at\npresent that Theopompus the son of Nicander had the greatest hand in\nthe first war with the Messenians, being the king of the other house.\nAnd after the end of the war, when Messenia was already conquered by\nthe Laced\u00e6monians, and Polydorus was in good repute at Sparta, and\npopular with the Laced\u00e6monians and especially with the populace, for he\nexhibited no violence either in word or deed to anyone, and in legal\ncases tempered justice with mercy, when in short he had a brilliant\nfame throughout all Greece, he was murdered by Polemarchus a man of no\nmean family in Laced\u00e6mon, but hotheaded, as indeed he shewed by this\nmurder. And after his death Polydorus received many notable honours\nfrom the Laced\u00e6monians. Polemarchus also had a monument at Sparta,\nwhether being judged to have been a good man previously, or that his\nrelatives buried him privately. During the reign of Eurycrates the son\nof Polydorus the Messenians patiently endured the Laced\u00e6monian yoke,\nnor was any revolution attempted by the Argive people, but in the days\nof Anaxander the son of Eurycrates--for fate was already driving the\nMessenians out of all the Peloponnese--the Messenians revolted from\nthe Laced\u00e6monians, and fought against them for some time, but were\neventually conquered, and evacuated the Peloponnese upon conditions of\nwar. And the remnant of them became slaves on Laced\u00e6monian soil, except\nthose who inhabited the maritime towns. All the circumstances of this\nwar and revolt of the Messenians I have no need to recount in detail in\nthe present part of my history. And Anaxander had a son Eurycrates, and\nthis second Eurycrates a son Leo. During their reigns the Laced\u00e6monians\nmet with the greatest reverses in fighting against the people of\nTegea. And in the reign of Anaxandrides the son of Leo they overcame\nthe people of Tegea, and in the following way. A Laced\u00e6monian by name\nLichas came to Tegea at a time when Laced\u00e6mon and Tegea were at peace\ntogether. And on Lichas\u2019 arrival they made a search for the bones of\nOrestes, and the Spartans sought for them in accordance with an oracle.\nAnd Lichas discovered that they were lying in the shop of a blacksmith,\nand he discovered it in this way: all that he saw in the blacksmith\u2019s\nshop he compared with the oracle at Delphi, thus he compared the\nblacksmith\u2019s bellows to the winds, because they produce a strong wind,\nthe hammer was the blow, that which resists the blow was the anvil, and\nthat which was a source of woe to man he naturally referred to iron,\nfor people already began to use iron in battle, for the god would have\nspoken of brass as a source of woe to man in the days of the heroes.\nAnd just as this oracle was given to the Laced\u00e6monians about the bones\nof Orestes, so afterwards the Athenians were similarly instructed by\nthe oracle to bring Theseus\u2019 bones to Athens from Scyrus, for otherwise\nScyrus could not be taken. And Cimon the son of Miltiades discovered\nthe bones of Theseus, he too by ingenuity, and not long after he took\nScyrus. That in the days of the heroes all arms alike were brass is\nborne witness to by Homer in the lines which refer to the axe of\nPisander and the arrow of Meriones. And I have further confirmation\nof what I assert in the spear of Achilles which is stored up in the\ntemple of Athene at Phaselis, and the sword of Memnon in the temple of\n\u00c6sculapius at Nicomedia, the former has its tip and handle of brass,\nand, the latter is of brass throughout. This we know to be the case.\nAnd Anaxandrides the son of Leo was the only Laced\u00e6monian that had two\nwives together and two households. For his first wife, excellent in\nother respects, had no children, and when the ephors bade him divorce\nher, he would not consent to this altogether, but only so far as to\ntake a second wife as well. And the second wife bare a son Cleomenes,\nand the first wife, though so long barren, after the birth of Cleomenes\nbare Dorieus, and Leonidas, and Cleombrotus. And after the death of\nAnaxandrides, the Laced\u00e6monians though they thought Dorieus the better\nman both in council and war, reluctantly rejected him, and gave the\nkingdom to Cleomenes according to their law of primogeniture.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IV.\n\n\nAnd Dorieus, as he would not remain at Laced\u00e6mon subject to Cleomenes,\nwas sent to form a colony. And Cleomenes commenced his reign by an\ninroad into Argolis, gathering together an army of Laced\u00e6monians and\nallies. And when the Argives came out to meet him armed for battle, he\nconquered them, and when they were routed about 5,000 of them fled into\na neighbouring grove, which was sacred to Argus the son of Niobe. And\nCleomenes, who often had a touch of the mad, ordered the Helots to set\nthis grove on fire, and the grove was entirely consumed, and all these\nfugitives in it. He also marched his army against Athens, and at first,\nby freeing the Athenians from the yoke of the sons of Pisistratus,\ngot for himself good fame among the Laced\u00e6monians and all the Greeks,\nbut afterwards in his favour to an Athenian called Isagoras, tried\nto get for him the dominion over the Athenians. But failing in this\nexpectation, and the Athenians fighting stoutly for their freedom,\nhe ravaged various parts of their territory, and they say laid waste\na place called Orgas, sacred to the gods at Eleusis. He also went to\n\u00c6gina, and arrested the leading men there for their support to the\nMedes, as they had persuaded the citizens to supply King Darius the\nson of Hystaspes with earth and water. And while Cleomenes was staying\nat \u00c6gina, Demaratus the king of the other family was calumniating him\nto the multitude at Laced\u00e6mon. And Cleomenes on his return from \u00c6gina\ncontrived to get Demaratus ejected from the kingdom, and bribed the\npriestess at Delphi to utter as oracular responses to the Laced\u00e6monians\nabout Demaratus whatever he told her, and also instigated Leotychides,\none of the royal house and same family as Demaratus, to be a rival\nclaimant for the kingdom. And Leotychides caught at some words, which\nAristo formerly had foolishly thrown out against Demaratus at his\nbirth, saying that he was not his son. And when the Laced\u00e6monians took\nthis question about Demaratus, as they took all their questions, to the\noracle at Delphi, the priestess gave them as replies whatever Cleomenes\nhad told her. Demaratus therefore was deposed from his kingdom by the\nhatred of Cleomenes and not on just grounds. And Cleomenes after this\ndied in a fit of madness, for he seized his sword, and stabbed himself,\nand hacked his body about all over. The Argives say he came to this bad\nend as a judgment for his conduct to the 5,000 fugitives in the grove,\nthe Athenians say it was because he ravaged Orgas, and the Delphians\nbecause he bribed the priestess at Delphi to tell falsehoods about\nDemaratus. Now there are other cases of vengeance coming from heroes\nand gods as on Cleomenes, for Protesilaus who is honoured at Eleus, a\nhero not a whit more illustrious than Argus, privately punished the\nPersian Artayctes, and the Megarians who had dared to till the holy\nland could never get pardon from the gods of Eleusis. Nor do I know\nof anyone that ever dared to tamper with the oracle but Cleomenes\nalone. And as Cleomenes had no male children the kingdom devolved\nupon Leonidas the son of Anaxandrides, the brother of Dorieus on both\nsides. It was in his reign that Xerxes led his army into Greece, and\nLeonidas with his 300 Laced\u00e6monians met him at Thermopyl\u00e6. There have\nbeen many wars between the Greeks and barbarians, but those can easily\nbe counted wherein the valour of one man mainly contributed to glorious\nvictory, as the valour of Achilles in the war against Ilium, and that\nof Miltiades in the action at Marathon. But indeed in my opinion the\nheroism of Leonidas excelled all the great deeds of former times. For\nXerxes, the most sagacious and renowned of all the kings that ruled\nover the Medes and Persians, would have been prevented, at the narrow\npass of Thermopyl\u00e6, by the handful of men that Leonidas had with him,\nfrom seeing Greece at all, and from afterwards burning Athens, had it\nnot been for a certain Trachinian who led round by a pass on Mount\n\u0152ta the army of Hydarnes so as to fall on the Greek flank, and, when\nLeonidas was conquered in this way, the barbarians passed into Greece\nover his dead body. And Pausanias the son of Cleombrotus was not king\nafter Leonidas, but was Regent for Plistarchus Leonidas\u2019 son during his\nminority, and he led the Laced\u00e6monians to Plat\u00e6a and afterwards passed\nover to the Hellespont with a fleet. I especially admire the conduct\nof Pausanias to the Coan lady, who was the daughter of a man of no\nmean note among the Coans, _viz._ of Hegetorides the son of Antagoras,\nand against her will the concubine of Pharandates the son of Teaspis,\na Persian: and when Mardonius fell in the battle at Plat\u00e6a, and the\nbarbarians were annihilated, Pausanias sent this lady home to Cos, with\nthe ornaments and all other apparel that the Persian had given her.\nMoreover he would not suffer the dead body of Mardonius to be outraged,\nthough the \u00c6ginetan Lampon urged it.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER V.\n\n\nPlistarchus the son of Leonidas died soon after succeeding to the\nkingdom, and Plistoanax the son of Pausanias, the hero of Plat\u00e6a,\nsucceeded him. And Plistoanax was succeeded by his son Pausanias. This\nis that Pausanias who led an army into Attica, ostensibly against\nThrasybulus and the Athenians, but really to establish the dominion\nof the Thirty Tyrants who had been set over Athens by Lysander. And\nhe conquered in an engagement the Athenians who guarded the Pir\u00e6us,\nbut directly after the battle he took his army off home again, not to\nbring upon Sparta the most shameful disgrace of establishing the power\nof unholy men. And when he returned from Athens with nothing to show\nfor his battle, his enemies brought him to trial. Now a king of the\nLaced\u00e6monians is tried by a court composed of twenty-eight Seniors,\nand the Ephors, and the King of the other family. Fourteen of the\nSeniors and Agis, the King of the other family, condemned Pausanias,\nthe rest of the Court acquitted him. And no long time after the\nLaced\u00e6monians gathering together an army against Thebes, the reason\nfor which war we shall relate in our account about Agesilaus, Lysander\nmarched into Phocis, and, having mustered the Phocians in full force,\nlost no time in advancing into B\u0153otia, and making an attack upon the\nfortified town Haliartus, which would not revolt from Thebes. Some\nThebans however and Athenians had secretly entered the town, and they\nmaking a sally and drawing up in battle array, Lysander and several\nof the Laced\u00e6monians fell. And Pausanias, who had been collecting\nforces from Tegea and the rest of Arcadia, came too late to take part\nin the fight, and when he got to B\u0153otia and heard of the death of\nLysander and the defeat of his army, he nevertheless marched his army\nto Thebes, intending to renew the fight there. But when he got there\nhe found the Thebans drawn up in battle array against him, and it was\nalso reported that Thrasybulus was coming up with an Athenian force;\naccordingly, fearing to be taken between two fires, he made a treaty\nwith the Thebans, and buried those who had fallen in the sally from\nHaliartus. This conduct of his did not please the Laced\u00e6monians, but\nI praise his determination for the following reason. Well knowing\nthat reverses always found the Laced\u00e6monians surrounded by a swarm of\nenemies, what happened after Thermopyl\u00e6 and in the island of Sphacteria\nmade him afraid of causing a third disaster. But as the citizens\naccused him of slowness in getting to B\u0153otia he did not care to stand\na second trial, but the people of Tegea received him as a suppliant\nat the temple of Alean Athene. This temple was from time immemorial\nvenerated throughout the Peloponnese, and afforded safety to all\nsuppliants, as was shewn by the Laced\u00e6monians to Pausanias, and earlier\nstill to Leotychides, and by the Argives to Chrysis, who all took\nsanctuary here, and were not demanded up. And after the voluntary exile\nof Pausanias, his sons Agesipolis and Cleombrotus being quite young,\nAristodemus the next of kin was appointed Regent: and the success of\nthe Laced\u00e6monians at Corinth was owing to his generalship. And when\nAgesipolis came of age and took over the kingdom, his first war was\nagainst the Argives. And as he was leading his army from Tegea into\nArgolis, the Argives sent an envoy to negotiate peace with him on the\nold conditions established among all Dorians. But he not only declined\nthese proposals, but advanced with his army and ravaged Argolis. And\nthere was an earthquake, but not even then would Agesipolis draw off\nhis forces, though these tokens of Poseidon\u2019s displeasure frightened\nthe Laced\u00e6monians especially, [and also the Athenians.] And Agesipolis\nwas now encamped under the walls of Argos, and the earthquakes ceased\nnot, and some of the soldiers died struck by lightning, and others were\ndismayed by the thunder. So at last he returned from Argolis sorely\nagainst his will, and led an expedition against the Olynthians, and\nhaving been successful in battle, and taken most of the other cities in\nChalcidice, and hoping to take Olynthus also, he was carried off by a\nsudden disease and died.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VI.\n\n\nAnd Agesipolis having died childless, the succession devolved upon\nCleombrotus, under whom the Laced\u00e6monians fought against the B\u0153otians\nat Leuctra, and Cleombrotus, exposing himself too freely, fell at the\ncommencement of the action. Somehow or other the Deity seems to like to\nremove the General first in great reverses, as from the Athenians he\nremoved Hippocrates (the son of Ariphron) their General at Delium, and\nlater on Leosthenes their General in Thessaly.\n\n  The elder son of Cleombrotus, Agesipolis, did nothing worthy of\nrecord, and Cleomenes the younger succeeded after his brother\u2019s death.\nAnd he had two sons, of whom the eldest Acrotatus died before his\nfather, and when later on the younger Cleomenes died, there was a\ndispute who should be king between Cleonymus the son of Cleomenes and\nAreus the son of Acrotatus. The Senate decided that to Areus the son\nof Acrotatus and not to Cleonymus belonged the hereditary office.\nAnd Cleonymus got mightily enraged at being ejected from the kingdom,\nthough the Ephors endeavoured to induce him by various honours, and\nby making him commander-in-chief of the army, not to be an enemy to\nhis country. But in spite of this he eventually injured his country in\nvarious ways, and even went so far as to invite in Pyrrhus the grandson\nof \u00c6acus.\n\n  And during the reign of Areus the son of Acrotatus, Antigonus the\nson of Demetrius made an expedition against Athens both by land and\nsea. And an Egyptian fleet under Patroclus came to the aid of the\nAthenians, and the Laced\u00e6monians came out in full force with Areus the\nking at their head. And Antigonus having closely invested Athens, and\nbarring the Athenian allies from every approach to the city, Patroclus\nsent messengers and begged the Laced\u00e6monians and Areus to begin the\nbattle against Antigonus, and when they began he said he would fall on\nthe rear of the Macedonians, for it was not reasonable that his force\nshould attack the Macedonians first, being Egyptians and sailors. Then\nthe Laced\u00e6monians were eager to bear the brunt of the battle, being\nanimated by their friendship to the Athenians, and the desire to do\nsomething that posterity would not willingly forget. But Areus, as\ntheir provisions had been consumed, led his army home again. For he\nthought it sheer madness not to husband their resources, but lavish\nthem all on strangers. And Athens holding out for a very long time,\nAntigonus made peace on conditions that he might have a garrison at the\nMuseum. And some time after Antigonus himself withdrew the garrison\nthere. And Areus had a son Acrotatus, and he had a son Areus, who\nwas only 8 when he fell sick and died. And as now Leonidas was the\nonly male left of the family of Eurysthenes, though quite an old man,\nthe Laced\u00e6monians made him king. And it so chanced that Lysander, a\ndescendant of Lysander the son of Aristocritus, especially disliked\nLeonidas. He associated with himself Cleombrotus, the son in law of\nLeonidas, and having won him over brought against Leonidas various\ncharges, and the oath he had sworn to Cleonymus his father while quite\na boy that he would destroy Sparta. So Leonidas was deposed from the\nkingdom, and Cleombrotus reigned in his room. And if Leonidas had given\nway to temper, and (like Demaratus the son of Aristo) had gone and\njoined the king of Macedonia or the king of Egypt, he would have got\nno advantage from the subsequent repentance of the Spartans. But as it\nwas when the citizens exiled him he went to Arcadia, and from thence\nnot many years afterwards the Laced\u00e6monians recalled him, and made him\nking the second time. And all that Cleomenes the son of Leonidas did,\nand all his boldness and bravery, and how the Spartan kings came to an\nend with him, I have previously recorded in connection with Aratus of\nSicyon. Nor did I omit the details of Cleomenes\u2019 death in Egypt.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VII.\n\n\nOf the family of Eurysthenes then, called the Agiad\u00e6, Cleomenes the son\nof Leonidas was the last king at Sparta: but as to the other branch\nthis is what I have heard. Procles the son of Aristodemus had a son\ncalled Sous, whose son Eurypon attained such glory that the family were\ncalled Eurypontid\u00e6 from him, though till his time they were called\nProclid\u00e6. And Eurypon had a son Prytanis, and it was in his days that\nanimosity broke out between the Laced\u00e6monians and Argives, and even\nearlier than this quarrel they fought with the Cynurians, but during\nthe succeeding generations, when Eunomus the son of Prytanis and\nPolydectes the son of Eunomus were kings, Sparta continued at peace.\nBut Charillus the son of Polydectes ravaged the Argive territory, and\nmade a raid into Argolis, and under his leadership the Spartans went\nout to Tegea, when the Laced\u00e6monians hoped to take Tegea and slice the\ndistrict off from Arcadia, following a beguiling oracle. And after the\ndeath of Charillus Nicander his son succeeded to the kingdom, and it\nwas in his reign that the Messenians killed Teleclus the king of the\nother family in the temple of Artemis Limnas. And Nicander invaded\nArgolis with an army, and ravaged most of the country. And the Asin\u00e6ans\nhaving taken part with the Laced\u00e6monians in this expedition, not\nlong afterwards paid the penalty to the Argives in the destruction of\ntheir country and their own exile. And Theopompus the son of Nicander,\nwho was king after his father, I shall make mention of when I come\nto the history of Messenia. During his reign came on the contest for\nThyrea between the Laced\u00e6monians and Argives. Theopompus himself took\nno part in this, partly from old age, but still more from sorrow at\nthe death of his son Archidamus. Not that Archidamus died childless,\nfor he left a son Zeuxidamus, who was succeeded in the kingdom by his\nson Anaxidamus. It was in his reign that the Messenians evacuated\nthe Peloponnese, having been a second time conquered in war by the\nSpartans. And Anaxidamus had a son Archidamus, and he had a son\nAgesicles: and both of them had the good fortune to spend all their\nlife in peace and without wars. And Aristo the son of Agesicles having\nmarried a girl who they say was the most shameless of all the girls in\nLaced\u00e6mon, but in appearance the most beautiful girl next to Helen,\nhad by her a son Demaratus seven months after marriage. And as he was\nsitting with the ephors in council a servant came and told him of the\nbirth of his son. And Aristo, forgetting the lines in the Iliad[31]\nabout the birth of Eurystheus, or perhaps not knowing them, said it\ncouldn\u2019t be his child from the time. He was sorry afterwards for these\nwords which he had spoken. And when Demaratus was king and in other\nrespects in good repute at Sparta, and had cooperated with Cleomenes in\nfreeing the Athenians from the Pisistratid\u00e6, this thoughtless word of\nAristo, and the hatred of Cleomenes deprived him of the kingdom. And he\nwent to Persia to king Darius, and they say his descendants continued\nfor a long time in Asia. And Leotychides, who became king in his\nplace, shared with the Athenians and their General Xanthippus, the son\nof Ariphron, in the action at Mycale, and also marched into Thessaly\nagainst the Aleuad\u00e6. And though he might have reduced all Thessaly,\nas he was victorious in every battle, he allowed the Aleuad\u00e6 to buy\nhim off. And being impeached at Laced\u00e6mon he went voluntarily into\nexile to escape trial, and became a suppliant at Tegea at the temple of\nAlean Athene there, and as his son Zeuxidamus had previously died of\nsome illness, his grandson Archidamus succeeded him, on his departure\nto Tegea. This Archidamus injured the Athenian territory excessively,\ninvading Attica every year, and whenever he invaded it he went through\nall the country ravaging it, and also captured after a siege the town\nof Plat\u00e6a which was friendly to the Athenians. Not that Plat\u00e6a had\never stirred up strife between the Peloponnesians and Athenians, but\nas far as in its power lay had made them both keep the peace. But\nSthenelaidas, one of the Ephors, a man of great power at Laced\u00e6mon, was\nmainly the cause of the war at that time. And this war shook Greece,\nwhich was previously in a flourishing condition, to its foundation, and\nafterwards Philip the son of Amyntas reduced it completely, when it was\nalready rotten and altogether unsound.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VIII.\n\n\nAnd on the death of Archidamus, Agis the elder of his sons being of\nage succeeded, and not Agesilaus. And Archidamus had also a daughter\ncalled Cynisca, who was most ambitious in regard to the races at\nOlympia, and was the first woman who trained horses, and the first\nwoman who won the prize at Olympia, though after her several women,\nespecially Laced\u00e6monian ones, won the prize at Olympia, though none\ncame up to her fame in these contests. But the Spartans seem to me\nto admire least of all men the glory that proceeds from poetry, for\nexcept an epigram on Cynisca composed by some one or other, and\nstill earlier one on Pausanias, composed by Simonides, inscribed on\nthe tripod erected at Delphi, there is no record made by any poet\non any of the Laced\u00e6monian kings. And in the reign of Agis, the son\nof Archidamus, the Laced\u00e6monians brought other charges against the\npeople of Elis, but were especially annoyed at their being shut out\nof the contest at Olympia, and the privileges of the temple there.\nThey therefore sent an envoy with an ultimatum to the people of Elis,\nbidding them allow the people of Lepreum, and all other resident\naliens who were subject to them, to live according to their own laws.\nAnd the people of Elis making reply that, when they saw the subject\ncities of Sparta free, they would immediately set their own free, the\nLaced\u00e6monians under King Agis at once invaded Elis. On that occasion\nthe army retired in consequence of an earthquake, when they had\nadvanced as far as Olympia and the River Alpheus, but next year Agis\nwasted the country and carried off much booty. And Xenias a man of\nElis, who was privately friendly to Agis and publicly a champion of the\nLaced\u00e6monians, conspired against the populace with the men who were\nwealthy, but before Agis and the army could come up and cooperate with\nthem Thrasyd\u00e6us, who was at this time the leader of the populace at\nElis, conquered Xenias and his faction in battle and drove them from\nthe city. And when Agis led his army home again, he left Lysistratus\nthe Spartan with a portion of his force, and the refugees from Elis,\nto cooperate with the men of Lepreum in ravaging the district. And in\nthe third year of the war the Laced\u00e6monians and Agis made preparations\nto invade Elis: but the people of Elis and Thrasyd\u00e6us, who had been\nreduced by the war to the greatest extremity, made a convention to give\nliberty to their subject cities, and to raze the fortifications of\ntheir town, and to allow the Laced\u00e6monians to sacrifice to the god at\nOlympia and to contend in the games. After this Agis kept continually\nattacking Attica, and fortified Decelea as a constant menace to the\nAthenians: and after the Athenian fleet was destroyed at \u00c6gos-potamoi,\nLysander the son of Aristocritus and Agis violated the solemn oaths\nwhich the Laced\u00e6monians and Athenians had mutually sworn to observe,\nand at their own responsibility, and not at the bidding of the Spartan\ncommunity, made an agreement with their allies to cut off Athens root\nand branch. These were the most notable exploits of Agis in war. And\nthe hastiness of speech of Aristo about the legitimacy of his son\nDemaratus Agis also imitated in regard to his son Leotychides, for\nsome evil genius put it into his head in the hearing of the Ephors to\nsay that he did not think he was his son. He repented however of his\nspeech afterwards, for when he was carried home sick from Arcadia and\nhad got to Her\u00e6a, he solemnly declared before a multitude of witnesses\nthat he did verily believe that Leotychides was his son, and conjured\nthem with entreaties and tears to report what he had said to the\nLaced\u00e6monians. But after his death Agesilaus drove Leotychides from the\nkingdom, reminding the Laced\u00e6monians of Agis\u2019 former speech, though\nthe Arcadians came from Her\u00e6a, and bare witness what they had heard\nabout Leotychides from Agis on his death-bed. And the variance between\nAgesilaus and Leotychides was heightened by the oracle at Delphi, which\nran as follows:--\n\n    \u201cSparta, beware, although thou art so great,\n    Of having king o\u2019er thee lame of one leg.\n    For unexpected woes shall then prevail,\n    And mortal-slaying wave of troublous war.\u201d\n\nLeotychides said that this oracle referred to Agesilaus, for he\nlimped on one leg, but Agesilaus said it referred to Leotychides\u2019 not\nbeing the legitimate son of Agis. And the Laced\u00e6monians did not avail\nthemselves of their privilege to refer the question to Delphi: but\nLysander, the son of Aristocritus, seems to have prevailed upon the\npeople to unanimously choose Agesilaus.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IX.\n\n\nSo Agesilaus the son of Archidamus was king, and the Laced\u00e6monians\nresolved to cross over into Asia with their fleet to capture Artaxerxes\nthe son of Darius: for they had learnt from several people in\nauthority, and especially from Lysander, that it was not Artaxerxes\nthat had helped them in the war against the Athenians, but Cyrus who\nhad supplied them with money for their ships. And Agesilaus, after\nbeing instructed to convey the expedition to Asia as commander of the\nland forces, sent round the Peloponnese to all the Greeks except at\nArgos and outside the Isthmus urging them to join him as allies. The\nCorinthians for their part, although they had been most eager to take\npart in the expedition to Asia, yet, when their temple of Olympian Zeus\nwas suddenly consumed by fire, took it as an evil omen, and remained\nat home sorely against their will. And the Athenians urged, as pretext\nfor refusing their aid, the strain of the Peloponnesian war and the\ncity\u2019s need of recovery from the plague: but their having learnt from\nenvoys that Conon the son of Timotheus had gone to the great king,\nwas their main motive. And Aristomenidas was sent as ambassador to\nThebes, the father of Agesilaus\u2019 mother, who was intimate with the\nThebans, and had been one of the judges who, at the capture of Plat\u00e6a,\nhad condemned the garrison to be put to the sword. The Thebans however\ncried off like the Athenians, declining their aid. And Agesilaus,\nwhen his own army and that of the allied forces was mustered and his\nfleet ready to sail, went to Aulis to sacrifice to Artemis, because it\nwas there that Agamemnon had propitiated the goddess when he led the\nexpedition to Troy. And Agesilaus considered himself king of a more\nflourishing state than Agamemnon, and that like him he was leading all\nGreece, but the success would be more glorious, the happiness greater,\nto conquer the great King Artaxerxes, and to be master of Persia,\nthan to overthrow the kingdom of Priam. But as he was sacrificing\nsome Thebans attacked him, and threw the thigh-bones of the victims\nthat were burning off the altar, and drove him out of the temple. And\nAgesilaus was grieved at the non-completion of the sacrifice, but none\nthe less he crossed over to Asia Minor and marched for Sardis. Now\nLydia was at this period the greatest province in Lower Asia Minor,\nand Sardis was the principal city for wealth and luxury, and it was\nthe chief residence of the satrap by the sea, as Susa was the chief\nresidence of the great king. And fighting a battle with Tissaphernes,\nthe satrap of Ionia, in the plain near the river Hermus, Agesilaus\ndefeated the Persian cavalry and infantry, though Tissaphernes\u2019 army\nwas the largest since the expedition of Xerxes against Athens, and\nearlier still the expedition of Darius against the Scythians. And the\nLaced\u00e6monians, delighted at the success of Agesilaus by land, readily\nmade him leader of the fleet also. And he put Pisander his wife\u2019s\nbrother, a very stout soldier by land, in command of the triremes. But\nsome god must have grudged his bringing things to a happy conclusion.\nFor when Artaxerxes heard of the victorious progress of Agesilaus,\nand how he kept pushing on with his army, not content with what he\nhad already gained, he condemned Tissaphernes to death, although he\nhad in former times done him signal service, and gave his satrapy\nto Tithraustes, a longheaded fellow and very able man, who greatly\ndisliked the Laced\u00e6monians. Directly he arrived at Sardis, he forthwith\ndevised means to compel the Laced\u00e6monians to recall their army from\nAsia Minor. So he sent Timocrates a native of Rhodes into Greece with\nmoney, bidding him stir up war against the Laced\u00e6monians in Greece.\nAnd those who received Timocrates\u2019 money were it is said Cylon and\nSodamas among the Argives, and at Thebes Androclides and Ismenias and\nAmphithemis: and the Athenians Cephalus and Epicrates had a share, and\nthe Corinthians with Argive proclivities as Polyanthes and Timolaus.\nBut the war was openly commenced by the Locrians of Amphissa. For the\nLocrians had some land which was debated between them and the Phocians,\nfrom this land the Phocians, at the instigation of the Thebans and\nIsmenias, cut the ripe corn and drove off cattle. The Phocians also\ninvaded Locris in full force, and ravaged the territory. Then the\nLocrians invited in the Thebans as their allies, and laid Phocis\nwaste. And the Phocians went to Laced\u00e6mon and inveighed against the\nThebans, and recounted all that they had suffered at their hands. And\nthe Laced\u00e6monians determined to declare war against the Thebans, and\namong other charges which they brought against them was their insult at\nAulis to the sacrifice of Agesilaus. And the Athenians, having heard of\nthe intention of the Laced\u00e6monians, sent to Sparta, begging them not\nto war against Thebes, but to submit their differences to arbitration.\nAnd the Laced\u00e6monians angrily dismissed the embassy. And what happened\nsubsequently, _viz._ the expedition of the Laced\u00e6monians and the death\nof Lysander, has been told by me in reference to Pausanias. And what\nis known to history as the Corinthian war began with this march into\nB\u0153otia of the Laced\u00e6monians, and grew into a big war, and compelled\nAgesilaus to bring his army home from Asia Minor. And when he had\ncrossed over in his ships from Abydos to Sestos, and marched into\nThessaly through Thrace, the Thessalians attempted to bar his way to\ningratiate themselves with the Thebans, partly also in consequence\nof their long standing friendship with Athens. And Agesilaus having\nrouted their cavalry marched through Thessaly, and then through B\u0153otia,\nhaving conquered the Thebans and their allies at Coronea. And when the\nB\u0153otians were routed, some of them fled to the temple of Athene Itonia:\nand though Agesilaus was wounded in the battle, he did not for all that\nviolate their sanctuary.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER X.\n\n\nAnd not long afterwards those Corinthians who had been exiled for their\nLaced\u00e6monian proclivities established the Isthmian games. But those who\nwere at this time in Corinth remained there from fear of Agesilaus,\nbut when he broke up his camp and returned to Sparta, then they also\njoined the Argives at the Isthmian games. And Agesilaus came again to\nCorinth with an army: and, as the festival of Hyacinthus was coming on,\nhe sent home the natives of Amycl\u00e6, to go and perform the customary\nrites to Apollo and Hyacinthus. This detachment were attacked on the\nroad and cut to pieces by the Athenians under Iphicrates. Agesilaus\nalso marched into \u00c6tolia to help the \u00c6tolians who were hard pressed by\nthe Acarnanians, and compelled the Acarnanians to bring the war to an\nend, when they had all but taken Calydon and the other fortified towns\nin \u00c6tolia. And some time afterwards he sailed to Egypt, to the aid of\nthe Egyptians who had revolted from the great king: and many memorable\nexploits did he in Egypt. And he died on the passage home, for he was\nnow quite an old man. And the Laced\u00e6monians, when they got his dead\nbody, buried it with greater honours than they had shewn to any of\ntheir kings.\n\n  And during the reign of Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus, the\nPhocians seized the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Offers of mercenary\naid came privately to the Thebans to fight against the Phocians, and\npublicly from the Laced\u00e6monians and Athenians, the latter remembering\nthe old kindnesses they had received from the Phocians, and the\nLaced\u00e6monians under pretext of friendship, but really as I think in\nhostility to the Thebans. And Theopompus, the son of Damasistratus,\nsaid that Archidamus also had a share of the money at Delphi, and that\nalso Dinichas, his wife, had received a bribe from the authorities of\nthe Phocians, and that all this made Archidamus more willing to bring\nthe Phocians aid. I do not praise receiving sacred money, and assisting\nmen who made havoc of the most famous of oracles. But this much I can\npraise. The Phocians intended to kill all the young men at Delphi, and\nto sell the women and children into slavery, and to raze the city to\nits foundations: all this Archidamus successfully deprecated. And he\nafterwards crossed over into Italy, to assist the people of Tarentum in\na war with their barbarian neighbours: and he was slain there by the\nbarbarians, and his dead body failed to find a tomb through the wrath\nof Apollo. And Agis, the elder son of this Archidamus, met his death\nfighting against the Macedonians and Antipater. During the reign of\nEudamidas the younger one the Laced\u00e6monians enjoyed peace. All about\nhis son Agis, and his grandson Eurydamidas, I have already related in\nmy account of Sicyonia.\n\n  Next to the Herm\u00e6[32] is a place full of oak trees, and the name of\nit Scotitas (_dark place_) was not derived from the thickness of the\nfoliage, but from Zeus surnamed Scotitas, whose temple is about 10\nstades as you turn off the road to the left. And when you have returned\nto the road, and gone forward a little, and turned again to the left,\nthere is a statue and trophy of Hercules: Hercules erected the trophy\nit is said after killing Hippocoon and his sons. And a third turn from\nthe high road to the right leads to Cary\u00e6 and the temple of Artemis.\nFor Cary\u00e6 is sacred to Artemis and the Nymphs, and there is a statue of\nArtemis of Cary\u00e6 in the open air, and here the Laced\u00e6monian maidens\nhave a festival every year, and hold their national dances. And as you\nreturn to the high road and go straight on you come to the ruins of\nSellasia, which place (as I have mentioned before) the Ach\u00e6ans reduced\nto slavery, when they had conquered in battle the Laced\u00e6monians and\ntheir king Cleomenes the son of Leonidas. And at Thornax, which you\nnext come to, is a statue of Pyth\u00e6an Apollo, very similar to the one\nat Amycl\u00e6, which I shall describe when I come to Amycl\u00e6. But the one\nat Amycl\u00e6 is more famous than the Laced\u00e6monian one, for the gold which\nCr\u0153sus the Lydian sent to Pyth\u00e6an Apollo was used to adorn it.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XI.\n\n\nOn going forward from Thornax, you come to the city which was\noriginally called Sparta, but afterwards Laced\u00e6mon, which was once\nthe name of the whole district. And according to my rule which I laid\ndown in my account about Attica, not to give everything in detail\nbut to select what was most worthy of account, so I shall deal in my\naccount of Sparta: for I determined from the outset to pick out the\nmost remarkable of the particulars which tradition hands down. From\nthis determination I shall on no occasion deviate. At Sparta there is\na handsome market-place, and a council chamber for the Senate, and\npublic buildings in the market-place for the Ephors and guardians of\nthe laws, and for those who are called the Bidi\u00e6i. The Senate is the\nmost powerful governing body in Sparta, but all these others take\npart in the government: and the ephors and the Bidi\u00e6i are each five\nin number, and are appointed to preside over the games of the young\nmen in the Platanistas and elsewhere, and the Ephors manage all other\nimportant matters, and furnish one of their number as the Eponymus,\nwho like the magistrates of the same name at Athens presides over the\nrest. But the most notable thing in the market-place is what they call\nthe Persian Portico, built of the spoils taken from the Medes: and in\ntime they have brought it to its present size and magnificence. And\nthere are on the pillars statues in white stone of Mardonius, the son\nof Gobryas, and other Persians. There is also a statue of Artemisia,\nthe daughter of Lygdamis, who was Queen of Halicarnassus: and who they\nsay of her own accord joined Xerxes in the expedition against Greece,\nand displayed great valour in the sea fight at Salamis. And there are\ntwo temples in the market-place, one to C\u00e6sar, who was the first of the\nRomans that aimed at Autocracy, and established the present r\u00e9gime, and\nthe other to Augustus his _adopted_ son, who confirmed the Autocratic\nrule, and advanced further in consideration and power even than C\u00e6sar\nhad done. His name Augustus has the same signification as the Greek\nSebastus. At the altar of Augustus they exhibit a brazen statue of\nAgias, who they say foretold Lysander that he would capture all the\nAthenian fleet at \u00c6gos-potamoi but ten triremes: they got off safe to\nCyprus, but the Laced\u00e6monians took all the rest and their crews. This\nAgias was the son of Agelochus, the son of Tisamenus. This last was a\nnative of Elis of the family of the Iamid\u00e6, who was told by the oracle\nthat he should win the prize in 5 most notable contests. So he trained\nfor the pentathlum at Olympia, and came off the ground unvictorious\nin that, though he won the prize in two out of the five, for he beat\nHieronymus of Andros in running and leaping. But having been beaten by\nhim in wrestling, and losing the victory, he interpreted the oracle to\nmean that he would win five victories in war. And the Laced\u00e6monians,\nwho were not ignorant of what the Pythian priestess had foretold\nTisamenus, persuaded him to leave Elis, and carry out the oracle for\nthe benefit of the Spartans. And Tisamenus had his five victories,\nfirst at Plat\u00e6a against the Persians, and secondly at Tegea in a battle\nbetween the Laced\u00e6monians and the people of Tegea and the Argives. And\nnext at Dip\u00e6a against all the Arcadians but the Mantin\u00e6ans: (Dip\u00e6a is a\nsmall town of the Arcadians near M\u00e6nalia.) And the fourth victory was\nat Ithome against the Helots that had revolted in the Isthmus. However\nall the Helots did not revolt, but only the Messenian portion who had\nseparated themselves from the original Helots. But I shall enter into\nall this more fully hereafter. After this victory the Laced\u00e6monians,\nlistening to Tisamenus and the oracle at Delphi, allowed the rebels\nto go away on conditions. And the fifth victory was at Tanagra in a\nbattle against the Argives and Athenians. Such is the account I heard\nabout Tisamenus. And the Spartans have in their market-place statues\nof Pyth\u00e6an Apollo, and Artemis, and Leto. And this place is called\nDance-ground because during the Festival of Gymnop\u00e6dia,[33] (and there\nis no feast more popular among the Laced\u00e6monians,) the boys have dances\nhere in honour of Apollo. And at no great distance are temples of\nEarth, and Market Zeus, and Market Athene, and Poseidon whom they call\nAsphalius, and Apollo again, and Hera. There is also a huge statue\nof a man to represent the People of Sparta. And the Destinies have\na temple at Sparta, near to which is the tomb of Orestes the son of\nAgamemnon: for they say his bones were brought from Tegea and buried\nhere in accordance with the oracle. And near the tomb of Orestes is\nan effigy of Polydorus the son of Alcamenes, whom of all their kings\nthey so extolled that the government seal all their public documents\nwith Polydorus\u2019 image. There is also a Market Hermes carrying a little\nDionysus, and some antiquities called Ephorea, and among them memorials\nof Epimenides the Cretan, and of Aphareus the son of Perieres. And I\nthink the Laced\u00e6monian account of Epimenides truer than the Argive one.\nHere also are statues of the Destinies, and some other statues. There\nis also a Hospitable Zeus and a Hospitable Athene.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XII.\n\n\nAs you go from the market-place on the road which they call\nApheta (_starting-place_), you come to what is called Booneta,\n(_Ox-purchased_). I must first explain the name of the road. They say\nthat Icarius proposed a race for the suitors of Penelope, and that\nOdysseus won the prize is clear, and they started they say at the road\ncalled Apheta. And I think Icarius imitated Danaus in proposing this\ncontest. For this was Danaus\u2019 plan in regard to his daughters; as no\none would marry any of them because of their atrocious crime, Danaus\nmade it known that he would marry his daughters to any one who should\nselect them for their beauty without requiring wedding-presents, but\nwhen only a few came to apply he established a race, and the winner\nmight take his pick of the girls, and the second the next, and so on to\nthe last in the race: and the girls still remaining had to wait for a\nsecond batch of suitors and a second race. And what the Laced\u00e6monians\ncall Booneta on this road, was formerly the house of king Polydorus:\nand after Polydorus\u2019 death they bought it of his widow for some oxen.\nFor as yet there was no coinage either in silver or gold, but in\nprimitive fashion they gave in barter oxen and slaves, and silver or\ngold in the lump. And mariners to India tell us the Indians give in\nexchange for Greek commodities various wares, but do not understand\nthe use of money, and that though they have plenty of gold and silver.\nAnd opposite the public Hall of the Bidi\u00e6i is the temple of Athene,\nand Odysseus is said to have put there the statue of the goddess, and\ncalled it Celeuthea, when he outran the suitors of Penelope. And he\nbuilt three temples of Celeuthea at some distance from one another.\nAnd along the road called Apheta there are hero-chapels of Iops, who\nis supposed to have been a contemporary of Lelex or Myles, and of\nAmphiaraus the son of \u0152cles, (and this last they think the sons of\nTyndareus erected as Amphiaraus was their uncle), and also one of Lelex\nhimself. And not far from these is the shrine of T\u00e6narian Apollo,\nfor that is his title, and at no great distance a statue of Athene,\nwhich they say was a votive offering of those who migrated to Italy\nand Tarentum. And the place which is called Hellenium is so called\nbecause those of the Hellenes (_Greeks_), who strove to prevent Xerxes\u2019\npassing into Europe, deliberated in this place how they should resist\nhim. But another tradition says that it was here that those who went\nto Ilium to oblige Menelaus deliberated on the best plan for sailing\nto Troy, and exacting punishment of Paris for the rape of Helen. And\nnear Hellenium they exhibit the tomb of Talthybius: as do also the\npeople of \u00c6g\u00e6 in Achaia in their market-place, who also claim the tomb\nof Talthybius as being with them. And the wrath of this Talthybius for\nthe murder of the envoys, who were sent by King Darius to Greece to ask\nfor earth and water, was publicly manifested to the Laced\u00e6monians, but\non the Athenians was visited privately, and mainly on the house of one\nman, Miltiades the son of Cimon, for he was the person responsible for\ngetting the envoys that came to Attica put to death by the Athenians.\nAnd the Laced\u00e6monians have an altar of Apollo Acritas, and a temple\nof Earth called Gaseptum, and above it is Apollo Maleates. And at the\nend of the road Apheta, and very near the walls, is the temple of\nDictynna, and the royal tombs of the Eurypontid\u00e6. And near Hellenium\nis the temple of Arsinoe, the daughter of Leucippus, and the sister\nof the wives of Polydeuces and Castor. And at what is called Garrison\nthere is a temple of Artemis, and as you go on a little further there\nis a monument erected to the prophets from Elis who are called Iamid\u00e6.\nAnd there is a temple of Maro and Alpheus, who, of the Laced\u00e6monians\nthat fought at Thermopyl\u00e6, seem to have been reckoned most valiant\nnext to Leonidas. And the temple of Victory-giving Zeus was erected by\nthe Dorians, after a victory over the people of Amycl\u00e6 and the other\nAch\u00e6ans, who at this time occupied Laconia. And the temple of the great\nMother is honoured especially. And next to it are hero-chapels of\nTheseus, and the Arcadian Aulon, and the son of Tlesimenes: some say\nthat Tlesimenes was the brother, others the son, of Parthenop\u00e6us the\nson of Melanion.\n\n  And there is another outlet from the market-place, where is built the\nplace called Scias, where even now they hold meetings. This Scias was\nthey say built by the Samian Theodorus, who was the first discoverer\nof fusing, and making statues, in iron. Here the Laced\u00e6monians hung\nup the harp of Milesian Timotheus, censuring him for adding four\nchords in harpistry to the old Seven. And near Scias there is a round\nbuilding (in which are statues of Olympian Zeus and Olympian Aphrodite)\nconstructed they say by Epimenides, of whom they give a different\naccount to that of the Argives, since they say that the Argives never\nfought with the Gnossians.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIII.\n\n\nNot far from Scias is the tomb of Cynortas the son of Amyclas, and the\nmonument of Castor, and a temple to him over it. Castor and Pollux were\nnot they say reckoned gods till the fortieth year after the battle\nbetween Idas and Lynceus, whose tombs are exhibited at Scias, though a\nmore probable tradition states that they were buried in Messenia. But\nthe misfortunes of the Messenians, and the long time they were away\nfrom the Peloponnese, have made many of their old traditions unknown\nto posterity, and since they do not themselves know them for certain,\nany one who chooses can doubt. Right opposite the temple of Olympian\nAphrodite the Laced\u00e6monians have a temple of Saviour Proserpine,\nerected some say by the Thracian Orpheus, others say by Abaris who\ncame from the Hyperboreans. And Carneus, whom they surname \u0152cetes, had\nhonours in Sparta even before the return of the Heraclid\u00e6, and a statue\nwas erected to him in the house of Crius, the son of Theocles the\nprophet. As the daughter of this Crius was drawing water, some Dorian\nspies met her and had a conversation with her, and went to Crius, and\nlearnt of him the way to capture Sparta. And the worship of Carnean\nApollo was established among all the Dorians by Carnus, an Acarnanian\nby race and the prophet of Apollo: and when he was slain by Hippotes\nthe son of Phylas the heavy wrath of Apollo fell upon the camp of the\nDorians, and Hippotes had to flee for this murder, and the Dorians\ndetermined to propitiate the Acarnanian prophet by sacred rites. But\nindeed it is not this Carnean \u0152cetes, but the son of the prophet Crius\nthat was honoured while the Ach\u00e6ans still held Sparta. It has indeed\nbeen written by Praxilla in her verses that Carneus was the son of\nEuropa, and that Apollo and Leto brought him up. But there is another\ntradition recorded of him, that the Greeks cut down on Trojan Ida some\ncornel trees that grew in the grove of Apollo to make the Wooden Horse:\nand when they learnt of the anger of the god against them for this\nsacrilege, they propitiated him with sacrifices and called him Carnean\nApollo from these cornel trees, transposing the letter \u03c1 according to\nancient custom.[34]\n\n  And not far from Carnean Apollo is the statue of Aphet\u00e6us: where\nthey say the suitors of Penelope started for their race. And there is\na place which has porticoes forming a square, where nicknacks in old\ntimes used to be sold: at this place is an altar of Ambulian Zeus and\nAmbulian Athene, and also of Ambulian Castor and Pollux. And right\nopposite is what is called Colona (_Hill_), and a temple of Zeus of\nColona, and near it the grove of the hero, who they say showed Dionysus\nthe way to Sparta. And the women called Dionysiades and Leucippides\nsacrifice to this hero before they sacrifice to the god himself. But\nthe other eleven women, whom they also call Dionysiades, have a race\nspecially appointed for them: this custom came from Delphi. And not far\nfrom the temple of Dionysus is that of Zeus Euanemus, and on the right\nof this is the hero chapel of Pleuron. On the mother\u2019s side the sons\nof Tyndareus were descended from Pleuron, for Areus says in his poems\nthat Thestius, the father of Leda, was the son of Agenor and grandson\nof Pleuron. And not far from this hero chapel is a hill, and on the\nhill is a temple of Argive Hera, erected they say by Eurydice the\ndaughter of Laced\u00e6mon, and the wife of Acrisius the son of Abas. And\nthe temple of Hyperchirian Hera was built according to the oracle, when\nthe Eurotas overflowed a considerable part of the country. And the old\nwooden statue they call that of Aphrodite Hera, and when a daughter is\nmarried it is customary for mothers to sacrifice to that goddess. And\non the road to the right of this hill is an effigy of Et\u0153mocles. He and\nhis father Hipposthenes won prizes for wrestling at Olympia, the father\non eleven occasions, the son on twelve.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIV.\n\n\nAs you go westwards from the market-place is the cenotaph of Brasidas\nthe son of Tellis, and at no great distance a theatre in white stone\nwell worth seeing. And opposite the theatre are the tombs of Pausanias\nthe General at Plat\u00e6a, and of Leonidas: and every year they have\nspeeches over them, and a contest in which none but Spartans may\ncompete. The remains of Leonidas were 40 years after his death removed\nfrom Thermopyl\u00e6 by Pausanias, and there is a pillar with the names and\npedigree of those who fought against the Medes at Thermopyl\u00e6. And there\nis in Sparta a place called Theomelida, where are the tombs of the\nkings descended from Agis, and at no great distance is what is called\nthe Lounge of the Crotani; who belong to the Pitanat\u00e6. And not far from\nthis Lounge is the temple of \u00c6sculapius, called the temple among the\ntombs of the descendants of Agis. And as you go on you come to the tomb\nof T\u00e6narus, from whom they say the promontory T\u00e6narum gets its name.\nAnd there are temples of Hippocurian Poseidon and \u00c6ginetan Artemis.\nAnd as you retrace your steps to the Lounge is the temple of Artemis\nIssora, they also call her Limn\u00e6a, though she is not called Artemis\nbut Britomartis by the Cretans, but about her I shall speak when I\ncome to \u00c6gina. And very near the tombs of the descendants of Agis you\nwill see a pillar, and inscribed on it are the victories which Chionis\na Laced\u00e6monian carried off in the course, and others which he won at\nOlympia. For there he had seven victories, four in the course, and\nthree in the double course. The shield race at the end of the sports\nwas not then instituted. Chionis also took part they say with Ther\u00e6an\nBattus in founding Cyrene, and in ejecting the neighbouring Libyans.\nAnd they allege the following as the reason why the temple of Thetis\nwas built. When they were fighting against the Messenians who had\nrevolted, and their king Anaxander invaded Messenia and took captive\nsome women, and among them Cleo the priestess of Thetis, Anaxander\u2019s\nwife Leandris begged Cleo of her husband, and she found Cleo in\npossession of a wooden statue of Thetis, and joined her in building a\ntemple to the goddess: and Leandris built this according to the pattern\nwhich she saw in a dream: and the old wooden statue of Thetis they\nkeep in a private place. And the Laced\u00e6monians say they were taught\nto worship Demeter Chthonia by Orpheus, but I am of opinion that the\ntemple at Hermion taught them this worship of Demeter Chthonia. The\nSpartans have also a very recent temple of Serapis, and another of\nOlympian Zeus.\n\n  And the Laced\u00e6monians give the name Dromus to the place where it is\ncustomary still for the young men to practise in running. As you go to\nthis Dromus from the tomb of the descendants of Agis you see on the\nleft hand the sepulchre of Eumedes, who was the son of Hippocoon, and\nan old statue of Hercules, to whom the Spartan youths called _Sph\u00e6rei_\nsacrifice. This name is given to the lads who are just growing to\nmanhood.[35] There are also gymnasiums in Dromus, one the offering of\nthe Spartan Eurycles. And outside Dromus, and opposite the statue of\nHercules, is a house which now belongs to a private person, but was of\nold the house of Menelaus. And as you go on from Dromus you come to the\ntemples of Castor and Pollux, and the Graces, and Ilithyia, and Carnean\nApollo, and Sovereign Artemis. And on the right of Dromus is a temple\nof \u00c6sculapius surnamed Agnitas (_Willowy_), because the god\u2019s statue\nis made of willow, of the same kind as that called rhamnus: and at no\ngreat distance is a trophy, which they say Polydeuces put up after his\nvictory over Lynceus. And this confirms in my opinion the probability\nthat the sons of Aphareus were not buried at Sparta. Near the beginning\nof Dromus are Castor and Pollux of the _Startingpoint_, and as you go\na little way further is the hero-chapel of Alco, who they say was the\nson of Hippocoon. And next to the hero-chapel of Alco is the temple\nof Poseidon whom they surname Domatites. And there is a place called\nPlatanistas from the plane-trees which grow high and continuous round\nit. And this place, where it is customary for the young men to have\ntheir fights, is surrounded by water as an island is by the sea, and\nyou enter it by bridges. On one side of these bridges is a statue of\nHercules, and on the other one of Lycurgus, who not only legislated\nfor the state generally but even for the fights of the youths. And the\nyouths have the following customs also. They sacrifice before their\nfights in the temple of Ph\u0153bus, which is outside the city and not very\nfar from Therapne. Here each division of the young men sacrifice a\npuppy dog to Enyalius,[36] deeming the most valiant of domesticated\nanimals a suitable victim to the most valiant of the gods. And I know\nno other Greeks who are accustomed to sacrifice puppy dogs except the\nColophonians, who sacrifice a black puppy to Enodius. The sacrifices\nboth of the Colophonians and also of these young men at Laced\u00e6mon take\nplace by night. And after their sacrifice the young men pit together\ntame boars to fight, whichever boar gets the victory, the party to\nwhich it belongs are generally victorious at Platanistas. This is what\nthey do in the temple of Ph\u0153bus: and on the next day a little before\nnoon they cross the bridges to Platanistas. And the approach for each\ndivision is appointed by lot the night before. And they fight with\nhands and feet, and bite and tear one another\u2019s eyes out. So they\nfight, and violently attack one another full tilt, and push one another\ninto the water.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XV.\n\n\nNear Platanistas there is a hero-chapel of Cynisca, the daughter of\nArchidamus king of Sparta: she was the first woman who trained horses,\nand the first woman who won the chariot-race at Olympia. And behind\nthe portico near Platanistas are several other hero-chapels, one of\nAlcimus, and another of Enar\u00e6phorus, and at no great distance one of\nDorceus, and above this one of Sebrus. These they say were sons of\nHippocoon. And from Dorceus they call the fountain near the hero-chapel\nDorcea, and from Sebrus they call the place Sebrium. And on the right\nof Sebrium is the sepulchre of Alcman, the sweetness of whose poems\nwas not injured by the Laced\u00e6monian dialect, though it is the least\neuphonious. And there are temples of Helen and Hercules, hers near\nthe tomb of Alcman, and his very near the walls with a statue in it\nof Hercules armed: Hercules was so represented in the statue they say\nbecause of his fight against Hippocoon and his sons. The animosity of\nHercules against the family of Hippocoon originated they say in that,\nafter killing Iphitus, when he came to Sparta to clear himself, they\nrefused to clear him. The following matter also contributed to the\nbeginning of strife. \u0152onus a lad, and nephew of Hercules, for he was\nthe son of Alcmena\u2019s brother, accompanied Hercules to Sparta, and as\nhe was going round and looking at the city, when he was opposite the\nhouse of Hippocoon, a watch dog jumped out on him, and \u0152onus chanced\nto throw a stone and hit the dog. Then the sons of Hippocoon ran out,\nand struck \u0152onus with clubs till they had killed him. At this Hercules\nwas furious against Hippocoon and his sons, and immediately (so angry\nwas he) attacked them. For the moment he retired as he was wounded, but\nafterwards he brought others with him to Sparta to avenge himself on\nHippocoon and his sons for the murder of \u0152onus. And the sepulchre of\n\u0152onus was erected near the temple of Hercules. And as you go eastwards\nfrom Dromus there is a path on the right hand to the temple of Athene\nunder the title of Exactor of due punishment. For when Hercules took\non Hippocoon and his sons adequate vengeance for what they had done,\nhe built this temple to Athene under the title of Exactor of due\npunishment, for the old race of men called revenge punishment.[37]\nAnd there is another temple of Athene as you go on another road from\nDromus, erected they say by Theras the son of Autesion, the son of\nTisamenus, the son of Thersander, when he sent a colony to the island\nwhich is now called Thera after him, but was of old called Calliste.\nAnd hard by is the temple of Hipposthenes who carried off most of the\nwrestling prizes, and whom they worship according to the oracle, as\nif they were awarding honours to Poseidon. And right opposite this\ntemple is Enyalius in fetters, an old statue. And the opinion of the\nLaced\u00e6monians about this statue and about that of the Athenians called\nWingless Victory is the same, _viz._ that Enyalius will never depart\nfrom the Laced\u00e6monians as being fettered, just as Victory will always\nremain with the Athenians because she has no wings to fly away. Athens\nand Laced\u00e6mon have erected these statues on similar principles and with\na similar belief. And at Sparta there is a Lounge called _the Painted\nLounge_, and various hero-chapels near it, as of Cadmus the son of\nAgenor, and his descendants, \u0152olycus the son of Theras, and \u00c6geus the\nson of \u0152olycus. And they say these hero-chapels were built by M\u00e6sis,\nL\u00e6as, and Europas, who are said to have been the sons of Hyr\u00e6sus and\ngrandsons of \u00c6geus. And they built also a hero-chapel to Amphilochus,\nbecause their ancestor Tisamenus was the son of Demonassa, the sister\nof Amphilochus. And the Laced\u00e6monians are the only Greeks with whom it\nis customary to call Hera Goateater and to sacrifice goats to her. And\nHercules they say built a temple and sacrificed goats to her first,\nbecause when he was fighting against Hippocoon and his sons he met\nwith no obstacle from Hera, though he thought the goddess opposed him\non all other occasions. And they say he sacrificed goats to her as\nbeing in difficulty about getting any other victims. And not far from\nthe theatre is the temple of Tutelary Poseidon and hero-chapels of\nCleod\u00e6us the son of Hyllus, and of \u0152balus. And the most notable of the\nSpartan temples of \u00c6sculapius is at Booneta, on the left of which is\nthe hero-chapel of Teleclus, of whom I shall give an account when I\ncome to Messenia. And when you have gone forward a little further there\nis a hill not very high, and on it an old temple and wooden statue of\nAphrodite in full armour. This is the only temple I know which has\nan upper story built above it, and in this upper story is a shrine\nof Aphrodite under the title of The Shapely, the goddess is seated\nwith a veil on and fetters on her feet. They say Tyndareus added the\nfetters, symbolising by those bonds the bonds of love, that unite men\nso powerfully to women. For as to the other tradition, that Tyndareus\npunished the goddess by fetters, because he thought his daughters\u2019\ndisgrace had come from the goddess, this I don\u2019t at all accept: for\nit would have been altogether childish to make a small figure of\ncedar-wood and call it Aphrodite, and then think in punishing it one\nwas punishing the goddess!\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVI.\n\n\nAnd hard by is the temple of Hilaira and Ph\u0153be, who the writer of the\nCyprian poems says were the daughters of Apollo. And their priestesses\nare maidens, called also Leucippides as well as the goddesses. One of\ntheir statues was touched up by a priestess of the goddesses, who with\nan art not unknown in our days put a new face on the old statue, but\na dream prevented her treating the other statue in the same way. Here\nis hung up an egg, fastened to the roof by fillets; they say it is the\negg which Leda is said to have laid. And every year the women weave a\ncoat for Apollo at Amycl\u00e6, and they call the place where they weave it\n_Coat_. Near the temple is a house which they say the sons of Tyndareus\noriginally lived in, but afterwards Phormio a Spartan got possession\nof it. To him Castor and Pollux came as strangers, they said they had\ncome from Cyrene and desired to lodge at his house, and asked for a\nchamber, (with which they were greatly pleased), as long as they should\nremain at Sparta. But he bade them go to some other house where they\nmight like to dwell, he could not give them that chamber, for it was\nthe apartment of his daughter a maiden. And the next day maiden and\nher attendants had all vanished, but statues of Castor and Pollux were\nfound in the chamber, and a table with some assa-f\u0153tida on it. Such at\nleast is the tradition.\n\n  And as you go to the gates from the place called _Coat_ there is a\nhero-chapel of Chilo, who was accounted one of the seven wise men, and\nof an Athenian hero who accompanied Dorieus, the son of Anaxandrides,\non the expedition to colonize Sicily. And they put in at Eryx thinking\nthat district belonged to the descendants of Hercules, and not to\nbarbarians who really held it. For there is a tradition that Eryx\nand Hercules wrestled on the following conditions, that if Hercules\nconquered the land of Eryx should be his, but if Eryx conquered the\noxen of Geryon, (which Hercules was then driving,) should be his, for\nthese oxen had swum across to Sicily from the promontory at Scylla,[38]\nand Hercules had crossed over after them to find them, and Eryx should\nhave them if he came off victor. But the good will of the gods did not\nspeed Dorieus the son of Anaxandrides as it had done Hercules, for\nHercules killed Eryx, but the people of Segeste nearly annihilated\nDorieus and his army. And the Laced\u00e6monians have built a temple to\ntheir legislator Lycurgus as to a god. And behind this temple is the\ntomb of Eucosmus, the son of Lycurgus, near the altar of Lathria and\nAnaxandra, who were twins, (and the sons of Aristodemus who married\nthem were also twins), and the daughters of Thersander the son of\nAgamedidas, the king of the Cleeston\u00e6ans, and the great grandson of\nCtesippus the son of Hercules. And right opposite the temple are the\ntombs of Theopompus the son of Nicander, and Eurybiades, who fought\nagainst the Medes in the Laced\u00e6monian gallies at Artemisium and\nSalamis. And hard-by is what is called the hero-chapel of Astrabacus.\n\n  And the place called Limn\u00e6um is the temple of Orthian Artemis. The\nwooden statue of the goddess is they say the very one which Orestes\nand Iphigenia formerly stole from the Tauric Chersonese. And the\nLaced\u00e6monians say it was brought to their country when Orestes was\nking there. And their account seems to me more probable than the\naccount of the Athenians. For why should Iphigenia have left the\nstatue at Brauron? And when the Athenians were preparing to leave the\nplace, would they not have put it on board ship? And so great still is\nthe fame of Tauric Artemis, that the Cappadocians who live near the\nEuxine claim that the statue was theirs, and the Lydians who have a\ntemple of Anaitian Artemis make the same claim. But it appears it was\nneglected by the Athenians and became a prey to the Medes: for it was\ncarried from Brauron to Susa, and afterwards the Syrians of Laodicea\nreceived it from Seleucus and still have it. And the following facts\nplainly prove to me that the Orthian Artemis at Laced\u00e6mon is the same\nwooden statue which was taken from the barbarians: that Astrabacus\nand Alopecus, (the sons of Irbus, the son of Amphisthenes, the son of\nAmphicles, the son of Agis), when they found the statue immediately\nwent mad; and also that the Limnat\u00e6 among the Spartans, and the people\nof Cynosura, Mesoa, and Pitane, who were sacrificing to Artemis, had\na quarrel and even went so far as to kill one another, and after many\nwere killed at the altar a pestilence destroyed the rest. And after\nthat an oracle bade them sprinkle human blood over the altar. And\ninstead of a person drawn by lot being sacrificed, Lycurgus changed it\nto flogging the young men there, and so the altar got sprinkled with\nhuman blood. And the priestess stands by during the operation, holding\nthe wooden statue, which is generally light from its smallness, but\nif the scourgers spare any young man at all in his flogging either\non account of his beauty or rank, then this wooden statue in the\npriestess\u2019 hand becomes heavy and no longer easy to hold, and she makes\ncomplaint of the scourgers and says it is so heavy owing to them. So\ninnate is it with this statue, in consequence of the sacrifices at\nthe Tauric Chersonese, to delight in human blood. And they not only\ncall the goddess Orthia, but also _Bound-with-willow-twigs_, because\nthe statue was found in a willow bush, and the willows so tenaciously\ntwined round it that they kept it in an upright posture.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVII.\n\n\nAnd not far from that of Orthian Artemis is the temple of Ilithyia:\nthis temple they say was built, and Ilithyia accounted a goddess,\nin obedience to the oracle at Delphi. And the Laced\u00e6monians have no\ncitadel rising to a notable height, as the Cadmea at Thebes, or Larissa\namong the Argives: but as there are several hills in the city the\nhighest of these is called the citadel. Here is erected a temple of\nAthene called Poliuchus and Chalci\u0153cus. And this temple began to be\nbuilt they say by Tyndareus: and after his death his sons wished to\nfinish the building, and they had an opportunity in the spoils from\nAphidna. But as they too died before the conclusion of the work, the\nLaced\u00e6monians many years afterwards completed the temple, and made a\nstatue of Athene in brass. And the artificer was Gitiadas a native\nof Sparta, who also composed Doric poems and a hymn to the goddess.\nMany too of the Labours of Hercules are delineated in brass, and many\nof his successes on his own account, and several of the actions of\nCastor and Pollux, and their carrying off the daughters of Leucippus,\nand Heph\u00e6stus freeing his mother from her bonds. I have given an\nexplanation of all these before, and the legends about them, in my\naccount of Attica. There too are the Nymphs giving Perseus, as he is\nstarting for Libya and Medusa, the invisible cap, and the sandals with\nwhich he could fly through the air. There too are representations of\nthe birth of Athene, and of Amphitrite, and Poseidon, which are the\nlargest and as it seems to me finest works of art.\n\n  There is also another temple there of Athene the Worker. At the South\nPorch there is also a temple of Zeus called the Arranger, and the tomb\nof Tyndareus in front of it. And the West Porch has two Eagles and two\nVictories to correspond, the votive offering of Lysander, and a record\nof his two famous exploits, the one near Ephesus when he defeated\nAntiochus, the pilot of Alcibiades, and the Athenian gallies, and\nthe other at \u00c6gos-potamoi where he crushed the Athenian navy. And at\nthe left of Athene Chalci\u0153cus they have built a temple of the Muses,\nbecause the Laced\u00e6monians do not go out to battle to the sound of the\ntrumpet, but to the music of flutes and lyre and harp. And behind\nAthene Chalci\u0153cus is the temple of Martial Aphrodite. Her wooden\nstatues are as old as any among the Greeks.\n\n  And on the right of Athene Chalci\u0153cus is a statue of Supreme Zeus,\nthe most ancient of all brass statues, for it is not carved in one\npiece, but forged piece by piece and deftly welded together, and studs\nkeep it together from falling to pieces. The artificer was they say\nClearchus a man of Rhegium, who some say was the pupil of Dip\u0153nus and\nScyllis, others say of D\u00e6dalus. And at what is called the _Scenoma_\nthere is a figure of a woman, the Laced\u00e6monians say it is Euryleonis,\nwho won the prize at Olympia with a pair of horses.\n\n  And near the altar of Athene Chalci\u0153cus are erected two figures of\nPausanias the General at Plat\u00e6a. His fate I shall not relate to people\nwho know it, for what I have written before is quite sufficient. I\nshall merely therefore state what I heard from a man of Byzantium, that\nPausanias was detected plotting, and was the only one of those that\ntook sanctuary with Athene Chalci\u0153cus that did not get indemnity, and\nthat for no other reason than that he could not clear himself of the\nguilt of murder. For when he was at the Hellespont in command of the\nallied fleet, he got enamoured of a Byzantian maiden called Cleonice,\nand at nightfall a detachment of his men brought her to him. And\nPausanias had fallen asleep, and when this maiden came into the room\nshe knocked down inadvertently the light that was burning, and the\nnoise woke him. And Pausanias, whose conscience smote him for having\nbetrayed Greece, and who was therefore always in a state of nervous\nalarm and panic, was beside himself and stabbed the maiden with a\nscimetar. This guilt Pausanias could not clear himself from, though\nhe endeavoured in every way to propitiate Zeus the Acquitter, and\neven went to Phigalia in Arcadia to the necromancers, but he paid to\nCleonice and the deity the fit penalty. And the Laced\u00e6monians at the\nbidding of the oracle made brazen statues for the god Epidotes, and\notherwise honoured him, because he it was who in the case of Pausanias\nturned aside the wrath of Zeus the god of Suppliants.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVIII.\n\n\nNear the two figures of Pausanias is a statue of Youth-prolonging\nAphrodite, made at the bidding of an oracle, and statues of Sleep and\nDeath. People have reckoned them to be brothers according to Homer\u2019s\nlines in the Iliad.[39] And on the way to Alpium as it is called you\ncome to the temple of Athene the Eye-preserver, erected they say by\nLycurgus who had one of his eyes knocked out by Alcander, because he\ndid not find Lycurgus\u2019 legislation agreeable. And he took refuge at\nthis place, and the Laced\u00e6monians prevented his losing his remaining\neye, so he built a temple to Athene the Eye-preserver. And as you go\non from thence you come to the temple of Ammon. The Laced\u00e6monians seem\nfrom time immemorial to have used his oracle in Libya most of all\nthe Greeks. And it is said that, when Lysander was besieging Aphytis\nin Pallene, Ammon appeared to him by night, and told him it would be\nbetter for him and Laced\u00e6mon to raise the siege. And accordingly he\ndid so, and induced the Laced\u00e6monians to honour the god even more\nthan before. And the people of Aphytis honour Ammon as much as the\nAmmonians themselves in Libya. And the following is the tradition about\nCnagian Artemis. Cnageus they say was a native of Sparta, and went on\nthe expedition against Aphidna with Castor and Pollux, and was taken\nprisoner in the battle and sold into slavery in Crete, and was slave at\nthe temple of Artemis in Crete, and in course of time ran off with the\npriestess who also took with her the image of the goddess. This is why\nthey call her Cnagian Artemis. But I cannot help thinking this Cnageus\nmust have gone to Crete in some other way, and not as the Laced\u00e6monians\nsay, for I do not think a battle was fought at Aphidna, as Theseus\nwas detained in Thesprotia, and the Athenians were not unanimous for\nhim, but inclined rather to Menestheus. Not but that, if a contest\ntook place, one might readily believe that prisoners were taken by the\nconquerors, especially as it was a decisive victory, for Aphidna was\ncaptured. Let this suffice for the subject.\n\n  On the road from Sparta to Amycl\u00e6 you come to the river Tiasa. Tiasa\nwas they think the daughter of Eurotas, and near the river is a temple\nof the Graces Phaenna and Clete, whom Alcman has celebrated. And they\nthink that Laced\u00e6mon erected this temple to the Graces and gave them\nthese names. The things worth seeing at Amycl\u00e6 are the statue of\n\u00c6netus on a pillar (he won all the prizes in the pentathlum, and died\nthey say directly after being crowned for his victory at Olympia,) and\nsome brazen tripods, three[40] of which are older they say than the\nMessenian War. Under the first of these is a statue of Aphrodite, under\nthe second one of Artemis, both the design and work of Gitiadas. And\nthe third is by Callon of \u00c6gina, and under it is a statue of Proserpine\nthe daughter of Demeter. And the Parian Aristander has represented a\nwoman with a lyre to signify Sparta no doubt, and Polycletus the Argive\nhas represented Aphrodite called the Aphrodite near Amycl\u00e6an Apollo.\nThese 3 tripods are bigger than any of the rest, and were dedicated in\nconsequence of the victory at \u00c6gos-potamoi. And Bathycles the Magnesian,\nwho made the throne of Amycl\u00e6an Apollo, also carved some of the Graces\non the throne and a statue of Artemis Leucophryene. Who he learnt his\nart from, or in whose reign he made this throne I pass by, but I have\nseen it and will describe it. Before and behind it are two Graces and\ntwo Seasons, on the left is the Hydra and Typhos, and on the right the\nTritons. But to narrate every detail of this work of art would tire my\nreaders, to make therefore a short summary, since most are well known,\nPoseidon and Zeus are carrying off Taygetes, the daughter of Atlas,\nand her sister Alcyone. There also is Atlas delineated, and the combat\nbetween Hercules and Cycnus, and the fight of the Centaurs with Pholus.\nThere too is the Minotaur represented by Bathycles (I know not why) as\nfettered and led alive by Theseus. And there is a dance of Ph\u00e6acians\non the throne, and Demodocus is singing. There too is Perseus\u2019 victory\nover Medusa. And not to mention the contest of Hercules with the giant\nThurius, and of Tyndareus with Eurytus, there is the rape of the\ndaughters of Leucippus. And there is Hermes carrying to heaven Dionysus\nas a boy, and Athene taking Hercules to dwell among the gods. And\nthere is Peleus handing over Achilles for his education to Chiron, who\nis said to have been his tutor. And there is Cephalus carried off by\nAurora for his beauty. And there are the gods bringing their gifts at\nthe wedding of Harmony. There too is the single combat between Achilles\nand Memnon, and Hercules slaying Diomede, King of Thrace, and Nessus\nby the river Evenus, and Hermes bringing up the goddesses to Paris\nfor the trial of beauty, and Adrastus and Tydeus stopping the fight\nbetween Amphiarus and Lycurgus the son of Pronax. And Hera is gazing at\nIo already changed into a heifer, and Athene is running away from the\npursuit of Heph\u00e6stus. There too is Hercules fighting with the hydra,\nand bringing up Cerberus from Hades. There too are Anaxis and Mnasinous\neach of them on horseback, and Megapenthes, the son of Menelaus, and\nNicostratus both on one horse. And there is Bellerophon killing the\nChim\u00e6ra in Lycia, and Hercules driving off the cattle of Geryon. And on\neach side of the upper portions of the throne are Castor and Pollux on\nhorseback: under their horses are some Sphinxes and some wild beasts\nrunning above, on Castor\u2019s side a leopard, but near Pollux a lioness.\nAnd at the very top of the throne is a company of the Magnesians who\nassisted Bathycles in this work of art. And if you go under the throne\nto see its interior parts where the Tritons are, there is the boar\nof Calydon, and Hercules slaying the sons of Actor, and Calais and\nZetes driving away the Harpies from Phineus, and Pirithous and Theseus\ncarrying off Helen, and Hercules throttling the Nemean lion. And there\nare Apollo and Artemis transfixing Tityus. And there is the contest of\nHercules with the Centaur Oreus, and of Theseus with the Minotaur, and\nthe wrestling of Hercules with Achelous, and Hera bound by Heph\u00e6stus as\nthe story goes, and the games established by Acastus in memory of his\nfather, and what we read in the Odyssey about Menelaus and the Egyptian\nProteus. Lastly there is Admetus yoking to his chariot a boar and a\nlion, and the Trojans making their offerings at the grave of Hector.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIX.\n\n\nAs to the seat for the god on this throne, it is not one continuous\nsurface but has several partitions with intervals between them. The\nlargest partition is in the middle, where there is a statue about 30\ncubits high I conjecture, for no one has taken its measure. And this is\nnot by Bathycles but an ancient and inartistic production, for except\nthe face toes and hands it resembles a brazen pillar. There is a helmet\non its head, and a lance and bow in its hands. And the base of the\nstatue is like an altar, and they say Hyacinthus is buried there, and\nat the festival of Hyacinthus, before they sacrifice to Apollo, they\nmake offerings to Hyacinthus on this altar through a brazen door which\nis on the left of the altar. And carved upon this altar are effigies\nof Biris and Amphitrite and Poseidon, and Zeus and Hermes talking\ntogether, and near them Dionysus and Semele, and near Semele Ino. On\nthis altar too are effigies of Demeter and Proserpine and Pluto, the\nDestinies and the Seasons, Aphrodite and Athene and Artemis; and they\nare carrying to heaven Hyacinthus and his sister Polyb\u0153a who they say\ndied a virgin. Hyacinthus has a small beard, and Nicias the son of\nNicomedes has represented him as very handsome, hinting at the love\nof Apollo for him. There is also a representation of Hercules being\ntaken to heaven by Athene and the other gods; as also effigies of the\ndaughters of Thestius and the Muses and the Seasons. As to the Zephyr,\nand the story of Hyacinth having been accidentally slain by Apollo, and\nthe legends about the flower Hyacinth, the traditions may possibly be\nbaseless, but let them stand.\n\n  Amycl\u00e6 was destroyed by the Dorians, and is now only a village,\nwhich contains a temple and statue of Alexandra well worth seeing, (by\nAlexandra the people of Amycl\u00e6 mean Cassandra the daughter of Priam).\n\n  There is here also an effigy of Clyt\u00e6mnestra, and a statue of\nAgamemnon, and his supposed tomb. And Amycl\u00e6an Apollo and Dionysus are\nthe chief gods worshipped here, the latter they call very properly in\nmy opinion Psilax (_Winged_). Psila is the Dorian word for wings, and\nwine elevates men and lightens their judgment just as wings elevate\nbirds. And such is all that is memorable about Amycl\u00e6.\n\n  Another road from Sparta leads to Therapne. And on the way is a\nwooden statue of Athene Alea. And before you cross the Eurotas a little\nabove the bank stands the temple of Wealthy Zeus. And when you have\ncrossed the Eurotas, you come to the temple of Cotylean \u00c6sculapius\nbuilt by Hercules, who called \u00c6sculapius Cotylean because in the\nfirst conflict with Hippocoon and his sons he received a wound on his\n_cotyle_ or hip. And of all the temples built on this road, the most\nancient is one of Ares, on the left of the road, and the statue of the\ngod was they say brought by Castor and Pollux from Colchi. And Theritas\ngets its name they say from Thero, who was the nurse of Ares. And\nperhaps they got the name Theritas from the Colchians, for the Greeks\nknow nothing of a nurse of Ares called Thero. But I cannot but think\nthat the name Theritas was given to Ares not on account of his nurse,\nbut because in an engagement with the enemy one must be mild no longer,\nbut be like the description of Achilles in Homer, \u201cas a lion he knows\nsavageness.\u201d[41]\n\n  Therapne got its name from Therapne, the daughter of Lelex, and it\nhas a temple of Menelaus, and they say that Menelaus and Helen were\nburied here. But the Rhodians have a different account to that of the\nLaced\u00e6monians, and say that Helen after the death of Menelaus, while\nOrestes was still on his travels, was driven away by Nicostratus and\nMegapenthes and went to Rhodes, as she was a connection of Polyxo the\nwife of Tlepolemus, for Polyxo was of Argive descent, and being the\nwife of Tlepolemus fled with him to Rhodes, and there became Queen,\nbeing left with one fatherless child. This Polyxo they say desired\nto avenge on Helen the death of Tlepolemus, and when she got her in\nher power sent to her as she was bathing some attendants dressed like\nthe Furies, and they laid hold of Helen and hung her on a tree, and\nfor this reason the Rhodians have a temple to Helen Hung on the Tree.\nAnd I will record the tradition of the people of Croton about Helen,\nwhich is the same as that of the people of Himera. There is in the\nEuxine sea, near the mouth of the Ister, an island sacred to Achilles\ncalled Leuce. It is 20 stades in extent, entirely thick forest and full\nof beasts domesticated and wild, and contains a temple and statue of\nAchilles. They say Leonymus of Croton was the first that ever sailed\nto it. For when there was a war between the people of Croton and the\nLocrians in Italy, and the Locrians invited in Ajax the son of Oileus\nto aid them because of their kinsmanship to the Opuntians, Leonymus the\ngeneral of the Crotonians attacked that part of the enemy\u2019s army where\nhe was told that Ajax was stationed, and got wounded in the breast,\nand, as he suffered very much from his wound, went to Delphi. And the\nPythian Priestess sent him to the island Leuce, and told him that Ajax\nwould appear there and heal his wound. And in process of time getting\nwell he returned from Leuce, and said that he had seen Achilles, and\nAjax the son of Oileus, and Ajax the son of Telamon, and that Patroclus\nand Antilochus were in the company, and that Helen was married to\nAchilles and had told him to sail to Himera, and tell Stesichorus\nthat the loss of his eyesight was a punishment to him from her. In\nconsequence of this Stesichorus composed his palinode.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XX.\n\n\nAt Therapne too I saw the fountain Messeis. Some of the Laced\u00e6monians\nsay that the fountain called in our day Polydeucea, and not this one\nat Therapne, was called by the ancients Messeis. But the fountain\nPolydeucea, and the temple of Polydeuces, are on the right of the road\nto Therapne. And not far from Therapne is a temple of Ph\u0153bus, and in\nit a shrine of Castor and Polydeuces, and the youths sacrifice here\nto Enyalius. And at no great distance is a temple of Poseidon under\nthe name of the Earth-holder. And as you go on thence on the road to\nTaygetus you come to a place they call Alesi\u00e6 (_i.e._ _Mill-town_),\nfor they say that Myles the son of Lelex was the first that discovered\nthe use of mills, and first ground here. At Alesi\u00e6 there is a\nhero-chapel to Laced\u00e6mon the son of Taygete. And as you go on from\nthence and cross the river Phellias, on the road from Amycl\u00e6 to the sea\nyou come to Pharis, formerly a populous town in Laconia, and leaving\nthe river Phellias on the right is the way to Mount Taygetus. And there\nis in the plain a shrine of Messapian Zeus. He got this title they say\nfrom one of his priests. As you go thence towards Mount Taygetus there\nis a place called Bryse\u00e6, where was formerly a town, and there is still\na temple of Dionysus and his statue in the open air. But the statue in\nthe temple only women may look upon: and women only conduct the ritual\nin connection with the sacrifices. The highest point of Mount Taygetus\nis Taletum above Bryse\u00e6. This they say is sacred to the Sun, and they\nsacrifice there to the Sun horses and other victims, as do also the\nPersians. And not far from Taletum is the forest called Evoras, which\nsupports several wild beasts and especially wild goats. In fact Mount\nTaygetus throughout affords excellent goat-hunting and boar-hunting,\nand superfine deer-hunting and bear-hunting. And between Taletum and\nEvoras is a place they call Theras, where they say Leto came from\nthe heights of Taygetus. And there is a temple to Demeter under the\nname Eleusinia. Here the Laced\u00e6monians say Hercules was hidden by\n\u00c6sculapius, while he was being cured of his wound. And there is in\nit a wooden statue of Orpheus, the work as they say of the Pelasgi.\nAnd I know that Orphic rites take place here also. Near the sea is a\ntown called Helus, which Homer has mentioned in his catalogue of the\nLaced\u00e6monians,\n\n    \u2018Those who dwelt at Amycl\u00e6 and Helus the city by the sea.\u2019[42]\n\nIt was founded by Heleus the youngest son of Perseus, and the Dorians\nin after days reduced it by siege. Its inhabitants were the first\nslaves of the Laced\u00e6monian commonalty, and were the first called Helots\nfrom the place of their birth. Afterwards Helot was the general name\nthe Dorians gave their slaves, even when they were Messenians, just\nas all the Greeks are called Hellenes from Hellas in Thessaly. From\nHelus they bring on stated days the wooden statue of Proserpine, the\ndaughter of Demeter, to Eleusinium. And 15 stades from Eleusinium is\nthe place called Lapith\u00e6um from a native called Lapithus. It is on\nMount Taygetus, and not far from it is Dereum, where is a statue of\nDerean Artemis in the open air, and near it a fountain which they call\nAnonus. And next to Dereum, about 20 stades further on is Harplea,\nwhich extends as far as the plain.\n\n  On the road from Sparta to Arcadia there is a statue of Athene called\nParea in the open air, and near it a temple of Achilles, which it is\ncustomary to keep shut. But those of the youths who intend to contend\nat Platanistas are wont to sacrifice there to Achilles before the\ncontest. And the Spartans say this temple was built for them by Prax,\nwho was the great grandson of Pergamus, the son of Neoptolemus. And\nas you go on you come to the tomb called _The Horse_, for Tyndareus\nsacrificed a horse here and put an oath to all the suitors of Helen,\nmaking them stand by the horse\u2019s entrails. And the oath was to aid\nHelen, and whoever should be chosen for her husband, if they were\nwronged. And after putting this oath to them he buried the remains of\nthe horse here. And at no great distance there are seven pillars set\nthere after some ancient custom, I suppose, to represent the seven\nplanets. And on the road there is a grove of Carnean Apollo called\nStemmatius, and a temple of Mysian Artemis. And the statue of Modesty,\nabout 30 stades\u2019 distance from Sparta, is the votive offering of\nIcarius, said to have been made on the following occasion. When Icarius\ngave Penelope in marriage to Odysseus, he endeavoured to persuade\nOdysseus to live at Laced\u00e6mon, but failing in that he begged his\ndaughter to remain with him, and when she set out for Ithaca followed\nthe chariot, and besought her earnestly to return. And Odysseus for a\ntime refused his consent to this, but at last gave Penelope permission\neither to accompany him of her own volition, or to go back to Laced\u00e6mon\nwith her father. And she they say made no answer, but, as she veiled\nher face at this proposal, Icarius perceived that she wished to go off\nwith Odysseus, and let her go, and dedicated a statue of Modesty in\nthe very place in the road where they say Penelope had got to when she\nveiled herself.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXI.\n\n\nAnd 20 stades further you will come to the Eurotas which flows very\nnear the road, and to the tomb of Ladas, who surpassed all his\ncontemporaries in swiftness of foot. At Olympia he received the prize\nfor the long race, but I think he was tired out after his victory, for\nhe died on this spot and was buried above the public road. Another\nLadas, who also was a victor at Olympia but not in the long race, was\nthey say an Ach\u00e6an from \u00c6gium, according to the archives of Elis about\nthe victors at Olympia. And if you go on you come to the village called\nCharacoma, and next to it is Pellana, formerly a town, where they\nsay Tyndareus lived, when he fled from Sparta from Hippocoon and his\nsons. And the notable things I have myself seen there are the temple\nof \u00c6sculapius and the fountain Pellanis, into which they say a maiden\nfell when she was drawing water, and after she had disappeared her veil\nwas found in another fountain called Lancea. And about 100 stades from\nPellana is a place called Belemina: best off for water of all Laconia,\nfor not only does the river Eurotas flow through it, but it has also\nfountains in abundance.\n\n  As you go down to the sea in the direction of Gythium, you come to\nthe Laced\u00e6monian village called Croce\u00e6. The stonequarries here are not\none continuous piece of rock, but stones are dug out of them like river\nstones, rather difficult to carve, but when they are carved admirably\nadapted to adorn the temples of the gods, and add very greatly to the\nbeauty of fishponds and ornamental waters. And in front of the village\nare statues of the gods, as Zeus of Croce\u00e6 in stone, and at the quarry\nCastor and Pollux in brass. And next to Croce\u00e6, as you turn to the\nright from the high road to Gythium, you will come to the small town\ncalled \u00c6gi\u00e6. They say Homer mentions it under the name Auge\u00e6. Here is a\nmarsh which is called Poseidon\u2019s marsh, and the god has a temple and\nstatue near it. The natives are afraid however to catch the fish, for\nthey say that whoever fishes there becomes a fish and ceases to be a\nman.\n\n  Gythium is about 30 stades from \u00c6gi\u00e6, and is near the sea, and is\ninhabited by the Eleutherolacones, whom the Emperor Augustus liberated\nfrom the yoke of slavery imposed on them by the Laced\u00e6monians of\nSparta. All the Peloponnese except the Isthmus of Corinth is surrounded\nby water: and the maritime parts of Laconia furnish shell fish from\nwhich purple dye is obtained, next in excellence to the Tyrian purple.\nAnd the Eleutherolacones have 18 cities, first Gythium as you descend\nfrom \u00c6gi\u00e6 to the sea, and next Teuthrone, and Las, and Pyrrhichus,\nand near T\u00e6narum C\u00e6nepolis, and \u0152tylus, and Leuctra, and Thalam\u00e6, and\nAlagonia, and Gerenia: and opposite Gythium Asopus near the sea, and\nAcri\u00e6, and B\u0153\u00e6, and Zarax, and Epidaurus called Limera, and Brasi\u00e6,\nand Geronthr\u00e6, and Marius. These are all that remain of what were once\n24 cities of the Eleutherolacones. And the other six, which I shall\nalso give an account of, are tributary to Sparta and not independent\nas those we have just spoken of. And the people of Gythium assign no\nmortal as their founder, but say that Hercules and Apollo, when their\ncontest for the tripod was over, jointly built their town. In the\nmarket-place they have statues of Apollo and Hercules, and near them\nDionysus. And in a different part of the town is Carnean Apollo, and a\ntemple of Ammon, and a brazen statue of \u00c6sculapius; his shrine has no\nroof to it, and there is a fountain of the god, and a temple sacred to\nDemeter, and a statue of Poseidon the Earth-holder. And the person that\nthe people of Gythium call the old man, who they say lives in the sea,\nis I discovered Nereus, and this name Homer gave him in the Iliad in\nthe speech of Thetis, \u2018Ye now enter Ocean\u2019s spacious bosom, to visit\nthe old man of the sea and the homes of our sire.\u2019[43] And the gates\nhere are called Castorides, and in the citadel there is a temple and\nstatue of Athene.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXII.\n\n\nAnd about 3 stades from Gythium is the White Stone, where they say\nOrestes sat to cure himself of his madness. In the Doric tongue the\nstone was called Zeus Cappotas. And opposite Gythium lies the island\nCranae, where according to Homer Paris first carried off Helen. Facing\nthis island on the mainland is the temple of Aphrodite Migonitis, and\nthe whole place is called Migonium. The temple they say was built by\nParis. And Menelaus, returning home safe 8 years after the capture\nof Ilium, placed near the temple of Aphrodite Migonitis statues of\nThetis and Praxidice. There is a mountain too above Migonium sacred to\nDionysus, which they call Larysium: and here at the commencement of\nspring they have a feast to Dionysus, alleging among other reasons for\nthe festival that they found here a ripe cluster of grapes.\n\n  On the left of Gythium about 30 stades\u2019 distance you will see on\nthe mainland the walls of Trinasus, which seems to me to have been\na fort and not a town. And I think it got its name from the three\nsmall islands which lie here near the mainland. And about 80 stades\nfrom Trinasus you come to the ruins of Helus, and 30 stades further\nto Acri\u00e6 a city on the sea, where is a handsome temple of the Mother\nof the Gods, and her statue in stone. And the inhabitants of Acri\u00e6\nsay that this is the oldest of all the temples of this goddess in the\nPeloponnese: though the Magnesians who live north of Sipylus have on a\nrock called Coddinus the most ancient statue of the Mother of the Gods;\nand the Magnesians say it was made by Broteas the son of Tantalus.\nAcri\u00e6 once produced a victor at Olympia in Nicocles, who carried off at\ntwo Olympiads five victories in the chariot race. His tomb is between\nthe gymnasium and the walls near the harbour. It is about 120 stades\nfrom Acri\u00e6 to Geronthr\u00e6. Geronthr\u00e6 was inhabited before the Heraclid\u00e6\ncame to the Peloponnese, and the inhabitants were driven out by the\nDorians of Laced\u00e6mon, who, when they had driven out the Ach\u00e6ans from\nGeronthr\u00e6, put in colonists of their own. But Geronthr\u00e6 now belongs\nto the Eleutherolacones. On the road from Acri\u00e6 to Geronthr\u00e6 there\nis a village called Pal\u00e6a, and at Geronthr\u00e6 there is a temple and\ngrove of Ares, whose festival they celebrate annually, when women are\nforbidden to enter the grove. And near the market-place are fountains\nof drinkable water. And in the citadel there is a temple of Apollo,\nand the head of his image in ivory: all the rest of the image was\ndestroyed by fire when the old temple was burnt. Another town belonging\nto the Eleutherolacones is Marius, 100 stades from Geronthr\u00e6. There is\nan old temple there common to all the gods, and round it a grove with\nfountains, there are also fountains in the temple of Artemis. Marius\nindeed has plenty of water if any place. And above Marius is a village\ncalled Glyptia in the interior of the country. And there is another\nvillage called Selinus about 20 stades from Geronthr\u00e6.\n\n  So much for the interior of Laconia from Acri\u00e6. And the town Asopus\non the sea is about 60 stades from Acri\u00e6. In it is a temple of the\nRoman Emperors, and inland from Asopus about 12 stades is a temple of\n\u00c6sculapius, they call the god Philolaus there. And the bones that are\nhonoured in the gymnasium are exceedingly large, but not too big for\na mortal. And there is a temple of Athene called Cyparissia in the\ncitadel: and at the foot of the citadel there some ruins of a town\ncalled the town of the Paracyparissian Ach\u00e6ans. There is also in this\ndistrict a temple of \u00c6sculapius about 50 stades from Asopus, and they\ncall the place in which this temple is Hyperteleatum. And there is a\npromontory jutting out into the sea about 200 stades from Asopus, which\nthey call _Ass\u2019 jawbone_. This promontory has a temple of Athene,\nwithout either statue or roof, said to have been built by Agamemnon.\nThere is also a monument of Cinadus, who was the pilot of Menelaus\u2019\nship. And next to this promontory is what is called the Bay of B\u0153\u00e6,\nand the city B\u0153\u00e6 is at the head of the bay. It was built by B\u0153us, one\nof the sons of Hercules who is said to have peopled it from the three\ntowns Etis, Aphrodisias, and Sida. Two of these ancient towns are\nreputed to have been built by \u00c6neas, when he was fleeing to Italy and\ndriven into this bay by storms, his daughter Etias gave her name to\nEtis, and the third town was they say called after Sida the daughter\nof Danaus. Those who were driven out of these towns enquired where\nthey should dwell: and the oracle told them that Artemis would shew\nthem where to dwell. On their starting their journey a hare sprung in\nview, this hare they made their guide: and as it hid in a myrtle tree\nthey built their city on the site of the myrtle tree, and they still\nvenerate the myrtle tree, and call Artemis their Saviour. There is also\na temple of Apollo in the market-place of B\u0153\u00e6, and in another part of\nthe city temples of \u00c6sculapius and Serapis and Isis. The ruins of the\nthree towns are not more than 7 stades from B\u0153\u00e6, and on the road you\nsee a stone statue of Hermes on the left, and among the ruins can trace\ntemples of \u00c6sculapius and Hygiea.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIII.\n\n\nAnd Cythera lies opposite B\u0153\u00e6, and to the promontory of\nPlatanistus--the point where the island is nearest to the\nmainland--from the promontory on the mainland called _Ass\u2019 jaw-bone_\nis about 4 stades\u2019 sail. And at Cythera there is a station for ships\ncalled Scandea, and Scandea is about 10 stades from the town of Cythera\nas you go along the cliffs. And the temple of Celestial Aphrodite is\nthe most holy and most ancient of all the temples the Greeks have of\nAphrodite, and the statue is an old wooden one, the goddess is in\ncomplete armour.\n\n  As you sail from B\u0153\u00e6 to the promontory of Malea there is a harbour\ncalled Nymph\u00e6um, and a statue of Poseidon erect, and a cave very near\nthe sea, and in it a spring of fresh water, and many people live in\nthe neighbourhood. And as you double the promontory of Malea, and sail\nabout 100 stades, you come to a place called Epidelium on the borders\nof B\u0153\u00e6, where is a temple of Apollo. It is called Epidelium because\nthe wooden statue of Apollo there now was formerly at Delos. For\nDelos being formerly an emporium for the Greeks, and being thought\nlikely to give security to commerce because of the god, Menophanes a\nGeneral of Mithridates, either of his own insolence or obeying the\norders of Mithridates, (for to a man looking only to lucre divine\nthings come after gain), seeing that Delos had no fortifications and\nthat the inhabitants were unarmed, sailed to it and slew all the\nresident aliens, and the Delians also, and robbed the merchants of much\nmoney, and carried off all the votive offerings, and also enslaved\nthe women and children, and razed Delos to the ground. And during\nthe sack and plunder one of the barbarians in very wantonness threw\nthis wooden statue into the sea, and the waves landed it here at the\nplace called Epidelium in the district of B\u0153\u00e6. But the fierce wrath\nof the god failed not to pursue Menophanes and Mithridates himself,\nfor Menophanes, when he put to sea again after laying Delos waste, was\nlain in wait for by the merchants who had escaped, and his vessel sunk,\nand Mithridates subsequently was compelled by the god to be his own\nexecutioner when his power was entirely destroyed, and he driven hither\nand thither by the Romans. And some say that he found a violent death\nas a favour at the hands of one of his mercenaries. Such was the end of\nthese men for their impiety.\n\n  And adjacent to the district of B\u0153\u00e6 is Epidaurus Limera, about\n200 stades from Epidelium. And they say that it was colonized and\ninhabited not by the Laced\u00e6monians but by some Epidaurians that lived\nin Argolis, who, sailing to Cos to see \u00c6sculapius on public business\nput in at Laconia here, and according to visions they had continued\nhere. And they say that the dragon which they had brought with them\nfrom Epidaurus escaped from the ship and dived into a hole not far from\nthe sea, and according to their visions and the wonderful behaviour of\ntheir dragon they determined to dwell there. And at the point where the\ndragon dived into a hole they erected altars to \u00c6sculapius, and some\nolive trees grow in the vicinity. About two stades further there is\non the right hand some water called the water of Ino, in size only a\nsmall lake, but it goes very deep into the ground. Into this water on\nthe festival of Ino they throw barley cakes. If the water absorbs them\nit is thought a lucky sign for the person who throws them in, but if\nthey float on the surface it is judged a bad sign. The craters at \u00c6tna\nhave the same prophetic power. For they throw into them gold and silver\nvessels, and offerings of all kinds. And if the fire absorbs them they\nrejoice at it as a good sign, but if it rejects them they regard it as\na sure sign of misfortune for the person who has thrown them in. And\non the road from B\u0153\u00e6 to Epidaurus Limera there is a temple of Artemis\ncalled by the Epidaurians Limnas. The town is at no great distance from\nthe sea, and is built on an eminence: and the sights worth seeing here\nare the temple of Aphrodite, and a statue of \u00c6sculapius in stone erect,\nand a temple of Athene in the citadel, and in front of the harbour\na temple of Zeus Soter. And into the sea near the town juts out the\npromontory Minoa. And the bay is very similar to all the others in\nLaconia made by the encroaches of the sea. And the seashore has pebbles\nbeautiful in shape and of all kinds of colours.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIV.\n\n\nAbout 100 stades from Epidaurus Limera is Zarax, in other respects\nconvenient as a harbour, but especially ravaged of all the towns of\nthe Eleutherolacones, for Cleonymus, the son of Cleomenes, the son of\nAgesipolis, razed to the ground this alone of the Laconian towns. But\nI have elsewhere spoken of Cleonymus. And at Zarax there is nothing\nremarkable but a temple of Apollo at the end of the harbour, and a\nstatue of the god with a lyre.\n\n  And as you go along the coast from Zarax about 6 stades, and then\nturn and strike into the interior of the country for about 10 stades,\nyou come to the ruins of Cyphanta, where is a temple of \u00c6sculapius\ncalled Steth\u00e6um, and the statue of the god is of stone. And there is\na spring of cold water bubbling out from the rock. They say Atalanta\nwas parched with thirst hunting here, and struck the rock with her\nlance and the water gushed forth. And Brasi\u00e6 near the sea is the last\nplace which belongs to the Eleutherolacones here, and it is about\n200 stades\u2019 sail from Cyphanta. And the natives here have traditions\ndifferent to all the other Greeks, for they say that Semele bare a son\nto Zeus, and that she and her son Dionysus were spirited away by Cadmus\nand put into a chest, and this chest was they say carried by the waves\nto Brasi\u00e6, and they say they buried magnificently Semele who was no\nlonger alive, and reared Dionysus. And in consequence of this the name\nof their city, which had been hitherto called Oreat\u00e6 was changed to\n_Brasi\u00e6_, because of this landing from the chest. To this day in fact\nmost people speak of things cast ashore by the waves as _brashed_[44]\nashore. The people of Brasi\u00e6 say further that Ino came to their land\non her travels, and when she came there wished to be the nurse of\nDionysus. And they show the cave where she reared Dionysus, and they\ncall the plain Dionysus\u2019 garden. And there are temples of \u00c6sculapius\nand Achilles there, and they have an annual feast to Achilles. And\nthere is a small promontory at Brasi\u00e6, which slopes gently to the sea,\nand there are some brazen statues on it not more than a foot high with\nhats on their heads, I know not whether they are meant for Castor and\nPollux or the Corybantes, however there are three figures, and there\nis also a statue of Athene. And on the right of Gythium is Las, ten\nstades from the sea, and forty from Gythium. And the town is now built\non the ground between the three mountains called respectively Ilium and\nAsia and Cnacadium, but it was originally on the crest of Asia: and\nthere are still ruins of the old town, and before the walls a statue\nof Hercules, and a trophy over the Macedonians, who were a portion of\nPhilip\u2019s army when he invaded Laconia, but wandered from the rest of\nthe army, and ravaged the maritime parts of the country. And there is\namong the ruins a temple of Athene under the title of Asia, erected\nthey say by Castor and Pollux on their safe return from Colchi, where\nthey had seen a temple of Athene Asia. I know that they took part in\nthe expedition with Jason, and that the Colchians honour Athene Asia\nI have heard from the people of Las. And there is a fountain near the\nnew town called from the colour of its water Galaco (_milky_), and\nnear the fountain is a gymnasium, and an ancient statue of Hermes. And\non Mount Ilium there is a temple of Dionysus, and on the top of the\nhill one of \u00c6sculapius, and on Cnacadium Carnean Apollo. And if you\ngo forward about 30 stades from Carnean Apollo there are at a place\ncalled Hypsi, on the borders of Sparta, temples of \u00c6sculapius and of\nDaphnean Artemis. And on a promontory near the sea is the temple of\nArtemis Dictynna, whose feast they keep annually. And on the left of\nthis promontory the river Smenus discharges itself into the sea. The\nwater is fresh to drink, and rises on Mount Taygetus, and is not more\nthan five stades distant from Hypsi. And in the place called Ara\u00efnum is\nthe tomb of Las, and over his tomb a statue. This Las they say was the\nfounder of the town, and was killed by Achilles, who they say came to\ntheir town to ask Helen in marriage of Tyndareus. But to speak truth it\nwas Patroclus that killed Las: for it was he that wooed Helen. For that\nAchilles is not represented as one of Helen\u2019s suitors in the Catalogue\nof Women, would indeed be no proof that he did not ask for Helen\u2019s\nhand: but Homer has stated very early in the Iliad[45] that Achilles\nwent to Troy to gratify the sons of Atreus, and not bound by any oath\nto Tyndareus, and has represented Antilochus in the Games saying\nthat he was younger than Odysseus,[46] and has described Odysseus as\ndiscoursing about what he had seen in Hades and other things, and\nhow he wished to see Theseus and Pirithous, who were older men than\nhimself, and we know that Theseus ran away with Helen. So it is hardly\npermissible at all to think that Achilles could have been a suitor of\nHelen.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXV.\n\n\nNot far from the tomb of Las the river called Scyras falls into the\nsea; it had no name for a long time and was called Scyras because\nPyrrhus, the son of Achilles, put in there with his fleet, when he\nsailed from Scyrus to marry Hermione. And when you have crossed the\nriver there is an ancient temple at some distance from an altar of\nZeus. And at forty stades\u2019 distance from the river is Pyrrhichus in\nthe heart of the country. Some say the town was so called from Pyrrhus\nthe son of Achilles, others say Pyrrhichus was the god of the Curetes.\nThere are some even that say Silenus came from Malea and dwelt here.\nThat Silenus was brought up at Malea is plain from these lines of\nPindar,[47]\n\n    \u2018The mighty, the dance-loving Silenus,\n    Reared by the Malea-born husband of Nais.\u2019\n\nThat Pyrrhichus was his name has not been told us by Pindar,\nbut is a tradition of those that live at Malea. And there is at\nPyrrhichus a conduit in the market-place, which they think they owe\nto Silenus: and if the conduit were to fail them they would be short\nof water. And the temples at Pyrrhichus are two, one of Artemis the\nPutter-of-an-end-to-War, because here the Amazons were stopped from any\nfurther warfare, and one of Apollo Amazonius. Both have wooden statues,\nand tradition says they were votive offerings of the women that came\nfrom Thermodon.\n\n  As you go towards the sea from Pyrrhichus you come to Teuthrone,\nwhich they say was built by Teuthras an Athenian. And of all the gods\nthey pay most honour to Issorian Artemis, and they have a fountain\ncalled Naia. And a hundred and fifty stades from Teuthrone is the\npromontory of T\u00e6narum jutting out into the sea, and the harbours\nAchilleus and Psamathus. And on the promontory there is a temple like a\ncave, and before it a statue of Poseidon. And some of the Greeks have\nrepresented that it was here that Hercules brought up Cerberus from\nthe lower world, though there is no underground road leading up to the\ncave, nor could one easily believe that the gods have any underground\ndwelling, where departed souls congregate. But Hecat\u00e6us the Milesian\nhas a probable legend, that a dreadful serpent called Cerberus was\nreared at T\u00e6narum, and that whoever was bitten by it was sure to die,\nso venomous was its bite, and this serpent was dragged by Hercules to\nEurystheus. Homer, who first spoke of the dog being dragged from Hades\nby Hercules, gave him no name, nor complete description as he did of\nthe Chim\u00e6ra.[48] But others afterwards called the dog Cerberus, and\nsaid he was like a dog in all respects except that he had 3 heads,\nthough Homer said no more that he was the domestic animal called the\ndog than if he had called a real serpent the dog of Hades. There are\nseveral works of art at T\u00e6narum, and among others the harper Arion\nin brass riding on the dolphin\u2019s back. As to Arion and the dolphin\nHerodotus[49] has given the tradition as he heard it in his history\nabout Lydia. I have myself seen at Poroselene a dolphin so full of\ngratitude to a boy, by whom he had been healed of wounds received from\nsome fishermen, that he was obedient to his call, and carried him on\nhis back over the sea whenever he wished. There is also a fountain at\nT\u00e6narum, which now presents nothing marvellous, but in former times\nthey say gave to those who looked into it the sight of harbours and\nships. This peculiarity of the water was stopped for all time by a\nwoman\u2019s washing her dirty linen in it.\n\n  About 40 stades\u2019 sail from the promontory of T\u00e6narum is a place\ncalled C\u00e6nepolis, which was also formerly called T\u00e6narum. And in it\nis a chapel of Demeter, and a temple of Aphrodite near the sea, and a\nstone statue of the goddess erect. And 30 stades thence is Thyrides\nthe topmost peak of T\u00e6narum, and the ruins of the town of Hippola, and\namong them the temple of Athene of Hippola, and at a little distance\nthe town and harbour of Messa. It is about 150 stades from this harbour\nto \u0152tylus. And the hero from whom \u0152tylus got its name was originally\nfrom Argos, being the son of Amphianax, the son of Antimachus. The most\nnotable things to see in \u0152tylus are the temple of Serapis, and a wooden\nstatue in the market-place of Carnean Apollo.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVI.\n\n\nFrom \u0152tylus to Thalam\u00e6 the distance by road is about 80 stades, and by\nthe roadside is a temple and oracle of Ino. They get their oracular\nresponses asleep, for whatever they want to know the goddess shews them\nin dreams. And there are two brazen statues in the open air part of the\ntemple, one of Pasiphae, and one of the Sun. What the statue in the\ntemple is made of is not easy to see from the quantity of the garlands,\nbut they say that it too is of brass. And fresh water flows from a\nsacred fount, called the water of the Moon. Pasiphae indeed is not the\nindigenous goddess of the people of Thalam\u00e6.\n\n  And about twenty stades from Thalam\u00e6 is a place called Pephnos, by\nthe sea. There is a little island in front of it not greater than a big\nrock, which is also called Pephnos, and the people of Thalam\u00e6 say that\nit was the birthplace of Castor and Pollux. Alcman also gives us the\nsame account I know in one of his poems. But they do not say that they\nwere brought up at Pephnos, for Hermes took them to Pellana. And in\nthis island there are brazen statues of Castor and Pollux about a foot\nhigh in the open air. These the sea cannot move from their position,\nthough in winter time it dashes violently over the rock. This is indeed\nwonderful, and the ants there are whiter in colour than ants generally.\nThe Messenians say that the island originally belonged to them, so that\nthey claim Castor and Pollux as theirs rather than as deities of the\nLaced\u00e6monians.\n\n  About twenty stades from Pephnos is Leuctra. Why it was so called I\ndo not know: but if it was from Leucippus the son of Perieres, as the\nMessenians say, this will be why they honour \u00c6sculapius here most of\nall the gods, as the son of Arsinoe the daughter of Leucippus. And\nthere is a statue of \u00c6sculapius in stone, and one of Ino in another\npart of the town. There is also a temple and statue of Cassandra the\ndaughter of Priam, who is called Alexandra by the people of Leuctra:\nand there are some wooden statues of Carnean Apollo, who is worshipped\nin the same way as by the Laced\u00e6monians at Sparta. And in the citadel\nthere is a temple and statue of Athene. And there is a temple and grove\nof Eros, and in winter-time water flows through the grove: but the\nleaves that fall from the trees in autumn could never be carried away\nby the water even if it were very plentiful. But what I know happened\nin my time at a part of Leuctra near the sea, I will now relate. The\nwind fanned a fire in the wood so that it burnt down most of the trees:\nand when the spot became bare, there was a statue of Ithomatan Zeus\ndiscovered which had been erected there. The Messenians say that this\nis a proof that Leuctra was originally part of Messenia. But Ithomatan\nZeus might have received honours from the Laced\u00e6monians as well, if\nthey originally lived at Leuctra.\n\n  And Cardamyle, which Homer[50] has mentioned in the promises of\ngifts made by Agamemnon, is subject to Sparta, as the Emperor Augustus\ndetached it from Messenia. It is eight stades from the sea, and sixty\nfrom Leuctra. And not far from the seashore is a grove sacred to the\ndaughters of Nereus, for the story goes that they climbed up to this\nplace from the sea to see Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, when he went off\nto Sparta to marry Hermione. In this small town there is a temple of\nAthene and Carnean Apollo, whom they worship according to the Dorian\nfashion.\n\n  And the city called, by Homer[51] Enope, the inhabitants of which\nare Messenians though they join the Council of the Eleutherolacones,\nis called in our time Gerenia. Some say Nestor was brought up in this\ncity, others that he fled here when Pylos was taken by Hercules.\nGerenia contains the tomb and temple of Machaon the son of \u00c6sculapius:\nfrom whom men may have possibly learnt the healing of diseases. The\nsacred place they call Rhodon, and the statue of Machaon is erect\nin brass. And on its head is a garland, which the Messenians call\n_ciphos_[52] in their country\u2019s tongue. The writer of the epic poem\ncalled the Little Iliad says that Machaon was killed by Eurypylus\nthe son of Telephus. That is why (as I myself know) in the rites in\nthe temple of \u00c6sculapius at Pergamum, they begin with the Hymns of\nTelephus, but make no reference in their singing to Eurypylus, nor\nwill they name him at all in the temple, because they know he was the\nmurderer of Machaon. And the tradition is that Nestor recovered the\nbones of Machaon. And Podalirius, when the Greeks were returning after\nthe sack of Ilium, was carried they say out of his way to Syrnum a\nplace in the Continent of Caria, and getting there safe built a town\nthere.\n\n  In the Gerenian district is the mountain Calathium, and on it is a\ntemple of Cl\u00e6a and a grotto near the temple, with a narrow entrance:\nwithin there are several objects worth seeing. And from Gerenia to\nAlagonia in the interior is about 30 stades, but that town I have\nalready mentioned amongst the Eleutherolacones. And the sights best\nworth seeing there are the temples of Dionysus and Artemis.\n\n\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[30] _Odyssey_, xix. 178, 179.\n\n[31] Iliad, xix. 117.\n\n[32] Mentioned ii, 38; iii, i. Pausanias now returns to topography.\n\n[33] _Gymnop\u00e6dia_, as its name denotes, was a yearly festival at which\nboys danced naked and went through gymnastic exercises.\n\n[34] The cornel tree is in Greek \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. Transposition of the \u03c1 will\ngive \u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 as the title of the god. This will explain text.\n\n[35] It means boxers, or football players.\n\n[36] A name for Ares the god of war, the Latin Mars.\n\n[37] So Bacon calls revenge \u2018a kind of wild justice.\u2019 _Essay_ iv.\n\n[38] Reading the emendation of _Sylburgius_ \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03a3\u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f04\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd.\n\n[39] Iliad, xiv. 231.\n\n[40] Reading \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 with Facius.\n\n[41] Iliad, xxiv. 41. Pausanias derives from \u0398\u03ae\u03c1 or \u0398\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd.\n\n[42] Iliad, ii. 584.\n\n[43] Iliad, xviii. 140, 141.\n\n[44] We coin a word to keep the Paronomasia.\n\n[45] Iliad, i. 158-160.\n\n[46] Is this a slip of Pausanias for _Menelaus_? See Iliad, xxiii. 587,\n588.\n\n[47] Only found as a fragment now.\n\n[48] In Odyssey, xi. 623, he is simply called \u03ba\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1, in Iliad, viii.\n368, \u03ba\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03c1o\u1fe6 \u1f08\u0390\u03b4\u03b1\u03bf. And \u03ba\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd has various senses.\n\n[49] Herodotus, i. 23, 24.\n\n[50] Iliad, ix. 292.\n\n[51] Iliad, ix. 292.\n\n[52] Our _coif_.\n\n\n\n\nBOOK IV.--MESSENIA.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER I.\n\n\nThe border of Messenia towards Laconia, as fixed by Augustus, is at\nGerenia, and in our time is called the Ch\u0153rian dell. This country,\noriginally without inhabitants, is described to have been inhabited\nby the first colonists in the following manner. After the death of\nLelex, who reigned in what is now called Laconia, but was then called\nLelegia after him, Myles who was the elder of his sons succeeded him,\nand Polycaon the younger was only a private person till he married\nthe Argive Messene, the daughter of Triopas, the son of Phorbas. But\nMessene, being full of pride owing to her father, who was foremost of\nall the Greeks in merit and power, did not think it tolerable that\nher husband should be a private person. So they gathered together\nan army from Argos and Laced\u00e6mon and invaded this country, and the\nwhole district was called Messene from her. And several other cities\nwere built, as well as the place where the royal headquarters were\nestablished, _viz._ Andania. Before the battle which the Thebans fought\nwith the Laced\u00e6monians at Leuctra, and the building of Messene in our\nday close to Ithome, I know of no city that was previously called\nMessene. My inference is very much confirmed by Homer. For in the\ncatalogue of those who went to Ilium, when enumerating Pylos and Arene\nand other cities, he mentions no Messene. And in the Odyssey he shews\nthat by this time the Messenians were a race and not a city,\n\n    \u2018For the Messenians took cattle from Ithaca,\u2019[53]\n\nand clearer still in speaking of the bow of Iphitus,\n\n    \u2018They two in Messene met one another,\n    In the house of Ortilochus.\u2019[54]\n\nBy the house of Ortilochus in Messene he meant the town of Pher\u00e6, as he\nhas shewn in the visit of Pisistratus to Menelaus,\n\n    \u2018They went to Pher\u00e6 to the house of Diocles,\n    The son of Ortilochus.\u2019[55]\n\n  However the first rulers of this country were Polycaon (the son\nof Lelex) and his wife Messene. Caucon, the son of Cel\u00e6nus, the son\nof Phlyus, introduced here from Eleusis the mysteries of the Great\nGoddesses. Phlyus was according to the Athenian tradition the son of\nMother Earth. And this tradition of theirs is confirmed by the Hymn of\nMus\u00e6us made for the Lycomid\u00e6 in honour of Demeter. And the rites of\nthe Great Goddesses were held in greater honour many years afterwards,\nowing to Lycus the son of Pandion, than in Caucon\u2019s days. And they\nstill call the place where he purged the initiated the oak coppice of\nLycus. That there is an oak-coppice in this land called Lycus\u2019 is also\nborne out by Rhianus the Cretan,\n\n    \u2018By rocky El\u00e6um and beyond the oak-coppice of Lycus.\u2019\n\nAnd that this Lycus was the son of Pandion is plain by the inscription\non the statue of Methapus. This Methapus reformed some of the rites. He\nwas an Athenian by race, an organizer of all sorts of mystic rites. He\nit was who established also among the Thebans the rites of the Cabiri.\nAnd he erected near the enclosure of the Lycomid\u00e6 a statue with an\ninscription which confirms my account. \u201cI have purified the home and\npaths of Hermes and the firstborn daughter of Demeter, where they say\nMessene established games to the Great Goddesses, owing to the son\nof Caucon, the illustrious descendant of Phlyus. But I wonder that\nLycus the son of Pandion should establish the sacred rites of Atthis\nin venerable Andania.\u201d This inscription shews that Caucon who came to\nMessene was the descendant of Phlyus, and confirms all the other facts\nabout Lycus, and that the mysteries in ancient times were celebrated\nat Andania. And it seems also common sense that Messene would not\nestablish the mysteries in any other place than where she and Polycaon\nlived.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER II.\n\n\nAnd being very anxious to know accurately who the sons of Polycaon\nwere by Messene, I perused the poem called _the Great E\u0153\u00e6_ and the\nNaupactian poems, and also all the genealogical information of Cin\u00e6thon\nand Asius. And yet I did not discover anything in them except that\n_the Great E\u0153\u00e6_ say that Polycaon the son of Butes married Eu\u00e6chme,\nthe daughter of Hyllus the son of Hercules, but they make no mention\nof either Messene or her husband. But in after time, when none of the\ndescendants of Polycaon survived, they continued five generations and\nno more, they introduced as King Perieres the son of \u00c6olus. To his\ncourt came as the Messenians say Melaneus, a skilful archer and for\nthat reason thought to be the son of Apollo, and Perieres assigned\nto him Carnasium to dwell in, which was formerly called \u0152chalia from\nthe wife of Melaneus. But the Thessalians and Eub\u0153ans--for there are\nalmost always disputed accounts of most Grecian events--give different\naccounts. The former say that Eurytium a place deserted in our days\nwas a city in old times and called \u0152chalia: but Creophylus in his\nHeraclea has written what corresponds with the account of the Eub\u0153ans.\nAnd Hecat\u00e6us the Milesian writes that \u0152chalia is in Scium a part of\nEretria. But the Messenians seem to me to give the most probable\naccount, especially about the bones of Eurytus, which I shall touch\nupon later. And Perieres had by Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus\nAphareus and Leucippus who, on his death, succeeded their father as\nkings of the Messenians, but Aphareus had most power. During his reign\nhe built the city Arene which got its name from the daughter of \u0152balus,\nhis wife and uterine sister. For Gorgophone was married to \u0152balus, as\nI have already mentioned, in my account of Argolis, and also in my\naccount of Laconia. Aphareus then built the city Arene in Messenia, and\nreceived into his house his cousin Neleus, the son of Cretheus, the\nson of \u00c6olus (who was surnamed Poseidon), when he fled from Pelias at\nIolcus, and gave him the maritime parts of the land, among which were\nseveral other cities besides Pylos, where Neleus dwelt, and made it his\nseat of government. And Lycus the son of Pandion came also to Arene,\nwhen he also fled from Athens from his brother \u00c6geus. And he taught the\nmysteries of the Great Goddesses to Aphareus and his sons and his wife\nArene. And he introduced them into Andania, for Caucon there initiated\nMessene. And the elder and more manly of Aphareus\u2019 children was Idas,\nand the younger was Lynceus, of whom Pindar said, believe it who will,\nthat he had such keen eyesight that he could see through the trunk of\na tree. We do not know of Lynceus having had a son, but Ides had by\nMarpessa a daughter Cleopatra, who married Meleager. And the writer\nof the Cyprian Poems says that the wife of Protesilaus, (who when the\nGreeks got to the Troad was the first who ventured to land), was by\nname Polydora, and he also says that she was the daughter of Meleager\nthe son of \u0152neus. If this be correct then all these three women,\nbeginning with Marpessa, committed suicide after the death of their\nhusbands.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER III.\n\n\nBut when between the sons of Aphareus and Castor and Pollux (their\nuncles) a quarrel arose about cattle, and Lynceus was slain by Pollux,\nwhile Idas died smitten with lightning, the house of Aphareus was\nentirely deprived of male offspring, and upon Nestor the son of Neleus\ndevolved the kingdom of the Messenians, over all whom Idas reigned over\nand others besides, except those who followed the sons of \u00c6sculapius.\nFor they say that the sons of \u00c6sculapius that went on the expedition\nto Ilium were Messenians: for \u00c6sculapius was the son of Arsinoe the\ndaughter of Leucippus, and not the son of Coronis. And they call a\ndeserted place in Messenia Tricca, it is mentioned by Homer in the\npassage where Nestor is consoling Machaon, who was wounded with an\narrow. He would not have exhibited such kindness except to a neighbour\nand king of the same tribe. They confirm also greatly this account\nabout the children of \u00c6sculapius by showing at Gerenia the monument of\nMachaon, and at Phar\u00e6 the temple of the sons of Machaon.\n\n  And after the end of the war against Ilium, and the death of Nestor\nafter his return home, the expedition of the Dorians and return of\nthe Heraclid\u00e6 two generations afterwards drove out the descendants of\nNeleus from Messenia. And this was as it were the climax of the doings\nof Temenus which I have already described. But I will narrate this much\nmore. When the Dorians assigned Argos to Temenus, Cresphontes asked\nof them Messenia, on the ground that he was older than Aristodemus,\nwho had just died. But Theras the son of Autesion vehemently opposed\nCresphontes; he was of Theban ancestry and fifth descendant of\nPolynices the son of \u0152dipus, and at this time Guardian of Aristodemus\u2019\nsons, as he was their uncle on the mother\u2019s side, for Aristodemus\nhad married the daughter of Autesion, whose name was Argia. But\nCresphontes, for he was determined to have Messenia, begged of Temenus\nto decide the question by lots. And Temenus put into a water-pot which\nhad water in it the lots of Cresphontes and the sons of Aristodemus\nseparately, so that he whose lot came up first should have Messenia.\nTemenus prepared both the lots, the lot of the sons of Aristodemus\nhe made of clay dried in the sun, and Cresphontes\u2019 lot of clay that\nhad been baked in the furnace: and the lot of the sons of Aristodemus\nmelted, and stuck to the bottom of the water-pot, so that Cresphontes\n(for his lot came out) got possession in this way of Messenia. And\nthe old Messenians were not turned out by the Dorians, but agreed to\nCresphontes being their king, and to the partition of the land among\nthe Dorians. And they were brought over to this compliance by suspicion\nof their former kings, because they were Miny\u00e6 who had originally\nsprung from Iolcus. And the wife of Cresphontes was Merope the daughter\nof Cypselus (who was at that time king of the Arcadians), by whom\nhe had several children and the name of the youngest was \u00c6pytus. And\nhis palace, where he himself and his sons meant to live, he built at\nStenyclerus: for in ancient times Perieres and the other kings lived\nat Andania, and after Aphareus had built Arene he and his sons lived\nthere, and in the reign of Nestor and his descendants the Court lived\nat Pylos, but Cresphontes changed the royal residence to Stenyclerus.\nAnd, as he chiefly ingratiated himself with the people, the wealthy\nclasses rose up in insurrection against him and killed him and all his\nsons except \u00c6pytus, who being quite a boy was brought up by Cypselus,\nand alone survived of all the house, and when he grew to man\u2019s estate\nthe Arcadians restored him to Messene. And the other kings of the\nDorians, the sons of Aristodemus, and Isthmius the son of Temenus,\njoined in bringing him back. And when \u00c6pytus became king he punished\nhis father\u2019s murderers, and all those who had instigated the crime:\nand bringing over to his side by his attentions those who were in high\nposition among the Messenians, and the populace by gifts, he arrived at\nsuch a pitch of honour that his descendants were called \u00c6pytid\u00e6 instead\nof Heraclid\u00e6.\n\n  And Glaucus the son of \u00c6pytus, who succeeded his father, in all\nother respects imitated his father both in public and private, but far\nexceeded him in piety. For when the sacred enclosure of Zeus on the\nsummit of Ithome did not receive honours among the Dorians, through the\nneglect of Polycaon and Messene, Glaucus restored his worship: and was\nthe first to sacrifice to Machaon the son of \u00c6sculapius at Gerenia, and\nawarded such gifts to Messene the daughter of Triopas as are usually\nbestowed on heroes. And Isthmius Glaucus\u2019 son also built a temple to\nGorgasus and Nicomachus at Phar\u00e6. And the son of Isthmius was Dotadas,\nwho, though Messenia had several other havens, constructed one at\nMothone. And Sybotas the son of Dotadas decreed that annually the king\nshould sacrifice by the river Pamisus, and offer victims to Eurytus the\nson of Melaneus in \u0152chalia, before the rites of the Great Goddesses\nthat are still celebrated in Andania.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IV.\n\n\nAnd in the reign of Phintas, the son of Sybotas, the Messenians first\nsent to Apollo at Delos sacrifices and a choir of men. And their\nprocessional Hymn to the god was composed by Eumelus, and these are\nconsidered the only genuine lines of Eumelus. It was during the reign\nof this Phintas that a disagreement for the first time came about\nbetween the Laced\u00e6monians and the Messenians. The cause is doubtful,\nbut is traditionally as follows. On the borders of Messenia is a\ntemple of Artemis Limnas, in which the Messenians and Laced\u00e6monians\nwere the only Dorians that had a share. The Laced\u00e6monians say that\nsome maidens of theirs who were present at the feast were violated by\nsome Messenians, and that their king Teleclus, (the son of Archelaus,\nthe son of Agesilaus, the son of Doryssus, the son of Labotas, the\nson of Echestratus, the son of Agis,) was slain in endeavouring to\nprevent this outrage. They also say that the maidens who were violated\nput themselves to death from shame. But the Messenian account is that\nTeleclus plotted against their persons of quality that came to the\ntemple, on account of the excellence of the Messenian soil, and picked\nout some beardless Spartans, and, dressing them in female attire and\nornaments like maidens, introduced them armed with daggers among some\nof the Messenians who were resting: but the other Messenians came\nup to the rescue, and killed the beardless young men and Teleclus\nhimself. And the Laced\u00e6monians--for their king had not contrived all\nthis without the common consent--knowing that they had begun the wrong,\ndid not demand vengeance for the murder of Teleclus. These are the\ndifferent accounts the two nations give, let everyone accept the view\nhe prefers.\n\n  And a generation afterwards, when Alcamenes the son of Teleclus was\nking at Laced\u00e6mon, and the king of the other family was Theopompus, the\nson of Nicander, the son of Charillus, the son of Polydectes, the son\nof Eunomus, the son of Prytanis, the son of Eurypon, and Antiochus and\nAndrocles the sons of Phintas were kings of the Messenians, strife\narose between the Laced\u00e6monians and Messenians, and the Laced\u00e6monians\nbegan hostilities, availing themselves, as they were full of animosity\nand very warlike, of an adequate and even specious pretext. But had\ntheir disposition been more peaceable it would have been settled by\narbitration. This is what happened. Polychares a Messenian in other\nrespects not obscure was a victor at Olympia in the games, when the\npeople of Elis were celebrating their 4th Olympiad and competed only\nin the race in which Polychares was victor. This man had much cattle\nand, because he had not sufficient land to pasture them upon, he handed\nthem over to Eu\u00e6phnus a Spartan to feed on his land, on condition that\nhe should have a share in the produce of the cattle. Now Eu\u00e6phnus was\na person who preferred unrighteous gains to acting with integrity,\nand was generally speaking a wheedling fellow, so he sold the oxen\nof Polychares to merchants who sailed to Laconia, and went himself\nto Polychares and reported to him that some pirates had landed on\nthe spot, and violently robbed him both of cattle and herdsmen. And\nwhile he was deceiving Polychares one of the herdsmen fled from the\nmerchants, and coming back to Polychares found Eu\u00e6phnus with him, and\naccused him to his master. And being detected and having no defence,\nhe earnestly begged for pardon from Polychares and his son: on the\nscore that, among the elements in human nature whereby we become\nunjust almost by compulsion, the love of gain is the most powerful.\nAnd he stated the sum which he had received for the cattle, and asked\nPolychares\u2019 son to go with him and carry it back to his father. And\nwhen they went on their journey and got to Laconia, Eu\u00e6phnus dared a\ndeed more unholy than the former, he slew the son of Polychares. And\nwhen Polychares knew of this last misfortune, he went to Laced\u00e6mon to\nthe kings and Ephors, and went wailing through the multitude, reckoning\nup what he had suffered at the hands of Eu\u00e6phnus, whom he had treated\nas a friend, and trusted more than all the Laced\u00e6monians. And when he\ngot no redress, though he went continually to the authorities, then he\nwent off his head, and giving way to his anger, and being perfectly\nreckless of the consequences, endeavoured to kill every Laced\u00e6monian he\nmet.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER V.\n\n\nThe Laced\u00e6monian account is that they went to war because Polychares\nwas not given up to them, and because of the murder of Teleclus, and\nbecause they were suspected earlier still of having had a hand in the\nvillany of Cresphontes about the lots. But the Messenians contradict\nwhat I have already said about Teleclus, and point to the fact that\n\u00c6pytus the son of Cresphontes was restored by the sons of Aristodemus,\nwhich they would never have done had they been at variance with\nCresphontes. And they say that they did not give up Polychares to\nthe Laced\u00e6monians for punishment, because neither would they give up\nEu\u00e6phnus, but they were willing that sentence should be given by the\nArgives (who were the kinsmen of both) at Amphictyonia, or that the\ncase should be submitted to the Court at Athens called the Areopagus,\nbecause that court seemed from ancient times appointed for murder\ncases. They also say that the Laced\u00e6monians did not go to war on this\naccount, but in consequence of their ambition plotted against their\nland and did various things, alleging at one time the condition of\nArcadia, at another the state of Argos, for they were never satisfied\nwith slicing off from time to time the territory of both of those\npeople. And they were the first to become friends of the barbarian\nCr\u0153sus who sent them gifts, at the time when he reduced to slavery\nall the Greeks in Asia Minor, and all the Dorians that dwelt in the\nmainland of Caria. And they declare that, when the Phocian leaders\nplundered the temple at Delphi, the kings at Sparta and other noblemen\nprivately, and the Ephors and senators publicly, had a hand in it.\nAnd above all, to shew that the Laced\u00e6monians would stick at nothing\nfor lucre, they twitted them with their alliance with Apollodorus the\ntyrant of Cassandrea. Why indeed the Messenians consider this such a\nbitter taunt, I cannot now discuss: for except that the courage of\nthe Messenians and the length of time they fought differed from the\ntyranny of Apollodorus, they suffered nearly as much as the people of\nCassandrea. These are the causes which each nation assign for the war.\n\n  And now an embassy of Laced\u00e6monians came to demand the extradition of\nPolychares. The kings of the Messenians however answered the embassy\nthat after deliberation with the people they would send an answer\nto Sparta, and accordingly after the departure of the embassy they\nconvened the citizens to a general assembly. And different opinions\nwere bandied about; Androcles thought they ought to give up Polychares\nas having acted impiously and most savagely, Antiochus took the\nopposite view, and maintained that it would be most distressing if\nPolychares should suffer before the eyes of Eu\u00e6phnus, and enumerated\nthe harrowing details of what his punishment would be. And eventually\nthe rival parties of Androcles and Antiochus proceeded to such lengths\nthat they took up arms. However their strife was not long continued,\nfor the party of Antiochus, being far superior in numbers, slew\nAndrocles and the most illustrious of his partizans. And Antiochus\nbeing now the only king sent letters to Sparta, to say that he would\nsubmit the matter to the arbitration of the courts I have mentioned.\nBut the Laced\u00e6monians are said to have given no answer to the bearers\nof these letters. And not many months afterwards Antiochus died, and\nEuphaes his son succeeded him. And the Laced\u00e6monians not only sent\nno herald to proclaim war with the Messenians, nor openly renounced\nfriendship with them, but made their preparations as secretly as\npossible, and previously bound themselves by oath that neither for\nlength of war (if it should not be decided speedily), nor for reverses\n(if they should meet with even great ones), would they leave off till\nthey had won Messenia by the fortune of war. After taking this oath\nthey made a night-attack on Amphea, having appointed Alcamenes the son\nof Teleclus as their General. Amphea is a small town in Messenia but\nnear Laconia, situated on a high hill, and well supplied with water.\nAnd in other respects Amphea seemed a very convenient base for their\nwar. So they captured the town, the gates being open and no garrison\nthere, and killed all the Messenians that they took in the town, some\neven in their beds, and others as they found them sitting as suppliants\nat the temples and altars of the gods, and only a few escaped. This was\nthe first attack the Laced\u00e6monians made upon Messenia, in the second\nyear of the ninth Olympiad, in which Xenodocus the Messenian was victor\nin the race. And at Athens there were not as yet yearly magistrates\nappointed by lot: for the descendants of Melanthus, who were called\nMedontid\u00e6, had at first much of their power taken away by the people,\nand instead of a kingdom their power became limited, and afterwards\ntheir authority was definitely restricted to ten years. At the time of\nthe capture of Amphea \u00c6simides, the son of \u00c6schylus, was in the fifth\nyear of his government over the Athenians.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VI.\n\n\nBut before I write the history of this war, and the actions and\nsufferings entailed by it upon both parties by Providence, I wish\nto relate in their order the exploits of Aristomenes the Messenian\nhero. For this war between the Laced\u00e6monians and their allies and\nthe Messenians and their mercenaries did not get its name from the\nattacking force, as the Persian and Peloponnesian wars, but was called\nthe Messenian war from the disasters which befell the Messenians, just\nas the war at Ilium got called Trojan and not Grecian, so it was in\nthis war, which Rhianus of Bene and Myron of Priene have celebrated,\nthe former in poetry, the latter in prose. Neither of them however\nhave narrated fully the events of the war from beginning to end, but\nMyron has described the capture of Amphea and its consequences up\nto the death of Aristodemus, and Rhianus has not touched at all the\ncommencement of the war, but only what eventually happened to the\nMessenians in consequence of their quarrel with the Laced\u00e6monians,\nand he has not described even the whole of this, but only what took\nplace after the battle which they fought at what was called _the great\ntrench_; and the hero Aristomenes on whose account only I mentioned\nRhianus and Myron, and who was the first and foremost in bringing\nthe name of Messene to honour, this hero (I say) has been introduced\nby Myron into his history, and by Rhianus into his poem, in which\nAristomenes is as much lauded as Achilles by Homer in the Iliad. As\nthese two have given such different accounts, I am obliged to accept\none of them and not both together. Rhianus appears to me to speak more\nprobably about the age of Aristomenes. But Myron, as one can learn\nin other particulars and not least in the history of this Messenian\nwar, does not with sufficient accuracy test the truth or at least\nprobability of what he relates. For he states that Aristomenes slew\nTheopompus, the king of the Laced\u00e6monians, a little before the death\nof Aristodemus, whereas we know that Theopompus did not die in battle\nor in any other way before the end of the war. And in fact Theopompus\nconcluded the war, as the elegiac lines of Tyrt\u00e6us bear me out,\n\n    \u2018To our king Theopompus god-beloved,\n      Through whom we took Messene spacious town.\u2019\n\nAristomenes therefore in my opinion was in the second Messenian war,\nand I shall relate in detail all about him when I come to that part of\nmy subject.\n\n  Now the Messenians, when they heard all that had happened at Amphea\nfrom those who escaped from its capture, convened delegates from all\ntheir towns at Stenyclerus. And when the people were gathered together\nin the assembly, several of those in authority, and last of all the\nking, exhorted them not to be dejected at the fall of Amphea as if all\nthe war were decided thereby, and not to fear the preparations of the\nLaced\u00e6monians as more formidable than their own, for although they had\nhad longer experience in war, yet the Messenians would find necessity\na great spur to brave men, and would meet with greater favour from the\ngods as defending their country, and not commencing hostilities.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VII.\n\n\nWith these words Euphaes dismissed the assembly, and from that time\nforward kept all the Messenians under arms, compelling those that did\nnot know to learn the art of war, and making those that did practise\nmore frequently than before. And the Laced\u00e6monians made incursions into\nMessenia, but did not injure the country inasmuch as they considered\nit their own, neither did they cut down trees nor pull down houses;\nbut they drove off whatever cattle they found, and carried off the\ncorn and all fruit. They likewise made attacks on some of the towns\nbut took none, inasmuch as they were strongly fortified and carefully\nguarded, and after much loss they desisted from the attempt, and ceased\nattacking them. And the Messenians plundered the maritime parts of\nLaconia, and all the farms in the neighbourhood of Mount Taygetus. And\nin the 4th year after the capture of Amphea Euphaes, full of zeal from\nthe ardour of the Messenians who were boiling over with rage at the\nLaced\u00e6monians, and at the same time thinking their training complete,\nordered a march, and bade the slaves follow with wood and all other\nthings necessary for entrenching a camp. And the Laced\u00e6monians heard\nfrom the garrison at Amphea that the Messenians were on the march,\nand they too marched out to battle. And at a place in Messenia very\nconvenient for a battle, with a deep ravine in front of it, Euphaes\ndrew up the Messenians in battle array, having appointed Cleonnis to\nthe chief command: the cavalry and light-armed troops, which were\nboth less than 500, were under Pytharatus and Antander. And when the\ntwo armies engaged the ravine prevented the heavy-armed troops from\nencountering, though they advanced against one another eagerly and\nimpetuously in their mutual hatred, but the cavalry and the light-armed\ntroops engaged above the ravine, and they were equally matched in\nnumbers and skill, and consequently the battle was evenly poised. But\nwhile these were engaged, Euphaes ordered the slaves first to fortify\nthe rear of the army and then the flanks with stockades. And when night\novertook them and the battle was stayed, then they fortified also the\nfront of the camp opposite the ravine, so that next day the tactical\nskill and foresight of Euphaes dawned upon the Laced\u00e6monians, and they\nfound that they could not fight against the Messenians if they would\nnot come out of their entrenchments, and they despaired of besieging\nthem as they had no siege train.\n\n  And so they returned home: and a year afterwards, when the old man\nreviled them and taunted them with cowardice and disregard of their\noath, they openly made preparations for a second campaign against\nthe Messenians. And they were led by both their kings, Theopompus the\nson of Nicander, and Polydorus the son of Alcamenes, for Alcamenes\nwas now dead. And the Messenians made counter-preparations, and\nwhen the Spartans marched to battle moved out to meet them. And the\nLaced\u00e6monians were led by Polydorus on the left wing, and Theopompus on\nthe right, and in the centre by Euryleon, a Laced\u00e6monian for the nonce\nbut originally a Theban descended from Cadmus, the fifth descendant\nfrom \u00c6geus, the son of \u0152olycus, the son of Theras, the son of Autesion.\nAnd opposite the right wing of the Laced\u00e6monians were the Messenians\nunder Antander and Euphaes, and on the wing opposite Polydorus under\nPytharatus, and in the centre under Cleonnis. And as they were just\ngoing to engage, the kings came up and exhorted their men. To the\nLaced\u00e6monians Theopompus made a short harangue according to the custom\nof his country, reminding them of their oath against the Messenians,\nand how noble an ambition it was to shew themselves more capable of\nbrilliant exploits than their fathers who subjugated their neighbours,\nand to acquire a richer territory. Euphaes spoke at greater length than\nthe Laced\u00e6monian king, but not more so than the occasion warranted.\nFor he shewed that the contest was not only for land or possessions,\nbut they knew clearly he said what misery would come upon them if\nthey were conquered: their wives and children would be led off into\ncaptivity, the lightest punishment for their young men would be death,\nperhaps not unaccompanied by outrage, their temples would be plundered,\ntheir country destroyed by fire. He was not he said merely making\nsuppositions, what those who were taken at Amphea had suffered was\nproof positive of all that he said. Rather than bear such ills it would\nbe preferable to die nobly, and it would be much easier (when they were\nyet unconquered and as bold as the enemy) to vanquish their adversaries\nby their courage, than to retrieve their ruined fortunes if they were\nfaint-hearted now. Such was the speech of Euphaes.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VIII.\n\n\nAnd directly the leaders on either side gave the signal for battle,\nthe Messenians came on at the double, and exposed themselves freely\nas men dealing death in their rage at every blow, and everyone was\nanxious to begin the fight. And the Laced\u00e6monians rushed out to meet\nthem with equal ardour, but took care not to break their line. And when\nthey got to close quarters, they threatened one another, rattling their\narms, and looking fiercely at one another, and proceeded to abuse, the\nLaced\u00e6monians saying that the Messenians were already their slaves, and\nthat they were not a whit freer than the Helots, and the Messenians\nreplying that they were impious in what they were attempting, _viz._\nin attacking kinsmen for the sake of gain, and were profane to the\nnational gods of the Dorians and especially to Hercules. And by this\ntime they followed up words with blows, and rushed on one another pell\nmell (with greatest vigour the Laced\u00e6monians), man attacking man. From\ntheir long experience and practice in war the Laced\u00e6monians had the\nadvantage, and also from their numbers, (for the neighbouring nations\nwho were subject to them they had with them in their army, and the\nAsin\u00e6i and Dryopes, who a generation earlier had been driven by the\nArgives from their own land and had come to Laced\u00e6mon as suppliants,\nwere now compelled to swell their army), and against the light-armed\ntroops of the Messenians they had Cretan archers, mercenaries. And the\nMessenians were animated equally by despair and contempt of death, and\nall their sufferings they looked on as necessary rather than dreadful\nto those who loved their country\u2019s honour, and the more vigorously they\nfought the harder they thought would things go for the Laced\u00e6monians.\nAnd some of them advancing in front of their lines exhibited brilliant\nbravery, and others badly wounded and scarce alive were animated by\ndesperation. And they cheered one another on, those who were alive\nand yet unwounded encouraging the wounded to receive with joy their\nfate, and sell their lives as dearly as possible: and the wounded,\n(when they perceived their strength failing, and that they would\nsoon yield up their breath), urging on the unwounded to shew as much\ncourage as themselves had shewn, and not to let their death be useless\nto their country. But the Laced\u00e6monians at first made no harangues to\ntheir men, and were not as ready as the Messenians to display heroic\ncourage: but being accustomed to war from boys their formation in line\nwas deeper, and they expected that the Messenians could not hold out\nas long as they could, nor stand the strain of their heavy armour,\nnor their wounds. Such were the peculiar features of each army in\nrespect to both the behaviour and feelings of the combatants: what\nwas common to both was that no quarter was asked for, perhaps this\nwas despaired of from their fierce hatred, and they felt the greatest\nself-indignation that they had not sold their lives dearer: and those\nthat killed their man abstained both from boasting and reproaches,\nbeing uncertain which party would win. And most unexpectedly fell\nthose who were endeavouring to plunder some of the dead bodies, for\neither by disclosing some naked part of their body they got pierced\nwith darts, not on their guard in their thirst for plunder, or they\nwere killed by some of those whom they were attempting to rob who were\nstill alive. The kings also fought right valiantly, and Theopompus\nrushed with ungovernable rage against Euphaes, intending to kill him.\nAnd Euphaes seeing him rushing on said to Antander that Theopompus was\ndisplaying as much bravery as his ancestor Polynices: for Polynices\nled an army from Argos against his own country, and he and his brother\nmutually slew one another: and Theopompus (he added) wished to load\nthe family of the Heraclid\u00e6 with the same guilt as that of the family\nof Laius and \u0152dipus: he would not however go with joy from the battle.\nWith these words he himself went forward to meet Theopompus. Hereupon\nthe battle, which had rather flagged, took up fresh vigour again, and\ntheir bodies were renewed as it were, and the fearlessness of death on\nboth sides was increased, so that one might have thought the battle had\nonly just commenced. And eventually Euphaes\u2019 division, nearly mad with\ndesperate valour and stoutheartedness, for the King\u2019s bodyguard were\nall picked men, broke the enemy\u2019s line, routed Theopompus, and put the\nLaced\u00e6monians in that part of the field to flight. But the other wing\nof the Messenians was hard pressed, for Pytharatus their General was\ndead, and without a leader they became disordered and dejected. But\nneither did Polydorus pursue the fleeing Messenians, nor Euphaes the\nfleeing Laced\u00e6monians. For Euphaes and his staff thought it better to\ncome to the aid of their vanquished friends: nor did they engage with\nPolydorus and his troops: for by this time it was already dark, and the\nLaced\u00e6monians were prevented from following the fugitives not least by\ntheir ignorance of the country. It was also their country\u2019s custom not\nto pursue an enemy too hotly, being more anxious not to break their\nline than to annihilate the enemy. And in the centre on both sides, the\nLaced\u00e6monians under Euryleon, and the Messenians under Cleonnis, the\nfight was pretty equal, till the approach of night put an end to the\ncontest.\n\n  This battle was fought on both sides mainly by the heavy armed\ninfantry. Some cavalry there was indeed, but they had no great\ninfluence on the fortunes of the day, for the Peloponnesians of\nthat day were not good horsemen. And the light armed troops of the\nMessenians and the Cretans on the Laced\u00e6monian side did not come to\nthe encounter at all: for they were posted in ancient fashion among\nthe infantry. And on the following day neither party were minded to\nrenew the battle nor to erect a trophy of victory, but as the day wore\non they sent out heralds to treat of the burying of their dead, and\nas this was agreed to on both sides, they began to bury their dead\nimmediately.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IX.\n\n\nBut the Messenians after the battle began to find their affairs in a\ndeplorable condition: for they were nearly ruined by their outlay in\nmoney expended in keeping garrisons in the towns, and their slaves\ndeserted to the Laced\u00e6monians. Also a pestilence fell upon them, which\ntroubled them greatly being like the plague, though it did not prevail\nuniversally throughout their country. And after deliberation about\ntheir present condition they determined to abandon their towns in the\ninterior of the country, and dwell in the mountain district of Ithome.\nAnd there was a small town at Ithome which Homer has mentioned in his\ncatalogue,\n\n    \u2018And rocky Ithome.\u2019[56]\n\nTo this town they repaired, extending its ancient limits so as to\nmake it a sufficient defence for all of them. And the place was in\nother respects a strong position: for Ithome is as high as any of the\nmountains within the Isthmus, and in this respect most difficult of\naccess. They thought they would also send an envoy to Delphi, and they\nselected for this mission Tisis the son of Alcis, who in general merit\nand in divination was considered inferior to nobody. This Tisis on his\nreturn from Delphi was laid in wait for by the Laced\u00e6monians who were\nin garrison at Amphea: but he would not be taken alive, so valiantly\ndid he defend himself against those that had lain in ambush, in spite\nof the wounds he received from them, till a voice was heard without\nany appearance of the speaker, \u201cLet the bearer of the oracle go.\u201d And\nTisis, directly he got safe to Ithome, and had delivered his oracle\nto the king, fell down dead of his wounds. And Euphaes collected the\nMessenians together and recited the oracle. \u201cSacrifice a pure virgin\n(selected by lot out of the family of the \u00c6pytid\u00e6) by night to the gods\nbelow. But if you cannot find one of the \u00c6pytid\u00e6, then sacrifice anyone\nelse who offers himself as a willing victim.\u201d This being the utterance\nof the god, forthwith all the maidens of the family of the \u00c6pytid\u00e6 drew\nlots. And when the lot fell upon the daughter of Lyciscus, Epebolus\nthe seer said it would not do to sacrifice her; for she was not really\nthe daughter of Lyciscus, but a girl that the wife of Lyciscus being\nbarren had palmed off as hers. While he was making this revelation,\nLyciscus took off the girl and fled to Sparta. And the Messenians being\nvery dejected at finding out the flight of Lyciscus, Aristodemus, a\nman of the family of the \u00c6pytid\u00e6, and in other respects and in war\nmore illustrious than Lyciscus, offered to sacrifice his own daughter.\nBut the affairs of mankind, and not least their desires, are secretly\ndirected by Fate, just as the bottom of a river has pebbles, so that\nAristodemus on this occasion, endeavouring to save Messene, was\nprevented by the following circumstance. A Messenian, whose name is not\nknown, happened to be deeply in love with the daughter of Aristodemus,\nand was on the eve of marrying her. He at first disputed the right of\nAristodemus to the maiden as he had betrothed her to him, and argued\nthat he being her betrothed alone had right to her. And afterwards,\nwhen he found this argument unavailing, he invented a shameful story,\nthat he had had an amour with her and that she was pregnant by him.\nAnd at last he wrought up Aristodemus to such a pitch, that driven\nto madness in his anger he killed his daughter, and afterwards cut\nher up and found she was not pregnant. And Epebolus who was present\nbade somebody else give his daughter as a victim, for the daughter of\nAristodemus (he said) could be no more use to them now she was dead:\nfor her father had indeed killed her, but not sacrificed her to the\ngods as the Pythian oracle ordered. When the seer had said this the\nmass of the Messenians rushed forward to kill the girl\u2019s lover, as he\nhad caused Aristodemus to commit a useless crime, and had rendered\ndoubtful the safety of the community. But this man was a very great\nfriend of Euphaes. Euphaes accordingly persuaded the Messenians that\nthe oracle was fulfilled by the death of the girl, and that what\nAristodemus had done was sufficient. And when he had said this all the\n\u00c6pytid\u00e6 agreed with him: for each was anxious to have his fears removed\nabout having to sacrifice his own daughter. So they hearkened to the\nadvice of the king and broke up the assembly, and afterwards turned\ntheir attention to the sacrifices and festival of the gods.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER X.\n\n\nBut the Laced\u00e6monians on hearing the oracle of the Messenians were\nvery dejected, both they and their kings, and henceforth shrank from\nresuming the war. But in the sixth year after the flight of Lyciscus\nfrom Ithome the Laced\u00e6monians (as their sacrifices were auspicious)\nled an army to Ithome. But the Cretans chanced to be absent, and the\nallies of the Messenians were also behindhand. For the Spartans were\nan object of suspicion to other Peloponnesians and especially to the\nArcadians and Argives. The Argives indeed were going to come to help\nthe Messenians secretly without the knowledge of the Laced\u00e6monians,\nprivately rather than from public decree. But the Arcadian expedition\nwas publicly announced, though they were behindhand too. But the\nMessenians were induced by confidence in the oracle to hazard war even\nwithout allies. In most respects the battle was no different from the\nformer one, for daylight on this occasion too failed the combatants:\nit is not however mentioned that either wing or division were broken,\nfor they say the troops did not remain in the order in which they were\nplaced at first, but the bravest men came from the wings in both armies\ninto the centre, and there was the strain of battle. For Euphaes was\nmore ardent in fight than one would have expected from a king, and\nrecklessly rushing upon Theopompus and his staff, received many mortal\nwounds. As he fainted away and fell to the ground, and could scarce\nbreathe, the Laced\u00e6monians strove with might and main to drag him to\ntheir army. But their previous goodwill to Euphaes, and their future\ndisgrace if they abandoned him, roused the Messenians, and it appeared\nbetter to them to give up their lives for their king rather than\npurchase safety by abandoning him. Accordingly the peril of Euphaes\nprolonged the battle, and added to the bravery exhibited on both\nsides, and afterwards he revived, and saw that his men were fighting\nas valiantly as the foe, and not many days afterwards he died, having\nbeen king of the Messenians for 13 years, and having been at war with\nthe Laced\u00e6monians during all his reign. And as he had no children he\nleft the choice of his successor to the people, and Cleonnis and Damis\nwere rival competitors with Aristodemus, being considered superior to\nhim both in other respects and in war. And Antander had been killed in\nthe battle jeoparding his life for Euphaes. And the opinions of the\nseers, Epebolus and Ophioneus, were both similar, that the kingdom of\n\u00c6pytus and his descendants should not be conferred upon a man polluted\nwith the murder of a daughter. Nevertheless Aristodemus was elected\nand became king. And Ophioneus the Messenian seer was blind from his\nbirth, and had the following mode of divination. By enquiring into a\nperson\u2019s private and public fortune in the past he informed them what\nit would be in the future. This was his divination, and Aristodemus\nhaving become king through the people was desirous to gratify them in\nall that was reasonable, and of those in authority he held Cleonnis and\nDamis in special honour. He also paid great attention to the allies,\nand sent gifts to the most influential Arcadians both at Argos and\nSicyon. And in the war which was carried on in the reign of Aristodemus\nthey pillaged from time to time, and in the summertime made incursions\ninto one another\u2019s country. There were counter-incursions into Laconia\non the part of the Arcadians with the Messenians. But the Argives\ndid not think it well openly to proclaim their hostility against the\nLaced\u00e6monians, but made their preparations so as to strike in when the\nfray begun.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XI.\n\n\nIn the fifth year of the reign of Aristodemus, when both nations\nwere about to take the field again after open proclamation of war,\nboth very much weakened by the length and expenses of the war, then\nallies came to both, to the Laced\u00e6monians the Corinthians alone of\nall the Peloponnesians, and to the Messenians the Arcadians in full\nforce, and picked men from Argos and Sicyon. The Laced\u00e6monians placed\nthe Corinthians and Helots and the provincials in the centre, and\nthemselves with their kings took up their position on the wings, in\ndeeper and fuller formation than was ever before adopted. And the\ndispositions of Aristodemus and his staff for the battle were as\nfollows. For all the Arcadians or Messenians that were strong in body\nand stout of heart, but had not good weapons, he picked out the best\narms, and when the action became hot, posted them among the Argives\nand Sicyonians: and extended his line so as not to be taken in flank\nby the enemy. And he took care that his men were so placed that they\nhad the mountain Ithome in their rear. And he appointed Cleonnis to\nthe command here, and himself and Damis stayed with the light-armed\ntroops, and a few slingers and archers: most in this part of the army\nwere well adapted physically for attack and retreat, and lightly armed.\nEach had a breastplate or shield, but such as were deficient in this\nrespect had goatskins and sheepskins, or the skins of wild beasts, the\nArcadian mountaineers in particular had the skins of wolves and bears.\nAnd each had several javelins, and some had lances. And these lay in\nambush in Ithome where they could be best concealed from sight. And the\nheavy armed troops of the Messenians and the allies stood the first\nonset of the Laced\u00e6monians, and afterwards were in all respects full of\nbravery. They were outnumbered by the enemy, but being picked men they\nfought against an armed mob and not against men of equal discipline\nto themselves, consequently they held out much longer through their\nbravery and skill. Moreover the light-armed troops of the Messenians,\nwhen the signal was given, rushed against the Laced\u00e6monians and hemmed\nthem in, and hurled their javelins at their flanks, and the bolder of\nthem rushed in and fought hand to hand. And the Laced\u00e6monians, though\nthey saw before them a second danger and so hopeless a one in the same\nplace, yet were not in despair, but turned upon the light-armed troops\nand tried to repel them, but as because of the lightness of their\narmour they easily ran away, the Laced\u00e6monians were both perplexed\nand irritated. Somehow or other men are apt to be especially vexed\nat what happens contrary to their expectation. And so here those of\nthe Spartans who were already wounded, and those who were nearest to\nthe light-armed troops, as their comrades lay dead, rushed out of\ntheir ranks wherever they saw the light-armed troops pressing on,\nand in their heat pursued rather too far as the enemy retired. Then\nthe light-armed troops of the Messenians, as they had done at first,\nstruck them, and hurled their javelins at them as they stood their\nground, and when they pursued made a feint to flee, and attacked them\nas they tried to rejoin their men. And this they did in various parts\nof the field, and at different points in the enemy\u2019s lines. And the\nheavy-armed of the Messenians and the allies at this juncture pressed\nmore boldly right at the foe. And eventually the Laced\u00e6monians, spent\nwith the length of the battle and their wounds, and at the same time\nharassed beyond measure by the light-armed troops, broke their ranks.\nAnd in the rout the light-armed troops harassed them all the more.\nOf the Laced\u00e6monians who were cut to pieces in the battle, I could\nnot ascertain the number, but I believe it was very large. And the\nreturn home to some was easy, but to the Corinthians it was sure to be\ndangerous, for, whether they returned through Argolis or by Sicyon,\nthey had equally to pass through hostile country.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XII.\n\n\nThe Laced\u00e6monians were troubled at this reverse that had befallen them,\nand at the many excellent warriors they had lost in the battle. And\nthey despaired of success in the war, so they sent envoys to Delphi.\nAnd this was the oracle the Pythian Priestess gave. \u2018Ph\u0153bus bids you\nnot only apply yourselves to warlike deeds, but as it was by cunning\nthat the people got the Messenian land, by the selfsame cunning as it\nwas got shall it be taken.\u2019 The kings and Ephors, though they were very\nanxious to do so, could not find out a good plan till they imitated\nthe wiliness of Odysseus at Ilium. They sent 100 men to Ithome to\nspy out the enemies\u2019 designs, who were to pretend to be deserters.\nAnd to keep up the cheat these men were publicly condemned at Sparta\nas deserters. But on their arrival Aristodemus sent them home again\nat once, saying, \u201cThe injuries done to the Laced\u00e6monians are recent,\ntheir craft ancient.\u201d The Laced\u00e6monians having failed in this man\u0153uvre\nnext attempted to tamper with the allies of the Messenians. But as the\nArcadians rejected their overtures, for to them the envoys went first,\nthey did not proceed to Argos. And Aristodemus hearing of all these\nintrigues on the part of the Laced\u00e6monians sent himself messengers to\nconsult the oracle at Delphi. And this was the answer of the Pythian\npriestess. \u201cThe glory in the war the god gives you, but take care that\nthe treacherous hostile ambush be not too much for you through Spartan\nwiles; for if Ares is to have their well-wrought armour, and the\ngarlands of their dances are to belong to sorrowing owners, then must\nthey avoid the appearance of two hidden things. Nor shall the sacred\nlight of day behold the end of all this till fate shall come to the\nthings that change their nature.\u201d Aristodemus however and the seers\ncould not understand what was meant: but a few years afterwards the\ngod threw light on it and fulfilled it. Remarkable things too happened\nat this time to the Messenians. As Lyciscus lived as a resident alien\nat Sparta his daughter, whom he had taken with him in his flight from\nMessene, chanced to die. And as he often went to visit his daughter\u2019s\ngrave, some Arcadian cavalry lay in wait for him and carried him off.\nAnd he was taken to Ithome, and being brought before the assembly\nhe made his defence; he had not left his country he said intending\ntreason, but in consequence of believing the assertion of the seer that\nshe was not his genuine daughter. In this line of defence he was not\nbelieved to be speaking the truth till a woman, who was at that time\nthe priestess of Hera, came into the theatre. And she confessed that\nthe child was hers, and that she had given it to the wife of Lyciscus\nto palm off as her own. And now (she continued) by revealing my secret\nI shall depose myself from my priesthood. This she said because it\nwas a custom in Messene that, if any of the children of a priest or\npriestess died, the priesthood should pass to somebody else. Thinking\ntherefore that the woman was speaking the truth, they chose for the\ngoddess a priestess in her place, and said that Lyciscus had acted in a\npardonable way.\n\n  And after that they resolved, for it was the 20th year of the war,\nto send again to Delphi to enquire about their chance of victory.\nAnd to their enquiry the Pythian Priestess returned this answer. \u201cTo\nthose who shall first set up 100 tripods at the altar of Zeus of Ithome\nthe god will give the Messenian land with fame in war. This is the\nwill of Zeus. But guile moves you on, and behind is vengeance, and\nyou cannot deceive the god. Act as fate shall determine. Ruin takes\npeople by turns.\u201d When they heard this they thought the oracle was\nin their favour, and promised them victory in the war; for as they\nwere in possession of the temple of Zeus within the walls of Ithome,\nthey thought the Laced\u00e6monians could not be beforehand with them in\nerecting tripods. And so they intended making wooden tripods, for\nthey had not means enough to make tripods of brass. But somebody from\nDelphi reported the oracle at Sparta. And the Spartans had a public\nconsultation about it, but could hit upon no plan, but \u0152balus, a man\nof no great repute but evidently possessed of good judgment, made 100\ntripods of clay roughly, and took them with him and nets as if he were\na hunter. And being unknown even to most of the Laced\u00e6monians he easily\nescaped the detection of the Messenians. For joining himself with some\ncountrymen he went with them into Ithome, and directly night came on\nhe offered these clay tripods to the god, and returned to Sparta and\ntold the Laced\u00e6monians what he had done. And the Messenians when they\nsaw what had happened were terribly upset, and guessed (as indeed was\nthe case) that it was a trick of the Laced\u00e6monians: however Aristodemus\nconsoled them with arguments suited to the present conjuncture, and\nplaced their wooden tripods which were already made at the altar at\nIthome. It happened also that Ophioneus, the seer who was blind from\nbirth, greatly to the surprise of all men recovered his sight: for he\nhad a sharp headache and recovered his sight after it.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIII.\n\n\nAnd thenceforward--for fate already turned the scales towards the\ncapture of Ithome--the god gave them various predictions of their\ncoming destiny. For the statue of Artemis, which was of brass as well\nas the armour, dropped its shield; and as Aristodemus was about to\nsacrifice the victims to Zeus at Ithome, the rams of their own accord\nviolently dashed their heads against the altar, and were killed by\nthe blow. And a third phenomenon happened. Some dogs assembled in the\nsame place and howled all night, and eventually went off in a body to\nthe camp of the Laced\u00e6monians. This troubled Aristodemus, as also the\nfollowing vision of the night. He dreamed that he was going out to\nbattle fully armed, and saw lying on a table the victims\u2019 entrails,\nand his daughter appeared to him in a black dress with her breast and\nbelly ripped up, and he thought she threw away what was on the table,\nand took away his armour, and instead of it put upon him a golden crown\nand white robe. And as Aristodemus was dispirited, for he thought\nthe dream announced to him the end of his life, (for the Messenians\nburied their notable men in white raiment with crowns on their heads),\nsomebody brought him word that Ophioneus had suddenly become blind\nagain as before. Then he understood the hidden sense of the oracle,\nthat by the pair who appeared after being hidden, and returned again as\nfate necessitated, the Pythian Priestess meant the eyes of Ophioneus.\nThereupon Aristodemus laying to heart his domestic misfortunes, that\nhe had been the murderer of his daughter to no purpose, and seeing\nno future hope of safety for his country, cut his throat at his\ndaughter\u2019s grave, being such an one as would in all human calculation\nhave saved his country had not fortune brought to nothing his plans\nand actions. And he died after a reign of six years and a few months.\nAnd to the Messenians their affairs now seemed desperate, so that they\nwere very near sending a supplicatory embassy to the Laced\u00e6monians,\nthough pride restrained them from actually doing so, so much did they\nfeel the blow of Aristodemus\u2019 death. And when they gathered together\nin their assembly they did not choose another king, but appointed\nDamis dictator. And he, having selected Cleonnis and Phyleus as his\ncoadjutors, made preparations for the campaign according to his best\nability under the circumstances: for he was pressed hard by the siege,\nand not least by famine and the fear that famine inspired that they\ncould not hold out from want of supplies. There was no deficiency of\nbravery or venturesomeness on the part of the Messenians: all their\ngenerals and notables were killed. For about five months they held out,\nand towards the close of the year evacuated Ithome, having been at war\nfor full twenty years, as the lines of Tyrt\u00e6us testify: \u201cThey in the\ntwentieth year left the rich pastures, and fled from the high hills of\nIthome.\u201d This war came to an end in the first year of the fourteenth\nOlympiad, in which Dasmon the Corinthian was victor in the stadium, the\nMedontid\u00e6 at Athens being still in possession of their ten year office,\nand at the completion of the fourth year of office of Hippomenes.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIV.\n\n\nAnd the Messenians who had friends at Sicyon and at Argos and amongst\nthe Arcadians retired to those places, and those of the family of the\npriests who performed the mysteries to the Great Goddesses went to\nEleusis. And the multitude dispersed to their several nationalities.\nAnd the Laced\u00e6monians first razed Ithome to the ground, and afterwards\nattacked and captured the other cities. And out of the spoils they set\nup to Apollo of Amycl\u00e6 some brazen tripods: under the first tripod is\na statue of Aphrodite, and under the second one of Artemis, and under\nthe third one of Proserpine the daughter of Demeter. These they erected\nthere. And of the Messenian land they gave to the Asin\u00e6i, who had been\nejected by the Argives, the territory by the sea that they still have:\nand to the descendants of Androcles, (for Androcles had a daughter and\nshe had sons, and after the death of Androcles they fled to Sparta),\nthey gave what is called Hyamea. And the following conditions were\nimposed on the Messenians by the Laced\u00e6monians. First of all they bound\nthem by oath not to revolt or to attempt any revolutionary movement.\nAnd next they appointed no stated tribute, but they were to bring to\nSparta from the land half its produce. With respect too to the burials\nof kings and other people in authority, provision was made that the men\nand women in Messenia should wear black raiment, and a punishment was\nordained for those who violated this rule. And as to their exactions\nfrom the Messenians they have been described by Tyrt\u00e6us: \u201cAs asses\nworn out by long continued toil, carrying to their masters from\nbitter necessity half of all the fruit the country yields.\u201d And that\nnecessity was laid on them of mourning for their masters\u2019 deaths he\nhas manifested in the following lines, \u201cThey and their wives together\nwailing for their masters, when baneful death seized on any one.\u201d\n\n  The Messenians in these circumstances, and with no hope of any kinder\ntreatment from the Laced\u00e6monians, and thinking death in battle or a\nwholesale migration from the Peloponnese preferable to their present\ncondition, resolved upon a general rising. And they were mainly\ninduced to this by the young men, who had had no experience of war,\nand were ambitious, and preferred death in a free country to happiness\nin all other conditions with slavery. These youths were reared in\nvarious parts of Messenia, but the bravest and most numerous were\nin the neighbourhood of Andania, and among them Aristomenes, who is\nstill honoured among the Messenians as a hero: and the circumstances\nattending his birth they think rather remarkable. For they say that a\ndemon or god in the form of a dragon had an intrigue with Nicotelea his\nmother. I have heard the Macedonians say similar things about Olympias,\nand the Sicyonians about Aristodama. But the difference is that the\nMessenians do not claim that Aristomenes was the son of Hercules or\nZeus, as the Macedonians say that Alexander was the son of Ammon, and\nas the people of Sicyon say that Aratus was the son of \u00c6sculapius, but\nmost of the Greeks say that Pyrrhus was the father of Aristomenes,\nthough I know that the Messenians call Aristomenes the son of Nicomedes\nat the libations. He then, being in fall vigour of age and boldness,\nand other influential persons tried to bring about a general rising.\nAnd this was not at first done openly, but they sent secretly to Argos\nand the Arcadians, to see if they would assist them as energetically as\nthey had done in the former war, _bon\u00e2 fide_ and not half-heartedly.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XV.\n\n\nAnd when they had made all their preparations for war, and their allies\nwere even more zealous than they had expected, for the hostility\nbetween the Arcadians and Argives and the Laced\u00e6monians had blazed out\nfiercely, then in the thirty-ninth year after the capture of Ithome\nthey rose in insurrection, in the fourth year of the 23rd Olympiad, in\nwhich the Hyperesian Icarus was victor in the stadium. And at Athens\nthere were now annual archons, and the archon this year was Tlesias.\nWho were kings at Laced\u00e6mon at this time has not been recorded by\nTyrt\u00e6us, but Rhianus in his poem has said that Leotychides was king\nduring this war. I cannot agree with him in this: as to Tyrt\u00e6us, though\nhe has not mentioned expressly the time, yet one may suppose he has\nhinted it in the following passage,--in the elegiac lines he wrote\nabout the former war. \u201cNineteen years unceasingly they fought for\ntheir country, ever with stout heart, those warriors the fathers of\nour fathers.\u201d Manifestly then it was in the third generation after the\nformer war that the Messenians commenced this war, and the period is\nmarked by the fact that the kings then at Sparta were Anaxander the son\nof Eurycrates the son of Polydorus, and of the other family Anaxidamus\nthe son of Zeuxidamus, the son of Archidamus, the son of Theopompus. I\ngo as far as the fourth descendant of Theopompus, because Archidamus\nthe son of Theopompus died in his father\u2019s lifetime, and the kingdom\ndevolved upon Zeuxidamus his grandson. And Leotychides clearly was king\nafter Demaratus the son of Aristo, and Aristo was seventh descendant\nfrom Theopompus.\n\n  And now in the first year after their insurrection the Messenians\nengaged with the Laced\u00e6monians at a place in their country called\nDer\u00e6, and neither side had allies. And the battle was an undecided\none, but they say Aristomenes exhibited in it preterhuman bravery, so\nthat they elected him king after the battle, for he was of the family\nof the \u00c6pytid\u00e6, and though he was for refusing they also appointed\nhim commander in chief. He was inclined to let them disown no one who\nhad done valiantly in war: and for himself thought it right first\nand foremost (as the war with the Laced\u00e6monians was only just begun)\nto thoroughly frighten them by some bold stroke, and so to awe them\nmore for the future. Accordingly he went by night to Laced\u00e6mon and\nhung up a shield at the temple of Athene Chalci\u0153cus, and on it was\nthe inscription, \u201cAristomenes offers this to the goddess from Spartan\nspoils.\u201d\n\n  The Laced\u00e6monians also had an oracular answer from Delphi, that an\nAthenian would give them good advice. They sent therefore envoys to\nthe Athenians to report the oracle, and to ask for the man who was to\ngive them this good advice. And the Athenians neither wishing that\nthe Laced\u00e6monians should get the best part of the Peloponnese without\ngreat danger, nor to disobey the god, took counsel accordingly, and\nsent to Sparta one Tyrt\u00e6us a schoolmaster, who was thought to have very\nlittle intelligence and was lame in one foot. And he on his arrival\nthere recited his elegiac verses and his anap\u00e6sts privately to the\nauthorities, and publicly to all whom he could collect together. And\na year after the battle of Der\u00e6, when both nations had now allies,\nthey prepared for battle in a village called _Boar\u2019s Memorial_. The\nMessenians had the men of Elis and Arcadia as their allies in the\naction, and had moreover help from Argos and Sicyon. There were also\npresent all the Messenians that had fled voluntarily, both those from\nEleusis who were the hereditary priests of the mysteries of the Great\nGoddesses, and the descendants of Androcles: for these too hastened\nto their assistance. And to the help of the Laced\u00e6monians came the\nCorinthians, and some of the people of Lepreum from hatred to the men\nof Elis. The Asin\u00e6i were neutral. _Boar\u2019s Memorial_ is near Stenyclerus\nin Messenia, and was so called because they say Hercules had a mutual\ncovenant there with the sons of Neleus over a boar\u2019s entrails.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVI.\n\n\nAnd when the seers in both armies had commenced by sacrifice, the\nLaced\u00e6monian seer being Hecas, the descendant and namesake of that\nHecas who had come to Sparta with the sons of Aristodemus, and the\nMessenian seer being Theoclus, a descendant of Eumantis (a native\nof Elis and one of the Iamid\u00e6 whom Cresphontes had introduced into\nMessene), both armies were with more confidence stirred up to battle.\nAnd there was ardour exhibited by several according to their age and\nprowess, but notably by Anaxander, the king of the Laced\u00e6monians, and\nthe Spartans in his division: and in the Messenian army Phintas and\nAndrocles, the descendants of Androcles, and the men who were posted\nwith them, strove to show their valour. And Tyrt\u00e6us and the priests of\nthe Great Goddesses took no part in the action but that of cheering\non the rears of their respective armies. And this was the disposition\nof Aristomenes. Eighty picked men of the Messenians about the same\nage as himself were in close attendance upon him, and each of them\nthought himself highly flattered to be posted near Aristomenes: and\nthey were very keen at detecting in a glance one another\u2019s ideas and\nespecially their leader\u2019s plans in the very germ. They and Aristomenes\nhad the brunt of the battle, being posted opposite to Anaxander and\nthe bravest of the Laced\u00e6monians. And receiving wounds fearlessly, and\nrushing on with the greatest recklessness, in time they routed by their\nboldness Anaxander\u2019s division. As these fled Aristomenes commanded\nanother Messenian regiment to pursue them: and himself rushed into the\nthick of the fight, and routed the men there, and then again turned to\nsome other part of the field. And having driven these also from their\npositions he hurried on, charging those that were left, until he had\nthoroughly beaten all the Laced\u00e6monian force, allies and all. And as\nthey felt some shame in fleeing, and yet could not stand these frequent\ncharges, he dashed in amongst them with more formidable fury than one\ncould have expected from one man. But near a wild pear tree that grew\nin the plain Theoclus tried to prevent his passing: for he said Castor\nand Pollux were seated on the pear tree. And Aristomenes giving way to\npassion, and not hearing all the words of the seer, when he got to the\npear tree dropped his shield, and this loss of Aristomenes gave the\nLaced\u00e6monians breathing time to stop from their flight: for he lost\nsome time trying to find his shield.\n\n  And when the Laced\u00e6monians were dispirited at this blow, and were\nminded to finish the war, Tyrt\u00e6us put heart into them by reciting his\nverses, and got some Helots enrolled into the regiments in place of the\ndead men. And when Aristomenes returned to Andania, the women welcomed\nhim with ribands and pelted him with flowers, and sang for him a song\nnot forgotten even in our days, \u201cTo the mid plain and high mountain\nat Stenyclerus did Aristomenes pursue the Laced\u00e6monians.\u201d And he\nafterwards recovered his shield by going to Delphi, and, as the Pythian\nPriestess ordered him, by descending to the sacred shrine of Trophonius\nat Lebadea. And afterwards he took the shield, and hung it up as a\nvotive offering at Lebadea, and I have myself seen it hanging up there.\nIts design is an eagle with its wings extended at the upper part of the\nshield. And now Aristomenes on his return from B\u0153otia, having recovered\nhis shield at the shrine of Trophonius, immediately went in for further\naction. And, having gathered together a levy of Messenians besides\nhis own bodyguard of picked men, he marched at nightfall to a city of\nLaconia, whose old name was Pharis as in Homer\u2019s catalogue, but it was\ncalled Phar\u00e6 by the Spartans and other neighbouring people. Marching\nthere he cut to pieces those who attempted to defend themselves, and\nafter carrying off much booty returned to Messene. And the Laced\u00e6monian\nhoplites under Anaxander their king attacking him on the road, he\nrouted them also, and was fain to pursue Anaxander. But being wounded\nin his hinder quarters with a javelin he stayed the pursuit, without\nlosing the plunder he had got. And after waiting sufficient time for\nhis wound to be healed, he intended to enter Sparta by night, when he\nwas prevented by the apparition of Helen and Castor and Pollux, and lay\nin ambush at nightfall for some maidens who were dancing to Artemis at\nCary\u00e6, and arrested all who were remarkable for the wealth and position\nof their fathers, and brought them by night to a village in Messenia\nand went to rest, having committed the custody of them to some men of\nhis regiment. Thereupon the young men in drink I suppose, and otherwise\nunable to control their passions by reason, endeavoured to violate\nthe maidens, and when Aristomenes forbade them to act in a manner\nnot customary for Greeks, they took no notice of him, so that he was\nobliged to kill the most unruly of them. And the maidens he had taken\ncaptive he let go for a good ransom with their honour safe.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVII.\n\n\nAnd there is a place in Laconia called \u00c6gila, where is a temple of\nDemeter. There Aristomenes and his soldiers, knowing that the women\nwere keeping festival to Demeter, wished to seize them: but as these\nwomen inspired by the goddess made a bold defence, most of the\nMessenians received wounds with the swords which they used to sacrifice\nthe victims with, and the sharp pointed spits on which they stuck their\nmeat to roast it. And Aristomenes they struck with their torches and\ntook him alive. However he escaped the same night to Messenia. They say\nthat Archidamea the priestess of Demeter had the guilt of letting him\nescape. But she did not let him go for money, but was an old sweetheart\nof his, and made out that Aristomenes had escaped by burning[57] his\nbonds.\n\n  And in the third year of the war, when an engagement was about\nto take place at what was called _The Great Trench_, and when the\nArcadians had come from all their cities to help the Messenians,\nthe Laced\u00e6monians bribed Aristocrates, the son of Icetas, a native\nof Trapezus, king and general of the Arcadians at this period. The\nLaced\u00e6monians are the first we know of that bribed an enemy, and\nthe first that made renown in arms a thing to be purchased by money.\nFor before the Laced\u00e6monians violated honour in their war with the\nMessenians, in regard to this treason of Aristocrates the Arcadian,\ntheir fighting men were distinguished for bravery, and good fortune\nfrom the deity. Afterwards too at \u00c6gos-potamoi, when they opposed the\nfleet of the Athenians, they certainly bribed Adimantus and other\nAthenian Admirals. But in process of time upon the Laced\u00e6monians came\nwhat is called the Retribution of Neoptolemus. For Neoptolemus the\nson of Achilles, having slain Priam at the altar of _Household Zeus_,\nwas himself also slain at Delphi at the temple of Apollo, and--in\nconsequence of that--suffering what one had inflicted on another got\ncalled the Retribution of Neoptolemus. For when the Laced\u00e6monians\nwere at the zenith of their power, and had destroyed the fleet of the\nAthenians, and Agesilaus had reduced most of Asia Minor, then it was\nnot possible to strip the Mede of all his power, because the barbarian\ncircumvented them by sending money to Corinth and Argos and Athens\nand Thebes, and what was called the Corinthian war was brought about\nby this money, so that Agesilaus was compelled to leave Asia Minor.\nAnd so the deity made to recoil upon themselves the wiliness that\nthe Laced\u00e6monians had displayed to the Messenians. And Aristocrates\nwhen he had received money from Laced\u00e6mon, at first hid his plans\nfrom the Arcadians, but when they were on the eve of an engagement,\nthen he threw them into consternation, by telling them they were in\ndifficulty and straits and had no means of retreat if they should be\nbeaten. He also said the sacrifices were not auspicious. He ordered\neveryone therefore to run away when he gave the signal. And when the\nLaced\u00e6monians began the engagement and the Messenians were opposite\nto them, thereupon at the commencement of the battle Aristocrates\nled off the Arcadians, and thus the Messenian centre and left wing\nwas left exposed. For the Arcadians had occupied both these parts of\nthe field, as the people of Elis were not present at the battle, nor\nthe people of Argos and Sicyon. And Aristocrates put the finishing\ntouch to his treason by fleeing through the Messenian lines. And they\nwere quite bewildered at the unexpected state of affairs, and were\ndisturbed by the passage of the Arcadians through their lines, so that\nmost of them nearly forgot what they were about: for instead of the\nLaced\u00e6monians pressing on against the Arcadians they saw them fleeing,\nand some begged them to stand their ground, others reviled them as\ntraitors and covenant-breakers. And for the Laced\u00e6monians to surround\nthe Messenians who were now left alone was easy enough, and with the\ngreatest ease they won a victory that was a foregone conclusion. And\nthough Aristomenes and his division bravely stood their ground against\nthe multitude of the Laced\u00e6monians that pressed against them, and\nendeavoured to keep them in check, yet they were too few to avail\nmuch. And such a quantity of Messenians were cut to pieces, that they,\nwho had expected to be masters of the Laced\u00e6monians, now instead of\nhaving slaves had hardly any hope of safety. And of their leaders fell\nAndrocles and Phintas and others, and Phanas, (who fought especially\nbravely, and had been victor at Olympia in the double course). And\nAristomenes after the battle collected the Messenian fugitives, and\npersuaded them to leave Andania and any other towns in the heart of the\ncountry, and to take up their residence on the mountain Eira. And when\nthey assembled there they were besieged by the Laced\u00e6monians who wished\nto take them. However they resisted and held out for eleven years after\nthe disaster at _The Great Trench_. That that was the time the blockade\nlasted is plain from the verses of Rhianus about the Laced\u00e6monians.\n\n    \u201cAlong the ridges of the mountain white\n    Twenty-two summers and winters did they fight.\u201d\n\nThe word used for _summers_ in the line just above is a word properly\nmeaning the grass when it is ripe, or a little before hay harvest.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVIII.\n\n\nAnd the Messenians when they were hemmed in at Eira, and debarred the\nrest of their country, except what was occupied by the people of Pylos\nnear the sea, and the people of Mothone, plundered Laconia and their\nown country, which they now regarded as enemy\u2019s country. And several\njoined them in these raids, as chance brought it about, and Aristomenes\ngot together some picked men in number about 300. They harried and\ncarried off from the Laced\u00e6monians whatever they could, corn and flocks\nand wine, but furniture and human beings they ransomed for money. So\nthat the Laced\u00e6monians made a decree, inasmuch as they were farming\nfor the benefit of the people of Eira rather than their own, not to\ncultivate Messenia and the neighbouring parts of Laconia till after\nthe war. And from that time there was scarcity in Sparta, and with the\nscarcity came riots, for those who got their money by farming could\nnot bear to see their lands lie fallow, but their vexation was checked\nby the verses of Tyrt\u00e6us. And Aristomenes with his picked men made a\nsally when the night was considerably advanced, and stole a march upon\nthe enemy by getting to Amycl\u00e6 before daybreak, and seized the fort and\nplundered Amycl\u00e6, and was off again before help could come from Sparta.\nAnd he afterwards overran the whole country, till making an attack\non more than half the Laced\u00e6monian army under both their kings, he\nreceived several wounds as he defended himself valiantly, and as he was\nstruck on the head by a stone his eyes got dizzy, and the Laced\u00e6monians\nrushing at him all together took him alive. Fifty of his men also\nwere captured. These were all condemned by the Laced\u00e6monians to be\nthrown into their underground cavern called Ceadas; where they throw\nin their greatest malefactors. The other Messenians who were thrown in\nwere killed instantaneously: but Aristomenes had some good genius who\nboth now and on all occasions looked after him. Those who exaggerate\neverything about him say that, when he was thrown into Ceadas, an eagle\nflew under him and supported him with its wings, so that he reached\nthe bottom safely without a wound or scratch. The god on this occasion\nmust have also shown him some outlet. For when he got to the bottom of\nthe cavern, he sat down and muffling his head in his cloak expected\ndeath which he felt certain. But on the third day after he heard a\nnoise, and unveiled his face, and when his eyes got accustomed to the\ndarkness, saw a fox preying on the dead carcases. And reflecting that\nit must have an outlet somewhere, he waited till the fox came near and\nwhen it came near seized hold of it, and in one of his hands, when the\nfox turned on him, held his cloak that it might bite that and not him.\nAs it ran he ran with it, and was dragged by it along a very difficult\npath. At last he saw a little hole, just big enough for a fox to pass\nthrough, and light glimmered through it. And the fox, directly it was\nliberated by Aristomenes, betook itself to its hole. And Aristomenes,\nas the hole was too small to let him through, enlarged it with his\nhands and got home safe to Eira, having had most remarkable good\nfortune in respect to his capture, (for his spirit and bravery were\nsuch that no one could have expected to take him alive), and stranger\nstill and most plainly not without divine assistance was this getting\nout safe from Ceadas.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIX.\n\n\nAnd it was almost immediately reported to the Laced\u00e6monians by\ndeserters that Aristomenes had got home safe: but being considered as\nincredible as if anyone were to say that a dead man had come to life\nagain, it was only believed in consequence of the following transaction\non the part of Aristomenes. The Corinthians sent a force to help the\nLaced\u00e6monians to take Eira. Aristomenes, learning from his scouts\nthat they were marching rather carelessly, and that their camps were\nnegligently made up, attacked them by night, and as they were asleep\nslew most of them, and among others their leaders Hypermenides, and\nAchlad\u00e6us, and Lysistratus, and Sidectus. He plundered also the tent of\nthe generals, and the Laced\u00e6monians soon saw that it was Aristomenes\nand no other Messenian that had done all this. He sacrificed also to\nZeus of Ithome the sacrifice which they call Hecatomphonia. It was of\nvery remote antiquity, and any Messenian who had killed 100 enemies\nhad a right to offer it. And Aristomenes first offered this sacrifice\nwhen he fought the battle at _Boar\u2019s Memorial_, and the slaughter of\nthese Corinthians by night gave him the right to offer this sacrifice\na second time. They say also that he offered the sacrifice a third\ntime as the result of various raids. But the Laced\u00e6monians, as the\nfestival of Hyacinthus was now coming on, made a truce of 40 days with\nthe inhabitants of Eira, and returned home and kept the festival, and\nsome Cretan bowmen, who had been sent for as mercenaries from Lyctus\nand other towns, made incursions into various parts of Messenia. And as\nAristomenes was at some distance from Eira, feeling perfect security\nas it was truce time, seven of these bowmen lay in wait for him, and\ntook him prisoner, and bound him with the bands of their quivers. And\nit was evening. And two of them went to Sparta, and announced the\ncapture of Aristomenes to the Laced\u00e6monians: and the remaining five\nretired to a farm in Messenia, where a fatherless maiden lived with\nher mother. The night before this maiden had had a dream. Some wolves\n(she dreamed) brought a lion to the farm bound and without claws,\nand she freed the lion from its bonds and got it claws, and then the\nwolves were torn in pieces by it. And now when the Cretans brought in\nAristomenes, the maiden remembered her dream of the previous night,\nand asked her mother who he was: and when she learnt who he was she\ntook courage, and looked earnestly at him, and understood the meaning\nof the dream. She therefore poured out wine freely for the Cretans,\ntill drink overpowered them, and then withdrew the sword of the one who\nwas fastest asleep. Then she cut the bonds of Aristomenes, and he took\nthe sword and killed all 5. And Gorgus the son of Aristomenes took the\nmaiden to wife. And thus Aristomenes requited to the damsel her saving\nof his life, and Gorgus was only 18 when he married her.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XX.\n\n\nBut in the 11th year of the siege it was fated that Eira should fall,\nand that the Messenians should be dispersed, and the god accomplished\nwhat had been oracularly foretold to Aristomenes and Theoclus. For\nwhen they went to Delphi after the disaster at _the Great Trench_, and\nenquired as to their safety, the Pythian Priestess replied as follows,\n\n    \u201cWhen he-goat drinks of Neda\u2019s winding stream,\n    I cease to guard Messene. Her end is near.\u201d\n\nNow the Neda rises in Mount Lyc\u00e6us: and the river flows through Arcadia\nand into Messenia again, and divides the maritime parts of Messenia\nand Elis. And now they were afraid of their he-goats drinking of the\nNeda: but the god had quite a different meaning which I will unfold.\nThe wild fig tree, which some of the Greeks call Olynthe, is called\nby the Messenians Tragus (that is _He-Goat_). At this time there was\na wild fig tree on the banks of the river Neda which did not grow\nupright, but bent into the stream and touched the water with its\ntopmost boughs. And the seer Theoclus having noticed it conjectured\nthat by the he-goat drinking of the Neda the Pythian Priestess meant\nthis wild fig, and that therefore the fate of Messene was imminent.\nAnd he preserved silence on the matter to everyone else, but he took\nAristomenes to this fig tree, and pointed out to him that their period\nof safety had passed. And Aristomenes was convinced by him that it was\nas he said, and that that there was no room for delay, and he adopted\nthe following contrivance under the present conjuncture. The Messenians\nhad some sacred records, which if lost would ruin Messene and keep\nher under for ever, but which if preserved would, according to the\noracular utterances of Lycus the son of Pandion, give the Messenians\na chance one day to recover their country, and Aristomenes knowing\nthese oracular utterances conveyed away by night these _arcana_:\nand going to the most unfrequented part of Mount Ithome buried them\nthere, and prayed to Zeus of Ithome and to the gods who had hitherto\nbefriended the Messenians to be witnesses of this deposit, and not to\nallow the Laced\u00e6monians to rob them of their only hope of returning\nhome again one day. And after this trouble came to the Messenians, as\nearlier still it did to the Trojans, from adultery. They occupied the\nmountainous district all round Eira as far as the Neda, and some lived\noutside the gates. And no other deserter came to them from Laconia, but\na herdsman, a slave of Emperamus who was a man of some note at Sparta.\nThis herdsman lived not far from the Neda. There he saw the wife of one\nof the Messenians who lived outside the walls coming to draw water: and\nhe got enamoured of her, and ventured to talk with her, and overcame\nher chastity by gifts. And from that time forward this herdsman watched\nwhen her husband went upon garrison duty. Now the Messenians had to go\non guard by turns in the citadel: it was here that they were chiefly\nafraid of the enemy getting into the place. And whenever the husband\nmounted guard, this herdsman used to go and visit his wife. And on one\noccasion he and others had to mount guard at night, and it chanced\nto be a very wet night. And the Messenians left their guard. For the\nquantity of rain pouring down almost forced them in, as they had no\nbattlements or turrets in their improvised fortifications, and at the\nsame time they did not expect that the Laced\u00e6monians would attack them\nin a night so wild and dark. And Aristomenes had been wounded a few\ndays previously in rescuing a Cephallenian merchant and his goods,\n(he was a friend of his and used to introduce into Eira all necessary\nsupplies, but had been captured by the Laced\u00e6monians and some Apter\u00e6an\nbowmen under Euryalus a Spartan), and therefore could not as usual\ngo his nightly rounds. This was the chief reason why the citadel was\nabandoned by the guard. And as each of them went off from his post so\ndid the husband of the woman who had this intrigue with the herdsman.\nAnd she at this time had the herdsman at her house, but perceiving the\nreturn of her husband quickly concealed him, and welcomed her husband\nrather more than usual, and asked him the reason of his return. And he,\nignorant that she was unfaithful to him and had her paramour there,\ntold her the truth, and said that, on account of the violence of\nthe rain, and other circumstances which he mentioned, they had left\ntheir posts. And the herdsman overheard, and immediately, when he\nunderstood the condition of affairs, deserted the Messenians for the\nLaced\u00e6monians. The Laced\u00e6monian kings were at this time absent from\nthe camp: but Emperamus the master of the herdsman was commander in\nchief of the forces that were besieging Eira. The herdsman then went\nto his master, and first begged pardon for his absence from home,\nand next showed him how they could capture Eira, mentioning all the\ncircumstances which he had heard from the Messenian.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXI.\n\n\nWhat the herdsman said seemed trustworthy, and he led Emperamus and\nthe Spartan force. Their march was difficult owing to the darkness and\nsteady downpour. Still they advanced with alacrity, and, as soon as\nthey got to the citadel of Eira, fixed scaling ladders and got over the\nwalls with all dispatch. And the Messenians had several indications\nof their coming trouble, especially the unusual barking of the dogs,\nwho barked fiercely and continuously. Perceiving then that the final\nstruggle had come upon them, they had no time for arming themselves\nproperly, but each seized what weapon he could find to defend their\nlast possession out of all Messenia, their last inch of fatherland!\nThe first who noticed that the enemy had got inside the walls, and\nwho rushed up to the fray, were Gorgus the son of Aristomenes, and\nAristomenes himself, and Theoclus the seer and Manticlus his son,\nand with them Euergetidas a man held in especial honour at Messene,\nwho had improved his fortunes by his marriage with Agnagora, the\nsister of Aristomenes. And all the others at this time, though they\nperceived that they were in a trap, yet had a little hope in spite of\nthe outlook: but Aristomenes and the seer knew that it was all up with\nthe Messenians, remembering the Pythian Priestess\u2019 oracle about the\nhe-goat, but they concealed none the less the true state of affairs,\nand were silent about it to everybody. And they went all round the\ntown energetically and exhorted every Messenian they met to play the\nman, and called from their houses those that yet remained in them.\nDuring the night nothing very notable was done on either side, for the\nattacking party were hindered by their ignorance of the ground and\nthe boldness of Aristomenes, and the Messenians were rather backward\nin taking the word from their generals, and if anyone lit a torch or\nstruck a light, the rain immediately put it out. And when day broke\nand they could see one another clearly, then Aristomenes and Theoclus\nendeavoured to nerve the Messenians to desperate courage, by giving\nthem the necessary directions, and reminding them of the heroism of the\npeople of Smyrna, who, though they were only Ionians, by their boldness\nand vigour drove out of their city Gyges, the son of Dascylus, and the\nLydians who were in possession of it. And the Messenians hearing this\nwere animated with the courage of despair, and forming what ranks they\ncould rushed against the Laced\u00e6monians. And even the women eagerly\nhurled tiles, and whatever each could lay hold of, at the enemy: but\nthey were partly prevented doing this from the slipperiness of the\nroofs through the frequent rain: but they seized arms and thus kindled\nstill more the courage of the men, when they saw that even the women\npreferred perishing with their country to being led off as slaves to\nLaced\u00e6mon, insomuch that had it been possible they would have given\ndestiny the go-by. And the downpour of rain continued all day, and\nthere was thunder and lightning, and they could hardly see for the\nlightning that flashed in their faces. And all this inspired courage in\nthe Laced\u00e6monians, who thought that the god was visibly helping them,\nand as the lightning was on their right the seer Hecas announced that\nthe omen was auspicious. He also devised the following stratagem. The\nLaced\u00e6monians were far the most numerous, but inasmuch as the battle\nwas on a limited area and not fought tactically, but various bodies\nof men fought haphazard in various parts of the city, it happened\nthat the rearmen of each division were useless. He therefore ordered\nthem to retire to the camp and get some food and sleep, and come back\nagain before evening to relieve their companions, who had borne the\nburthen and heat of the day. And thus by fighting and resting by turns\nthey held out the longer, but the Messenians were getting entirely\nworn out, for it was now the third night that they had been fighting\nday and night continuously. And when the next morning came, and they\nwere suffering from sleeplessness and constant rain and cold all\ncombined, hunger and thirst assailed them too. Their women especially\nwere ready to faint by reason of being unused to war, and by the long\ncontinuance of their efforts. Then the seer Theoclus came up and spoke\nto Aristomenes. \u201cWhy do you continue in vain this struggle? It is\ndecreed that Messene must perish, long ago did the Pythian Priestess\nforetell this imminent ruin, and lately did the wild fig tree teach the\nsame lesson. To me the god assigns an end with my country: but you may\nsave the Messenians and yourself.\u201d When he had spoken thus to him, he\nrushed against the foe, and said to the Laced\u00e6monians in a loud voice,\n\u201cYou shall not for long joy in your conquest of Messene.\u201d After that\nhe fiercely attacked those who were opposite to him and slew them, and\nwas himself wounded, and breathed out his last having first glutted\nhis soul with slaughter. And Aristomenes called all the Messenians\nback from the fight, except those who were fighting with remarkable\nbravery, whom he allowed to remain fighting. And the rest he ordered\nto follow where he should lead, with the women and children in their\nlines. To the command of this portion of the army he appointed Gorgus\nand Manticlus: and himself took up a position in the front rank, and by\nthe motion of his head and the waving of his spear plainly showed that\nhe was asking for a passage through, and already meditated retreat.\nEmperamus and the Spartans on the spot were right glad to let the\nMessenians through their lines, and not to irritate too much men who\nwere mad in rage and desperate to the last degree. And Hecas the seer\nalso bade them act so.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXII.\n\n\nDirectly the Arcadians heard of the capture of Eira, they at once\nbegged Aristocrates to lead them to save the Messenians or perish with\nthem. But he having been bribed by the Laced\u00e6monians refused to lead\nthem, and said that he knew none of the Messenians were alive for them\nto assist. But when the Arcadians received more certain intelligence\nthat some survived who had been compelled to leave Eira, they set out\nto meet them at Mount Lyc\u00e6us, having got ready both food and raiment,\nand sent certain influential persons to comfort the Messenians and\nguide them on their march. And when they got safe to Mount Lyc\u00e6us the\nArcadians welcomed them, and treated them kindly in other respects,\nand invited them to dwell in their cities, and said they would give\nthem a share of the land. But Aristomenes in his grief for the capture\nof Eira and his hatred to the Laced\u00e6monians contrived the following\nplan. He selected from the whole body 500 Messenians, who he knew were\nprodigal of their lives, and selected them in the hearing of the other\nArcadians and Aristocrates, not knowing that he was a traitor--for he\nthought Aristocrates had fled through cowardice and want of manliness\nrather than in treason--and he asked the 500 in his presence, whether\nthey would die with him to avenge their country. And when they said\nthey would he revealed his whole plan, that the following evening\nhe intended to lead them to Sparta. For at this time most of the\nLaced\u00e6monians were at Eira, and others were busy in plundering the\nproperty of the Messenians. \u201cAnd if we should capture Sparta and keep\nit,\u201d continued Aristomenes, \u201cwe shall be able to exchange it for\nMessene: and if we fail we shall die together, having done deeds that\nposterity will not forget.\u201d After he had made this speech, about 300\nof the Arcadians wished to join him in his desperate undertaking.\nAnd for the moment they delayed their departure, as the victims were\nnot auspicious. On the following day however they knew that their\nsecret had been revealed to the Laced\u00e6monians, and that they had been\nbetrayed by Aristocrates for the second time. For Aristocrates had\nat once disclosed by letter the design of Aristomenes, and given the\nletter to his most trusty slave, and sent it to Anaxander at Sparta.\nAnd on his return this slave was intercepted by some Arcadians who had\npreviously been hostile to Aristocrates, and were now rather suspicious\nabout him. And having intercepted this slave they brought him before\nthe Arcadians, and showed the people the answer of Anaxander from\nLaced\u00e6mon. It was to the effect that, just as Aristocrates\u2019 flight at\nan opportune moment from _the Great Trench_ had not been unrewarded\nby the Laced\u00e6monians, so he should not be without further reward for\nhis present information. And when this was reported to them all, the\nArcadians began to stone Aristocrates, and urged the Messenians to do\nthe same. But they looked at Aristomenes. And he looked on the ground\nand wept. So the Arcadians stoned Aristocrates to death, and cast him\nunburied out of their borders, and put up a pillar in the temple of\nLyc\u00e6an Zeus with the following inscription. \u201cTime is sure to bring\njustice at last to an unjust king, and time with Zeus\u2019 cooperation has\neasily found out Messene\u2019s traitor. It is difficult for a perjured man\nto escape the god. Hail, royal Zeus, and save Arcadia.\u201d\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIII.\n\n\nAnd all the Messenians that were captured at Eira, or in any other\npart of Messenia, were incorporated by the Laced\u00e6monians among the\nHelots: and the people of Pylos and Mothone and all the maritime towns\nremoved in ships, after the capture of Eira, to Cyllene the arsenal\nof Elis. And from there they sent to the Messenians in Arcadia,\nwishing them to join them in an expedition to seek some city to dwell\nin, and bade them make Aristomenes the founder of the colony. But he\nsaid that for his part as long as he lived he would fight against the\nLaced\u00e6monians, and that he knew very well that Sparta would always have\ntrouble through him: but he gave them Gorgus and Manticlus as their\nleaders. Euergetidas also retired to Mount Lyc\u00e6us with the rest of\nthe Messenians: and from thence, when he saw that Aristomenes\u2019 plan\nabout the capture of Sparta had fallen through, having got together\nabout 50 of the Messenians he made a raid against the Laced\u00e6monians at\nEira, and falling in with them still plundering he turned their chant\nof victory into a dirge. And fate seized him there, and Aristomenes\nordered the leaders of the Messenians, and whoever wished, to take part\nin the colony to go to Cyllene. And all took part in it, except those\nthat were prevented by old age, or were destitute of means for dwelling\nabroad. And these remained where they were among the Arcadians.\n\n  Eira was taken, and the second war between the Laced\u00e6monians and\nthe Messenians finished, in the Archonship over the Athenians of\nAutosthenes, in the first year of the 28th Olympiad, in which Chionis\nthe Laconian was victor.\n\n  And when the Messenians had got together at Cyllene, they resolved\nto winter there for that winter, and the people of Elis provided them\nwith supplies and money: but directly Spring came they deliberated\nwhere they should go. And the view of Gorgus was that they should\noccupy Zacynthus beyond Cephallenia, and become islanders instead\nof dwelling on the mainland, and should sail in their ships to the\nmaritime parts of Laconia and ravage their territory. Manticlus on\nthe other hand exhorted them to forget Messene and their animosity\nto the Laced\u00e6monians, and sail to Sardinia and occupy that large and\nfertile island. Meantime Anaxilas sent a message to the Messenians\ninviting them to Italy. He was King at Rhegium, and fourth in descent\nfrom Alcidamidas, who had migrated from Messene to Rhegium, after the\ndeath of King Aristodemus and the capture of Ithome. This Anaxilas then\ninvited the Messenians, and when they went to Rhegium he told them\nthat the people of Zancle were at variance with him, and that they had\na fertile country and a city in the rich part of Sicily, all which he\nsaid he would give them, and help them in conquering the country. And\nas they eagerly accepted his offer, Anaxilas conveyed them over into\nSicily. Now Zancle was a place which had originally been occupied by\npirates, and, as the land there was then unoccupied, they built a fort\nnear the harbour, and made Zancle their headquarters for expeditions\nboth by land and sea: and their leaders were Crat\u00e6menes the Samian\nand Perieres from Chalcis. And eventually Perieres and Crat\u00e6menes\nresolved to invite in other colonists from Greece. But now Anaxilas\nconquered the people of Zancle who put out to sea in their fleet, and\nthe Messenians conquered them on land. And being blockaded by land by\nthe Messenians and simultaneously by sea by the people of Rhegium, when\ntheir fort was taken, they fled for refuge to the altars of the gods\nand to the temples. Anaxilas however urged on the Messenians to slay\nthe suppliants, though they prayed hard for quarter, and to enslave the\nrest together with their women and children. But Gorgus and Manticlus\nbegged that Anaxilas would not compel them, who had been shamefully\ntreated by their fellow-countrymen, to act with equal cruelty to\nGreeks. And after that they took the people of Zancle from the altars,\nand having mutually given and received pledges dwelt together as one\npeople. But the name of the town they changed from Zancle to Messene.\nAll this took place in the 29th Olympiad, in which Chionis the Laconian\nwas victor the second time, and Miltiades was Archon at Athens. And\nManticlus built a temple of Hercules for the new colony, and a statue\nof the god was placed outside the fort called Hercules Manticlus, just\nas Belus at Babylon got its name from an Egyptian called Belus, and\nAmmon in Libya from the name of the shepherd who built the temple. This\nwas the end of the wandering of the Messenian exiles.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIV.\n\n\nMeantime Aristomenes, when he refused the leadership of those who\nwere going on the new colony, married his sister Agnagora to Tharyx\nof Phigalia, and his two eldest daughters to Damothoidas of Lepreum\nand Theopompus of Her\u00e6um. And he himself went to Delphi and consulted\nthe oracle. What answer was returned is not recorded. But Damagetus a\nnative of Rhodes, the King of Ialysus, had also at this time come to\nconsult the oracle as to where he should marry a wife from, and the\nPythian Priestess replied that he was to marry the daughter of the\nnoblest of the Greeks. And Aristomenes had a third daughter, and he\nmarried her, thinking her father far the noblest Greek of his time.\nAnd Aristomenes went to Rhodes with his daughter, and from thence he\nintended to go to Sardis to Ardys the son of Gyges, and to Ecbatana the\nroyal residence of the Medes to the Court of King Phraortes, but before\nhe could carry out this intention he chanced to die of some illness,\nso that the fates did not permit him to wreak his vengeance on the\nLaced\u00e6monians. And Damagetus and the people of Rhodes built a splendid\nmonument to him, and paid honours to his memory. The traditions about\nthose who are called the Diagorid\u00e6 in Rhodes, (who were descended\nfrom Diagoras, the son of Damagetus, the son of Dorieus, the son of\nDamagetus by the daughter of Aristomenes), I have omitted, that I might\nnot appear to have introduced irrelevant matter.\n\n  And the Laced\u00e6monians, when they had made themselves masters of\nMessenia, shared it out among themselves all but the territory of the\nAsin\u00e6i, and Mothone they gave to the people of Nauplia who had recently\nbeen ejected by the Argives.\n\n  And the Messenians who were captured at Eira, and compulsorily\nincorporated among the Helots, revolted again from the Laced\u00e6monians\nin the 79th Olympiad, in which the Corinthian Xenophon was victor, and\nArchimedes Archon at Athens. And they seized the following opportunity.\nSome of the Laced\u00e6monians, on a charge for which they were condemned to\ndeath, fled to T\u00e6narum as suppliants; and there the Ephors took them\nfrom the altar and slew them. And the wrath of Poseidon came upon those\nSpartans who had violated his rights of sanctuary, and he adjudged the\ntown to be utterly razed to the ground. And it was after this calamity\nthat the Helots who were Messenians revolted and went to Mount Ithome.\nAnd the Laced\u00e6monians sent for several allies to help to subdue them,\nand among others for Cimon (the son of Miltiades) their friend, of whom\nthey also begged some Athenian troops. But when these Athenian troops\ncame they suspected them as likely to introduce revolutionary ideas\namong their own men, so in their suspicion they soon sent them home\nagain from Ithome. But when the Athenians observed that suspicion on\nthe part of the Laced\u00e6monians they were indignant and became friendly\nto the Argives, and, when those of the Messenians who were besieged at\nIthome were allowed to surrender upon conditions, gave Naupactus to\nthem, (having taken it from the Locrians in \u00c6tolia called Ozol\u00e6). And\nthe Messenians were allowed to surrender partly because of the strength\nof the place, partly because the Pythian Priestess prophesied to the\nLaced\u00e6monians that there would be vengeance from Zeus of Ithome if they\nviolated his right of sanctuary. So they were allowed to evacuate the\nPeloponnese upon conditions for these reasons.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXV.\n\n\nAnd when they got Naupactus, they were not content with the town and\nregion that they had got through the Athenians, but a strong desire\ncame upon them to get a place for themselves by their own valour. And\nas they knew that the \u0152niad\u00e6, who had a rich soil in Acarnania, had\nbeen for all time at variance with the Athenians, they marched against\nthem. And being not superior in point of numbers, but far superior in\nrespect to bravery, they won a victory over them, and shut them up\nin their fort and blockaded them. And the Messenians employed every\nhuman invention for taking cities, they tried to get over the walls by\nscaling ladders, and undermined the fort, and bringing up such engines\nas they could get at short notice kept battering away at the walls. And\nthose in the town, fearing that if the town was taken they would be\nundone, and their wives and children sold into slavery, preferred to\nsurrender upon conditions. And for about a year the Messenians occupied\nthe town and enjoyed the produce of the country, but the year after the\nAcarnanians gathering a force together from all their towns planned a\nmarch upon Naupactus. But they changed their minds about this when they\nsaw that their march would be through the country of the \u00c6tolians, who\nwere always hostile to them, and at the same time they expected the\nNaupactians had a navy, as indeed they had, and as they were masters\nof the sea it would not be possible to subdue them with a land army.\nSo they changed their plan with alacrity, and marched against the\nMessenians at \u0152niad\u00e6. And they began to lay siege to the town: for\nthey did not suppose that so few men would come to such a pitch of\nrecklessness as to sally out and fight against them. And the Messenians\nhad got together a store of corn and other provisions, expecting a\nlong siege: but they thought before the blockade commenced they would\nhave one good fight in the open, and as they were Messenians, who had\nonly been inferior to the Laced\u00e6monians in luck not in courage, they\nwould not be frightened at this mob that had come from Acarnania.\nAnd the Athenians remembered the action at Marathon, how thirty\nmyriads of Medes were slain by less than 10,000. So they determined\nto fight the Acarnanians, and the battle was fought as follows. The\nAcarnanians inasmuch as they were far more numerous easily surrounded\nthe Messenians, except where the gates at the back of the Messenians\nchecked them, and the men on the walls stoutly defended their comrades.\nHere they could not be surrounded. But both their flanks were sore\npressed by the Acarnanians, and they shot at them from all sides. And\nthe Messenians being a compact body, wherever they made a general\nattack on the Acarnanians, threw the enemy\u2019s ranks into confusion, and\nkilled and wounded many, yet could not bring about a complete rout.\nFor wherever the Acarnanians observed that their lines were pierced by\nthe Messenians, there they brought up large detachments of men, and\nbeat the Messenians back by sheer force of numbers. And whenever the\nMessenians were unsuccessful in an attack, and tried in some other\nplace to break the Acarnanian line, the same result would follow. At\nwhatever point they attacked they produced confusion and something like\na rout, but the Acarnanians came swarming up, and so the Messenians had\nvery unwillingly to retire. And the struggle being very evenly poised\ntill night came on, and the attacking force of the Acarnanians being\naugmented the following evening from several towns, a regular blockade\nof the Messenians commenced. And they had no fear that the town would\nbe taken by storm, either by the Acarnanians getting over the walls,\nor by their being compelled to desert their garrison duty. But by the\n8th month all their supplies were consumed. To the Acarnanians they\njeeringly cried out that their provisions would last even a ten years\u2019\nsiege: but about the time of first sleep they quietly slipped out of\n\u0152niad\u00e6, and being compelled to fight their way through directly the\nAcarnanians got to know of this flitting, lost about 300 but killed\na still greater number of the enemy, and most of them succeeded in\ncutting their way through, and by the assistance of the \u00c6tolians who\nwere friendly to them got safe to Naupactus.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVI.\n\n\nAnd from this time forward their hostility to the Laced\u00e6monians\nincreased, as they notably shewed in the war between the Peloponnesians\nand Athenians. For they made Naupactus a base against the Peloponnese,\nand when the Spartans were cut off at Sphacteria some Messenian bowmen\nfrom Naupactus assisted the Athenians. But after the reverse of the\nAthenians at \u00c6gos-potamoi, the Laced\u00e6monians being masters of the sea\ndrove the Messenians from Naupactus, and some went into Sicily to their\nkinsmen at Zancle and Rhegium, but most to Libya to the Euesperit\u00e6,\nwho being hard pressed in war by some of the neighbouring barbarians\ninvited in the Greeks as colonists. To them went most of the Messenians\nunder Comon, who had been their General at Sphacteria.\n\n  And a year before the Theban victory at Leuctra, the god foretold\nto the Messenians their return to the Peloponnese. For the priest of\nHercules (they say) in Messene at the Sicilian Strait saw in a dream\nHercules Manticlus invited in a friendly way by Zeus to Ithome. And\namong the Euesperit\u00e6 Comon dreamt that he had dealings with his dead\nmother, and that subsequently his mother came to life again. And he\nhoped as the Athenians were now powerful at sea that they would be\nrestored to Naupactus: and the dream seemed to indicate that Messene\nwould revive. And no long time after came to the Laced\u00e6monians at\nLeuctra the disaster that had long been fated: for the concluding words\nof the oracle given to Aristodemus the king of the Messenians were,\n\n    \u201cDo as fate bids: woe comes to all in turn.\u201d\n\n  As at that time it was fated for him and the Messenians to be\nunfortunate, so in after time was it fated for Laced\u00e6mon when her\nday had come. And now the Thebans after the victory of Leuctra sent\nmessengers to Italy and Sicily and to the Euesperit\u00e6, to recall the\nMessenians from their wanderings to the Peloponnese. And they gathered\ntogether quicker than anyone would have thought, from yearning\naffection to their fatherland, and from their abiding hate to the\nLaced\u00e6monians. And Epaminondas was in doubt what city he should build\nas a base against the Laced\u00e6monians, or where he should find a site,\nfor the Messenians would not dwell again at Andania and \u0152chalia,\nbecause they had been so unlucky when they lived there before. As\nhe was in this doubt they say an old man, very like a priest of\nthe mysteries, appeared to him in a vision of the night, and said\nto him, \u201cMy gift to you is universal conquest in war: and when you\nshall leave this earth I will make your name, O Theban, immortal and\never glorious. But do you in return restore to the Messenians their\ncountry and cities, for the wrath of Castor and Pollux towards them\nis now appeased.\u201d These were his words to Epaminondas, who revealed\nthe dream to Epiteles the son of \u00c6schines, whom the Argives chose as\ntheir General and the restorer of Messene. This man was bidden in a\ndream, in the place where he should find at Ithome an ivy and myrtle\ntree growing, to dig between them and recover an old woman who was\nill and confined there in a brass coffin and already near to death\u2019s\ndoor. And Epiteles when day broke went to the appointed place, and dug\nup a cinerary urn of brass, and took it at once to Epaminondas and\nnarrated his dream, and he told him to remove the lid and see what was\nin it. And he after sacrifice and prayer to the person who had sent him\nthis dream opened the urn, and found some tin beaten very thin, and\nrolled up like a book. On it were written the mysteries of the Great\nGoddesses, and it was in fact what Aristomenes had buried. And they say\nthe person who appeared to Epiteles and Epaminondas in their dreams\nwas Caucon, who formerly came from Athens to Andania to Messene the\ndaughter of Triopas.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVII.\n\n\nThe wrath of Castor and Pollux against the Messenians began before\nthe battle at Stenyclerus, and I conjecture it to have originated in\nthe following way. Panormus and Gonippus, two lads of Andania in the\nbloom of youth, were great friends, and used jointly to make incursions\nand raids into Laconia. And as the Laced\u00e6monians in camp were keeping\nthe festival of Castor and Pollux, and after the banquet were full of\nwine and merrymaking, Gonippus and Panormus, clad in white tunics and\npurple cloaks, well mounted, with hats on their heads and spears in\ntheir hands, presented themselves to the Laced\u00e6monians. And when they\nsaw them they bowed down before them and worshipped them, thinking they\nwere Castor and Pollux who had come to the sacrifice. But these young\nmen mixed up with them and rode through them and stabbed many with\ntheir lances, and, after many of them had fallen, rode back to Andania,\nhaving thus outraged the festival of Castor and Pollux. This is what\nI think made the Twin Brethren hate the Messenians. But now, as was\nhinted to Epaminondas in his dream, the Twin Brethren had no objection\nto the return of the Messenians. And Epaminondas was very greatly\nencouraged also to the restoration of Messene by the oracles of Bacis,\nwho had been driven mad by the Nymphs and had given various prophetic\nutterances to several of the Greeks, and amongst others this one about\nthe return of the Messenians:\n\n    \u201cAnd then shall Sparta lose her glorious flower,\n    Messene built again be for all time.\u201d\n\nI find also that Bacis foretold the manner in which Eira would be\ntaken: this is one of his prophetic lines,\n\n    \u201cThose from conquered Messene with its splashing fountains.\u201d\n\nAnd as the records of the Mysteries had been recovered, the priests\nentered them in books. And Epaminondas, as the place where the\nMessenians now have their capital seemed most convenient to settle\nin, bade the seers examine if the gods were favourable to the spot.\nAnd on their replying that the omens were favourable, he at once made\npreparations for building the town, ordering a large supply of stone,\nand sending for builders who should artistically lay out streets and\nbuild houses and temples and lines of walls. And when all was in\nreadiness the Arcadians furnished victims, and Epaminondas and the\nThebans sacrificed to Dionysus and Apollo Ismenius in the accustomed\nmanner, and the Argives to Argive Hera and Nemean Zeus, and the\nMessenians to Zeus of Ithome and Castor and Pollux, and the priests of\nthe Mysteries to the Great Goddesses and Caucon. And with one consent\nthey invoked the heroes to come and dwell with them, especially Messene\nthe daughter of Triopas, and Eurytus and Aphareus and his sons, and\nof the Heraclid\u00e6 Cresphontes and \u00c6pytus. But most unanimous of all\nwas the cry for Aristomenes. And that day they devoted to sacrifices\nand prayers, and on the following days they raised the circuit of\nthe walls, and began to build their houses and temples inside the\nwalls. And they carried on this work only to the music of B\u0153otian\nand Argive flutes, and the tunes of Sacadas and Pronomus now first\ncame into competition. And they called the capital Messene, and they\nrestored others of their towns. But the people of Nauplia were not\nturned out of Mothone, the Asin\u00e6i also were allowed to remain where\nthey were, the latter out of gratitude because they had refused to\njoin the Laced\u00e6monians against them. And the people of Nauplia, when\nthe Messenians returned to the Peloponnese, had brought them as gifts\nwhatever they had, and had continually prayed to the deity for their\nreturn, and had also made many requests to the Messenians for their own\nsafety.\n\n  Thus the Messenians returned to the Peloponnese, and were restored\nto their country, 287 years after the capture of Eira, when Dyscinetus\nwas Archon at Athens, and in the third year of the 102nd Olympiad, in\nwhich Damon of Thurii won the second prize. It was indeed no short\ntime that the Plat\u00e6ans were exiles from their country, or the Delians\nwhen (expelled from Delos by the Athenians) they dwelt at Adramyttium.\nThe Miny\u00e6 from Orchomenus also, having been driven out by the Thebans\nfrom Orchomenus after the battle of Leuctra, were restored to B\u0153otia by\nPhilip the son of Amyntas, as the Plat\u00e6ans also. And although Alexander\nstript Thebes of Thebans, yet not many years afterwards Cassander\nthe son of Antipater rebuilt it. The exile from Plat\u00e6a seems to have\nbeen the longest of those which I have recorded, however it was not\nlonger than two generations. But the Messenians were wanderers from\nthe Peloponnese for nearly 300 years, during which time it is evident\nthat they abandoned none of their national customs, nor did they change\ntheir Doric dialect, but even to our day they preserve it purer than\nany other of the Peloponnesians.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVIII.\n\n\nOn their return no apprehension was felt by them at first about the\nLaced\u00e6monians: for they, being afraid of the Thebans, did not interfere\nwith the rebuilding of Messene, nor the gathering of the Arcadians\ninto one town. But when the Phocian War, otherwise called the Holy\nWar, withdrew the Thebans from the Peloponnese, then the Laced\u00e6monians\npricked up their courage, and could no longer keep their hands off the\nMessenians. And the Messenians bore the brunt of the war alone, except\nthe assistance they got from the Argives and Arcadians; they also\nbegged for help from the Athenians,--but they replied that they could\nnot join them in an incursion into Laconia, but if the Laced\u00e6monians\nwere the aggressors and carried the war into Messenia, then they\npromised that they would not fail them. And eventually the Messenians\ngot the help of Philip, the son of Amyntas, and the Macedonians, and\nthis they say prevented them from participation in the struggle of the\nGreeks at Ch\u00e6ronea. Not that they would ever have been inclined to take\nup arms against the Greeks. But after the death of Alexander, when the\nGreeks commenced a second war against the Macedonians, the Messenians\ntook their part in this, as I have before shewn in my account of\nAttica. But they did not join the Greeks in fighting against the\nGalati, as Cleonymus and the Laced\u00e6monians would not make a treaty with\nthem.\n\n  And not long afterwards the Messenians occupied Elis, partly by\ncunning partly by audacity. The people of Elis in ancient times were\nthe most orderly of all the Peloponnesians, but when Philip the son\nof Amyntas did all that harm to Greece that we have mentioned, and\ncorrupted by bribes the most influential of the people of Elis, then\nfor the first time in their history the people of Elis took up arms and\nbecame factious. And after they had taken the first plunge, they were\nlikely with less reluctance to go into future civil strife, inasmuch as\nthrough the Laced\u00e6monians their policy had been shifted, and they had\ndrifted into civil war. And the Laced\u00e6monians hearing of the factions\nat Elis made preparations to assist those who were for their party. And\nwhile they were drilling and mobilizing their forces, about 1000 picked\nmen of the Messenians secretly approached Elis, with Laced\u00e6monian\ncolours on their shields. And when the men in Elis who were friendly\nto the Spartans saw their shields, they concluded they had come to\nhelp them and admitted them within the walls. But when the Messenians\ngot in, in the way I have described, they expelled from the town the\nLaced\u00e6monian party, and entrusted the town to their own friends. Their\nstratagem was Homeric, and the Messenians seem to have imitated Homer\nfor the nonce, for Homer has represented in the Iliad Patroclus wearing\nthe armour of Achilles, and how the Trojans, thinking that Achilles\nwas leading the attack, were thrown into confusion in their van. Other\nstratagems of war are found in Homer, as when he describes two Greek\nspies coming to the Trojans by night instead of one, and afterwards a\nsupposed deserter coming to Troy really to spy out the weak points.\nMoreover he represents those Trojans who were either too young or\ntoo old to fight as manning the walls, while those of a suitable age\ntook the field against the Greeks. And those of the Greeks that were\nwounded gave their armour to other fighting men, that their services\ntoo might not be altogether lost. Thus Homer\u2019s ideas have been\ngenerally useful to mankind.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIX.\n\n\nAnd no long time after this action at Elis the Macedonians under\nDemetrius, the son of Philip the son of Demetrius, attacked Messene.\nMost of the audacity displayed by Perseus against Philip and his son\nDemetrius I have already described in my account about Sicyon: and the\ncapture of Messene took place as follows. Philip was in need of money,\nand, as he must have it by hook or by crook, sent Demetrius with a\nfleet to the Peloponnese. And Demetrius chanced to put in at one of\nthe least frequented harbours of Argolis: and without losing time he\nled his army by the shortest cuts through the country to Messene. And\nhaving posted in the van all his light-armed troops, as he was well\nacquainted with the road to Ithome, he got stealthily into the town\na little before dawn, and took up his position between the town and\nthe citadel. And when day broke and those in the town perceived their\nimminent peril, their first thought was that the Laced\u00e6monians had got\ninto the town, so they rushed against them with the greatest alacrity\nowing to their ancient animosity. But when both from their arms and\nlanguage they discovered that they were Macedonians under Demetrius\nthe son of Philip, a panic came over them, when they considered the\nmilitary renown of the Macedonians, and the good fortune which they had\ninvariably had. However the magnitude of the impending danger suggested\nto them an almost supernatural bravery, and at the same time the hope\nto see better days supported them: for they could not but think their\nreturn to the Peloponnese after so long an exile was not against the\nwill of the Deity. The Messenians therefore in the town rushed against\nthe Macedonians with impetuosity, and the garrison in the citadel\ngalled them from their higher position. The Macedonians from their\ncourage and tactical skill fought at first like lions: but at last\nspent with their long march, and not only pressed hard by men, but\npelted with tiles and stones by the women, fled in disorder. And most\nof them perished miserably, being pushed down the rocks, for Ithome was\nvery precipitous here, but a few threw away their arms and got off safe.\n\n  What prevented the Messenians from joining at first the Ach\u00e6an League\nwas as follows. They had of their own accord gone to the aid of the\nLaced\u00e6monians when they were attacked by Pyrrhus the son of \u00c6acus, and\nfor this good service there were already friendlier relations between\nthemselves and Sparta. They did not therefore wish to revive the old\nfeud by going to the Ach\u00e6an League, as the Ach\u00e6ans were most openly\nhostile to the Laced\u00e6monians. And what has not escaped my notice, and\ncannot have escaped the notice of the Messenians is that, even had\nthere been no Ach\u00e6an League, the Ach\u00e6ans would have been hostile to\nthe Laced\u00e6monians, for among the Ach\u00e6ans the Argives and Arcadians\nwere no small element. In process of time however the Messenians\njoined the Ach\u00e6an League. And not long afterwards Cleomenes, the son\nof Leonidas and grandson of Cleonymus, took Megalopolis the chief\ntown of the Arcadians in truce time. In the capture of the town about\na third of the inhabitants were captured or slain, but Philop\u0153men\nthe son of Craugis and those who escaped with him (and they say that\nrather more than two thirds of the people of Megalopolis got away) were\nkindly received by the Messenians, partly on account of the ancient\nfriendliness which the Arcadians had first exhibited in the days of\nAristomenes, and partly in consequence of the part they had taken\nin the rebuilding of Messene. The Messenians even went so far as to\nassign to the Arcadians equal rights to themselves. Such vicissitudes\nand changes are there in all human affairs, that the deity put it into\nthe power of the Messenians to preserve in turn the Arcadians, and\n(what was still less to be expected) one day to capture Sparta. For\nwhen they fought against Cleomenes at Sellasia they joined Aratus and\nthe Ach\u00e6ans in taking Sparta. And when the Laced\u00e6monians had got rid\nof Cleomenes, there rose up against them the tyrant Machanidas: and\nafter his death Nabis sprang up as tyrant over them. And, as he not\nonly plundered men but also sacrilegiously robbed the holy places, in\nno long time he amassed considerable sums of money, and got together\nwith this money an army. And when he occupied Messene Philop\u0153men and\nthe people of Megalopolis made a sally by night, and the Spartan tyrant\ndeparted on conditions. And the Ach\u00e6ans after this, in consequence of\nsome difference with the Messenians, marched out against them in full\nforce, and ravaged their territory. And again about harvest time they\ncollected a force for the purpose of attacking Messenia, but Dinocrates\na prominent man among the people, who had been recently elected ruler\nof the Messenians, forced Lycortas and the army with him to retire\nwithout effecting their object, and having occupied the byroads between\nMessenia and Arcadia he protected[58] the Messenians in their town\nand in all the neighbouring districts. And when Philop\u0153men with a few\ncavalry came a little later than the army of Lycortas, not having\nbeen able to gather any tidings about them, the Messenians having the\nadvantage of ground beat them in battle, and took Philop\u0153men alive. And\nthe manner of his capture and his death I shall relate hereafter in my\naccount of Arcadia. Suffice it here to state that those Messenians who\nwere guilty of the death of Philop\u0153men were punished, and Messene again\njoined the Ach\u00e6an League.\n\n  Hitherto I have had to deal with the many sufferings of the\nMessenians, and to describe how the Deity, having scattered them to\nthe ends of the earth, and to places most remote from the Peloponnese,\nrestored them to their own country a long time afterwards. And now let\nus turn to a description of the country and its towns.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXX.\n\n\nThere is in our days in Messenia, about 20 stades from the Ch\u0153rian\ndell, a town by the sea called Abia. They say in old times it was\ncalled Ire, and that it was one of the seven towns, which Homer\nrepresents Agamemnon as promising to Achilles. And when Hyllus and\nthe Dorians were conquered in battle by the Ach\u00e6ans, then they say\nAbia, the nurse of Glenus the son of Hercules, went to Ire, and there\nlived, and built a temple of Hercules, and for that reason Cresphontes\nafterwards assigned her several honours, and changed the name of\nthe town to her name Abia. There were notable temples there both to\nHercules and \u00c6sculapius.\n\n  And Phar\u00e6 is distant from Abia about 80 stades, and the water by the\nroad is salt. The Emperor Augustus ordered the Messenians at Phar\u00e6 to\nbe ranked under Laconia. The founder of the city was they say Pharis,\nthe son of Hermes by Phylodamea the daughter of Danaus. And Pharis they\nsay had no male children, but only a daughter Telegone. The direct\nline of genealogy has been given by Homer in the Iliad, who says that\nthe twins Crethon and Ortilochus were the sons of Diocles, and that\nDiocles himself was the son of Ortilochus, the son of Alpheus. But\nhe has said nothing about Telegone, who according to the Messenian\ntradition was the wife of Alpheus and mother of Ortilochus. I have\nalso heard at Phar\u00e6 that Diocles had a daughter Anticlea as well as\nhis twin sons, and that she bare Nicomachus and Gorgasus to Machaon\nthe son of \u00c6sculapius: they lived at Phar\u00e6, and after the death of\nDiocles succeeded to the kingdom. And a constant tradition about them\nhas prevailed even to this day, that they have the power of healing\nillnesses and people maimed in body. And because of this the people\nsacrifice to them and offer votive offerings. At Phar\u00e6 there is also a\ntemple and ancient statue of Fortune. The first person that I know of\nthat has mentioned Fortune is Homer. He has mentioned her in his Hymn\nto Demeter, when enumerating the other daughters of Oceanus, how they\nplayed with Demeter\u2019s daughter Proserpine, and among them Fortune, also\na daughter of Oceanus. These are the lines.[59] \u201cWe all were in the\npleasant meadow, Leucippe, Ph\u00e6no, Electra, and Ianthe, Melobosis, and\nFortune, and Ocyroe of the beautiful eyes.\u201d But he has said nothing\nfurther about her, how she is the greatest goddess in human affairs\nand has the greatest influence, as in the Iliad he represented Athene\nand Enyo as supreme in war, and Artemis as dreaded in childbirth, and\nAphrodite as the goddess of marriages. He has not symbolized Fortune in\nthis way. But Bupalus, a man of wonderful ability in building temples\nand making models of animals, is the first person we know of that made\na statue of Fortune. His was for the people of Smyrna. Fortune has a\nglobe on her head, and in one of her hands what is called by the Greeks\nthe horn of Amalthea. Thus did he typify the actions of this goddess.\nPindar also subsequently wrote various lines about Fortune, and named\nher City-Preserver.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXI.\n\n\nNot far from Phar\u00e6 is the grove of Carnean Apollo, and a fountain of\nwater in it, and Phar\u00e6 is about six stades from the sea. As you go\nfrom thence into the interior of Messenia about 80 stades you come to\nthe town of Thuria,--which they say Homer called Anthea in his verses.\nAnd Augustus gave Thuria to the Spartans. For when the future Emperor\nof Rome was at war with Mark Antony, several Greeks and especially\nMessenians fought for Antony because the Laced\u00e6monians espoused the\nside of Augustus. Accordingly Augustus punished the Messenians and\nothers who had opposed him, some more some less. And the people of\nThuria left their ancient city which was built on a height, and went\nand dwelt in the plain. Not that they altogether abandoned the upper\ncity, for there are ruins of their walls and a temple there called the\ntemple of the Syrian goddess. And a river called Aris flows by their\ntown in the plain.\n\n  And there is in the interior a village called Calam\u00e6 and a place\ncalled Limn\u00e6: in the latter place is a temple of Artemis of Limn\u00e6,\nwhere they say Teleclus the king of Sparta was killed. And as you go\nfrom Thuria in the direction of Arcadia are the sources of the river\nPamisus, in which small boys by being dipped are cured of diseases. And\nas you go to the left from these sources of the river and go forward\nabout 40 stades, you come to the city of the Messenians under Mount\nIthome: which is encircled not only by Mount Ithome but also in the\ndirection of the Pamisus by Mount Eva. The mountain they say was called\nEva from the Bacchic cry Ev\u0153, which Dionysus and his attendant women\nfirst uttered here. And round Messene is a circular wall entirely\nconstructed of stone, and towers and battlements are built on it. As to\nthe walls of the Babylonians, or those called Memnon\u2019s in Susa amongst\nthe Persians, I have neither seen them nor heard anything of them\nfrom eye witnesses: but I can confidently affirm that the wall round\nMessene is stronger than those at Ambrosus in Phocis or at Byzantium\nor at Rhodes. And in the market-place at Messene there is a statue of\nZeus Soter, and a conduit called Arsinoe, which got its name from the\ndaughter of Leucippus, and water flows underground to feed it from a\nwell called Clepsydra. And the gods who have temples are Poseidon and\nAphrodite. And the most notable thing is a statue of the Mother of the\nGods in Parian marble by Damophon, who most artistically rivetted the\nZeus at Olympia when the ivory got loose. And honours were bestowed\nupon him by the people of Elis. He too designed the statue that the\npeople of Messene call Laphria: whom they are accustomed to worship for\nthe following reason. Among the Calydonians, who worship Artemis most\nof all the gods, her title is Laphria. And the Messenians who received\nNaupactus from the Athenians, and lived consequently very near to\n\u00c6tolia, borrowed the worship of Artemis Laphria from the Calydonians.\nThe statue I shall describe elsewhere. The title Laphria is only\ngiven to Artemis by the Messenians and the people of Patr\u00e6 in Achaia.\nEphesian Artemis is the title which all cities recognize, and by which\nmen privately worship her as greatest of the gods; partly from the fame\nof the Amazons, who are said to have established the worship of her\nimage, partly because she had a temple at Ephesus from time immemorial.\nAnd three other things contributed to her glory also, the size of the\ntemple which exceeds all other human structures, the celebrity of the\ncity of Ephesus, and the splendour of the goddess\u2019 shrine.\n\n  At Messene there is also a temple and stone statue of Ilithyia. And\nhard by is a hall of the Curetes, where they sacrifice all kinds of\nliving things alike. Beginning with bulls and goats, they even go as\nfar as to cast birds into the flames. There is also a temple sacred\nto Demeter, and statues of Castor and Pollux represented as carrying\noff the daughters of Leucippus. I have already shown in a previous\npart of my work that the Messenians assert that Castor and Pollux are\nindigenous with them and not with the Laced\u00e6monians. And they have many\nstatues well worth seeing in the temple of \u00c6sculapius. For besides the\nstatues of the god and his sons, and besides those of Apollo and the\nMuses and Hercules, there are statues of Thebes and Epaminondas the\nson of Cleommis, and of Fortune and of Lightbringing Artemis. Those in\nstone are the work of Damophon, the only Messenian statuary that I know\nof that has produced any remarkable statues. The effigy of Epaminondas\nin iron is by another hand. There is also at Messene a temple of\nTriopas and her statue in gold and Parian marble: and the paintings at\nthe back of the temple are Aphareus and his sons, the kings of Messene\nbefore the expedition of the Dorians to the Peloponnese, and after the\nreturn of the Heraclid\u00e6 Cresphontes, the leader of the Dorians, and of\nthose that dwelt at Pylos Nestor and Thrasymedes and Antilochus, who\nwere preferred to the sons of Nestor partly because they were older,\npartly because they had taken part in the Trojan expedition. There are\npaintings also of Leucippus the brother of Aphareus, and of Hilaira,\nPh\u0153be, and Arsinoe. There are paintings also of \u00c6sculapius, (the son\nof Arsinoe according to the tradition of the Messenians,) and Machaon\nand Podalirius, for they also had a share in the expedition to Ilium.\nThese paintings were executed by Omphalion, the pupil of Nicias the son\nof Nicomedes: some say that he was also the slave of Nicias and his\nfavourite.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXII.\n\n\nThe temple at Messene called the Sacrificial Chamber has statues of\nthe gods generally worshipped among the Greeks, and also an effigy of\nEpaminondas in brass. There are also some ancient tripods, such as\nHomer describes as not having experienced fire.[60] And the statues in\nthe gymnasium are the work of Egyptians, and are Hermes Hercules and\nTheseus, who are wont to be held in honour at gymnasiums and pal\u00e6stras\nby all Greeks and by many barbarians. I also noticed a statue of\n\u00c6thidas who was a contemporary of mine but older, and as he was very\nwealthy the Messenians paid him honours as a hero. None of the people\nof Messene deny that \u00c6thidas was wealthy, but some say it is not that\n\u00c6thidas who has a statue on the pillar, but a namesake and ancestor.\nAnd this earlier \u00c6thidas was they say the General of the Messenians,\nwhen Demetrius the son of Philip and his army stole into the town by\nnight when they little expected it.\n\n  There is here also the tomb of Aristomenes, and not a mere cenotaph,\nif their account is correct. But when I inquired how and from what\nplace they brought home Aristomenes\u2019 remains, they replied that they\nsent for them from Rhodes, obeying the direction of the God at Delphi.\nThey also informed me of the sacrifices at this tomb. The bull they\nintend to sacrifice they bring to the tomb, and fasten it to a pillar\nnear the tomb. And it being wild and unused to bonds is reluctant to\nremain there. And if by its struggles and mad bounds the pillar is\nmoved, it is an auspicious omen to the people of Messene, but if it\nis not moved it is an omen of misfortune. And they amuse themselves\nwith the fancy that Aristomenes though no longer alive was present at\nthe fight at Leuctra, and they say he fought for the Thebans, and was\nthe main cause of the Laced\u00e6monian defeat. I know that the Chald\u00e6an\nand Indian astrologers were the first who taught that the soul of man\nis immortal, and several Greeks credited their assertion, and notably\nPlato the son of Aristo. And whoever are willing to believe this cannot\ndeny the fact that the hatred of Aristomenes to the Laced\u00e6monians was\neternal. And what I heard in Thebes lent probability to the tradition\nat Messene, though it does not altogether agree with their account.\nThe Thebans say that on the eve of the battle at Leuctra they sent to\nseveral oracles, and among others to that of Trophonius at Lebadea. The\nanswers are extant which were received from Ismenian and Ptoan Apollo,\nas also from Ab\u00e6 and Delphi. But the response of Trophonius was in\n4 hexameter verses. \u201cBefore contending with the foe erect a trophy,\ndecking out the shield, which the ardent Aristomenes of Messene placed\nin my temple. I will assuredly destroy the host of hostile warriors.\u201d\nAnd on the arrival of this oracular response they say that Epaminondas\nprevailed with Xenocrates to send for the shield of Aristomenes, and he\ndecked it out as a trophy in a place where it would be visible to the\nLaced\u00e6monians. And some of them recognized the shield as they had seen\nit in time of peace at Lebadea, and all knew of it by report. And after\nthe Thebans won their victory, they offered Aristomenes\u2019 shield again\nto Trophonius as a votive offering. There is also a brazen statue of\nAristomenes in the race-course at Messene. And not far from the theatre\nis the temple of Serapis and Isis.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXIII.\n\n\nAnd as you go towards the hill of Ithome, where the Messenians have\ntheir citadel, is the spring called Clepsydra. However willing one\nmay be it is a matter of no small difficulty to enumerate all the\npeople who put in the claim that Zeus was born and bred among them.\nThe people of Messene have this tradition among others. They say that\nZeus was reared among them, and that Ithome and Neda were his nurses,\nand that Neda gave her name to the river, and Ithome hers to the\nmountain. And these Nymphs they say, when Zeus was stolen away by the\nCuretes from fear of Cronos, washed him here at Clepsydra, and the\nspring got its name from the theft of the Curetes: and every day they\ntake water from this spring to the temple of Zeus of Ithome. And the\nstatue of Zeus is the work of Ageladas, and was made originally for\nthe Messenians that dwelt at Naupactus. And a priest chosen annually\nkeeps the statue in his house. And they have an annual feast at Ithome,\nand originally they had a musical contest, as one may infer from other\nsources, but especially from the lines of Eumelus, which are part of\nhis Processional Hymn at Delos, \u201cWelcome to Zeus of Ithome was the pure\nmuse with free sandals.\u201d I think from these verses that Eumelus knew\nthat they had a musical contest at the Feast of Zeus of Ithome.\n\n  At the gates in the direction of Megalopolis in Arcadia there is a\nstatue of Hermes of Athenian design: the busts of Hermes among the\nAthenians are square, and others have borrowed this design from them.\nAnd if you go about 30 stades down from these gates you come to the\nriver Balyra. It was so called they say because Thamyris threw his lyre\naway there in his blindness, Thamyris the son of Philammon and the\nnymph Argiope. Argiope they say lived at Parnassus for a while, but\nwhen she became pregnant removed to Odrys\u00e6, because Philammon would not\nmarry her. And this is the reason why they call Thamyris Odrysian and\nThracian. And the rivers Leucasia and Amphitus are tributaries of the\nBalyra.\n\n  After you have crossed these you come to the plain called the plain\nof Stenyclerus; this Stenyclerus was a hero. And right opposite the\nplain is what was called of old \u0152chalia, but in our day the Carnasian\ngrove, mostly of cypress trees. And the gods who have statues are\nCarnean Apollo and Hermes carrying a ram. And the daughter of\nDemeter is here called the Virgin, and near her statue water wells\nfrom a spring. But the rites of the Great Goddesses, who have their\nMysteries at the Carnasian grove, I must not reveal: but they are in\nmy opinion second only in sanctity to the Eleusinian Mysteries. I\nam also prevented by a dream from revealing to the public all about\nthe cinerary urn of brass found by the Argive General, in which\nthe remains of Eurytus the son of Melaneus are kept. And the river\nCharadrus flows along the Carnasian grove, and as you go on about 8\nstades to the left you come to the ruins of Andania. That the town was\nso named from a woman called Andania is admitted by the antiquarians: I\nknow however nothing about her parents, or who she married. And on the\nroad from Andania to Cyparissi\u00e6 you come to a place called Polichne,\nwhere the rivers Electra and C\u0153us flow. Perhaps the names of these\nrivers refer to Electra the daughter of Atlas and to C\u0153us the father of\nLeto, or Electra and C\u0153us are possibly some local heroes.\n\n  And after crossing the Electra you come to the well called Achaia,\nand the ruins of the city Dorium. And it is here at Dorium that Homer\nhas described Thamyris as having been stricken blind, because he said\nhe could excel the Muses in singing.[61] But Prodicus the Phoc\u00e6an,\n(if the poem called the Minyad is indeed his), says that punishments\nwere reserved for Thamyris in Hades because of his boastful language\nto the Muses. But I am of opinion that Thamyris lost his eyesight\nthrough disease: as indeed happened to Homer subsequently. But Homer\nwent on composing all his life, for he did not yield to his misfortune,\nwhereas Thamyris wooed the Muse no longer, completely overcome by his\never-present trouble.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXIV.\n\n\nFrom Messene to the mouth of the Pamisus is about 80 stades, and the\nPamisus flows clear and limpid through arable land, and is navigable\nsome 10 stades inland. And some sea fish swim up it especially at the\nseason of spring, as they do also up the rivers Rhenus and M\u00e6ander: but\nmostly do they swim up the river Achelous, which has its outlet near\nthe islands called the Echinades. And the fish that swim up the Pamisus\nare finer in appearance, because the water is clear, and not full of\nmud like the other rivers I have mentioned. And mullets, being fishes\nthat love mud, are fond of muddy rivers. Now the Greek rivers do not\nseem to produce beasts dangerous to man\u2019s life, like the Indus, and\nthe Nile in Egypt, and the Rhenus, the Ister, the Euphrates, and the\nPhasis. For they produce beasts that devour man, in appearance like the\nGlanides at Hermus and M\u00e6ander, except that they have a darker skin and\nmore strength. In these respects the Glanides are deficient. And the\nIndus and Nile both furnish crocodiles, and the Nile hippopotamuses\nalso, which are as destructive to man as the crocodile. But the Greek\nrivers are not formidable for wild beasts, for even in the river Aous,\nthat flows through the Thesprotian mainland, the dogs are not river\ndogs but sea dogs that swim up from the sea.\n\n  On the right of the Pamisus is Corone, a town near the sea, and under\nthe mountain Mathia. And on the road to it is a place near the sea,\nwhich they think is the temple of Ino: for they say that the goddess\nlanded here from the sea, and was worshipped by the name of Leucothea\ninstead of Ino. And at no great distance the river Bias discharges\nitself into the sea, which river took its name they say from Bias the\nson of Amythaon. About 20 stades from the road is the well Plataniston,\nthe water flows from a plane-tree, broad and hollow inside, and like a\nsmall cave, and fresh water flows from thence to Corone. The name of\nthe town was of old \u00c6pea, but after the Messenians were restored to the\nPeloponnese by the Thebans, they say that Epimelides, who was sent to\nrebuild it, called it Coronea, after Coronea in B\u0153otia where he came\nfrom, but the Messenians mispronounced the name Corone from the first,\nand in process of time their mistake became prevalent. There is also\nanother tradition that when they were digging the foundations of their\nwalls they found a brass crow.[62] The gods here who have temples are\nArtemis called the Rearer of children, and Dionysus, and \u00c6sculapius.\nThe statues of \u00c6sculapius and Dionysus are of stone, and there is a\nbrazen statue of Zeus Soter in the market-place. There is also a brazen\nstatue of Athene in the citadel in the open air, with a crow in her\nhand. I also saw the tomb of Epimelides. Why they call the harbour the\nharbour of the Ach\u00e6ans I do not know.\n\n  As you go on about 80 stades from Corone you come to a temple of\nApollo, near the sea, which is held in high honour: according to the\nMessenian tradition it is the most ancient of all Apollo\u2019s temples,\nand the god heals diseases. They call the god Corydus.[63] His statue\nhere is of wood, but there is a brazen statue the work of Argeotas, a\nvotive offering they say of the Argonauts. And near the town of Corone\nis Colonides. Its inhabitants say they were not Messenians but were\nbrought by Col\u00e6nus from Attica, who according to an oracle followed the\ncrested lark there. And in process of time they picked up the Dorian\ndialect and customs. And the town of Colonides is on a height not far\nfrom the sea.\n\n  And the people of Asine were originally neighbours of the Lycorit\u00e6,\nand dwelt near Mount Parnassus. They were then called Dryopes from\ntheir founder, which name they retained when they came to the\nPeloponnese. But in the third generation afterwards, when Phylas\nwas king, the Dryopes were beaten in battle by Hercules, and were\ntaken to Delphi and offered to Apollo. And being brought back to the\nPeloponnese by the oracle which the god gave Hercules, they first\noccupied Asine near Hermion, and, having been expelled thence by the\nArgives, they dwelt in Messenia by permission of the Laced\u00e6monians,\nand when in process of time the Messenians were restored they were not\nturned out by them from Asine. And the account the people of Asine\nthemselves give is as follows. They admit they were conquered in battle\nby Hercules, and that their town on Mount Parnassus was captured,\nbut they deny that they were led captive to Apollo, but when their\nwalls were taken by Hercules, they left their town they say and fled\nfor refuge to the heights of Parnassus; and afterwards crossing over\nin ships to the Peloponnese became suppliants of Eurystheus, and he\nbeing a bitter enemy of Hercules gave them Asine in Argolis to dwell\nin. And the Asin\u00e6i are the only descendants of the Dryopes that still\nplume themselves on that name, very unlike the Eub\u0153ans that live at\nStyra. For they too are Dryopes by origin, who did not participate in\nthe contest with Hercules but dwelt at some distance from the town.\nBut they despise the name Dryopes, just as the inhabitants of Delphi\nobject to be called Phocians. Whereas the Asin\u00e6i rejoice in the name\nof Dryopes, and have evidently made the holiest of their temples an\nimitation of those they formerly erected at Mount Parnassus. They have\nnot only a temple of Apollo, but a temple and ancient statue of Dryops,\nwhose mysteries they celebrate annually, and say that he was the son of\nApollo. And Asine lies by the sea just as the old Asine in Argolis did,\nand the distance from Colonides is about 40 stades, and at about the\nsame distance in the other direction is the Promontory of Acritas, just\nin front of which is the deserted island of Theganussa. And not far\nfrom Acritas is the harbour of Ph\u0153nicus and some islands called \u0152nuss\u00e6\nopposite the harbour.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXV.\n\n\nAnd Mothone, which before the expedition against Troy and even\nsubsequently to that war was called Pedasus, afterwards changed its\nname to Mothone from the daughter of \u0152neus as the inhabitants say: for\n\u0152neus the son of Porthaon after the capture of Ilium retired they say\nwith Diomede to the Peloponnese, and had by a concubine a daughter\nMothone. But in my opinion the Rock called Mothon gave its name to\nMothone, a rock which constitutes a natural harbour, for being much\nof it sunken under the water it narrows the entrance for ships, and\nat the same time is a kind of breakwater against the violence of the\nwaves. I have already described how the Laced\u00e6monians, in the days when\nDamocratidas was king at Argos, gave Mothone to the people of Nauplia,\nwho had been expelled from their city for their Laconian proclivities;\nand how even after the restoration of the Messenians they were not\ninterfered with. The people of Nauplia were I imagine in ancient times\nEgyptians, and, having come to Argolis in their ships with Danaus,\nthey formed three generations afterwards a colony at Nauplia under\nNauplius the son of Amymone. And the Emperor Trajan granted the people\nof Mothone a free constitution. But in older days they alone of all the\nMessenians had the following serious misfortune. Thesprotia in Epirus\nwas in a ruinous condition from anarchy. For Deidamia the daughter of\nPyrrhus had no children, and on her death handed over the government\nto the people. She was the daughter of Pyrrhus, the son of Ptolemy,\nthe son of Alexander, the son of Pyrrhus: of this last Pyrrhus the\nson of \u00c6acides I have given an account earlier in my description of\nAttica. Procles the Carthaginian has given Alexander the son of Philip\nmore praise for his good fortune and the lustre of his exploits, but\nfor the disposition of an army and strategical tactics in the face of\nan enemy he says Pyrrhus was the better man. And when the people of\nEpirus became a democracy, they shewed a want of ballast in several\nrespects, and entirely disregarded their rulers: and the Illyrians\nthat dwelt north of Epirus by the Ionian sea became their masters by\nsudden attack. For we know of no democracy but Athens that ever rose\nto greatness. The Athenians indeed rose to their zenith by democracy:\nbut in native intelligence they were superior to the other Greeks, and\nobeyed the laws more than democracies generally do.\n\n  And the Illyrians, when they had once tasted the sweets of conquest,\nlonged for more and still more, and equipped a fleet, and made piratic\nexcursions everywhere, and sailed to Mothone and anchored there as\nwith friendly intent, and sent a messenger into the town and asked\nfor some wine for their ships. And when a few men brought this wine,\nthey paid for it the price the people of Mothone asked for it, and\nsold them in turn some of their cargoes. And on the following day more\ncame from the city and a brisker traffic ensued. And at last women and\nmen came down to the ships, and sold wine and received goods in turn\nfrom the barbarians. Then the Illyrians in the height of their daring\ncaptured many men and still more women, and clapped them on board, and\nsailed away for the Ionian sea, having half stripped the town of its\npopulation.\n\n  At Mothone is a temple of Athene _the Goddess of Winds_, Diomede they\nsay dedicated the statue of the goddess and gave her that title, for\nviolent winds and unseasonable used to blow over the place and do much\nharm, but after Diomede prayed to Athene, no trouble from winds ever\ncame to them thenceforward. There is also a temple of Artemis here,\nand some water mixed with pitch in a well, in appearance very like\nCyzicenian ointment. Water indeed can assume every colour and smell.\nThe bluest I have ever seen is at Thermopyl\u00e6, not all the water but\nthat which flows into the swimming-bath which the people of the place\ncall the women\u2019s Pots. And reddish water very like blood is seen in\nthe land of the Hebrews near Joppa: the water is very near the sea,\nand the tradition about the spring is that Perseus, after killing the\nsea monster to whom the daughter of Cepheus was exposed, washed away\nthe blood there. And black water welling up from springs I have seen\nat Astyra which is opposite Lesbos, the warm baths are in a village\ncalled Atarneus, which was given to the Chians by the Medes as a reward\nfor giving up to them the suppliant Pactyas the Lydian. This water is\nblack: and not far from a town across the river Anio the Romans have\nsome white water: and when one bathes in it it is at first cold and\nmakes one shudder, but if one stays in it a little time it is hot as\nfire. All these wonderful springs I have myself seen, and those of\nlesser wonder I purposely pass over, for to find water salt and rough\nto the palate is no great wonder. But there are two very remarkable\nkinds of water: one at Caria in the plain called White, near a village\ncalled Dascylus, warm and sweeter to drink than milk: and the other\nHerodotus describes as a spring of bitter water discharging itself into\nthe river Hypanis. How then shall we refuse to credit that warm water\nis found at Dic\u00e6archia[64] among the Tyrrhenians, so hot that in a few\nyears it melts the lead through which it flows?\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXXVI.\n\n\nFrom Mothone to the promontory of Coryphasium is about 100 stades, and\nnear it is Pylos, which was founded by Pylos, the son of Cleson, who\nbrought from Megaris the Leleges who then occupied Megaris. But he did\nnot enjoy it long, being turned out by Neleus and the Pelasgians of\nIolcus. And he went away to the neighbouring country and occupied Pylos\nin Elis. And king Neleus advanced Pylos to such renown that Homer in\nhis Iliad calls it the city of Neleus.[65] There is a temple there of\nAthene called Coryphasia, and a house called Nestor\u2019s house, in which\nis a painting of Nestor, and there is his tomb inside the city, and at\na little distance from Pylos is (they say) the tomb of Thrasymedes.\nAnd there is a cave inside the city, which they say was the stall of\nthe oxen of Nestor and still earlier of Neleus. The breed of these\noxen would be Thessalian, of the herd of Iphiclus the father of\nProtesilaus, for Neleus asked them as wedding presents from the wooers\nof his daughter, and it was on their account that Melampus to gratify\nhis brother Bias went to Thessalia, and was bound by the herdsmen of\nIphiclus, but eventually by answering the questions which Iphiclus put\nobtained these oxen as a reward. The men of that day were anxious to\namass wealth in the shape of herds of horses and oxen, for not only did\nNeleus desire for his own the oxen of Iphiclus, but Eurystheus ordered\nHercules, in consequence of the fame of those oxen in Spain, to drive\noff the herd that belonged to Geryon. And Eryx, who was at that time\nking in Sicily, was manifestly so keenly in love with the oxen from\nErythea, that when he wrestled with Hercules he staked his kingdom\nagainst them. And Homer in the Iliad has represented Iphidimas, the son\nof Antenor, giving 100 oxen as the first wedding present to his father\nin law.[66] All this confirms my theory that the men of those days\nwere especially fond of oxen. And the oxen of Neleus grazed I imagine\nmostly over the borders, for the district of Pylos is mostly sandy,\nand unable to afford sufficient pasture. My authority is Homer who,\nwhenever he mentions Nestor, always calls him the king of sandy Pylos.\n\n  Before the harbour is the island Sphacteria, situated very much as\nRhenea is in reference to the harbour of Delos. It seems the destiny\nof both men and places to be for a while unknown and then to come to\nrenown. Such was the case with Caphareus, a promontory in Eub\u0153a, by a\nstorm which came there upon the Greeks returning with Agamemnon from\nIlium. So too with Psyttalea off Salamis, where we know the Medes\nperished in great numbers. So too the reverses of the Laced\u00e6monians\nat Sphacteria made the place world-famed. And the Athenians erected\na brazen statue of Victory in their Acropolis as a record of their\nsuccess at Sphacteria.\n\n  And as you go in the direction of Cyparissi\u00e6 from Pylos there is a\nspring under the city close to the sea. They say the water welled up\nin consequence of Dionysus striking the ground with his thyrsus, and\nso they call the spring Dionysus\u2019 spring. There are also at Cyparissi\u00e6\ntemples of Apollo and Cyparissian Athene. And at the place called Aulon\nthere is a temple of \u00c6sculapius, and a statue of Aulonian \u00c6sculapius.\nFrom this place the river Neda, till it falls into the sea, is the\nboundary between Messenia and Elis.\n\n\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[53] Odyssey, xxi. 18.\n\n[54] Odyssey, xxi. 15, 16.\n\n[55] _Ibid._ iii. 488, 489.\n\n[56] Iliad, ii. 729.\n\n[57] This seems strange. Ingeniosissime \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03b1\u03c2 Corayus. Siebelis\ndefends the text. \u201cSacerdos, quo majus esset miraculum, videtur\ndixisse, eum se advolvisse igni, eique admovisse vincula, usque dum\nsolverentur.\u201d\n\n[58] Reading \u1f24\u03bc\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd.\n\n[59] Hymn to Demeter, lines 417, 418, 420.\n\n[60] See Hom. Il. ix. 122; xxiii. 267.\n\n[61] Iliad, ii. 594-600.\n\n[62] Crow in Greek is _Corone_. Hence the Paronomasia.\n\n[63] That is, _crested lark_. The explanation of this title is given\nsomewhat lower down.\n\n[64] _Puteoli_ is the Latin name.\n\n[65] Iliad, xi. 682.\n\n[66] Iliad, xi. 244.\n\n\n\n\nBOOK V.--ELIS.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER I.\n\n\nThose Greeks, who say that the Peloponnese is divided into five\nparts and no more, are obliged to admit that the people of Elis as\nwell as the Arcadians dwell in the division of the Arcadians, and\nthat the second division is Achaia, and that the Dorians have the\nremaining three. The indigenous races that inhabit the Peloponnese are\nArcadians and Ach\u00e6ans. And the Ach\u00e6ans were driven out of their own\nland by the Dorians, but did not however evacuate the Peloponnese, but\ndispossessed the Ionians that lived in what was then called \u00c6gialus,\nbut is now called after them Achaia. The Arcadians on the other hand\nhave always up to this day remained in Arcadia. But the other parts\nof the Peloponnese are peopled by strangers. The latest importation\nwere the present Corinthians, who were introduced into the Peloponnese\nsome 217 years ago by the Roman Emperor. And the Dryopes came into the\nPeloponnese from Mount Parnassus, the Dorians from Mount \u0152ta.\n\n  We know that the people of Elis originally came from Calydon and\nother parts of \u00c6tolia. And the oldest information I have found about\nthem is as follows. The first king in this land was they say Aethlius,\nthe son of Zeus by Protogenea the daughter of Deucalion, and the father\nof Endymion. The Moon was they say enamoured of this Endymion, and\nhad by him 50 daughters. But a more probable account is that Endymion\nmarried Asterodia, others say Chromia the daughter of Itonus the son of\nAmphictyon, others say Hyperippe the daughter of Arcas, and had three\nsons, P\u00e6on and Epeus and \u00c6tolus, and one daughter Eurycyde. Endymion\nalso made his sons contend in running at Olympia for the kingdom, and\nEpeus won, so the people over whom he ruled were first called Epeans.\nAnd of his brothers \u00c6tolus they say remained at home, but P\u00e6on vexed\nat his loss went as far away as possible, and the region beyond the\nriver Axius was called P\u00e6onia after him. As to the death of Endymion\ndifferent accounts are given by the Heracleot\u00e6 at Miletus and by the\npeople of Elis, but the latter show the sepulchre of Endymion, while\nthe former say that he retired to Mount Latmus, where is his shrine.\nAnd Epeus married Anaxiroe, the daughter of Coronus, by whom he had a\ndaughter Hyrmina, but no male offspring. And these were the events of\nhis reign. \u0152nomaus the son of Alxion, (or the son of Ares, as poets\nhave sung, which is the prevalent tradition), being ruler of the\ncountry called Pis\u00e6a, was deposed from his rule by Pelops the Lydian,\nwho had crossed over from Asia Minor. And after his death Pelops\noccupied Pis\u00e6a and Olympia, slicing off from the territory of Epeus\nwhat bordered upon Pis\u00e6a. And Pelops (so the people of Elis say) was\nthe first in the Peloponnese to build a temple to Hermes and sacrifice\nto him, thus turning away the wrath of the god for the murder of\nMyrtilus.\n\n  And \u00c6tolus, the king after Epeus, had to flee from the Peloponnese,\nbecause the sons of Apis indicted him for the involuntary murder of\ntheir father. For Apis the son of Jason, a native of Pallantium in\nArcadia, was killed by \u00c6tolus\u2019 driving over him in his chariot at the\nfuneral games in memory of Azan. So \u00c6tolus the son of Endymion fled to\nthe mainland, to the neighbourhood of the river Achelous, which was\ncalled \u00c6tolia after him. And the kingdom of the Epeans was reigned over\nby Eleus, the son of Eurycyde, the daughter of Endymion and (if we may\nbelieve the tradition) Poseidon. And the people in his dominions now\nchanged their names from Epeans to Eleans.\n\n  And Eleus had a son called Augeas. And those who want to exalt him\nchange his father\u2019s name, and say that he was the son of Helius (_the\nSun-god_). The oxen and goats of this Augeas were so numerous that\nmost of the country could not be cultivated for their dung. Hercules\ntherefore, whether for a part of Elis or some other reward, was\npersuaded by him to clear the country of this dung. And he effected\nthis by turning the river Menius on to it. But Augeas, because the\nwork had been effected by ingenuity rather than toil, refused to give\nHercules his reward, and turned out of doors the eldest of his sons\nPhyleus, because he told him he was not acting with justice to a\nbenefactor. He also made several preparations to defend himself against\nHercules, should he come into Elis with an army, and entered into an\nalliance with Amarynceus and the sons of Actor. Now Amarynceus had an\nespecial acquaintance with military matters, and his father Pyttius\nwas a Thessalian by extraction, and had come from thence to Elis. And\nto Amarynceus Augeas gave a share of his power at Elis; and Actor and\nhis sons also, who were natives of Elis, shared in the administration\nof the kingdom. The father of Actor was Phorbas the son of Lapithus,\nand his mother was Hyrmina, the daughter of Epeus, and Actor built and\ncalled after her the town of Hyrmina in Elis.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER II.\n\n\nNow in the campaign against Augeas Hercules had no opportunity to win\nlaurels, for as the sons of Actor were in their prime for daring and\nvigour of youth, the allied forces of Hercules were constantly routed\nby them, until the Corinthians announced a truce during the Isthmian\ngames, and the sons of Actor went to see the games, and Hercules lay\nin ambush for them and slew them at Cleon\u00e6. And the perpetrator of the\ndeed being unknown, Moline the mother of the lads took the greatest\npains to discover their murderer. And when she discovered who it was,\nthen the people of Elis claimed compensation for the murder from the\nArgives, for Hercules dwelt in Argolis at Tiryns. And as the Argives\nrefused to give up Hercules, they next begged hard of the Corinthians,\nthat all Argolis should be scratched from the Isthmian games. But\nbeing unsuccessful in this also, they say Moline put a curse upon\nthe citizens if they went to the Isthmian games. And these curses of\nMoline are observed up to this day, and all the athletes at Elis make\na practice of never going to the Isthmian contest. And there are two\ndifferent traditions about this. One of them states that Cypselus the\ntyrant at Corinth offered a golden statue to Zeus at Olympia, but,\nCypselus dying before his name was inscribed on the votive offering,\nthe Corinthians asked the people of Elis to allow them to inscribe\npublicly the name of Corinth on the votive offering, and the people of\nElis refusing they were angry with them, and forbade them to contend at\nthe Isthmian games. But how would the Corinthians have been admitted at\nthe contests at Olympia, if they had excluded the people of Elis from\nthe Isthmian games? But the other tradition states that Prolaus, a man\nof much repute among the people of Elis, and Lysippe his wife had two\nsons Philanthus and Lampus, and they went to the Isthmian games, the\none intending to compete in the pancratium among the boys, the other\nin wrestling, and before the games came on they were strangled or\nkilled in some way by their rivals: and that was why Lysippe imposed\nher curses on the people of Elis, if they would not of their own accord\ncease to attend the Isthmian games. This tradition too is easily shewn\nto be a silly one. For Timon a native of Elis had victories in the\npentathlum in all the other Greek contests, and there is an effigy of\nhim at Olympia, and some elegiac verses which enumerate the various\ncrowns that he carried off as victor, and the reason why he did not\nparticipate in the Isthmian contest. This is one couplet. \u201cOur hero was\nprevented coming to the land of Sisyphus by the strife that arose in\nconsequence of the sad fate of the sons of Molione.\u201d\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER III.\n\n\nLet this suffice on the matter. To resume, Hercules afterwards captured\nand sacked Elis, having got together an army of Argives Thebans and\nArcadians: and the people of Elis were assisted by the men of Pylos\nin Elis and by the men of Pisa. And the men of Pylos were punished by\nHercules, and he intended marching against Pisa, but was stopped by the\nfollowing oracle from Delphi,\n\n    \u201cDear to the Father is Pisa, Pytho has entrusted it to me.\u201d\n\nThis oracle was the salvation of Pisa. And to Phyleus Hercules gave\nup Elis and other places, not so much willingly as standing in awe of\nPhyleus, to whom he also granted the captives and forgave Augeas. And\nthe women of Elis, as their land was stripped of young men through\nthe war, are said to have prayed to Athene that they might conceive\ndirectly they married, and their prayer was granted, and they erected\na temple to Athene under the title of Mother. And both the women and\nmen being excessively delighted with their union called the place where\nthey first met Bady (_sweet_), and also gave the same name in their\nnational dialect to the river flowing there.\n\n  And when Phyleus, after setting things in order in Elis, returned to\nDulichium, Augeas died being already advanced in age, and was succeeded\nin the kingdom of Elis by his son Agasthenes, and by Amphimachus, and\nThalpius. For the sons of Actor married two sisters, the daughters\nof Dexamenus who was king at Olenus, and the one had by Theronice\nAmphimachus, and the other Eurytus had by Ther\u00e6phone Thalpius. Not that\nAmarynceus or Diores his son remained all their lives in a private\ncapacity. As we know from Homer in his catalogue of the men of Elis,\nall their fleet was 40 sail, and half of them were under Amphimachus\nand Thalpius, and of the remaining half ten were under Diores the son\nof Amarynceus, and ten under Polyxenus the son of Agasthenes. And\nPolyxenus coming back safe from Troy had a son Amphimachus, (he gave\nhis son this name I fancy from his friendship to Amphimachus the son\nof Cteatus who perished at Ilium), and he had a son Eleus, and it was\nwhen Eleus was king at Elis that the Dorian host mustered under the\nsons of Aristomachus with a view to return to the Peloponnese. This\noracle came to the kings, that they must make a man with three eyes\nleader of the return. And as they were in great doubt what the oracle\ncould mean, a muleteer chanced to pass by, whose mule was blind of one\neye. And Cresphontes conjecturing that the oracle referred to this\nman, the Dorians invited him to be their leader. And he urged them to\nreturn to the Peloponnese in ships, and not force their way through the\nisthmus with a land force. This was his advice, and at the same time he\npiloted the fleet from Naupactus to Molycrium, and they in return for\nhis services agreed to give him at his request the kingdom of Elis. And\nthe man\u2019s name was Oxylus, he was the son of H\u00e6mon, the son of Thoas,\nwho in conjunction with the sons of Atreus had overturned the kingdom\nof Priam; and between Thoas and \u00c6tolus the son of Endymion there are\nsix generations. And the Heraclid\u00e6 were in other respects kinsmen to\nthe kings in \u00c6tolia, besides the fact that the sisters of Thoas were\nmothers by Hercules of Andr\u00e6mon and Hyllus. And Oxylus had to flee from\n\u00c6tolia in consequence of an accident, in throwing a quoit (they say)\nhe missed his aim and unintentionally killed his brother Thermius, or\naccording to some accounts Alcidocus the son of Scopius.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IV.\n\n\nThere is also another tradition about Oxylus, that he suspected the\nsons of Aristomachus of an unwillingness to give him the kingdom of\nElis, as it was fertile and well cultivated everywhere, and this was\nwhy he led the Dorians through Arcadia and not through Elis. And when\nOxylus hastened to take the kingdom of Elis without contention Dius\nwould not permit him, but challenged him not to a contention with all\ntheir forces, but to a single combat between two soldiers one from each\nside. And both agreed to this. And the men selected for this single\ncombat were Degmenus a bowman of Elis, and Pyr\u00e6chmes on the \u00c6tolian\nside a famous slinger. And as Pyr\u00e6chmes was victorious Oxylus got\nthe kingdom, and he allowed the ancient Epeans to remain there, but\nintroduced \u00c6tolians as colonists with them, and gave them also a share\nin the land. And to Dius he gave various honours, and observed the\nrights of all the heroes according to old precedents, and introduced\nsacrificial offerings to Augeas which have continued to our day. It\nis said that he also persuaded the men in the villages, who were at\nno great distance from the walls, to come into the city, and thus\nincreased the population of Elis and made it more powerful in other\nrespects. And an oracle came to him from Delphi to associate with him\nas colonist a descendant of Pelops, and he made diligent search, and\ndiscovered Agorius the son of Damasius, the son of Penthilus, the son\nof Orestes, and invited him from Helice in Achaia and with him a few\nAch\u00e6ans. And they say Oxylus had a wife called Pieria, but they record\nnothing further about her. And the sons of Oxylus were they say \u00c6tolus\nand Laias. And \u00c6tolus dying in his father\u2019s lifetime, his parents\nburied him and erected a sepulchre to him by the gate, which leads to\nOlympia and the temple of Zeus. And they buried him there in accordance\nwith the oracle, which said that his dead body was to be neither in nor\nout of the city. And annually still the master of the gymnasium offers\nvictims to \u00c6tolus.\n\n  Oxylus was succeeded in the kingdom by his son Laias. I could not\nfind that his sons reigned, so I purposely pass them over, for it has\nnot been my desire in this narrative to descend to private personages.\nBut some time afterwards Iphitus, who was of the same family as Oxylus,\nand a contemporary of Lycurgus the Laced\u00e6monian legislator, revived\nthe contest at Olympia, and renewed the public gathering there, and\nestablished a truce as long as the games lasted. Why the meetings at\nOlympia had been discontinued I shall narrate when I come to Olympia.\nAnd as Greece at this time was nearly ruined by civil wars and by\nthe pestilence, Iphitus bethought him to ask of the god at Delphi a\nremission from these ills. And they say he was ordered by the Pythian\nPriestess to join the people of Elis in restoring the Olympian games.\nIphitus also persuaded the people of Elis to sacrifice to Hercules, for\nbefore this they had an idea that Hercules was hostile to them. And the\ninscription at Olympia says that Iphitus was the son of H\u00e6mon, but most\nof the Greeks say he was the son of Praxonides and not of H\u00e6mon. But\nthe ancient records of the people of Elis trace him up to a father of\nthe same name as himself _viz._ Iphitus.\n\n  The people of Elis took part in the Trojan war, and also in the\nbattles against the Persians when they invaded Greece. And to pass over\ntheir frequent disputes with the people of Pisa and the Arcadians in\nrespect to the re-establishment of the games at Olympia, they joined\nthe Laced\u00e6monians not without reluctance in invading Attica, and not\nlong after they fought against the Laced\u00e6monians, having formed an\nalliance with the Mantineans the Argives and the Athenians. And on the\noccasion of Agis making an incursion into Elis, when Xenias played the\ntraitor, the people of Elis were victorious at Olympia, and routed\nthe Laced\u00e6monians, and drove them from the precincts of the temple:\nand some time afterwards the war came to an end on the conditions\nwhich I have mentioned before in my account of the Laced\u00e6monians.\nAnd when Philip, the son of Amyntas, could not keep his hands off\nGreece, the people of Elis, worn out with intestine factions, joined\nthe Macedonians, but not to the point of fighting against the Greeks\nat Ch\u00e6ronea. But they participated in the attack of Philip upon the\nLaced\u00e6monians by reason of their ancient hatred to them. But after the\ndeath of Alexander they joined the Greeks in fighting against Antipater\nand the Macedonians.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER V.\n\n\nAnd in process of time Aristotimus, the son of Damaretus, the son of\nEtymon, obtained the sovereignty at Elis, partly through the assistance\nof Antigonus the son of Demetrius, who was king of the Macedonians. But\nwhen he had reigned only six months, Chilon and Hellanicus and Lampis\nand Cylon rose up against him and deposed him; and Cylon slew him with\nhis own hand when he had fled as suppliant to the altar of Zeus Soter.\nThese are the chief wars the people of Elis took part in, just to\nglance at them briefly in the present portion of my work.\n\n  Among the wonders of Elis are the flax, which grows here alone and\nin no other part of Greece, and also the fact that, though over the\nborders mares bear foals to he-asses, it is never so in Elis. And this\nphenomenon is they say the result of a curse. The flax in Elis in\nrespect of thinness is not inferior to the flax of the Hebrews, but is\nnot as yellow.\n\n  And as you go from the district of Elis there is a place by the sea\ncalled Samicum, and beyond it on the right is the district called\nTriphylia, and the city Lepreus in it. The people of Lepreus think they\nbelong properly to Arcadia, but it is manifest they were from time\nimmemorial subject to Elis. For the victors at Olympia that came from\nLepreus were pronounced by the herald men of Elis. And Aristophanes has\ndescribed Lepreus as a city in Elis. One way to Lepreus from Samicum is\nby leaving the river Aniger on the left, and a second is from Olympia,\nand a third from Elis, and the longest of them is only a day\u2019s journey.\nThe city got its name they say from Lepreus the son of Pyrgeus its\nfounder. There is a tradition that Lepreus had an eating contest with\nHercules, each killed an ox at the same time and cooked it for dinner,\nand (as he had betted) he was quite a match for Hercules in eating.\nBut he had the hardihood afterwards to challenge Hercules to a contest\nin arms. And they say he was killed in that contest and buried at\nPhigalia, however his sepulchre there is not shewn. And I have heard\nsome who claim that their city was founded by Leprea the daughter\nof Pyrgeus. Others say that the inhabitants of this region were the\nfirst lepers, and that the city got its name from this misfortune of\nits inhabitants. And the people of Lepreus say that in their city\nthey once had a temple of Leuc\u00e6an Zeus, and the tomb of Lycurgus the\nson of Aleus, and also the tomb of Caucon. The last had they say as a\ndesign over it a man with a lyre. But in my time there is no remarkable\ntomb there, nor any temple of the gods except one of Demeter: built\nof unbaked brick, and containing no statue. And not far from the\ncity Lepreus is a spring called Arene: it got this name according to\ntradition from the wife of Aphareus.\n\n  And as you return to Samicum, and go through it, the river Aniger\nhas its outlet to the sea. The flow of this river is often impeded by\nviolent winds: for they blow the sand from the shore into it and dam\nup the flow of the river. Whenever then this sand becomes soaked with\nwater, (outside by the sea inside by the river), it becomes a very\ndangerous place for carts and carriages and even for an active man to\nford. This river Aniger rises in the Arcadian mountain Lapithus, and\nthe water has an unpleasant smell from its source. Before receiving\nits tributary the Acidas it is too fetid to have any fish whatever,\nand after its confluence with the Acidas, though it has fish that\ncome into its waters from that tributary, they are no longer eatable,\nwhich they are when caught in the Acidas. That the ancient name of the\nriver Acidas was Iardanus I should not myself have conjectured, but\nI was so informed by an Ephesian. The unpleasant smell of the Aniger\ncomes I believe from the soil through which the river flows, as is\ncertainly the case with those rivers beyond Ionia, whose exhalations\nare deadly to man. Some of the Greeks say that Chiron, others that\nPylenor the Centaur, was wounded by Hercules, and fled and washed his\nsore in this river, and that it was from the Hydra\u2019s poison (_in which\nHercules\u2019 arrow had been dipped_) that the Aniger got its unpleasant\nsmell. Others refer this condition of the river to Melampus the son of\nAmythaon, and to the fact that the purifications of the daughters of\nPr\u0153tus were thrown into it.\n\n  There is at Samicum a cave, not far from the river, called the cave\nof the Nymphs of the Aniger. Whoever goes into it suffering from either\nblack or white leprosy, must first of all pray to these Nymphs and\npromise sacrifice to them, and afterwards wipe clean the diseased parts\nof his body. If he next swims across the river he leaves in the water\nhis foul disease, and comes out of the river sound and with his skin\nuniformly clear.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VI.\n\n\nOn the high road, after crossing the Aniger in the direction of\nOlympia, there is at no great distance on the right an eminence,\nand on it a town called Samia above Samicum. This town[67] they say\nwas made into a sort of offensive fortress against the Arcadians by\nPolysperchon, an \u00c6tolian.\n\n  As to the ruins of Arene, none either of the Messenians or people of\nElis could give me a clear account. As their explanations are different\nthose who like to conjecture are at liberty to do so. The most\ncredible account seems to me that of those who think that the ancient\nname of Samicum earlier than the time of the heroes was Arene. And\nthese quote the lines in the Iliad.\n\n    \u201cThere is a river Minye\u00efus,\n    That flows into the sea near to Arene.\u201d\n                                  Iliad, xi 722, 723.\n\nAnd these ruins of Arene are very near the Aniger. One might have\ndoubted about Samicum having been called Arene, only the Arcadians\nadmit that the ancient name of the river Aniger was Minye\u00efus. And one\nwould feel sure that the river Neda near the sea was the boundary\nbetween Elis and Messenia at the time of the return of the Heraclid\u00e6 to\nthe Peloponnese.\n\n  And leaving the Aniger, and passing through a district generally\nsandy and full of wild pine-trees, somewhat back to the left you will\nsee the ruins of Scillus. Scillus was one of the towns of Triphylia:\nand in the war between the people of Elis and Pisa the people of\nScillus openly allied themselves to the people of Pisa, and in return\nthe men of Elis dispossessed them from Scillus. But the Laced\u00e6monians\nafterwards sliced Scillus from Elis, and gave it to Xenophon (the son\nof Gryllus), who was at that time exiled from Athens. He was banished\nby the Athenians for joining Cyrus (who hated their democracy) against\nthe king of the Persians (who was their friend): for when Cyrus was at\nSardis he gave Lysander, the son of Aristocritus, and the Laced\u00e6monians\nsome money for their fleet. This is why Xenophon was banished, and he\nlived at Scillus and built a temple and grove to Ephesian Artemis. And\nScillus affords good hunting of wild animals, as wild boars and deer.\nAnd the river Selinus flows through the district. And the antiquarians\nof Elis say that the people of Elis recovered Scillus, and that\nXenophon was tried in the Olympian council for receiving Scillus from\nthe Laced\u00e6monians, but was acquitted and allowed to continue there scot\nfree. And at some little distance from the temple they show a tomb, and\nthere is an effigy on the tomb in Pentelican marble, which the people\nof the place say is Xenophon.\n\n  On the road to Olympia from Scillus, before crossing the Alpheus,\nis a mountain lofty and precipitous which is called Typ\u00e6um. From this\nmountain it is the custom to hurl all women of Elis who are detected as\ncompetitors in the Olympian contests, or who merely cross the Alpheus\non forbidden days. Not that any one ever yet was so detected except\nCallipatira, whose name according to some traditions was Pherenice. She\nafter the death of her husband dressed herself up like an athlete, and\nbrought her son as a combatant to Olympia. And Pisirodus her son having\nbeen victorious, Callipatira in leaping over the fence which parted\nthe athletes from the spectators, exposed her person, and though her\nsex was detected they let her go without punishment out of respect to\nher father and brothers and son, who had all been victors at Olympia,\nbut they passed a law that henceforth all athletes should come to the\ncontests naked.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VII.\n\n\nAnd when you have got to Olympia immediately you see the river Alpheus,\na full and very pleasant river, and no less than seven notable rivers\nare tributaries to it. For through Megalopolis the Helisson flows\ninto it, and the Brentheates from the district of Megalopolis, and\nthe Gortynius near Gortyna where is a temple of \u00c6sculapius, and from\nMel\u00e6ne\u00e6 between the districts of Megalopolis and Her\u00e6a the Buphagus,\nand the Ladon from the district of the Clitorians, and the river\nErymanthus from the mountain of the same name. All these flow into the\nAlpheus from Arcadia, and the Cladeus from Elis also contributes its\nstream. And the source of the Alpheus is in Arcadia and not in Elis.\nAnd there are several traditions about the Alpheus, as that he was a\nhunter and enamoured of Arethusa, and that she hunted with him. And as\nArethusa was unwilling to marry him, she crossed over they say to an\nisland near Syracuse, called Ortygia, and there became a spring: just\nas Alpheus in consequence of his love was changed into a river. This\nis the tradition about the Alpheus and the Ortygia. As to the river\ngoing under the sea and coming up in another place, there is no reason\nwhy I should discredit that, as I know that the god at Delphi admitted\nit, seeing that when he sent Archias the Corinthian to establish a\ncolony at Syracuse, these were some of the words he used, \u201cOrtygia\nlies in the cloudy sea above Trinacria, where the mouth of the Alpheus\nmixes and flows with the springs of the broad Arethusa.\u201d From this\ncircumstance of their union, and not any love passages, I imagine the\ntraditions about the two rivers originated. And all the Greeks or\nEgyptians, that have penetrated into Ethiopia beyond Syene, and as far\nas the Ethiopian city of Meroe, say that the Nile enters into a marsh,\nand flows through it as if it were earth, and eventually through lower\nEthiopia into Egypt to Pharos, where it has its outlet at the sea. And\nin the land of the Hebrews I know that the river Jordan flows through\nthe lake of Tiberias, and into what is called the Dead Sea, by which\nit is absorbed. The Dead Sea has properties unlike any other water:\nliving bodies can float in it without swimming, whereas dead bodies go\nto the bottom. And it has no fish, for from their evident danger they\ntake refuge in water more congenial to them. And there is a river in\nIonia similar to the Alpheus, its source is in the mountain Mycale, and\nit flows under the sea, and comes up again at Branchid\u00e6 at the harbour\ncalled Panormus. All this is correctly stated.\n\n  In regard to the Olympian Games those who are in possession of the\nmost ancient archives of the people of Elis say that Cronos was the\nfirst king of Heaven, and that he had a temple built to him at Olympia\nby the mortals who then lived, who were called the golden age: and\nthat, when Zeus was born, Rhea entrusted the charge of the boy to the\nId\u00e6an Dactyli, who were otherwise called the Curetes: who afterwards\ncame to Elis from Ida in Crete, and their names were Hercules, and\nEpimedes, and P\u00e6on\u00e6us, and Iasius, and Idas. And Hercules the eldest\nof them challenged his brothers in play to run a race together, and\nthey would crown the victor with a branch of the wild olive: and there\nwas such abundance of wild olive trees that they strewed under them\nthe leaves while they were still green as beds to sleep on. And they\nsay that the wild olive was introduced to the Greeks by Hercules from\nthe country of the Hyperboreans, who dwelt north of the wind Boreas.\nOlen the Lycian first mentioned in a hymn to Ach\u00e6ia, that she came to\nDelos from these Hyperboreans, and when Melanopus of Cum\u00e6 composed an\node to Opis and Hecaerges, he mentioned that they too came from the\nHyperboreans to Delos before Ach\u00e6ia. And Arist\u00e6us of Proconnesus, who\nhas also mentioned the Hyperboreans, may perhaps have heard more of\nthem from the Issedones, to whom in his poems he says they went. At\nany rate to Id\u00e6an Hercules belongs the glory that he first instituted\nand gave their name to the Olympian contests. He appointed them to be\nheld every fifth year because he and his brothers were five in number.\nAnd some say that it was there that Zeus contended with Cronos about\nthe sovereignty of Heaven, others say he appointed these games after\nhis success over Cronos. Other gods are said to have been victorious,\nas Apollo who outran Hermes, who challenged him to the contest,\nand outboxed Ares. And this is the reason they say why the Pythian\nflute-playing was introduced in the leaping contest at the pentathlum,\nbecause the flute was sacred to Apollo, and Apollo was on several\noccasions the victor at Olympia.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VIII.\n\n\nAnd after this they say Clymenus the son of Cardys, (in the 50th year\nafter Deucalion\u2019s flood), a descendant of Id\u00e6an Hercules, came from\nCrete and established games at Olympia, and erected an altar to his\nancestor Hercules and to the other Curetes, giving Hercules the title\nof Assistant. But Endymion the son of Aethlius deposed Clymenus from\nthe kingdom, and gave it to his sons as a prize for the best runner\nof them at Olympia. And a generation after Endymion, Pelops made the\ncontest to Olympian Zeus more famous than any of his predecessors.\nAnd when the sons of Pelops were scattered from Elis all over the\nPeloponnese, Amythaon the son of Cretheus, uncle of Endymion on the\nfather\u2019s side, (for they say Aethlius was the son of \u00c6olus surnamed\nZeus), appointed games at Olympia, and after him Pelias and Neleus in\ncommon. So also did Augeas and Hercules, the son of Amphitryon, after\nthe capture of Elis. And all that he crowned as victors were Iolaus,\nwho had borrowed the mares of Hercules for the race. It was an old\ncustom to be a competitor with borrowed horses. Homer at least in the\nfuneral games in honour of Patroclus has represented Menelaus as yoking\ntogether Agamemnon\u2019s horse \u00c6the with one of his own.[68] Iolaus was\nalso Hercules\u2019 charioteer. He was the victor in the chariot race, and\nIasius an Arcadian in the riding race, and Castor was successful in\nrunning, Pollux in boxing. It is also recorded of Hercules that he was\nvictorious in wrestling and in the pancratium.\n\n  And after the reign of Oxylus, who also established games, the\nOlympian games were suspended till Iphitus. And when he renewed the\ngames as I have before stated, there was a general forgetfulness about\nthe ancient games, but in a short while they got remembered again,\nand whenever they remembered any little feature of the games, they\nadded it to the programme. And this proves my statement. From the\ntime that the Olympian games were revived continuously, prizes were\nfirst instituted for running, and Cor\u0153bus of Elis was the victor. His\nstatue is at Olympia, and his grave is on the borders of Elis. And\nin the 14th Olympiad afterwards the double course was introduced:\nwhen Hypenus a native of Pisa won the wild olive crown, and Acanthus\nwas second. And in the 18th Olympiad they remembered the pentathlum\nand the wrestling, in the former Lampis was victor, in the latter\nEurybatus, both Laced\u00e6monians. And in the 23rd Olympiad they ordained\nprizes for boxing, and Onomastus was victor from Smyrna (which was at\nthat day reckoned as Ionia). And in the 25th Olympiad they had a race\nof full-grown horses, and the Theban Pagondas was proclaimed victor\nin this race. And in the eighth Olympiad later they introduced the\npancratium and the riding race. The horse of Crannonian Crauxidas\ngot in first, and the competitors for the pancratium were beaten by\nthe Syracusan Lygdamis, who has his sepulchre at the stonequarries\nof Syracuse. And I don\u2019t know whether Lygdamis was really as big\nas the Theban Hercules, but that is the tradition at Syracuse. And\nthe contest of the boys was not a revival of ancient usage, but the\npeople of Elis instituted it because the idea pleased them. So prizes\nwere instituted for running and wrestling among boys in the 307th\nOlympiad, and Hipposthenes the Laced\u00e6monian won the wrestling prize,\nand Polynices from Elis the running prize. And in the 41st Olympiad\nafterwards they invited boxing boys, and the one who won the prize\nfrom all the competitors was Philetas from Sybaris. And the race in\nheavy armour was tried in the 65th Olympiad, as an exercise for war I\nthink: and of those who ran with their shields Damaretus of Her\u00e6um was\nthe victor. And the race of two full-grown horses called a pair was\nestablished in the 93rd Olympiad, and Evagoras of Elis was the victor.\nAnd in the 99th Olympiad they had a fancy to contend with chariots\ndrawn by colts, and the Laced\u00e6monian Sybariades had the prize for this\ncontest. And they afterwards established races of a pair of colts and\nfor riding a colt, and the victor in the former was Belistiche, a woman\nwho lived in Macedonia near the sea, and in the latter Tlepolemus the\nLycian in the 131st Olympiad, Belistiche\u2019s victory was in the 3rd\nOlympiad before. And in the 145th Olympiad prizes were instituted for a\npancratium-contest for boys, and Ph\u00e6dimus an \u00c6olian from the Troad was\nvictor.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IX.\n\n\nAnd some of the contests at Olympia were put an end to, the people\nof Elis having resolved to discontinue them. For the pentathlum for\nboys was established in the 38th Olympiad, but when the Laced\u00e6monian\nEutelidas had won the crown of wild olive, the people of Elis did not\ncare that their lads should train for the pentathlum. So it dropped.\nAnd the chariot race and the trotting race, the former established\nin the 70th Olympiad and the latter in the 71st Olympiad, were both\nstopped by proclamation in the 84th Olympiad. When they were first\ninstituted Thersius the Thessalian won the prize in the former, and\nPat\u00e6cus an Ach\u00e6an from Dyme in the latter. In the trotting race the\nriders used to jump off towards the end of the course and run with\nthe horses still holding the reins, as what are called professional\nriders do to this day, only the latter employ stallions and have their\nown colours. But the chariot race is not an ancient invention nor a\ngraceful exhibition, and the people of Elis (who have always disliked\nthe horse) yoke two mules together instead of horses.\n\n  The order of the games in our day is to sacrifice victims to the god,\nand then to contend in the pentathlum and horse-race, according to the\nprogramme established in the 77th Olympiad, for before this horses and\nmen contended on the same day. And at that period the pancratiasts did\nnot appear till night for they could not compete sooner, so much time\nbeing taken up by the horse-races and pentathlum. And the Athenian\nCallias was the victor of the pancratiasts. But for the future they\ntook care that neither the pentathlum nor horse-races should stand in\nthe way of the pancratium. And as regards the umpires of the games, the\noriginal rules and those in vogue in our day are quite different, for\nIphitus was the only umpire, and after Iphitus the posterity of Oxylus,\nbut in the 50th Olympiad two men picked by lot out of all Elis were\nentrusted with the stewardship of the contests, and this practice of\ntwo umpires continued for a very long time. But in the 25th Olympiad\nafterwards 9 general Umpires were appointed: three for the horse-race,\nthree to watch the pentathlum, and three to preside over the remaining\ngames. And in the 2nd Olympiad after this a tenth Umpire was appointed.\nAnd in the 103rd Olympiad, as the people of Elis had 12 tribes, a\ngeneral Umpire was appointed by each. And when they were hard pressed\nby the Arcadians in war, they lost a portion of their territory and all\nthe villages in this portion, and so they were only 8 tribes in number\nin the 104th Olympiad, and had only 8 general Umpires accordingly.\nAnd in the 108th Olympiad they returned to the number of 10 general\nUmpires, and that has continued the number to our day.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER X.\n\n\nMany various wonders may one see, or hear of, in Greece: but the\nEleusinian mysteries and Olympian games seem to exhibit more than\nanything else the divine purpose. And the sacred grove of Zeus they\nhave from old time called Altis, slightly changing the Greek word for\ngrove[69]: it is indeed called Altis also by Pindar, in the Ode he\ncomposed for a victor at Olympia. And the temple and statue of Zeus\nwere built out of the spoils of Pisa, which the people of Elis razed\nto the ground, after quelling the revolt of Pisa and some of the\nneighbouring towns that revolted with Pisa. And that the statue of Zeus\nwas the work of Phidias is shown by the inscription written at the base\nof it,\n\n  \u201cPhidias the Athenian, the son of Charmides, made me.\u201d\n\n  The temple is a Doric building, and outside it is a colonnade. And\nthe temple is built of stone of the district. Its height up to the\ngable is 68 feet, its breadth 95 feet, and its length 230 feet. And its\narchitect was Libon a native of Elis. And the tiles on the roof are\nnot of baked earth, but Pentelican marble to imitate tiles. They say\nsuch roofs are the invention of a man of Naxos called Byzes, who made\nstatues at Naxos with the inscription,\n\n  \u201cEuergus of Naxos made me, the son of Byzes, and descended from Leto,\nthe first who made tiles of stone.\u201d\n\n  This Byzes was a contemporary of Alyattes the Lydian and Astyages\n(the son of Cyaxaras) the king of Persia. And there is a golden vase at\neach end of the roof, and a golden Victory in the middle of the gable.\nAnd underneath the Victory is a golden shield hung up as a votive\noffering, with the Gorgon Medusa worked on it. The inscription on the\nshield states who hung it up, and the reason why they did so. For this\nis what it says.\n\n  \u201cThis temple\u2019s golden shield is a votive offering from the\nLaced\u00e6monians at Tanagra and their allies, a gift from the Argives the\nAthenians and the Ionians, a tithe offering for success in war.\u201d\n\n  The battle I mentioned in my account of Attica, when I described the\ntombs at Athens. And in the same temple at Olympia, above the zone\nthat runs round the pillars on the outside, are 21 golden shields, the\noffering of Mummius the Roman General, after he had beaten the Ach\u00e6ans\nand taken Corinth, and expelled the Dorians from Corinth. And on the\ngables in bas relief is the chariot race between Pelops and \u0152nomaus,\nand both chariots in motion. And in the middle of the gable is a statue\nof Zeus, and on the right hand of Zeus is \u0152nomaus with a helmet on his\nhead, and beside him his wife Sterope, one of the daughters of Atlas.\nAnd Myrtilus, who was the charioteer of \u0152nomaus, is seated behind the\nfour horses. And next to him are two men whose names are not recorded,\nbut they are doubtless \u0152nomaus\u2019 grooms, whose duty was to take care of\nthe horses. And at the end of the gable is a delineation of the river\nCladeus, next to the Alpheus held most in honour of all the rivers of\nElis. And on the left of the statue of Zeus are Pelops and Hippodamia\nand the charioteer of Pelops and the horses, and two men who were\nPelops\u2019 grooms. And where the gable tapers fine there is the Alpheus\ndelineated. And Pelop\u2019s charioteer was according to the tradition of\nthe Tr\u0153zenians Sph\u00e6rus, but the custodian at Olympia said that his name\nwas Cilla. The carvings on the gables in front are by P\u00e6onius of Mende\nin Thracia, those behind by Alcamenes, a contemporary of Phidias and\nsecond only to him as statuary. And on the gables is a representation\nof the fight between the Lapith\u00e6 and the Centaurs at the marriage\nof Pirithous. Pirithous is in the centre, and on one side of him is\nEurytion trying to carry off Pirithous\u2019 wife and C\u00e6neus coming to the\nrescue, and on the other side Theseus laying about among the Centaurs\nwith his battle-axe: and one Centaur is carrying off a maiden, another\na blooming boy. Alcamenes has engraved this story, I imagine, because\nhe learnt from the lines of Homer that Pirithous was the son of Zeus,\nand knew that Theseus was fourth in descent from Pelops. There are\nalso in bas relief at Olympia most of the Labours of Hercules. Above\nthe doors of the temple is the hunting of the Erymanthian boar, and\nHercules taking the mares of Diomede the Thracian, and robbing the oxen\nof Geryon in the island of Erythea, and supporting the load of Atlas,\nand clearing the land of Elis of its dung. And above the chamber behind\nthe doors he is robbing the Amazon of her belt, and there is the stag,\nand the Cretan Minotaur, and the Stymphalian birds, and the hydra, and\nthe Nemean lion. And as you enter the brazen doors on the right in\nfront of the pillar is Iphitus being crowned by his wife Ecechiria,\nas the inscription in verse states. And there are pillars inside the\ntemple, and porticoes above, and an approach by them to the image of\nZeus. There is also a winding staircase to the roof.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XI.\n\n\nThe image of the god is in gold and ivory, seated on a throne. And a\ncrown is on his head imitating the foliage of the olive tree. In his\nright hand he holds a Victory in ivory and gold, with a tiara and crown\non his head: and in his left hand a sceptre adorned with all manner of\nprecious stones, and the bird seated on the sceptre is an eagle. The\nrobes and sandals of the god are also of gold: and on his robes are\nimitations of flowers, especially of lilies. And the throne is richly\nadorned with gold and precious stones, and with ebony and ivory. And\nthere are imitations of animals painted on it, and models worked on it.\nThere are four Victories like dancers one at each foot of the throne,\nand two also at the instep of each foot: and at each of the front feet\nare Theban boys carried off by Sphinxes, and below the Sphinxes Apollo\nand Artemis shooting down the children of Niobe. And between the feet\nof the throne are four divisions formed by straight lines drawn from\neach of the four feet. In the division nearest the entrance there are\nseven models, the eighth has vanished no one knows where or how. And\nthey are imitations of ancient contests, for in the days of Phidias the\ncontests for boys were not yet established. And the figure with its\nhead muffled up in a scarf is they say Pantarces, who was a native\nof Elis and the darling of Phidias. This Pantarces won the wrestling\nprize for boys in the 86th Olympiad. And in the remaining divisions is\nthe band of Hercules fighting against the Amazons. The number on each\nside is 29, and Theseus is on the side of Hercules. And the throne is\nsupported not only by the four feet, but also by 4 pillars between\nthe feet. But one cannot get under the throne, as one can at Amycl\u00e6,\nand pass inside, for at Olympia there are panels like walls that keep\none off. Of these panels the one opposite the doors of the temple is\npainted sky blue only, but the others contain paintings by Pan\u00e6nus.\nAmong them is Atlas bearing up Earth and Heaven, and Hercules standing\nby willing to relieve him of his load, and Theseus and Pirithous, and\nGreece, and Salamis with the figurehead of a ship in her hand, and\nthe contest of Hercules with the Nemean lion, and Ajax\u2019s unknightly\nviolation of Cassandra, and Hippodamia the daughter of \u0152nomaus with her\nmother, and Prometheus still chained to the rock and Hercules gazing\nat him. For the tradition is that Hercules slew the eagle that was\never tormenting Prometheus on Mount Caucasus, and released Prometheus\nfrom his chains. The last paintings are Penthesilea dying and Achilles\nsupporting her, and two Hesperides carrying the apples of which they\nare fabled to have been the keepers. This Pan\u00e6nus was the brother of\nPhidias, and at Athens in the Painted Stoa he has painted the action\nat Marathon. At the top of the throne Phidias has represented above\nthe head of Zeus the three Graces and three Seasons. For these too, as\nwe learn from the poets, were daughters of Zeus. Homer in the Iliad\nhas represented the Seasons as having the care of Heaven, as a kind\nof guards of a royal palace.[70] And the base under the feet of Zeus,\n(what is called in Attic \u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03bd), has golden lions engraved on it, and\nthe battle between Theseus and the Amazons, the first famous exploit\nof the Athenians beyond their own borders. And on the platform that\nsupports the throne there are various ornaments round Zeus and gilt\ncarving, the Sun seated in his chariot, and Zeus and Hera, and near\nis Grace. Hermes is close to her, and Vesta close to Hermes. And\nnext to Vesta is Eros receiving Aphrodite just rising from the sea,\nwho is being crowned by Persuasion. And Apollo and Artemis Athene and\nHercules are standing by, and at the end of the platform Amphitrite and\nPoseidon, and Selene apparently urging on her horse. And some say it is\na mule and not a horse that the goddess is riding upon, and there is a\nsilly tale about this mule.\n\n  I know that the size of the Olympian Zeus both in height and breadth\nhas been stated, but I cannot bestow praise on the measurers, for their\nrecorded measurement comes far short of what anyone would infer looking\nat the statue. They make the god also to have testified to the art of\nPhidias. For they say when the statue was finished, Phidias prayed him\nto signify if the work was to his mind, and immediately Zeus struck\nwith lightning that part of the pavement, where in our day there is a\nbrazen urn with a lid.\n\n  And all the pavement in front of the statue is not of white but\nof black stone. And a border of Parian marble runs round this black\nstone, as a preservative against spilled oil. For oil is good for\nthe statue at Olympia, as it prevents the ivory being harmed by the\ndampness of the grove. But in the Acropolis at Athens, in regard to\nthe statue of Athene called the Maiden, it is not oil but water that\nis advantageously employed to the ivory: for as the citadel is dry by\nreason of its great height, the statue being made of ivory needs to be\nsprinkled with water freely. And when I was at Epidaurus, and enquired\nwhy they use neither water nor oil to the statue of \u00c6sculapius, the\nsacristans of the temple informed me that the statue of the god and its\nthrone are over a well.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XII.\n\n\nThose who think that the parts of the elephant that project from the\nmouth are teeth and not horns, should consider the case of Celtic elks\nand Ethiopian bulls. For male elks have horns on their foreheads,\nbut the female elk has none whatever. And Ethiopian bulls have horns\ngrowing in their nostrils. Who would therefore think it very wonderful\nafter these examples that a beast should have horns growing out of its\nmouth? One may also get further light from the following particulars.\nHorns in animals take a certain definite period to grow and grow more\nthan once: and this is the case with stags and antelopes as well as\nelephants. But no animal after full growth has second sets of teeth.\nIf they are teeth therefore and not horns that project from elephants\u2019\nmouths, how could they grow a second time? Moreover teeth are not acted\nupon by fire, but horns both of oxen and elephants can by the action of\nfire be made straight from round, and can in fact be turned into any\nshape. [But in hippopotamuses and boars the lower jaw has projecting\nteeth: and we do not see horns growing out of their jaws.] Let anybody\nbe certain therefore that they are horns in the elephant that project\nand grow out from the temples. I don\u2019t make this assertion as mere\nhearsay, for I have seen the skull of an elephant in the temple of\nArtemis in Campania. The temple I refer to is about 30 stades from\nCapua, which is the chief town of Campania. And the elephant is not\nonly different from other animals in the growth of its horns, but also\nin its size and appearance. And the Greeks seem to me to have shewn\ngreat munificence and an absence of parsimoniousness in respect to\ntheir worship of the gods, seeing that they procured ivory both from\nIndia and Ethiopia for their statues.\n\n  At Olympia also in the temple of Zeus is a woollen veil, adorned\nwith Assyrian tapestry and dyed with the Ph\u0153nician purple, the votive\noffering of Antiochus, who also gave to the theatre at Athens a golden\n\u00e6gis with the Gorgon\u2019s head on it. This veil is not drawn up to the\nroof as in the temple of Ephesian Artemis, but let down to the\npavement by ropes. And among the votive offerings in the temple or\nante-chapel is the throne of Arimnestus king of the Tyrrhenians, (who\nwas the first foreigner that offered a votive offering to Olympian\nZeus,) and the horses of Cynisca in brass, the memorials of her victory\nat Olympia. These horses are rather smaller than life, and are on the\nright as you enter the ante-chapel. And there is a tripod covered with\nbrass, on which before the table was made the crowns for the victors\nwere laid. And of the statues of the Emperors, Adrian\u2019s in Parian\nmarble was a gift of all the cities that joined the Ach\u00e6an league, and\nTrajan\u2019s a gift of all the Greeks. This last Emperor added the Get\u00e6\nbeyond Thrace to the Roman Empire, and waged war against Osroes (the\ndescendant of Arsaces) and the Parthians. The most famous of all his\nworks are the Baths which are known as Trajan\u2019s Baths, and a large\ntheatre perfectly round, and a building for horse-races two stades in\nlength, and the forum at Rome well worth seeing for various beauties\nand especially its brazen roof. And there are two statues in the round\nparts of the building, one of the Emperor Augustus in amber, the other\nin ivory is said to be Nicomedes, the king of Bithynia: from whom the\nlargest town in Bithynia, that had been previously called Astacus, got\ncalled Nicomedia. It was originally founded by Zyp\u0153tes, a Thracian\nas one would infer from his name. And the amber of which they made\nAugustus\u2019 statue, the native amber which is found in the sands of the\nEridanus, is most rare and precious to man for many purposes. But the\nother kind of amber is gold mixed with silver. And in the temple at\nOlympia there are several of Nero\u2019s votive offerings, 3 are crowns to\nimitate the wild olive, the fourth is an imitation of oak. And there\nare 25 brazen shields to be worn by the competitors in the race in\narmour. And there are several pillars, and among them one which has the\ncovenant of the people of Elis and the Athenians Argives and Mantineans\nfor an alliance for 100 years.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIII.\n\n\nAnd within Altis there is a separate grove to Pelops: who of the heroes\nat Olympia is as much held in the highest honour as Zeus is among the\ngods. This grove is on the right of the temple of Zeus towards the\nNorth, just at such a distance from the temple as to admit of statues\nand votive offerings between, and it extends from the middle of the\ntemple to the back, and is surrounded by a stone wall, and has trees\nplanted in it, and statues. And the entrance to it is from the west.\nAnd it is said to have been dedicated to Pelops by Hercules the son of\nAmphitryon, who was fourth in descent from Pelops. And he is said to\nhave sacrificed in the trench to Pelops. And the magistrates for the\nyear sacrifice to him even now a black ram. The seer has no portion\nof this sacrifice, the neck of the ram only is usually given to the\nperson called the wood-cutter. He is one of the temple servants, and\nhis function is to furnish wood for the sacrifices at a fixed price,\nboth to cities and to any private individual. And the wood is always\nof the white poplar tree. And whatever stranger or native of Elis eats\nthe flesh of the victim sacrificed to Pelops may not enter the temple\nof Zeus. Those who sacrifice to Telephus at Pergamum north of the river\nCaicus are in a similar predicament: they may not enter the temple of\n\u00c6sculapius till they have had a bath. And the following tradition is\nstill told about Pelops. During the protracted siege of Ilium the seers\nare said to have prophesied that they would never capture the town\ntill they procured the bows of Hercules and a bone of Pelops. So they\nsent it is said for Philoctetes to the camp, and the shoulder-blade of\nPelops was brought from Pisa. And on the return home of the Greeks,\nthe ship that had the shoulder-blade of Pelops was wrecked near Eub\u0153a.\nAnd many years after the capture of Ilium Damarmenus, a fisherman\nof Eretria, cast his net into the sea and fished up this bone, and\nmarvelling at the size of it hid it in the sand. And eventually he went\nto Delphi, desiring to know who the bone belonged to, and what he\nshould do with it. And it chanced providentially that some persons of\nElis, seeking a cure for the pestilence, were at Delphi at this period.\nAnd the Pythian Priestess told them to preserve the bones of Pelops,\nand told Damarmenus to give what he had found to the people of Elis.\nAnd when he had done so the people of Elis gave him several presents,\nand made Damarmenus and his descendants custodians of this bone. But\nthis shoulder-blade of Pelops has not survived to our day, because in\nmy opinion it was buried too deep, partly also from time and the action\nof the sea. And there are still traces even to our day of Pelops and\nTantalus having brought colonies to Greece, as the marsh called after\nTantalus, and his well-known grave. And the throne of Pelops is at\nSipylus on the top of the mountain above the temple of the Placianian\nmother, and after you have crossed the river Hermus there is a statue\nof Aphrodite at Temnus still in existence made of myrtle: and the\ntradition is that it was a votive offering of Pelops to propitiate the\ngoddess, before begging her help towards marrying Hippodamia.\n\n  And the altar of Olympian Zeus is about equidistant from the grove\nof Pelops and the temple of Hera, and is situated in front of both.\nSome say it was erected by Id\u00e6an Hercules, others say by some heroes\nof the district two generations after him. It was they say made of\nthe _d\u00e9bris_ of the thigh bones of the victims sacrificed to Zeus,\nas the altar at Pergamum. The Samian Hera has also an altar made of\nsimilar material, an altar not a whit more handsome than those which\nin Attica they call extemporary altars. And the first base of the\naltar of Olympia, called the pro-altar, has a circumference of 125\nfeet, and above the pro-altar is a circumference of 32 feet. And the\nwhole height of the altar is 22 feet. It is customary to sacrifice the\nvictims at the lower part, at the pro-altar: but the thigh-bones they\nbring to the highest part of the altar and burn them there. And stone\nsteps lead up to the pro-altar on both sides, but up to the high altar\nthere are merely steps of _d\u00e9bris_. Maidens may ascend as far as the\npro-altar, and likewise women at the seasons when they are allowed to\nbe at Olympia, but men alone may ascend to the high altar. And private\nindividuals, and the people of Elis daily, offer sacrifices to Zeus\nbesides at the general Festival. And annually the seers observe the\n19th day of the month Elaphius by carrying the _d\u00e9bris_ from the Town\nHall, and kneading it with the water of the River Alpheus, and thus\nconstruct their altar. No other water is ever used for this purpose,\nand that is why the Alpheus is considered more friendly to Olympian\nZeus than any other river. There is also at Didymi (a town of the\nMilesians) an altar made by Hercules the Theban of victims\u2019 blood. So\nat least the Milesians say. But the blood of the victims has never\nraised it to any great height even in these latter days.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIV.\n\n\nBut the altar at Olympia has another wonder. Kites, which are by nature\nespecially birds of prey, never harm the sacrifices at Olympia. And if\non any chance occasion a kite touch the entrails or flesh of a victim,\nit is not considered a good omen for the sacrificer. And they say when\nHercules, the son of Alcmena, was sacrificing at Olympia there was a\ngreat plague of flies: when, either of his own idea or at another\u2019s\nsuggestion, he sacrificed to Zeus the Averter of flies, and so they\nwere driven to the other side of the Alpheus. On similar grounds the\nnatives of Elis are said to sacrifice to Zeus the Averter of flies,\nbecause he drove them from Olympia.\n\n  The wood of the white poplar tree is the only wood that the people of\nElis employ in the sacrifices of Zeus, giving that tree this especial\nhonour, I imagine, because Hercules introduced it from Thesprotia into\nGreece. And I think there can be little doubt that Hercules himself,\nwhen he sacrificed to Zeus at Olympia, burnt the thighs of the victims\non white poplar wood. Hercules found this tree growing near the Acheron\na river in Thesprotia, and that is why they say it is called Acherois\nby Homer.[71] In all ages rivers have been celebrated for the growth\nof various grasses and trees on their banks. Thus the M\u00e6ander is most\nfamous for tamarisks, and the Asopus in B\u0153otia for immense reeds, and\nthe Persea is found only on the banks of the Nile. Thus there is no\nwonder that by the Acheron first grew the white poplar, and that the\nwild olive grows near the Alpheus, and that the black poplar grows on\nCeltic soil by the river Eridanus.\n\n  Let us now, as we have made mention of the greatest altar, enumerate\nall the altars at Olympia. I will take them in the order the people\nof Elis are accustomed to sacrifice at them. They first sacrifice\nto Vesta, and next to Olympian Zeus in the altar inside the temple,\nthirdly to Hermes, fourthly to Artemis, fifthly to Athene the Goddess\nof Booty, sixthly to Athene Ergane. To this Athene the descendants of\nPhidias, (called the cleansers because they received from the people of\nElis the honour of cleansing the statue of Zeus from anything clinging\nto it), sacrifice before they commence polishing up the statue. And\nthere is also another altar of Athene near the temple, and near it a\nsquare altar of Artemis tapering up gradually at the top. And next to\nthose we have mentioned they sacrifice to Alpheus and Artemis at one\naltar: the reason for this I learnt from one of Pindar\u2019s Odes, and I\nhave recorded it in my account of the Letrin\u00e6ans.[72] And at no great\ndistance from this is another altar to Alpheus, and near it an altar to\nHeph\u00e6stus, which some of the people of Elis say is the altar of Martial\nZeus, at which \u0152nomaus sacrificed when he proposed the horse-race for\nthe suitors of his daughter Hippodamia. Next is an altar of Hercules\nunder the title of Aider, and altars to Hercules\u2019 brothers, Epimedes\nand Idas and P\u00e6on\u00e6us and Iasus. I know that the altar of Idas is called\nthe altar of Acesidas by some. And at the ruins of the house of \u0152nomaus\nare two altars, one of Household Zeus, built apparently by \u0152nomaus, the\nother built afterwards I think to Zeus of the Lightning, when lightning\nhad struck the house. With reference to the great altar, called the\naltar of Olympian Zeus, I have already spoken a little above. And near\nit is the altar to Unknown Gods, and next that of Zeus the Cleanser,\nand Victory, and next that of Zeus Chthonius. There are also altars\nof all the gods, and one of Olympian Hera also made of _d\u00e9bris_, the\nvotive offering they say of Clymenus. And next to it is a joint altar\nto Apollo and Hermes, because the tradition in Elis is that Hermes was\nthe inventor of the lyre, and Apollo the inventor of the lute. And next\nare altars of Harmony, and Athene, and the Mother of the Gods. And\nthere are two altars very near the entrance to the race-course, one\nthey say of Hermes the Athlete, and the other of Opportunity. Ion the\nChian has I know written an Hymn to Opportunity, in which he traces\nhis genealogy, and makes him the youngest son of Zeus. And near the\ntreasure of the Sicyonians is an altar of Hercules, either one of the\nCuretes, or the son of Alcmena, for both traditions are current. And\nat what is called G\u00e6um there is an altar to Earth, this too made of\n_d\u00e9bris_: and they say there was an oracle of Earth earlier still. And\nat the place called Stomium there is an altar to Themis. And before\nthe altar of Zeus, the god of thunder and lightning, is a fence on\nall sides, and this altar too is not far from the great altar formed\nof _d\u00e9bris_. Let my reader remember that I have not enumerated these\naltars according to the position of their site, but taken them in a\nrambling order, according to the order in which the people of Elis\nsacrifice at them. And in the grove of Pelops there is a joint altar\nto Dionysus and the Graces, and next one to the Muses, and one to the\nNymphs.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XV.\n\n\nOutside Altis there is a building called the workshop of Phidias, who\nused to work here at his statues, and there is an altar here to all the\ngods in common. As you turn back again to Altis you see straight before\nyou the Hall of Leonidas. It is outside the temple precincts, and of\nthe various approaches to Altis is the only one used for processions.\nIt was built by Leonidas, a native of Elis, and now the Roman governors\nof Elis make it their headquarters. It is separated by an alley from\nthe approach used for processions: the people of Elis call alleys what\nthe Athenians call bylanes. And there is in Altis to the left of the\nHall of Leonidas, an altar of Aphrodite, and an altar of the Seasons\nnext to it. And in the rear of the temple there is a wild olive tree\ngrowing on the right: it is called the olive beautiful for its crowns,\nand the victors at Olympia receive crowns of it. Near this wild olive\ntree is a temple of the Nymphs, these too they call beautiful for\ntheir crowns. And inside Altis there is an altar of Artemis of the\nMarket-Place, and on the right of the Hall of Leonidas is an altar to\nthe goddesses called Mistresses. Of the goddess whom they call Mistress\nthe portion of my work about Arcadia will give complete information.\nAnd next is an altar of Zeus of the Market-Place, and, in front of what\nis called the Seat of Honour, altars of Pythian Apollo, and Dionysus.\nThis last they say was erected by private people not so long ago. And\nas you go to where the horses start is an altar, with the inscription\nThe Decider of Fate. This is plainly a title of Zeus who fore-knows\nall human events, both what the Fates send, and others. And near this\nis an oblong altar of the Fates, and next one of Hermes, and next\ntwo of Zeus Supreme. And at the middle of the place where the horses\nstart are altars in the open air to Poseidon the Patron of Horses, and\nHera the Patroness of Horses, and near the pillar an altar of Castor\nand Pollux. And at the entrance, near what is called the Rostrum, is\nan altar of Ares the Patron of Horses, and an altar of Athene the\nPatroness of Horses. And as you enter the Rostrum there are altars of\nGood Fortune, and of Pan, and of Aphrodite. And in the interior of the\nRostrum the Nymphs called Acmen\u00e6 have an altar. And as you return from\nthe Portico which the people of Elis call Agnaptus\u2019 from the name of\nthe Architect, there is on the right an altar of Artemis. And as you\nenter Altis again by the road used for processions there are altars\nbehind the chapel of Hera of the river Cladeus and of Artemis, and next\nto them one of Apollo, and a fourth of Artemis Coccoca, and a fifth\nof Apollo Thermius. Thermius I conjecture at Elis will be the same\nword as Thesmius (_Law-loving_) in Attic. But why Artemis was called\nCoccoca I could not ascertain. There is a building in front of what\nthey call the Priest\u2019s dwelling, and in the corner of it is an altar\nof Pan. And the Town Hall of the people of Elis is within Altis, near\nthe outlet beyond the gymnasium, where the athletes have their races\nand wrestling-matches. And in front of the doors of the Town Hall is\nan altar of Artemis of the Market-Place. And in the Town Hall itself\nas you pass into a room where there is a hearth, there is an altar of\nPan on the right of the entrance. And the hearth itself is made of\n_d\u00e9bris_, and there is a fire on it burning continually day and night.\nFrom this hearth as I have already stated they remove the _d\u00e9bris_ to\nthe altar of Olympian Zeus, and the height of that altar is largely due\nto contributions from this hearth.\n\n  And once in every month the people of Elis sacrifice at the altars\nwhich I have mentioned. And they sacrifice in a certain primitive\nfashion; for they burn frankincense on the altars and cakes kneaded\nwith honey. And they decorate the altars with olive branches, and pour\nout libations of wine. But they do not offer libations of wine to the\nNymphs, or the Mistresses, or at the joint altar of all the gods.\nAnd the sacrifices are conducted by the priest, who has office for\none month, and by the seers, the libation-offerers, the Interpreter\nof Antiquities, the flute-player, and the wood-cutter. But the words\nthat they use in the Town Hall, and the Hymns which they sing, I am\nnot allowed to introduce into my account. And they pour libations not\nonly to Greek gods, but to the god of Libya, and to Hera of Ammon,\nand to Parammon (a title of Hermes). It is manifest also that from\ntime immemorial they have consulted the oracle at Libya, and there are\naltars in the temple of Ammon, votive offerings of the people of Elis:\nand there are inscribed on them the questions of the people of Elis,\nand the answers returned by the god, and the names of those who went\nto Ammon from Elis. All this is in the temple of Ammon. The people of\nElis also pour libations to heroes, and the wives of heroes, who are\nhonoured in Elis or \u00c6tolia. And the Hymns sung in the Town Hall are in\nthe Doric dialect, but by whom composed they do not tell us. The people\nof Elis also have a banqueting-hall, (inside the Town-Hall, opposite\nthe room where the hearth is,) where they entertain the victors at\nOlympia.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVI.\n\n\nNext ought I to describe the temple of Hera, and all that is worth\nnarrating in it. The people of Elis have a tradition that the people\nof Scillus in Triphylia built it about 8 years after Oxylus became\nking at Elis. Its architecture is Doric, there are pillars all round\nit, one pillar in a chamber at the back of the temple is of oak. And\nthe length of the temple is 63 feet. The architect\u2019s name is not\nrecorded. And every fifth year 16 matrons weave a shawl for Hera, and\nthe same number preside over her games. And the contest is a race for\nmaidens of various ages: in the first race are the youngest, and next\nthose slightly older, and last of all the eldest. And they all run\nwith their hair down their back, a short tunic below the knee, and\ntheir right shoulder bare to the breast. They use in this contest the\nregular race-course at Olympia, but make it a sixth part of a stade\nshorter. And the victors receive crowns of olive, and part of the\nheifer sacrificed to Hera: and paintings of them are made for Hera. And\nthe 16 matrons who preside over the games have as many handmaids. They\ntrace this contest of the maidens back to ancient times, saying that\nHippodamia in gratitude to Hera for her marriage with Pelops selected\n16 matrons, and in concert with them inaugurated these games to Hera.\nAnd they record that Chloris (with the exception of one brother the\nonly surviving child of Amphion) was the victor. And what I learnt\nabout the children of Niobe I have narrated in my account about Argos.\nAbout these 16 matrons they have also the following tradition. They\nsay that Damophon, the tyrant at Pisa, did many grievous injuries to\nthe people of Elis, and on his death, as the people of Pisa had not\npublicly sanctioned his ill deeds, the people of Elis were willing to\nannul their charges against them, so 16 of the principal cities in Elis\nat that day selected each one matron of age and merit and good name\nto arbitrate on any claims. And the cities from which they selected\nmatrons were Elis and 15 others, and thus their differences with the\npeople of Pisa were arranged. And afterwards the same 16 were told off\nto make all the arrangements about the Hera Festival, and to weave the\nshawl for Hera. These 16 matrons also have two dances, one they call\nPhyscoa\u2019s dance, and the other\u2019s Hippodamia\u2019s. Physcoa the tradition\ngoes was from hollow Elis, and lived in the parish they call Orthia,\nand was mother by Dionysus of a boy called Narc\u00e6us, who, when he grew\nup, warred with the neighbouring tribes and came to great power, and\nbuilt a temple of Athene Narc\u00e6a: and Dionysus was they say first\nworshipped by Narc\u00e6us and Physcoa. Physcoa had other honours besides\nthe dance called after her name. The number of matrons is still kept up\nby the people of Elis, but they are somewhat differently chosen. For\nas they are divided into 8 tribes they select two matrons from each.\nAnd the functions of these 16 matrons and the Umpires of Elis are never\ncommenced till after the sacrifice of a pig and lustration with water.\nAnd the lustration takes place at the fountain Piera, which is situated\nin the plain between Olympia and Elis. All these things are as I have\ndescribed them.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVII.\n\n\nAnd in Hera\u2019s temple there is a statue of Zeus, and also one of Hera\nseated on a throne, and standing by is a person with a beard and helmet\non his head. And the workmanship is very simple. And next them the\n\u00c6ginetan Smilis has delineated the Seasons sitting on thrones. And near\nthem is a statue of Themis as the mother of the Seasons, the design\nof Doryclidas, a Laced\u00e6monian by race, and the pupil of Dip\u0153nus and\nScyllis. And there are five Hesperides by Theocles, a Laced\u00e6monian\nalso, the son of Hegylus, who is also said to have been a pupil of\nScyllis and Dip\u0153nus. And Athene with a helmet and spear and shield is\nthey say by the Laced\u00e6monian Medon, who was the brother of Doryclidas,\nand learnt his art also from Scyllis and Dip\u0153nus. And Proserpine and\nDemeter sit, Apollo and Artemis stand, opposite one another. And\nthere are statues also of Leto and Fortune and Dionysus, and a winged\nVictory, who designed them I cannot tell, but they appear to me very\nantique. What I have enumerated are in ivory and gold: but in later\ntimes there were other statues placed in the temple of Hera, as a stone\nHermes carrying Dionysus as a babe, by Praxiteles; and Aphrodite in\nbrass, by Cleon of Sicyon, whose master was Antiphanes, of the school\nof Periclytus the pupil of the Argive Polycletus. And before Aphrodite\nthere is a little golden boy seated, by the Carthaginian Boethus, which\nwas brought here from what is called Philip\u2019s house, as well as some\nstatues in gold and ivory, as Eurydice the wife of Philip, and Olympias.\n\n  * * The chest is of cedar and has figures on it, some in ivory, some\nin gold, some carved on the cedar. In this chest Cypselus, the tyrant\nof Corinth, was hid by his mother at his birth, as the Bacchid\u00e6 were\neager to find him. On account of his safety his descendants, called\nthe Cypselid\u00e6, made the chest a votive offering at Olympia, and the\nCorinthians of that day called chests _cypsel\u00e6_: that is the origin of\nthe name Cypselus given to the boy, so they say. And on the chest there\nare inscriptions in large letters in an old handwriting: some of this\nwriting is straight, other parts are written in what the Greeks call\nox-fashion. That is, when one line is finished the next begins where\nthat left off and runs backward, and so on like the double course on\nthe race ground. There are also inscriptions on the chest that are very\npuzzling and difficult to make out. And if you begin to examine the\nchest all over, beginning at the lower part, you will see first \u0152nomaus\npursuing Pelops and Hippodamia. Each of them have a pair of horses\nbut those of Pelops have wings. And next is the house of Amphiaraus,\nand some old woman is carrying Amphilochus the baby, and in front of\nthe house is Eriphyle with a necklace, and near her her daughters\nEurydice and Demonassa, and the little boy Alcm\u00e6on naked. Asius in his\npoems has also represented Alcmena as the daughter of Amphiaraus and\nEriphyle. And Baton, the charioteer of Amphiaraus, has the reins in one\nhand and a lance in the other. And one of Amphiarus\u2019 feet is in the\nchariot, and his sword is drawn, and he is turned towards Eriphyle,\nand in his rage can scarce refrain from rushing at her. And next to\nAmphiaraus\u2019 house are the games in memory of Pelias, and the spectators\nare looking on the contests. There is Hercules sitting on a seat, and\nhis wife behind him, but her name is not given, she is piping with\nPhrygian and not Greek pipes. And there are Pisus the son of Perieres\nand Asterion the son of Cometes driving a pair of horses, the latter is\nsaid to have sailed in the Argo, and Pollux and Admetus, and Euphemus\nthe son of Poseidon (according to the tale of the poets), and the\ncompanion of Jason on his voyage to Colchi, he also was victorious\nin the pair-horse-race. And there are Admetus and Mopsus, the son of\nAmpyx, both famous boxers. And in the midst is a man playing on the\nflute, as in our day they are still wont to do in the leaping contest\nin the pentathlum. And Jason and Peleus are wrestling, they are very\nevenly matched. And there is Eurybotas throwing his quoit, a man famous\nas a quoit-player whoever he was. And there are Melanion and Neotheus\nand Phalareus and Argeus and Iphiclus ready for the race: and Acastus\nis holding out the crown to the victor, who was Iphiclus, the father\nof Protesilaus who fought at Ilium. There are also some tripods as\nprizes for the winners, and there are the daughters of Pelias, of whom\nthe name of Alcestis only is inscribed. Iolaus too, who voluntarily\nshared in Hercules\u2019 Labours, is there, just having come in first in the\nchariot-race. And this is the last of the games in memory of Pelias.\nAnd there is Athene standing by Hercules who is shooting the hydra,\nthe monster that infested the river Amymone. And because Hercules was\nwell-known, from his great size as well as the nature of the contest,\nhis name is not written underneath. And there is Phineus the Thracian,\nand the sons of Boreas driving away the Harpies from him.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVIII.\n\n\nOn the second side of the chest, on the left, to take them in their\norder, is a woman supporting with her right hand a white child\nsleeping, and with her left a black child like the sleeping child,\nbut with both its feet twisted. The inscriptions shew, what one would\nhave inferred without any inscriptions, that they are Death and Sleep\nwith their nurse Night. And there is a comely woman dragging along an\nugly one, with one hand holding her fast, and with the other beating\nher with a rod, this is Justice punishing Injustice. And there are two\nwomen pounding with pestles into mortars, apparently compounding drugs,\nbut there is no inscription in reference to them. But about the man and\nwoman following him there are two hexameter lines as follows, \u201cIdas is\nleading away from the temple by no means against her will Marpessa of\nthe beautiful ancles, whom Apollo snatched away for himself.\u201d\n\n  And there is a man clad in a tunic, with a cup in his right hand and\nin his left a necklace, and Alcmena is seizing them. According to the\nGreek tradition, Zeus assumed the appearance of Amphitryon, and so\nmade Alcmena welcome him as her husband. And there is Menelaus with\na breastplate and sword pursuing Helen to kill her, plainly during\nthe sack of Ilium. And there is Jason on the right hand of Medea, who\nis sitting on a throne, and Aphrodite is standing by her. And the\ninscription relative to them is,\n\n  \u201cJason is wooing Medea, Aphrodite is encouraging them.\u201d\n\n  The Muses are also represented singing and Apollo leading off, and\nthe inscription is as follows,\n\n    \u201cHere is the king, the son of Leto, far-darting Apollo,\n    And round him the Muses, a graceful band, whom he leads in\n        the songs.\u201d\n\nAnd Atlas is bearing up Heaven and Earth (according to the legend) on\nhis shoulders, and in his hands are the apples of the Hesperides. And\nwho the man is with a sword advancing to Atlas is nowhere written, but\nit is evident to all that it is Hercules. This is all the inscription,\n\n  \u201cAtlas here is bearing up Heaven, he will neglect the apples.\u201d\n\n  There is also Ares in full armour leading off Aphrodite. The\ninscription under him is Enyalius. There too is the maiden Thetis,\nand Peleus is laying hold of her, and from Thetis\u2019 hand a serpent is\nabout to dart at Peleus. And there are the sisters of Medusa with wings\npursuing the fleeing Perseus. His name only is given.\n\n  The third side of the chest is devoted to military views. Most of\nthe soldiers to be seen are infantry, but there are also some cavalry\nin two-horse war-chariots. And some of the soldiers are you can see\nengaging, while others are recognizing and greeting one another. The\nantiquarians have two explanations of this, the one party say that it\nis the \u00c6tolians with Oxylus and the ancient people of Elis, and that\nthey are fraternizing and exhibiting friendliness to one another in\nremembrance of their ancient consanguinity, the other party say that\nit is the people of Pylos and the Arcadians fighting near the town of\nPheia and the river Iardanus. No one would have _prima facie_ expected\nthat the ancestor of Cypselus, being a Corinthian and in possession\nof the chest, would have purposely passed over Corinthian history,\nand artistically portrayed on the chest foreign and even immaterial\nevents. So the following is the view I am inclined to form. Cypselus\nand his ancestors came originally from Gonussa beyond Sicyon, and were\ndescended from Melas the son of Antasus. And Aletes would not receive\nMelas and his army into the city, as I have stated before in my account\nof Corinth, thus disobeying the oracle at Delphi, until at last,\nas Melas paid every attention to him, and whenever he was rejected\nreturned again with entreaty, Aletes admitted him but not with a good\ngrace. One would conjecture therefore that the forces of Melas are here\nportrayed.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIX.\n\n\nAnd on the 4th side of the chest on the left Boreas is carrying off\nOrithyia, and he has serpents\u2019 tails instead of feet. And there is\nthe fight between Hercules and Geryon, who was three men in one. And\nthere is Theseus with a lyre, and near him Ariadne with a garland. And\nAchilles and Memnon are fighting and their mothers are standing by.\nAnd there is Melanion, and Atalanta by him with a fawn. And Strife,\nlooking most hateful, stands by the duel (after challenge) between Ajax\nand Hector. A very similar Strife has been depicted in the temple of\nEphesian Artemis by the Samian Calliphon, who painted the battle at the\nships of the Greeks. There are also on the chest figures of Castor and\nPollux, one of them without a beard, and Helen between them. And \u00c6thra,\nthe daughter of Pittheus, in a dark dress is prostrate on the ground\nat the feet of Helen. And the inscription is an Hexameter line and one\nword more.\n\n  \u201cCastor and Pollux ran off with Helen, and dragged \u00c6thra from Athens.\u201d\n\n  These are the very words. And Iphidamas the son of Agenor is lying on\nthe ground, and Coon is fighting with Agamemnon over his dead body. And\nFear with the head of a lion is on Agamemnon\u2019s shield. And this is the\ninscription over the corpse of Iphidamas,\n\n  \u201cThis is Iphidamas, Coon bestrides him in the fight.\u201d\n\n  And on Agamemnon\u2019s shield,\n\n  \u201cHere is what mortals call Fear, Agamemnon has got him.\u201d\n\n  And Hermes is bringing to Paris, the son of Priam, the goddesses to\nthe choice of beauty, and the inscription here is,\n\n  \u201cHere is Hermes showing to Paris the dainty sight of Hera and Athene\nand Aphrodite in all their beauty.\u201d\n\n  And Artemis--I know not why--has wings on her shoulders, and in her\nright hand she has a leopard, in her left a lion. And there is Ajax\ndragging Cassandra from the statue of Athene, and the inscription is,\n\n  \u201cLocrian Ajax is dragging Cassandra from Athene.\u201d\n\n  And there are the sons of \u0152dipus, Polynices has fallen on his knees,\nand Eteocles is pressing him hard. And behind Polynices stands a\nmonster with teeth as sharp as a wild beast\u2019s, and with crooked claws.\nAnd the inscription says that it is Doom, and that Polynices was\ncarried off by Fate, and that Eteocles\u2019 end was just. And there too is\nbearded Dionysus lying down in a cave, clad in a long garment, with a\ngolden bowl in his hand: and there are clusters of vine round him, and\napples, and pomegranates.\n\n  The topmost side of the chest, for there are five in all, has no\ninscription, but one can easily conjecture what the representations\nare. In a cave there is a woman sleeping with a man upon a bed, and we\ninfer that they are Odysseus and Circe from the number of handmaids\nin front of the cave, and from their tasks. For the women are four in\nnumber, and they are engaged just as Homer has represented. And there\nis a Centaur, not with all his feet horses\u2019 feet, for his forefeet are\nthose of a man. And there are pair-horse chariots and women seated\non the chariots: and the horses have gold wings, and a man is giving\narms to one of the women. This is conjectured to refer to the death of\nPatroclus. For it is the Nereids on the chariots, and Thetis who is\nreceiving arms from Heph\u00e6stus. For he who is giving the arms is lame,\nand behind is a servant with smith\u2019s tongs. And the tradition about\nChiron the Centaur is that, though he had left this world and been\nreceived into heaven, he returned to earth to comfort Achilles. And\nthere are two maidens in a carriage drawn by mules, one is driving and\nthe other has a veil on her head, they are thought to be Nausicaa, the\ndaughter of Alcinous, and her attendant driving to the wash. And the\nman shooting at the Centaurs and killing some of them is manifestly\nHercules, for this was one of his great feats.\n\n  Who it was that constructed this chest it is quite impossible to\nconjecture: the inscriptions on it might have been composed by anybody,\nbut suspicion points to Eumelus the Corinthian, both on other grounds,\nand because of the Processional Hymn which he composed in reference to\nDelos.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XX.\n\n\nThere are also here besides the chest several votive offerings, as a\nbed of no great size adorned with much ivory, and the quoit of Iphitus,\nand the table on which the crowns for the victors are deposited. The\nbed was they say a plaything of Hippodamia: and the quoit of Iphitus\nhas written on it the armistice between the people of Elis and the\nOlympians not straight down it, but all round the quoit: and the table\nis of ivory and gold, the design of Colotes, who was they say a native\nof Heraclea. And those who take interest in artificers say that he\nwas a Parian and the pupil of Pasiteles, who was himself the pupil\nof....[73] There too are statues of Hera, and Zeus, and the Mother\nof the Gods, and Hermes, and Apollo, and Artemis. And behind is a\nrepresentation of the games. On one side is \u00c6sculapius and Hygiea, one\nof the daughters of \u00c6sculapius, and Ares and Contest by him, and on\nanother is Pluto and Dionysus and Proserpine and some Nymphs, one of\nthem with a ball. And Pluto has his key, with which (they say) what is\ncalled Hades is locked, and then no one can return from it.\n\n  An account which I received from Aristarchus, the Interpreter of\nAntiquities at Olympia, I must not omit. He said that in his youth,\nwhen the people of Elis restored the roof of the temple of Hera, the\nbody of a dead man in heavy armour, who had been badly wounded, was\nfound between the sham roof and the roof on which the tiles lay. This\nman was a combatant in the battle fought inside Altis between the\nLaced\u00e6monians and the people of Elis. For the people of Elis climbed\nup to the temples of the gods, and all high buildings alike, for the\npurpose of defence. This man therefore probably got up into that place,\nin a fainting condition from his wounds, and, on his death, neither the\nheat of summer nor the chills of winter would be likely to injure his\ndead body, as he lay stowed away and covered up. And Aristarchus added,\nthat they carried the corpse outside Altis and buried it armour and\nall.\n\n  And the pillar, which the people of Elis call the pillar of \u0152nomaus,\nis as you go from the great altar to the temple of Zeus, and there are\n4 pillars on the left and a roof over them. These pillars support a\nwooden one worn out by age, and only held together by iron clamps. This\npillar was once according to tradition in the house of \u0152nomaus: and\nwhen the god struck the house with lightning, the fire consumed all the\nhouse but this one pillar. And a brazen tablet contains some Elegiac\nlines referring to this.\n\n  \u201cI am the only vestige, stranger, of a famous house, I once was a\npillar in \u0152nomaus\u2019 house, but now near Zeus I am in iron clamps in\nhonour: the destructive fire has not consumed me.\u201d\n\n  Another curious thing happened on the spot in my time. A senator of\nRome won the prize at Olympia, and wishing some record of his victory\nto survive in the shape of a brazen statue with an inscription, dug for\na foundation, close to this pillar of \u0152nomaus, and the diggers found\nfragments of arms and bridles and bits. These I myself saw dug up.\n\n  The temple, which is large in size and of Doric architecture, they\ncall to this day the Temple of the Mother, preserving its ancient name,\nthough there is no statue in it of the Mother of the Gods, but only\nsome statues of Roman Emperors. It is inside Altis, and there is a\nround building called Philip\u2019s House, on the top of which is a brazen\npoppy as a clamp for the beams. This building is on the left hand as\nyou go to the Town Hall, and is built of baked brick, and there are\nsome pillars round it. It was built for Philip after the fatal defeat\nof the Greeks at Ch\u00e6ronea. And there are statues there of Philip, and\nAlexander, and Amyntas the father of Philip. They are by Leochares in\nivory and gold, like the statues of Olympias and Eurydice.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXI.\n\n\nAnd now I shall proceed to the account of the statues and votive\nofferings, which I do not care to mix up together. In the Acropolis\nat Athens all the statues and everything else equally are votive\nofferings: but at Altis the votive offerings are in honour of the\ndeity, but the statues of the prizemen are merely a memorial of the\ncontests. Of them I shall speak hereafter: I shall now take the most\nremarkable votive offerings in order.\n\n  As you go to the race-course from the Temple of the Mother there is\non the left at the end of the mountain Cronius a basement of stone,\nnear the mountain, and some steps to it. On this basement there are\nsome brazen statues of Zeus, made with the money from a fine imposed on\nsome athletes who had behaved shamefully at the games. These statues\nare called in the national dialect _Zanes_. They were six in number at\nfirst and were put up in the 98th Olympiad. For Eupolus the Thessalian\nbribed his rivals in boxing to let him win the prize, Agenor from\nArcadia, and Prytanis from Cyzicus, and Phormio from Halicarnassus, who\nwas the champion in the preceding Olympiad. This was the first foul\nplay they say at the boxing matches, and Eupolus and those who had been\nbribed by him were fined by the people of Elis. Two of the statues\nare by Cleon of Sicyon, the modeller of the remaining four we do not\nknow. And all these statues, but the third and fourth, have elegiac\nlines on them. The first says that not with money, but swiftness of\nfoot and bodily vigour, ought one to win prizes at Olympia. And the\nsecond says that that statue is raised in honour to the deity, and from\npiety on the part of the people of Elis, and to inspire fear in such\nathletes as do not play fair. As to the fifth and sixth, the gist of\nthe inscription on one is a panegyric of the people of Elis, and not\nleast for their punishment of the cheating boxers, and on the other a\ndidactic precept to all the Greeks that nobody is to bribe to win the\nprize at Olympia.\n\n  And subsequently to Eupolus they say that the Athenian Callippus,\nwhen contending for the pentathlum, bribed his antagonists in the 112th\nOlympiad. And when he and his antagonists were fined by the people\nof Elis, the Athenians sent Hyperides to beg the people of Elis to\nremit the fine. And when the people of Elis refused this favour, the\nAthenians treated them with much hauteur, not paying the money and\nkeeping away from Olympia, till the god at Delphi told them he would\nno longer give them any oracular responses, till they paid the fine\nto the people of Elis. And when they paid, six more statues were made\nfor Zeus, with elegiac verses on them no less severe than those about\nthe fine of Eupolus. And the purport of these verses on the first\nstatue is that the statues are erected in accordance with the oracular\ndirection of the god, who honoured the decision the people of Elis had\ncome to about the competitors for the pentathlum. And the second and\nthird likewise praise the people of Elis for their conduct in the same\nmatter. And the fourth desires to point out that the contest at Olympia\nis one of merit and not of money. And the inscriptions on the fifth\nand sixth shew, one why the statues were made, and the other that the\noracle came to the Athenians from Delphi.\n\n  And next to those I have enumerated are two statues, made from a\nfine imposed on some wrestlers, whose names are unknown both to me and\nthe Antiquarians of Elis. There are some inscriptions also on these\nstatues, the first is that the Rhodians paid a fine to Olympian Zeus\nfor the cheating of their wrestler. And the second is that the statue\nwas made out of fines imposed on those who wrestled for bribes. And\nthe Antiquarians of Elis say that the other statues in connection with\nathletes were erected in the 178th Olympiad, when Eudelus was bribed\nby the Rhodian Philostratus. I find a discrepancy between this account\nand the public records of the people of Elis as respects the victors\nat Olympia. For in these records they say that Straton of Alexandria\nin the 178th Olympiad won on the same day the prize both in the\npancratium and in the wrestling. Alexandria, at the mouth of the Nile\nnear Canopus, was built by Alexander, the son of Philip, on the site\nof a former town of no great size called Rhacotis. In the generation\nbefore Straton 3, and 3 after his day, are famous for having received\nthe crown of wild olive both for the pancratium and the wrestling. The\nfirst was Caprus a native of Elis, and next of the Greeks beyond the\n\u00c6gean the Rhodian Aristomenes, and next Protophanes of the Magnetes at\nLeth\u00e6us. And after Straton Marion, also from Alexandria, and Aristeas\nfrom Stratonice (both the region and city were anciently called\nChrysaoris), and last Nicostratus from the Cilicians by the sea, though\nhe had little in common with the Cilicians but nominally. For, when he\nwas quite a child, he was kidnapped from Prymnessus a town in Phrygia\nby robbers, who took him to \u00c6ge\u00e6 and sold him to the highest bidder.\nHe was of no obscure family, and some time afterwards his purchaser\ndreamed that a lion\u2019s whelp lay under the truckle bed on which he used\nto sleep. When Nicostratus grew to man\u2019s estate he had several other\nvictories at Olympia in the pancratium and in wrestling.\n\n  And among others that were fined by the people of Elis afterwards was\na boxer from Alexandria in the 218th Olympiad. His name was Apollonius,\nhis surname Rhantes, for it is customary among the people of Alexandria\nto have surnames. He was the first Egyptian condemned by the people of\nElis for neither giving nor receiving money, but for the impropriety\nof coming too late, for which he was not allowed to take part in the\ngames. As to his excuse that he was detained by contrary winds in the\nCyclades, Heraclides, also an Alexandrian, proved it to be a falsehood:\nand said he was really too late because he had been collecting money\nfrom the games in Ionia. Accordingly Apollonius and all others not\npresent at the appointed time for the boxing matches were not allowed\nby the people of Elis to take part in the games, but to Heraclides they\ngave a crown without a contest. Thereupon Apollonius, who had on his\nboxer\u2019s c\u00e6stus, rushed at Heraclides, and attacked him fiercely, just\nas he had received his crown of wild olive, and he fled for refuge\nto the Umpires. This hotheadedness was severely punished. There are\nalso two statues made in our own times. For in the 226th Olympiad they\ndetected some boxers bribing to get the prize. The money of their fine\nwent to make two statues of Zeus, one on the left of the entrance to\nthe course, and the other on the right. Didas was the name of one of\nthese boxers, and the other, who gave the bribe, was Sarapammon, both\nwere from the same district, the latest one formed in Egypt, called\nArsinoites. It is wonderful indeed that from any quarter people should\nhave been found to despise the god at Olympia, and to receive or give\nbribes in connection with the games, but still more wonderful that any\nof the people of Elis should have ventured to act in that manner. But\nit is said that Damonicus, a native of Elis, acted so in the 192nd\nOlympiad. For when Polyctor (the son of Damonicus) and Sosander (the\nson of Sosander) a native of Smyrna had descended to the arena for the\nwrestling match, Damonicus, being very anxious that his son should have\nthe victory, bribed the younger Sosander. And when the circumstances\ngot known, the Umpires fined the parents, turning their vengeance on\nthem because they were really the guilty parties. Statues were made\nwith this money too: one in the gymnasium at Elis, the other in Altis,\nin front of what is called the Painted Portico, because there were\nin ancient times paintings on the walls. This Portico is called by\nsome the Portico of Echo, because in it a word is re-echoed 7 times,\nsometimes even more frequently.\n\n  And they record that the pancratiast Serapion, a native of\nAlexandria, in the 201st Olympiad was so afraid of those who were to\ncompete with him, that the day before the contest he absconded. He is\nthe only Egyptian, or indeed member of any nationality, that was ever\nfined for cowardice in the games.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXII.\n\n\nSuch are the statues made out of fines as far as I could ascertain.\nThere are also other statues of Zeus, some erected publicly, some\nprivately. There is also an altar in Altis near the entrance to the\ncourse. On this altar the people of Elis do not sacrifice to any of the\ngods, but the trumpeters and heralds stand here when they proclaim the\ngames. On the brazen base of this altar is a statue to Zeus, six cubits\nin height, with a thunderbolt in each hand, the votive offering of the\npeople of Cyn\u00e6tha. And the young Zeus with a necklace round his neck is\nthe votive offering of Cleolas of Phlius.\n\n  And near what is called the Hippodamium there is a semicircular\nbasement of stone, and statues on it of Zeus and Thetis and Aurora\nsupplicating Zeus for their children. These are in the midst of the\nbasement. And at each extremity of the basement stand Achilles and\nMemnon in the attitude of antagonists. Similarly opposite to one\nanother stand a Greek and barbarian, Odysseus opposite Helenus, for\nthese are selected as most remarkable for wisdom in either army, and\nParis is opposite Menelaus from their old hostility, and \u00c6neas opposite\nDiomede, and Deiphobus opposite Ajax the son of Telamon. These are all\nby Lycius the son of Myron, and are votive offerings of the people of\nApollonia near the Ionian sea. And there are some elegiac lines in\nancient characters under the feet of Zeus.\n\n  \u201cWe are votive offerings from Apollonia, which long-haired Ph\u0153bus\nbuilt near the Ionian sea. Those who seized the borders of Abantis\noffered this spoil from Thronium.\u201d\n\n  Now the region called Abantis and the town in it called Thronium were\nin Thesprotia near the mountains Ceraunia. For when the Greek ships\nwere dispersed on their return from Ilium, the Locrians from Thronium\nnear the river Boagrius and the Abantes from Eub\u0153a in 8 ships put in to\nshore near the mountains Ceraunia. And there they dwelt and built the\ntown of Thronium, and by common consent called all the district they\nlived in Abantis, and were afterwards beaten in war and expelled by\ntheir neighbours of Apollonia. And Apollonia was a colony from Corcyra,\nand the Corinthians had a share in the spoil.\n\n  And as you go on a little further there is a Zeus looking east, with\nan eagle in one hand and a thunderbolt in the other. And he has a crown\non his head composed of lilies. This statue is the votive offering of\nthe people of Metapontum, and the design of the \u00c6ginetan Aristonous.\nBut who Aristonous learnt his craft from we do not know, nor the\nperiod in which he flourished. The Phliasians also erected as votive\nofferings statues of Zeus and Asopus\u2019 daughters and Asopus himself.\nAnd this is the arrangement of the statues. Nemea comes first of the\nsisters, and next her is Zeus laying hold of \u00c6gina. And next \u00c6gina\nis Harpina, who according to the tradition of the Phliasians and the\npeople of Elis had an amour with Ares, and bare to him \u0152nomaus, the\nking of the district of Pisa. And next to her are Corcyra and Thebe,\nand Asopus comes last. The tradition about Corcyra is that she had an\namour with Poseidon, and a similar legend about Thebe and Zeus is sung\nby Pindar.\n\n  The men of Leontini erected a statue to Zeus privately and not\npublicly. The height of it is 7 cubits, and Zeus has in his hands an\neagle and javelin according to the descriptions of the poets. And it\nwas erected by Hippagoras and Phrynon and \u00c6nesidemus, not I think the\n\u00c6nesidemus who was tyrant at Leontini.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIII.\n\n\nAnd as you pass on to the entrance to the council chamber there is a\nstatue of Zeus without an inscription, (and another as you turn to the\nNorth). This is towards the East, and was erected by the Greeks who\nfought at Plat\u00e6a against Mardonius and the Medes. On the right of the\nbasement are inscribed the states that took part in the action, the\nLaced\u00e6monians first, and next the Athenians, third the Corinthians,\nfourth the Sicyonians, fifth the \u00c6ginetans, then the Megarians and\nEpidaurians, of the Arcadians the men of Tegea and Orchomenus, and in\naddition to these the inhabitants of Phlius Tr\u0153zen and Hermion, and\nin Argolis the men of Tiryns, and of the B\u0153otians only the people of\nPlat\u00e6a, and of the Argives the inhabitants of Mycen\u00e6, and the islanders\nfrom Ceos and Melos, and the Ambraciotes from Thesprotia, and the\nTenii and people of Lepreum, the latter only from Triphylia, but the\nTenii not only from the \u00c6gean and the Cyclades but also from Naxos and\nCythnus, and the men of Styra from Eub\u0153a, and next to them the people\nof Elis and Potid\u00e6a and Anactorium, and lastly the people of Chalcis\nnear the Euripus. Of these cities the following were unpeopled in my\nday. Mycen\u00e6 and Tiryns were razed to the ground by the Argives after\nthe Persian war. And the Ambraciotes and men of Anactorium, who were\ncolonists from Corinth, were induced by the Roman Emperor Augustus to\nform the colony of Nicopolis near Actium. And the people of Potid\u00e6a\nwere twice ejected from their country, by Philip, the son of Amyntas,\nand earlier still by the Athenians, and though subsequently they were\nrestored by Cassander, yet the name of their city was changed to\nCassandrea in honour of their new founder. And the statue at Olympia,\nthat was a votive offering of the Greeks, was by Anaxagoras the\n\u00c6ginetan, though those who have compiled a history of sculptors have\nomitted to mention him.\n\n  There is also in front of this statue of Zeus a brazen pillar, on\nwhich are inscribed the conditions of peace for 30 years between the\nLaced\u00e6monians and the Athenians, which was made by the Athenians after\ntheir second reduction of Eub\u0153a, in the 3rd year of that Olympiad\nin which Crison of Himera won the prize. And this was one of the\nconditions specified, that the city of the Argives should have no\nshare in this peace between the Athenians and Laced\u00e6monians, but that\nprivately the Athenians and Argives if they chose might be friendly to\none another. This is plainly stated in the conditions. And there is\nanother statue of Zeus near the chariot of Cleosthenes, (about which\nI shall speak later), the votive offering of the Megarians, and the\ndesign of the brothers Phylacus and On\u00e6thus and their sons: I cannot\ntell their period or country, or from whom they learned their craft.\nAnd near the chariot of Gelon there is an old statue of Zeus with a\nsceptre, the votive offering they say of the people of Hybla. There\nare two Hyblas in Sicily, one called Gereatis, and the other to this\nday called Hybla Major. Both are in the neighbourhood of Catana,\nHybla Major is quite deserted, but Gereatis is still inhabited, and\nhas a temple to the Hybl\u00e6an goddess who is worshipped in Sicily. And\nI think it was from there that the statue of Zeus came to Olympia.\nFor Philistus the son of Archomenides records that they were the best\ninterpreters of portents and dreams, and the most noted for piety of\nall the barbarians in Sicily. And near the votive offering of the\npeople of Hybla is a brazen pedestal and a Zeus upon it, eighteen feet\nhigh I conjecture. And who offered it to the god, and whose design it\nis, is stated in the following elegiac lines:\n\n  \u201cThe people of Cleitor erected this votive offering to the god, with\nthe tithe collected from many cities taken by storm by them. And the\nartificers were the Laconian brothers Aristo and Telestas.\u201d\n\n  I do not think these Laconians could have been men well known in\nGreece, for else the people of Elis would have had something to say\nabout them, and still more the Laced\u00e6monians as they were their\ncitizens.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIV.\n\n\nAnd near the altar of Zeus La\u0153tas and Poseidon La\u0153tas there is a Zeus\non a brazen basement, the gift of the Corinthian people, and the design\nof Musus, whoever Musus was. And as you go from the council chamber\nto the great temple there is on the left a statue of Zeus, crowned\nwith flowers, and in his right hand a thunderbolt. This was the design\nof Ascarus a Theban, who was the pupil of the Sicyonian, * * and it\nwas a votive offering of the people of Thessaly. But if the people of\nThessaly offered it as a votive offering from spoil taken in a war with\nthe Phocians, it could not be what is called the Sacred War, for that\nwas fought before the Medes and the great king came to Greece. And not\nfar from this is a Zeus, which (as the inscription on it shews) was a\nvotive offering of Psophidius after success in war. And on the right of\nthe temple of great Zeus towards the east is a statue of Zeus 12 feet\nhigh, the votive offering it is said of the Laced\u00e6monians, after they\nhad fought the second time with the Messenians who had revolted. And\nthere is an elegiac couplet inscribed on it.\n\n  \u201cReceive Olympian Zeus, Cronus\u2019 great son, this noble statue from the\nLaced\u00e6monians with propitious mind.\u201d\n\n  Of the Romans we know of none, either plebeian or patrician, earlier\nthan Mummius who put up a votive offering in any Greek temple, but he\nout of the spoils of Achaia erected a brazen Zeus at Olympia. It stands\non the left of the votive offering of the Laced\u00e6monians, on the first\npillar of the temple. But the largest of the brazen statues of Zeus is\nin Altis, and was a votive offering of the people of Elis after the war\nwith the Arcadians, it is 27 feet high. And near the temple of Pelops\nthere is a small statue of Zeus upon a not very lofty pillar, with\none of his hands extended. And opposite it are some votive offerings\nin a row, statues of Zeus and Ganymede. The account of Homer is that\nGanymede was carried off by the gods to be cupbearer to Zeus, and that\nTros his father had some horses given him for his son. And this was a\nvotive offering of Gnathis the Thessalian, and the work of Aristocles\nthe pupil and son of Cle\u0153tas. And there is another Zeus without a\nbeard, among the votive offerings of Micythus. Who this Micythus was,\nwhence he came, and why he offered these votive offerings at Olympia,\nwill be described by me hereafter. And if you go on a little from the\nstatue I have mentioned, there is straight before you another statue of\nZeus without a beard, the votive offering of the Elait\u00e6, who came down\nfrom the plain of Caicus to the sea, and were the first settlers in\n\u00c6olis. Near this is another statue of Zeus, and the inscription on it\nis that the people of the Chersonese in Cnidus erected it as a votive\noffering after a triumph over their enemies. They erected also on one\nside of Zeus Pelops, and on the other the river Alpheus. And most of\nthe city of the Cnidians is built on the continent of Caria, where\nthey performed most of their most memorable deeds, and the Chersonese\nis an island lying near the continent, and connected with it by a\nbridge: and the votive offerings to Olympian Zeus were dedicated by\nthe dwellers there, just as the Ephesians dwelling at Coressus could\nsay that their votive offering was a gift of the Ephesians generally.\nThere is also near the wall of Altis a statue of Zeus facing west\nwithout an inscription: but tradition says it was erected by Mummius\nfrom the spoils of his war with Achaia. But the statue of Zeus in\nthe Council Chamber is of all the statues of Zeus most calculated\nto frighten wicked men, his Title is Zeus the God of Oaths, and he\nhas a thunderbolt in each hand. At this statue it is customary for\nthe athletes, their fathers and brothers, and also their trainers,\nto swear over the entrails of a boar that they will not cheat at the\nOlympian games. And the athletes make this further oath that they have\ncarefully trained for the space of 10 months. And the umpires also,\neither of boys or the colts that compete in the races, swear to give\ntheir decisions honestly and without bribes, and not to reveal the\nreasons for their selection of the winners. What they do with the boar\nafterwards I forgot to ask, but it was the custom among all the more\nancient sacrificers, that the victim over whom oaths were taken should\nnot be eaten by anybody: as Homer\u2019s evidence very plainly shews, for\nthe boar on whose entrails Agamemnon swore solemnly that Briseis was a\nmaid as far as he was concerned, was thrown into the sea by the herald.\nWitness the following lines:\n\n    \u201cHe spoke, and cut the crackling off the boar\n    With ruthless knife. And quick Talthybius\n    Whirled it away into the surging sea,\n    As food for fishes.\u201d[74]\n\nSuch was the ancient use. And before the feet of Zeus the God of Oaths\nthere is a brazen tablet, on which some elegiac lines are inscribed,\nthat are meant to inspire fear in perjurers.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXV.\n\n\nSuch are the statues of Zeus inside Altis, all of which I have\nenumerated. For the statue near the great temple offered by a\nCorinthian, is not an offering of the old Corinthians but of those who\nrebuilt the city in C\u00e6sar\u2019s time, and is Alexander the son of Philip to\nimitate Zeus. I shall also enumerate all the other statues which are\nnot representations of Zeus. And the effigies not erected in honour of\nthe deity, but in honour of men, I shall describe in my account of the\nathletes.\n\n  The Messenians at the Sicilian Strait, who used to send to Rhegium,\naccording to old custom, a chorus of 35 boys and a choir-master and a\npiper to the national feast, had on one occasion a terrible disaster,\nnone of those that were sent were saved, but the vessel that had the\nboys on board perished boys and all in the depths of the sea. For the\nsea at this strait is a most stormy one: for winds lash it to fury, and\ntwo seas meet, the Sicilian and the Tyrrhenian: and even when the winds\nare calm, there is a tremendous swell in the Strait from the strong ebb\nand flow. And so many sea-monsters are there, that the air is tainted\nwith their scent, so that the shipwrecked mariner has no chance of\ngetting safe to shore. And if Odysseus had chanced to be wrecked here,\none can never believe that he could have swum off safe to Italy. But\na kind Providence in every conjuncture brings about some alleviation.\nAnd the Messenians sorrowing at the loss of the boys, besides other\nthings to honour their memory, placed at Olympia brazen effigies of\nthem and their choir-master and piper. The old inscription shewed that\nthese effigies were votive offerings of the Messenians at the Sicilian\nStrait: and subsequently Hippias, who was called by the Greeks the\nWise, wrote some elegiac lines on them. The effigies were by Callon of\nElis.\n\n  And there is near the Promontory Pachynus, that faces towards Libya\nand the South, the town of Motye, peopled by Libyans and Ph\u0153nicians.\nAnd the people of Agrigentum were at war with the people of Motye,\nand out of the spoil and booty they took from them erected as votive\nofferings at Olympia some boys in brass, extending their right hands\nlike people praying to the deity. They are on the wall at Altis. I\nconjectured they were by Calamis, and tradition states the same.\nThe races that inhabit Sicily are the Sicani and the Siceli and\nthe Phrygians, some of whom crossed over from Italy, and others\ncame from the river Scamander and the Troad. And the Ph\u0153nicians and\nLibyans sailed to the island with a joint fleet, as a colony of the\nCarthaginians. Such are the barbarous races in Sicily. And of Greeks\nthe Dorians and Ionians dwell in it, and a few Phocians and Athenians.\n\n  And on the same wall are votive offerings from Agrigentum, two\nstatues of boyish Hercules naked. The Hercules shooting at the Nemean\nlion is the votive offering of the Tarentine Hippotion, and the design\nof the M\u00e6nalian Nicodamus. The other is the votive offering of the\nMend\u00e6an Anaxippus, and was brought here by the people of Elis: it used\nto be at the end of the road leading from Elis to Olympia, called the\nSacred Road. There are also statues, from the Ach\u00e6an race in common, of\nthose who, when Hector challenged a single Greek to single combat, drew\nlots who it should be. They are near the great temple armed with spears\nand shields. And right opposite on another basement is Nestor throwing\nthe lots into his helmet. And the number of those that drew lots for\nthe single combat with Hector are 8, for the 9th, which was Odysseus,\nthey say Nero carried to Rome, and of the 8 Agamemnon only has his name\ninscribed, and it is written from right to left. And the one with the\ndevice of a cock on the shield is Idomeneus, the descendant of Minos\nand Pasiphae the daughter of the Sun. And the cock they say is sacred\nto the Sun and heralds his approach. The inscription on the basement is,\n\n  \u201cTo Zeus the Ach\u00e6ans, descendants of the divine Pelops the son of\nTantalus, erected these votive offerings.\u201d\n\n  And the name of the artificer is inscribed on the shield of Idomeneus,\n\n  \u201cThis and many besides are the work of the skilful Onatas, the son of\nMicon of \u00c6gina.\u201d\n\n  And not far from the votive offering of the Ach\u00e6ans is Hercules\nfighting with an Amazon on horseback for her belt. This is the votive\noffering of Evagoras of Zancle, and the design of Aristocles of\nCydonia. Aristocles may be reckoned amongst the very ancient sculptors,\nfor though one cannot state his period exactly, it is manifest that he\nlived before the change from the old name Zancle to its present one of\nMessene.\n\n  The Thasians also (who were Ph\u0153nicians originally, and sailed from\nTyre and other parts of Ph\u0153nice to Europe with Thasus the son of\nAgenor), made a votive offering of Hercules at Olympia, the base as\nwell as the statue of brass. The height of the statue is 10 cubits,\nin the right hand he holds his club, and in the left his bow. And I\nheard in Thasos that they worshipped the same Hercules as the Tyrians\nworship, but afterwards, when they became naturalized as Greeks, they\nworshipped Hercules the son of Amphitryon. And the votive offering of\nthe Thasians at Olympia has the following elegiac couplet attached to\nit,\n\n    \u201cOnatas the son of Micon made me, a dweller at \u00c6gina.\u201d\n\nThis \u00c6ginetan Onatas we should regard in the statuary art as second to\nnone since D\u00e6dalus and the Attic school.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVI.\n\n\nThe Dorian Messenians also, who received Naupactus from the Athenians,\nerected at Olympia a Victory on a pillar, the design of the Mend\u00e6an\nP\u00e6onius, and made from spoils taken from the enemy, I imagine, when\nthey fought with the Acarnanians and \u0152niad\u00e6. But the Messenians\nthemselves say that this Victory was erected for their share with the\nAthenians in the action at Sphacteria, and that they did not insert the\nname of the enemy from fear of the Laced\u00e6monians, and they could have\nhad no fear of the \u0152niad\u00e6 and Acarnanians.\n\n  I found also many votive offerings of Micythus scattered about, and\nthree of them together, next to the statue of Iphitus of Elis and\nTruce crowning him, _viz._ Amphitrite and Poseidon and Vesta, by the\nArgive Glaucus. And near the left side of the great temple he placed\nProserpine the daughter of Demeter, and Aphrodite, and Ganymede, and\nArtemis, and of the poets Homer and Hesiod, and of the gods again\n\u00c6sculapius and Hygiea. And among the votive offerings of Micythus is\nAgon with the dumb bells. These dumb bells are fashioned as follows.\nThey are semicircular in shape though not a perfect semi-circle,\nand are so constructed that the fingers can pass through, as they\ndo through the handles of a shield. And next the statue of Agon is\nDionysus, and the Thracian Orpheus, and the statue of Zeus which\nI mentioned a little above. These are works of art of the Argive\nDionysius. Others besides they say were given by Micythus, but were\nremoved by Nero. And the Argives Dionysius and Glaucus had no master\nin their craft that we know of, but the period when they flourished\nis shewn by the fact that Micythus placed their works of art at\nOlympia. For Herodotus informs us in his history that this Micythus\nwas the slave of Anaxilas the king at Rhegium, and was afterwards his\ntreasurer, and after his death went to Tegea. And the inscriptions\non these votive offerings make Micythus the son of Ch\u0153rus, and the\nGreek colony of Rhegium, or Messene near the Strait, his native place.\nBut they do not mention his ever living at Tegea, and these votive\nofferings at Olympia were the fulfilment of a vow for the recovery of\nhis son, who was wasting away in a consumption.\n\n  And near the larger votive offerings of Micythus, the work of the\nArgive Glaucus, is a statue of Athene with a helmet on her head and her\n\u00c6gis. This was made by Nicodamus the M\u00e6nalian, and is a votive offering\nof the people of Elis. And next to Athene is a statue of Victory,\nan offering of the Mantineans, for what war is not specified in the\ninscription. And it is said to be an imitation by Calamis of the wooden\nstatue at Athens of Wingless Victory. And near the smaller votive\nofferings of Micythus made by Dionysius are the Labours of Hercules\nwith the Nemean lion, and the hydra, and Cerberus, and the Erymanthian\nboar. They were brought to Olympia by the men of Heraclea, who overran\nthe territory of the neighbouring barbarians the Mariandyni. Heraclea\nis a town near the Euxine, and was colonized by the Megarians. The\nB\u0153otians of Tanagra also had a share in the colony.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVII.\n\n\nAnd opposite those I have mentioned are other votive offerings in a\nrow, facing the South, and very near the enclosure sacred to Pelops.\nAmong them are the votive offerings of M\u00e6nalian Phormis, who crossed\nover from M\u00e6nalus to Sicily to Gelon the son of Dinomenes, and in the\narmy of Gelon, and afterwards in the army of Gelon\u2019s brother Hiero,\ndisplayed great valour, and advanced to such a pitch of fortune that\nhe offered these votive offerings at Olympia, and also some others\nto Apollo at Delphi. His offerings at Olympia are two horses and two\ncharioteers, a charioteer by each horse. The first horse and groom is\nby Dionysius the Argive, the second by the \u00c6ginetan Simo. And the first\nhas the following inscription on the side, the first line not in metre,\n\n  \u201cPhormis the Arcadian from M\u00e6nalus, now a Syracusan, offered me.\u201d\n\n  This is the horse about which the people of Elis have a tradition\non the power of lust in horses. It is evident that several remarkable\nproperties of this horse come from the cunning of a magician. In size\nand beauty it is inferior to many to be seen in Altis: it has also the\ntail knocked off, which makes it more unsightly still. Nevertheless\nstallions not only in spring but all the year round are madly in lust\nafter it. For they rush into Altis, breaking their reins or escaping\nfrom their drivers, and endeavour to mount this horse, with far greater\nimpetuosity than they exhibit to the handsomest mare alive whom they\nhad been accustomed to mount. And though their hoofs slip on the\npolished basement they do not cease to neigh fiercely, and try to mount\nthis horse with frantic energy, till by whips or sheer strength they\nget pulled off. There is no other way of getting them away from this\nbrazen horse.[75] I have seen in Lydia a different kind of marvel to\nthis horse of Phormis, but equally the cunning work of a magician.\nAmong the Lydians called Persici there are temples at Hieroc\u00e6sarea and\nHyp\u00e6pa, and in each of these temples there is a chamber in which are\nashes on an altar, not like other ashes in appearance. And a magician\nenters into this chamber, and, after placing dry wood upon the altar,\nfirst of all places a tiara on his head, and then calls on the gods in\na foreign tongue not understood by the Greeks. And this he chants from\na book, and the wood gets lighted evidently without fire and a bright\nblaze shines forth from it. Let this digression suffice.\n\n  And among these votive offerings is Phormis himself contending with\nan enemy, and fighting with a second and even a third. And there is an\ninscription stating that the soldier fighting is M\u00e6nalian Phormis, and\nthat it is a votive offering of the Syracusan Lycortas, who plainly\noffered it out of affection to Phormis. The Greeks however call these\nvotive offerings of Lycortas the votive offerings of Phormis. And the\nHermes with a ram under his arm, and a helmet on his head, and a tunic\nand cloak on, is not one of the votive offerings of Phormis, but was\noffered to the god by the Arcadians of Pheneos. And the inscription\nstates that Onatas the \u00c6ginetan jointly designed it with Calliteles,\nwho must I think have been the pupil or son of Onatas. And not far\nfrom the votive offering of the people of Pheneos is another statue of\nHermes with his herald\u2019s wand, and the inscription on it states that it\nwas the votive offering of Glaucias of Rhegium, and the work of Callon\nof Elis. And there are two brazen bulls, one the votive offering of\nthe people of Corcyra, the other of the Eretrienses, both by Philesius\nof Eretria. Why the Corcyr\u00e6ans offered one bull at Olympia and another\nat Delphi, I shall relate in my account of the Phocians. And about the\nvotive offering at Olympia I have heard the following circumstance.\nA little boy sitting down under this bull had stooped down and was\nplaying, and suddenly lifting up his head dashed it against the brass,\nand not many days afterwards died from the blow. The people of Elis\nwanted to remove the bull from Altis as being blood guilty, but the god\nat Delphi ordered the same expiatory sacrifices for the bull as the\nGreeks ordain for involuntary homicide.\n\n  There is under the plane-trees at Altis in the middle of the grove a\nbrazen trophy, and an inscription on the shield of the trophy, stating\nthat the people of Elis offered it out of spoils of the Laced\u00e6monians.\nThis was the battle in which the man lost his life who was found in\nhis armour in my day, when the roof of the temple of Hera was being\nrepaired. The votive offering of the Mend\u00e6ans in Thrace very nearly\ndeceived me to think that it was the effigy of a competitor for the\npentathlum. It is near Anauchidas of Elis, and has ancient dumb-bells.\nAnd the following elegiac couplet is written on the thigh,\n\n  \u201cTo Zeus, the king of the Gods, the Mend\u00e6ans put me here as\nfirstfruits, after taking Sipte by storm.\u201d\n\n  It seems that Sipte is a Thracian fort and city, and the Mend\u00e6ans are\na Greek race from Ionia, and live a little inland from the sea, at the\ntown of \u00c6nus.\n\n\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[67] Reading \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1, (altered into \u03a3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7 ductu literarum).\n\n[68] Il. xxiii. 295.\n\n[69] \u1f04\u03bb\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2.\n\n[70] Iliad, viii. 393-395.\n\n[71] Iliad, xiii. 389. xvi. 482.\n\n[72] See Book vi. ch. 22.\n\n[73] Hiatus hic deflendus.\n\n[74] Iliad, xix. 266-268.\n\n[75] On this curious story see Bayle on _Hippomanes_.\n\n\n\n\nBOOK VI.--ELIS. PART II.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER I.\n\n\nNext to my account of the votive offerings comes naturally mention of\nthe horses that contended, and of the athletes, and of amateurs also.\nThere are not statues of all the conquerors at Olympia, for even some\nwho displayed great prowess in the contests, or elsewhere, have yet\nnot obtained statues. These my subject bids me to pass over, for it is\nnot a catalogue of all the athletes that were victors at Olympia, but\nan account of the statues and other votive offerings. Neither shall I\nmention all the statues, as I well know some who won the crown of wild\nolive from unexpected good fortune rather than their own exertions.\nI shall therefore merely mention those who had more renown or finer\nstatues than others.\n\n  On the right of the temple of Hera is a statue of the wrestler\nSymmachus, the son of \u00c6schylus, a native of Elis. And near him, from\nPheneos in Arcadia, is Neolaidas the son of Proxenus, who carried off\nthe prize for boxing among the boys, and next Archedamus the son of\nXenius, also a native of Elis, who beat all the boys in wrestling.\nThese statues were made by Alypus the Sicyonian, the pupil of Naucydes\nthe Argive. And the inscription on the statue of Cleogenes, the son\nof Silenus, says that he was of the district, he won the prize with\na fast horse from his own stud. And next Cleogenes are Dinolochus,\nthe son of Pyrrhus, and Troilus, the son of Alcinous. They too were\nnatives of Elis, but their victories were not won in the same manner,\nfor Troilus owed his victory to his perfect pair of horses and team\nof colts: partly also to his being umpire: and he was victor in the\n102nd Olympiad. And from thenceforth there was a law among the people\nof Elis that the umpires\u2019 horses should not be admitted to the races.\nHis statue was by Lysippus. But the mother of Dinolochus dreamed that\nshe embraced her son after being crowned, and moved by this dream he\ntrained, and outran the other lads: and his statue is by Cleon of\nSicyon. As to Cynisca the wife of Archidamus, I have spoken previously\nof her family and victories at Olympia, in my account of the kings of\nthe Laced\u00e6monians. And near the statue of Troilus is a basement of\nstone, and a chariot and charioteer, and the effigy of Cynisca herself,\nby Apelles. There are inscriptions also in reference to her. And next\nher are some Laced\u00e6monians, who were victors in the horse-races.\nAnaxander was the first victor proclaimed in the chariot-race. And the\ninscription over him states that his grandfather was crowned earlier in\nthe pentathlum. He is represented as praying to the god. And Polycles,\nsurnamed Polychalcus, was victor in the chariot-race with 4 horses\nabreast, and his effigy has in its right hand a riband. And by him\nare two boys, one holding the wheel, the other asking for the riband.\nAnd Polycles was victor with his horses, as the inscription over him\nstates, in the Pythian Isthmian and Nemean games.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER II.\n\n\nAnd the statue of the pancratiast next is by Lysippus. He carried off\nthe victory as pancratiast from the rest of the Acarnanians, and was\nthe first of his own countrymen. Xenarches was his name and he was the\nson of Philandridas. And the Laced\u00e6monians, after the invasion of the\nMedes, turned their attention more than any other Greeks to breeding\nhorses. For besides those that I have already mentioned, there are\nstatues of several other Spartan horse-breeders, next to the effigy\nof the Acarnanian athlete, as Xenarches, and Lycinus, and Arcesilaus,\nand Lichas his son. Xenarches also had further victories at Delphi and\nArgos and Corinth. And Lycinus brought colts to Olympia, and as one\nof them was rejected, he used his colts in the race of full-grown\nhorses and won the prize. And he set up two statues at Olympia, by the\nAthenian Myro. And Arcesilaus and his son Lichas had two victories at\nOlympia, and Lichas, as the Laced\u00e6monians were at that time excluded\nfrom the games, entered himself for the chariot-race as a Theban,\nand bound the victorious charioteer with a riband. For this the\nUmpires scourged him. And it was on account of this Lichas that the\nLaced\u00e6monians under Agis invaded Elis, when the fight took place at\nAltis. And at the end of the war Lichas erected his statue here, but\nthe records of the people of Elis about the victors at Olympia say that\nthe Theban people, not Lichas, won the victory.\n\n  And near Lichas is the seer of Elis, Thrasybulus, the son of \u00c6neas of\nthe family of the Iamid\u00e6, who practised divination for the Mantineans\nagainst the Laced\u00e6monians under Agis the son of King Eudamidas, I\nshall enter into the circumstances more fully in my account about the\nArcadians. And on the effigy of Thrasybulus there is a spotted lizard\ncreeping on his right shoulder, and a dog lies near him cut in half\nas a victim and shewing its liver. Divination by kids and lambs and\ncalves is clearly an old practice among mankind, the Cyprians seem also\nto have added divination by swine. But no nations are accustomed to\npractise divination by dogs. Therefore it was apparently a peculiarity\nof Thrasybulus to introduce this kind of divination. And the seers\ncalled the Iamid\u00e6 were descendants of Iamus, who, as Pindar tells us in\none of his Odes, was the son of Apollo, and learnt his divination from\nhim.\n\n  And close to the effigy of Thrasybulus is one of Timosthenes, a\nnative of Elis, who won the prize for boys in the course, and one of\nthe Milesian Antipater, the son of Clinopater, who beat all the boys\nin boxing. And some Syracusans, who offered sacrifices at Olympia on\nbehalf of Dionysius, bribed the father of Antipater to let his son be\ndeclared a Syracusan. But Antipater, despising the tyrant\u2019s bribe,\ndeclared himself a Milesian, and inscribed on his effigy that he was\na Milesian, and the first Ionian that had had his effigy at Olympia.\nIt was by Polycletus, and Timosthenes\u2019 was by Eutychides of Sicyon, a\npupil of Lysippus. This Eutychides made a statue of Fortune for the\nSyrians by the Orontes, which is greatly honoured by the people of that\ndistrict.\n\n  And in Altis near the effigy of Timosthenes are statues of Timon\nand his son \u00c6sypus, the lad on horseback. For he won the prize on his\nracer, while Timon was proclaimed victor in the chariot race. These\nstatues were made by D\u00e6dalus of Sicyon, who also erected a trophy\nfor the people of Elis, after their victory over the Laconians at\nAltis. And the inscription over the Samian boxer states that Myco\nwas his trainer, and that the Samians are the best of the Ionians\nboth as athletes and naval heroes, but gives no information about the\nparticular boxer.\n\n  And next is the statue of the Messenian Damiscus, who was victor\nat Olympia when he was only 12. It is a very remarkable coincidence,\nthat, when the Messenians were exiles from the Peloponnese, their luck\nat Olympia also failed. For except Leontiscus and Symmachus, who were\nSicilian Messenians from the Strait, no Messenian either from Sicily or\nNaupactus was victor at Olympia, and the Sicilians say they were not\nMessenians but old inhabitants of Zancle. However when the Messenians\nreturned to the Peloponnese, their luck also at Olympia returned. For\nin the year after the restoration to Messene, when the people of Elis\ncelebrated the Olympian games, this Damiscus won the prize from all the\nboys in the course, and afterwards won victories both at Nemea and at\nthe Isthmus in the pentathlum.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER III.\n\n\nNext to Damiscus is the statue of a man whose name is not recorded,\nthe votive offering of Ptolemy the son of Lagus. Ptolemy calls himself\na Macedonian in the inscription, though he was king of Egypt. There\nis an inscription also over Ch\u00e6reas of Sicyon a boy-boxer, stating\nthat his father was Ch\u00e6remon, and that though young he was victor. The\ninscription also states that the statue was by Asterion, the son of\n\u00c6schylus. And next to Ch\u00e6reas there are statues of the Messenian boy\nSophius, and of Stomius a man of Elis, Sophius outran all the boys,\nand Stomius won one victory in the pentathlum at Olympia, and three at\nNemea. And the inscription on Stomius records further that as leader\nof the cavalry of the people of Elis he won a victory, and killed the\ncommander of the enemy, who had challenged him to single combat. And\nthe people of Elis say that he came from Sicyon and was ruler of the\nSicyonians, and that they themselves went on an expedition against\nSicyon in friendship to the Thebans together with a force from B\u0153otia.\nIt would appear therefore that an expedition against Sicyon must have\nset out from Elis and Thebes after the reverse of the Laced\u00e6monians at\nLeuctra.\n\n  Next is the statue of the boxer Labax, the son of Euphron, who was\na native of Lepreus in Elis, and also one of the wrestlers from Elis,\nAristodemus the son of Thrasis, who had two victories in the Pythian\ngames. And the effigy of Aristodemus is by D\u00e6dalus the Sicyonian,\nwho was the pupil and son of Patrocles. And the statue of Hippos of\nElis, who beat all the boys in boxing, was by Democritus of Sicyon,\nwho learnt his art from the Athenian Critias through 4 intermediate\nteachers. For Critias was the tutor of the Corcyr\u00e6an Ptolichus, and\nAmphion was the pupil of Ptolichus, and Piso of Calauria was the pupil\nof Amphion, and Democritus was the pupil of Piso. And Cratinus from\n\u00c6gira in Achaia was the most handsome of all his contemporaries, and\nthe greatest wrestler. And as none of the boys could stand before him\nin wrestling he was appointed by the people of Elis as teacher of the\nboys. And his statue was by the Sicyonian Cantharus, whose father was\nAlexis, and teacher Eutychides.\n\n  And the effigy of Eupolemus of Elis was by the Sicyonian D\u00e6dalus, and\nthe inscription informs us about him that he was victor at Olympia over\nmen in the course, he also won two crowns at the Pythian games in the\npentathlum, and one crown at the Nemean games. It is further recorded\nabout Eupolemus that of the three umpires in the race two adjudged the\nprize to him, and the third to the Ambraciote Leo, and that Leo at the\nCouncil of Olympia subsequently got indemnity from both the umpires\nwho had adjudged the prize to Eupolemus.\n\n  And the statue of \u0152botas was set up by the Ach\u00e6ans in the 80th\nOlympiad in accordance with the oracle at Delphi. He had been victor\nin the course in the sixth Olympiad. How then could he have fought\nwith the Greeks at Plat\u00e6a? For it was not till the 75th Olympiad that\nMardonius and the Medes met with the reverse at Plat\u00e6a. I am bound to\nrecord the traditions of the Greeks, but I need not believe all of\nthem. All else that happened to \u0152botas shall be told in my account of\nAchaia.\n\n  And the statue of Antiochus was made by Nicodemus. Antiochus was a\nnative of Lepreus, and won the prize at Olympia for the pentathlum\nfor men once, and twice in the Pythian games, twice also at Nemea.\nFor the Isthmians were not frightened by the people of Lepreus as\nthey were by the people of Elis, for Hysmon of Elis, whose statue is\nnext to Antiochus, being an athlete, and having won the prize for the\npentathlum once at Olympia and once at Nemea, was plainly prevented,\nlike all other people of Elis, from trying his fortune at the Isthmian\ngames. It is also recorded of Hysmon that when he was a boy he had a\ndischarge, and that was why he trained for the pentathlum, that he\nmight become stronger in constitution, and free from disease. And\nthis training was destined to get for him many notable victories. His\nstatue is by Cleon, and he has in his hands some old-fashioned dumb\nbells. And next to Hysmon is the statue of a wrestling boy from Her\u00e6a\nin Arcadia, Nicostratus the son of Xenoclidas. It is by Pantias, who by\nsix intermediate links was a pupil of Aristocles the Sicyonian.\n\n  And Dicon the son of Callibrotus won five races in the Pythian games,\nand three in the Isthmian, and four at Nemea, and at Olympia one for\nboys, two for men. And he has as many statues as he won victories at\nOlympia. He was a native of Caulonia, and so proclaimed as a boy,\nthough afterwards for money he proclaimed himself a Syracusan. Now\nCaulonia is a colony of Ach\u00e6ans in Italy, its founder was Typhon of\n\u00c6gium. And when Pyrrhus the son of \u00c6acus and the Tarentines were at\nwar with the Romans, and several cities in Italy were destroyed, some\nby the Romans, some by the people of Epirus, Caulonia was laid waste,\nafter being captured by the Campanians, who were the chief allies of\nthe Romans.\n\n  Next to Dicon is a statue of Xenophon, the son of Menephylus, the\npancratiast from \u00c6gium in Achaia, also one of Pyrilampes the Ephesian,\nwho obtained the victory in the long course. Xenophon\u2019s statue is by\nOlympus, Pyrilampes\u2019 by a sculptor of the same name, not a Sicyonian,\nbut from Messene near Ithome.\n\n  The Samians also erected a statue at Olympia to the Spartan Lysander\nthe son of Aristocritus. And the first of the inscriptions is,\n\n  \u201cIn the conspicuous precincts of almighty Zeus I stand, the votive\noffering of all the Samians.\u201d\n\n  This informs us who erected the statue. And the second inscription is\na panegyric on Lysander,\n\n  \u201cImmortal fame, Lysander, on your country and Aristocritus did you\nconfer by your splendid merit.\u201d\n\n  Manifest is it therefore that the Samians and other Ionians,\naccording to the Ionian proverb, whitewashed two walls.[76] For when\nAlcibiades had a strong Athenian fleet in the neighbourhood of Ionia,\nmost of the Ionians paid their court to him, and there is a brazen bust\nof Alcibiades in the temple of Hera among the Samians. But when the\nAthenian fleet was taken at \u00c6gos-potamoi, then the Samians erected this\nstatue of Lysander at Olympia, and the Ephesians placed in the temple\nof Artemis statues of Lysander himself, and Eteonicus, and Pharax, and\nother Spartans of no great renown in Greece. And when fortune veered\nround again, and Conon won the sea-fight off Cnidus and Mount Dorium,\nthen the Ionians changed sides again, and you may see a brazen statue\nof Conon and Timotheus at Samos in the temple of Hera, and likewise at\nEphesus in the temple of Artemis. This has been the case in all ages,\nfor all men, like these Ionians, pay court to the strongest.\n\nCHAPTER IV.\n\n\nAnd next to Lysander is the effigy of an Ephesian boxer, whose name\nwas Athen\u00e6us, and who beat all the boys that contended with him, and\nnext him is the Sicyonian pancratiast Sostratus, whose surname was\n_Acrochersites_, because he laid hold of his adversary\u2019s fingers and\ntried to break them, and would not let go till he saw that he was going\nto give in. And he had 12 victories at Nemea and Isthmus both together,\nand in the Pythian games two, at Olympia three. The 104th Olympiad, in\nwhich this Sostratus was victor for the first time, the people of Elis\ndo not record, because the games in that Olympiad were not instituted\nby them but by the Pis\u00e6ans and Arcadians. And next to Sostratus is\nthe wrestler Leontiscus, a Sicilian from Messene by the Strait. And\nhe is said to have been crowned by the Amphictyonians, and twice by\nthe people of Elis, and his wrestling is said to have been somewhat\nsimilar to that of Sostratus of Sicyon in the pancratium, for he was\nnot an adept at wrestling his antagonists down, but he used to beat\nthem by trying to break their fingers. And his statue was by Pythagoras\nof Rhegium, an excellent sculptor if ever there was one. And he learnt\nhis art they say from Clearchus who was also a native of Rhegium, and a\npupil of Euchirus. This Euchirus was a Corinthian, and pupil of Syadra\nand Charta, who were both Spartans.\n\n  And the boy with a fillet on his head must not be omitted by me, on\nPhidias\u2019 account and his fame as a statuary, for otherwise we don\u2019t\nknow who it is a statue of. And there is a statue of Satyrus of Elis,\nthe son of Lysianax, of the family of the Iamid\u00e6, who five times won\nthe prize for boxing at Nemea, and twice at Olympia, and twice at the\nPythian games. This statue is by the Athenian Silanion. And another\nAthenian statuary Polycles, the pupil of the Athenian Stadieus,\nhas made a statue of the Ephesian pancratiast, Amyntas the son of\nHellanicus.\n\n  And Chilon the Ach\u00e6an of Patr\u00e6 had two victories at Olympia in\nwrestling among men, and one at Delphi, and 4 at Isthmus, and 3 at\nNemea. And he had a public funeral from the Ach\u00e6ans, as he was killed\nin war. The inscription at Olympia bears me out.\n\n  \u201cI won the prize from men in wrestling twice in the Pythian and\nOlympian games, three times at Nemea, four times at the Isthmus near\nthe sea, I Chilon of Patr\u00e6 the son of Chilon, whom the Ach\u00e6ans gave a\npublic funeral to for his valour as he was killed in war.\u201d\n\n  Such is what the inscription records. And if one conjectures from the\nage of Lysippus, who made the effigy, one must infer that the war in\nwhich Chilon fell was either at Ch\u00e6ronea when he fought in company with\nall the Ach\u00e6ans, or that he alone boldly volunteered to fight at Lamia\nin Thessaly against Antipater and the Macedonians.\n\n  And next to that of Chilon are two statues: one of Molpion, who\nthe inscription states was crowned by the people of Elis, and the\nother, which has no inscription, is they say Aristotle of Stagira in\nThrace, and it was erected to him by some pupil or soldier, as he was\ngreatly honoured by Antipater and earlier still by Alexander. And\nSodamas from Assus in the Troas, near Mount Ida, was the first \u00c6olian\nthat won the prize for boys in the course at Olympia. And next to\nSodamas is a statue of Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus, king of the\nLaced\u00e6monians. Before the reign of this Archidamus I cannot find that\nthe Laced\u00e6monians erected a statue of anyone beyond their own borders.\nBut they sent I think a statue of Archidamus to Olympia, not only on\nother accounts but also because of his death, for he died fighting\nagainst the barbarians, and was the only one of the Spartan kings that\nlacked sepulture. I have narrated the particulars at full length in my\naccount of Sparta. And Euanthes of Cyzicus had prizes for boxing, one\nat Olympia as a man, and at Nemea and the Isthmian games as a boy. And\nnext to Euanthes is a horse-trainer and a chariot, and a girl mounting\nthe chariot. The man\u2019s name is Lampus, and his native town was the\nmost recent of the Macedonian towns, and got its name from its founder\nPhilip the son of Amyntas. And the effigy of Cyniscus, the boy boxer\nfrom Mantinea, was by Polycletus. And Ergoteles the son of Philanor,\nwho carried off two victories at Olympia in the long course, and as\nmany at the Pythian Isthmian and Nemean games, was not originally a\nnative of Himera, as the inscription states, but is said to have been a\nCretan from Gnossus: and being banished from thence in some faction he\nwent to Himera, and obtained citizenship there, and had other honours.\nThis is the probable explanation of his being proclaimed in the games\nas a native of Himera.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER V.\n\n\nThe statue which stands on a lofty pedestal is by Lysippus. It is the\nstatue of Polydamas, the son of Nicias, the largest man of our times.\nThere may have been larger men, but only the heroes or some mortal race\nof giants earlier than the heroes. Scotusa, which was the native place\nof Polydamas, is not inhabited in our day, for Alexander the king of\nthe Pher\u00e6ans took it in time of peace, for when the people of Scotusa\nwere all gathered together in the theatre, for they held their meetings\nthere at that period, he surrounded it with targeteers and archers and\nshot them all, and slew all besides that were in their prime, and sold\nthe women and children, and with the proceeds kept up a mercenary army.\nThis disaster happened to the people of Scotusa when Phrasiclides was\nArchon at Athens, in the 102nd Olympiad, in the second year of which\nDamon of Thuria was victor for the second time. And those that escaped\nof the people of Scotusa were few, and even they were reduced still\nfurther and left the town, when Providence brought a second reverse\nupon all the Greeks in the war with the Macedonians. In the pancratium\nseveral had notable victories, but Polydamas beside his crowns for the\npancratium had further renown for the following remarkable exploits.\nThe mountainous part of Thrace, inside the river Nestus that flows\nthrough the territory of the people of Abdera, rears several wild\nbeasts and among them lions, who on one occasion attacked the army of\nXerxes, and made havoc of the camels that carried the corn. These lions\nalso frequently prowled about the country in the neighbourhood of Mount\nOlympus, one side of which mountain faces Macedonia, another Thessaly\nand the river Peneus. Polydamas unarmed slew a large and stout lion\non Mount Olympus: moved to this exploit from a desire to emulate the\nactions of Hercules, who as the tradition goes vanquished the Nemean\nlion. Another memorable feat of Polydamas is on record. He approached\na herd of cattle, and seized the strongest and wildest bull by one of\nits hind feet, and held on fast by its hoofs, and would not let it go\nthough it kicked and struggled, till at last the bull exerting all its\nstrength got away from him, and left its hoofs in his hands. It is\nalso recorded of him that he stopped a chariot which the driver was\nurging on at full speed, by laying hold of it behind with one hand, and\nthus stopped both horses and charioteer. And Darius, the illegitimate\nson of Artaxerxes, (who with the help of the Persian commonalty had\ndeposed Sogdius, Artaxerxes\u2019 legitimate son, and usurped his kingdom),\nwhen he became king sent messengers, for he had heard of the exploits\nof Polydamas, and by promising rewards attracted him to his court at\nSusa. And there he slew in single combat three of the Persians called\nImmortals who had challenged him. And some of the exploits which I have\nmentioned are recorded on the base of his statue at Olympia, others\nin the inscription. But eventually the prophetic utterance of Homer\nabout trusting too much in one\u2019s strength proved true of Polydamas,\nfor he too was destined to perish through too great confidence in his\nstrength.[77] On one occasion with several boon companions he entered\na cave in summer time, and somehow or other by some malign fortune the\ntop of the cave cracked, and was evidently going to fall in in no long\ntime. And when they perceived the impending disaster all his companions\nfled, but Polydamas determined to remain, and stretched out his hands\nin the intention of holding up this mass of rock and not being buried\nunder it, but he was crushed to death.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VI.\n\n\nAnd next to the statue of Polydamas are two Arcadian athletes, and one\nAthenian one. The first is the Mantinean Protolaus, the son of Dialces,\nwho beat all the boys in boxing, by Pythagoras of Rhegium, the second\nis Narycidas, the son of Damaretus, a wrestler from Phigalia, by the\nSicyonian D\u00e6dalus, and the third is Callias, the Athenian pancratiast,\nby the Athenian painter Micon. And there is a statue, by Nicodamus\nof M\u00e6nalus, of the pancratiast from M\u00e6nalus, Androsthenes the son of\nLoch\u00e6us, who carried off two victories from men. And next to these\nis the statue of Eucles the son of Callianax, a Rhodian by birth\nand of the family of the Diagorid\u00e6, (for Diagoras was his maternal\ngrandfather), who won the prize for boxing among men at Olympia. His\nstatue is by Naucydes. And Polycletus the Argive, a pupil of Naucydes,\n(not the Polycletus who made the statue of Hera), has made the statue\nof a boy-wrestler, the Theban Agenor. It was made at the expense of the\nPhocians, to whom Theopompus the father of Agenor had been friendly.\nAnd Nicodamus, the statuary from M\u00e6nalus, made a statue of Damoxenidas,\nthe man-boxer from M\u00e6nalus. There is also an effigy of Lastratidas\nthe boy of Elis, who won the crown for wrestling, and also a victory\nat Nemea among boys and beardless youths. And Paraballon the father\nof Lastratidas won the prize in the double course, and excited the\nemulation of posterity, by writing up the names of the victors at\nOlympia in the gymnasium at Olympia.\n\n  So far for these last mentioned: but I must not omit Euthymus the\nboxer, or his victories and other feats. He was an Italian from Locri\nnear the promontory of Zephyrium, and his father\u2019s name was Astycles.\nBut the natives of that country say that he was not the son of Astycles\nbut of the River C\u00e6cinus, which is the boundary between the districts\nof Locri and Rhegium, and has a peculiarity in respect to grasshoppers.\nFor the grasshoppers in Locri up to the river C\u00e6cinus sing just as\nother grasshoppers, but after you cross the C\u00e6cinus they cease to sing\nin the district of Rhegium. Euthymus then is said to be the son of this\nRiver, and he won a boxing prize at Olympia in the 74th Olympiad, but\nwas not equally successful in the following Olympiad. For Theagenes\nfrom Thasos, wishing to win in the same Olympiad prizes both for boxing\nand the pancratium, outboxed Euthymus. Theagenes however could not\nreceive the wild olive crown for the pancratium, as in the contest\nwith Euthymus he was exhausted first. Moreover the umpires fined\nTheagenes a talent as a fine to the god, and a talent for the injury\ndone to Euthymus, for they thought he insulted him in the boxing-match,\ntherefore they ordered him also to pay privately money to Euthymus. And\nin the 76th Olympiad Theagenes paid his fine to the god, and in his\nvexation would not again contend as a boxer: but Euthymus received the\ncrown for boxing both in that and the next Olympiad. And his statue is\nby Pythagoras and is especially fine. And on his return to Italy he\nfought against a Hero. The particulars are as follows. When Odysseus\nwas on his travels after the capture of Ilium they say he was driven\nby the winds to several towns in Italy and Sicily, and among others to\nTemesa; there they say one of his sailors in drink violated a maiden,\nand for this outrage was stoned to death by the inhabitants. Thereupon\nOdysseus not troubling himself about his death sailed off, but the\nghost of the man that had been stoned relentlessly continued to slay\nindiscriminately the people of Temesa, pursuing all ages alike, till\nthe Pythian Priestess, when they intended to make a wholesale flitting\nfrom Italy, forbade them to leave Temesa, and bade them propitiate the\nHero, by building him a temple in a grove set apart for that purpose,\nand annually giving him as wife the handsomest girl in Temesa. As they\nobeyed the orders of the oracle they had no further trouble with the\nghost. But Euthymus happened to arrive at Temesa at the time when this\nannual offering to the ghost was being made, and inquired into the\nmatter, and had a strong desire to enter the temple and behold the\nmaiden. And when he saw her, he was first moved with pity and then\nwith love. And she swore that she would marry him if he saved her, and\nEuthymus armed himself and awaited the approach of the ghost. In the\nfight that ensued he was victor, and the Hero left the country, dived\ninto the sea and was never seen again, and the men of that region had\nhenceforth no more trouble from him, and the marriage of Euthymus was\ncelebrated with much pomp. I have also heard that Euthymus lived to\nadvanced old age, and did not die, but left mankind some other way.\nI have also heard that Temesa is inhabited still, my informant was a\nmerchant that sails in those parts. I also have seen a painting, which\nis an imitation of an older painting. In it is the young man Sybaris,\nand the river Calabrus, and the well Lyca, and a hero-chapel, and\nthe town of Temesa. There too is the ghost whom Euthymus expelled,\ndreadfully swarthy and most formidable in all his appearance, and\ndressed in a wolfskin. And the letters in the painting give his name,\nLycas. So much for this legend.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VII.\n\n\nAnd next to the statue of Euthymus is that of Pytharchus of Mantinea,\na runner in the course, and Charmides a boxer of Elis, both of whom\nreceived prizes as boys. And when you have seen these you will come\nto the statues of the Rhodian athletes, Diagoras and his family. They\nare all together in the following order, Acusilaus with the prize for\nboxing among men, and Dorieus, the youngest, who won three prizes in\nsuccession at Olympia in the pancratium. Before Dorieus Damagetus, who\ncomes next, had won the prize against all comers in the pancratium.\nNext to his 3 sons comes the statue of Diagoras, who won a victory\namong men in boxing. And the statue of Diagoras is by the Megarian\nCallicles, the son of that Theocosmus who made the statue of Zeus at\nMegara. The sons also of Diagoras\u2019 daughters practised as boxers and\nwon prizes at Olympia, among the men Eucles the son of Callianax and\nCallipatira (the daughter of Diagoras), and among the boys Pisirodus,\nwhose mother dressed him up like a man and brought him to the Olympian\ngames, herself disguised as a trainer. This Pisirodus also has a\nstatue in Altis near his maternal grandfather. Diagoras they say\nalso came to Olympia with his sons Acusilaus and Damagetus. And the\nyoung men being victorious at the festival bore their father on their\nshoulders, who was pelted by the Greeks with flowers and congratulated\non his sons. On the female side Diagoras was a Messenian by extraction,\nas he was descended from the daughter of Aristomenes. And Dorieus the\nson of Diagoras, besides his victories at Olympia, had 8 victories\nin the Isthmian games, and seven in the Nemean. It is said that he\nalso won in the Pythian games without a contest. And he and Pisirodus\nwere entered in the games as Thurians, because they were driven from\nRhodes by faction and migrated to Thurii. But Dorieus returned to\nRhodes subsequently. And of all men he manifestly was most devoted to\nthe Laced\u00e6monian interests, for he fought against the Athenians with\na fleet he had himself equipped, till he was captured by the Athenian\ntriremes and taken prisoner to Athens. And the Athenians before Dorieus\nwas brought before them were very angry against him and used threats,\nbut when they came to the popular Assembly and saw there so great and\nrenowned a man a captive, their intention about him changed and they\nlet him go, and did no harm to him, while they might have done so\nwith justice. The circumstances of the death of Dorieus are told by\nAndrotion in his history of Attica, _viz._ that the fleet of the great\nking was at Caunus and Conon was the Admiral, and the people of Rhodes\nwere persuaded by Conon to revolt from the Laced\u00e6monians, and join the\nalliance of the Athenians and the great king, and that Dorieus was at\nthe time absent from Rhodes in the interior of the Peloponnese, and was\narrested by the Laced\u00e6monians and taken to Sparta, and condemned by the\nLaced\u00e6monians for treason and put to death. And if Androtion\u2019s account\nbe correct, he seems to be desirous of proving the Laced\u00e6monians as\nrash as the Athenians, for the Athenians are charged with acting rashly\nwith respect to Thrasyllus and those who fought under him at Arginus\u00e6.\nTo such a pitch of glory then did Diagoras and his posterity attain.\n\n  Alc\u00e6netus, the son of Theantus of Lepreus, and his sons also had\nvictories at Olympia. Alc\u00e6netus himself won prizes for boxing among\nthe men as previously among the boys. And Hellanicus and Theantus, the\nsons of Alc\u00e6netus, were proclaimed winners in the boxing match for\nboys, Hellanicus in the 89th Olympiad, and Theantus in the following\nOlympiad. All three have statues at Olympia. And next to the sons of\nAlc\u00e6netus are statues of Gnatho, the Dip\u00e6an from the country about\nM\u00e6nalus, and Lycinus of Elis: who also had prizes for boxing among the\nboys at Olympia. That Gnatho, when he conquered, was exceptionally\nyoung is stated in the inscription, his statue is by Callicles the\nMegarian. And Dromeus from Stymphelus was as his name indicates a\nrunner in the long course, and had two victories at Olympia, two at\nthe Pythian games, three at the Isthmus, and five at Nemea. It is said\nalso that he introduced eating flesh during training: for athletes in\ntraining before him used to eat only a particular kind of cheese. His\nstatue is by Pythagoras, and the next to it is that of Pythocles of\nElis, who won in the pentathlum, by Polycletus.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER VIII.\n\n\nWho made the statue of Socrates of Pellene, who won the race for boys,\nis not recorded, but the statue of Amertus of Elis, who defeated in\nwrestling all the men that came to the Pythian games, was by Phradmon\nthe Argive. And Euanoridas of Elis won victories in wrestling among the\nboys both at Olympia and at Nemea: and he became an Umpire and made a\nlist of the victors at Olympia.\n\n  As to the boxer Damarchus, a Parrhasian from Arcadia, I cannot\ncredit, except the victory at Olympia, all the fictions about him\nmade by boastful people, such as that he changed from a man into a\nwolf at the sacrifice of Zeus Lyc\u00e6us, and that 10 years afterwards he\nchanged into a man again. Not that this is the tradition apparently\nof the Arcadians about him. Else it would have been inserted in their\ninscription at Olympia, which runs as follows.\n\n  \u201cDamarchus the son of Dinnytas erected this statue, a Parrhasian from\nArcadia.\u201d\n\n  This is all the inscription. But Eubotas of Cyrene, as he had learnt\nbeforehand from the oracle at Libya that he would gain the prize in\nthe race at Olympia, had his statue made first, and on the same day\nwas proclaimed victor and set up his statue. It is said also that he\nwon the chariot race in that Olympiad which the people of Elis do not\nreckon because the Arcadians instituted the games.\n\n  And the statue of Timanthes of Cleon\u00e6, who won the prize for men in\nthe pancratium, is by the Athenian Myro, and that of Baucis of Tr\u0153zen,\nwho beat all the men in wrestling, is by Naucydes. The following\nwas they say the end of Timanthes. When he ceased to be an athlete\nhe continued none the less to make trial of his strength, every day\nbending a huge bow: and he went away from home for a time, and during\nthat period the use of the bow was suspended: and when on his return\nhe found himself no longer strong enough to bend his bow, he lighted\nhis funeral pyre and put himself alive on it. All actions of this kind\nwhether in the past or in the future seem to me rather madness than\nbravery.\n\n  And next to Baucis are some statues of Arcadian athletes, as\nEuthymenes of M\u00e6nalus, who won prizes among men for wrestling and still\nearlier among boys, and Philip the son of Azan from Pellene, who beat\nall the boys in boxing, and Critodamus from Clitor, who was himself\nalso proclaimed victor in the boys\u2019 boxing match. That of Euthymenes\nwas by Alypus, that of Critodamus by Cleon, and that of Philip the son\nof Azan by Myro. As to Promachus the pancratiast, the son of Dryon of\nPellene, I shall state more about him in my account of Achaia. And not\nfar from Promachus is the statue of Timasitheus of Delphi, (by Ageladas\nthe Argive), who won two victories in the pancratium at Olympia, and\nthree in the Pythian games. He also exhibited brilliant bravery in\nwar, and had constant good fortune till then. For his valour on that\noccasion cost him his life. For when Isagoras the Athenian occupied the\nAcropolis with the view of making himself master of Athens, Timasitheus\njoined him, and was one of those who were captured, and put to death by\nthe Athenians for his share in the matter.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER IX.\n\n\nAnd the statue of Theognetus of \u00c6gina, who was crowned for wrestling\namong the boys, is by Ptolichus of \u00c6gina, the pupil of his father\nSynnoon, who was himself the pupil of Aristocles of Sicyon, the brother\nof Canachus and as famous as a statuary. But why Theognetus carries\nin his hand the fruit of the cultivated pine and pomegranate I cannot\nconjecture, perhaps among some of the \u00c6ginetans there is some national\nlegend about him. And next to the statue of the man who the people of\nElis say was not registered with the rest, because he was proclaimed\nvictor in the trotting-race,[78] is the statue of Xenocles of M\u00e6nalus,\nwho beat all the boys in wrestling, and Alcetus the son of Alcinous,\nwho beat all the boys in boxing, an Arcadian from Clitor. His statue\nis by Cleon, and Xenocles\u2019 by Polycletus. And the statue of the Argive\nAristeus, who won the prize in the long course, is by the Chian\nPantias, a pupil of his father Sostratus: and next to him is the statue\nof Chimon, the father of Aristeus, who won the prize for wrestling.\nHis statues are in my opinion the finest works of art of Naucydes,\none is at Olympia, and the other was carried from Argos to the temple\nof Peace in Rome. It is also said that Chimon beat Taurosthenes of\n\u00c6gina in wrestling, and that in the following Olympiad Taurosthenes\nbeat all comers in wrestling, and the same day an apparition very like\nTaurosthenes appeared at \u00c6gina and announced his victory. And the\nstatue of Philles of Elis, who beat all the boys in wrestling, is by\nthe Spartan Cratinus. As to the chariot of Gelon, I cannot agree with\nthe opinion of those who have written before me, who say that it was a\nvotive offering of Gelon the tyrant of Syracuse. The inscription says\nthat it was a votive offering of Gelon of Gela, the son of Dinomenes,\nwho was a victor in the 73rd Olympiad. But Gelon the tyrant of Sicily\nwas master of Syracuse when Hybilides was Archon at Athens, in the\nsecond year of the 72nd Olympiad, in which Tisicrates of Croton won\nthe race in the stadium. Manifestly therefore he would have been\nentered for the race as a Syracusan, and not as a native of Gela. So\nthis Gelon would be some private person, having merely the same name as\nthe Tyrant. And Glaucias the \u00c6ginetan made both the chariot and statue\nof Gelon.\n\n  In the Olympiad previous to this they say that Cleomedes of\nAstypal\u00e6a, boxing with Iccus from Epidaurus, killed him, and was\ncondemned by the Umpires to be deprived of his prize, and went out\nof his mind for grief, and returned to Astypal\u00e6a, and standing in a\nschool when there were about 60 scholars pulled away the pillar which\nsupported the roof, and when the roof fell in on the boys he was\npelted with stones by the citizens, and fled for refuge to the temple\nof Athene: and getting into a chest which was lying in the temple,\nand clapping down the lid, the people of Astypal\u00e6a had immense labour\nto open the chest. At last they broke open the woodwork, and found\nno Cleomedes either alive or dead, and sent messengers to Delphi to\ninquire what had become of him. The Pythian Priestess they say returned\nthis answer,\n\n  \u201cLast of the heroes is Cleomedes of Astypal\u00e6a, honour him with\nsacrifices as no longer a mortal.\u201d\n\n  From that time forward the people of Astypal\u00e6a pay honours to him as\na hero.\n\n  And next to the chariot of Gelon is the statue of Philo by the\n\u00c6ginetan Glaucias. On this Philo Simonides, the son of Leoprepes, wrote\nthe very apt elegiac couplet:\n\n  \u201cMy country is Corcyra, my name Philo. I am the son of Glaucus, and\nhave won prizes for boxing in two Olympiads.\u201d\n\n  There is also a statue of the Mantinean Agametor, who beat all the\nboys in boxing.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER X.\n\n\nAnd next to those I have mentioned is Glaucus of Carystus, who they say\nwas originally from Anthedon in B\u0153otia, and traced his descent from\nGlaucus the god of the sea. He was the son of Demylus, and they say\noriginally was a husbandman. And once when the ploughshare came off\nhis plough, he put it on again using his hand instead of a hammer. And\nDemylus marvelled at his son\u2019s strength, and in consequence sent him to\nOlympia as a boxer. And there Glaucus, being unpractised in that kind\nof contest, was badly handled by his antagonists, and, while boxing\nwith the last remaining of them, seemed likely to faint away from his\npunishment. And they say his father cried out, _My boy, remember the\nploughshare_. Then he put in a terrible blow at his antagonist, and won\nthe prize. He is said also to have been twice crowned at the Pythian\ngames, and eight times in the Nemean and Isthmian games. The statue of\nGlaucus was erected by his son, but was made by Glaucias the \u00c6ginetan.\nAnd the statue is in the attitude of one boxing, for Glaucus was the\nmost clever of all his contemporaries in the noble Science. And after\nhis death the people of Carystus say that he was buried in the island\nstill called Glaucus\u2019 island.\n\n  And Damaretus of Her\u00e6a, and the son and grandson of Damaretus, had\ntwo victories each at Olympia, Damaretus in the 65th Olympiad, when\nfirst the race in heavy armour was instituted, and also in the next\nOlympiad. His statue has a shield like those in use in our day, and a\nhelmet on the head, and greaves on the feet. This race in heavy armour\nwas abandoned eventually by the people of Elis and all the Greeks. And\nTheopompus, the son of Damaretus, and afterwards his grandson of the\nsame name won the prize in the pentathlum, and the grandson Theopompus\nwon prizes also for wrestling; who made his statue we do not know,\nbut the statues of his father and grandfather were according to the\ninscription by the Argives Eutelidas and Chrysothemis. It does not\nhowever state from whom they learnt their art. This is the inscription.\n\n  \u201cThe Argives Eutelidas and Chrysothemis made these statues, having\nlearnt their art from former generations.\u201d\n\n  And Iccus the son of Nicolaidas the Tarentine won the prize at\nOlympia in the pentathlum, and afterwards became the best trainer of\nhis day. And next to Iccus is the statue of Pantarces of Elis, who\nbeat all the boys in wrestling, and was beloved by Phidias. And next\nto Pantarces is the chariot of Cleosthenes, a man of Epidamnus, by\nAgeladas, behind the Zeus erected by the Greeks after the battle of\nPlat\u00e6a. He conquered in the 66th Olympiad, and he erected not only his\nown statue but also that of his charioteer and horses. And the names\ninscribed on the horses are Ph\u0153nix and Corax, and of those in the\ntraces, on the right Cnacias, and on the left Samos. And there is this\nelegiac couplet on the chariot:\n\n  \u201cCleosthenes the Pontian from Epidamnus erected me, after winning the\nprize with his horses in the noble contest of Zeus.\u201d\n\n  And of all that reared horses among the Greeks this Cleosthenes was\nthe first that erected his statue at Olympia. For the votive offering\nof Euagoras the Laced\u00e6monian is only his chariot, and not Euagoras in\nit: and as to Miltiades the Athenian, what he erected at Olympia I\nshall narrate elsewhere. And the Epidamnians have the same territory\nas formerly, but the town in our days is not the old one, but one at a\nlittle distance: and its name is now Dyrrhachium from its founder.\n\n  And there is a statue of Lycinus, the native of Her\u00e6a who won in the\nrace for boys, by Cleon, and of three who won victories among the boys\nfor boxing, Epicradius of Mantinea by Ptolichus of \u00c6gina, and Tellon\nthe Oresthasian by what statuary is not on record, and Agiadas of Elis\nby Serambus of \u00c6gina.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XI.\n\n\nNext to these are votive offerings of the people of Elis, as Philip\nthe son of Amyntas, and Alexander the son of Philip, and Seleucus, and\nAntigonus; the statues of all but Antigonus are on horseback, he alone\nis on foot.\n\n  And not far from these kings is a statue of Theagenes of Thasos, the\nson of Timosthenes. But the Thasians say that he was not the son of\nTimosthenes, who was a priest of Hercules at Thasos, but that Hercules\ndisguised as Timosthenes had an intrigue with the mother of Theagenes.\nAnd when the lad was nine years of age, and was going home from school,\nhe fancied they say the brazen statue of one of the gods in the\nmarket-place, and seized it and put it upon one of his shoulders and\ntook it home. And the citizens being angry with him for what he had\ndone, a man of repute and advanced age would not let them kill the lad,\nbut bade him restore the statue back to its place, and he did so. And\nimmediately the fame of the lad for strength spread abroad, and his\nexploit was talked of all over Greece. The most notable of his exploits\nat Olympia I have already recorded, and how he beat Euthymus in boxing,\nand how he was fined by the people of Elis. At that time Dromeus of\nMantinea won the victory in the pancratium, for the first time on\nrecord without a contest. But he was beaten by Theagenes the Olympiad\nafterwards in the pancratium. And Theagenes had three victories in the\nPythian games for boxing, and 9 at Nemea and 10 at the Isthmus for the\npancratium and boxing together. And at Phthia in Thessaly he neglected\nboxing and the pancratium, and endeavoured to become illustrious among\nthe Greeks in racing, and beat all comers in the long course. I cannot\nbut think he was desirous of emulating Achilles, and to win in the\nrace in the country of the swiftest of heroes. All the crowns he won\nwere as many as 1400. And when he died, one of his enemies went up to\nhis statue every night, and scourged the brass as if it were Theagenes\nalive he was maltreating. But at last the statue fell on him and killed\nhim and so stopped his outrage, but after his death his sons indicted\nthe statue for murder: and the Thasians threw the statue into the\nsea, obeying the code of Draco, who in legislating for the Athenians\nbanished even inanimate things if they killed anyone by falling upon\nhim. But in process of time, as the earth yielded no fruit to the\nThasians, they sent envoys to Delphi, and the god bade them restore\nfrom exile those that had been banished. Some were accordingly recalled\nfrom exile, but the dearth was not removed. They went therefore a\nsecond time to Delphi, saying that, though they had done what the\noracle ordered, yet the wrath of the gods remained. Then the Pythian\nPriestess answered.\n\n \u201cYour great Theagenes you have forgotten.\u201d\n\nAnd when they were quite in despair how to recover the statue of\nTheagenes, some fishermen (they say) putting out to sea for the purpose\nof catching fish caught the statue in their net and brought it to land.\nAnd the Thasians restoring it to its original site sacrificed to it as\nto a god. And I know that there are statues of Theagenes in various\nparts of Greece and among the barbarians also, and that he is reckoned\nto cure diseases, and has various honours from the people of Thasos.\nHis statue in Altis is by the \u00c6ginetan Glaucias.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XII.\n\n\nAnd at no great distance is a brazen chariot and a man in it, and some\nrace-horses are on each side of it, and boys on the horses. They are\nmemorials of the victories in the Olympian contests of Hiero the son of\nDinomenes, the tyrant of Syracuse after his brother Gelon. They were\nnot however sent by Hiero, but Dinomenes the son of Hiero offered them\nto the god. The chariot is by Onatas the \u00c6ginetan, and the horses on\nboth sides and the boys on them are by Calamis.\n\n  And next to the chariot of Hiero is Hiero the son of Hierocles, of\nthe same name as the son of Dinomenes, and also himself tyrant of\nSyracuse. This Hiero after the death of Agathocles, the former tyrant\nof Syracuse, rose to the same power in the second year of the 126th\nOlympiad, in which Id\u00e6us of Cyrene won in the stadium. This Hiero had\nfriendly relations with Pyrrhus the son of \u00c6acides and became his\nkinsman by marriage, Gelon his son marrying Nereis Pyrrhus\u2019 daughter.\nAnd when the Romans fought with the Carthaginians for the possession\nof Sicily the Carthaginians had more than half the island, and on the\ncommencement of the war Hiero resolved to throw in his lot with the\nCarthaginians, but in no long time thinking the Roman power stronger\nand likely to be more lasting he joined them. He was assassinated by\nDinomenes, a Syracusan who had an especial hatred to tyranny, and who\nafterwards endeavoured to kill Hippocrates the brother of Epicydes, who\nhad just come to Syracuse from Erbessus and was endeavouring to talk\nover the people. But he defended himself, and some of his guards came\nup and cut Dinomenes to pieces. And the statues of Hiero in Olympia,\none on horseback and the other on foot, were erected by his sons, and\nmade by the Syracusan Mico the son of Niceratus.\n\n  And next to the statues of Hiero are Areus, the son of Acrotatus,\nking of the Laced\u00e6monians, and Aratus the son of Clinias, and a second\none of Areus on horseback: that of Aratus is the votive offering of\nthe Corinthians, that of Areus of the men of Elis. Of both Aratus and\nAreus I have given an account earlier in this work. Aratus was also\nproclaimed victor at Olympia in the chariot-race. And Timon, the son of\n\u00c6gyptus, who entered horses at Olympia, a native of Elis, has a brazen\nchariot, and on it a maiden who I think is Victory. And Callon the son\nof Harmodius and Hippomachus the son of Moschion, both of Elis and\nvictors among boys in the boxing, have statues, Callon\u2019s is by Daippus,\nwe do not know who designed Hippomachus\u2019, but they say he wrestled down\nthree antagonists and received no blow or hurt. And the inscription on\nthe chariot states that Theochrestus of Cyrene, (who trained horses\naccording to the national custom of the Libyans), and his grandfather\nalso of the same name, had victories with their horses at Olympia, and\nthat the father of Theochrestus was victorious at the Isthmian games.\nAnd that Agesarchus of Trit\u00e6a the son of H\u00e6mostratus beat men in boxing\nat the Olympian, Nemean, Pythian and Isthmian games is stated in an\nelegiac couplet, which also states untruly, as I have discovered, that\nthe people of Trit\u00e6a are Arcadians. For of the towns that have attained\ncelebrity in Arcadia all about their founders is well known, and those\nthat were obscure from their origin, and lost their population through\ntheir weakness, were absorbed into Megalopolis by a decree from the\ncommonalty of the Arcadians. Nor can we find any other Trit\u00e6a in Greece\nbut the one in Achaia. One would infer therefore that the people of\nTrit\u00e6a were reckoned among the Arcadians, as now some of the Arcadians\nare reckoned in Argolis. And the statue of Agesarchus is by the sons of\nPolycles, of whom we shall make mention later on.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIII.\n\n\nAnd the statue of Astylus of Croton is by Pythagoras, he was victorious\nat three Olympiads in succession in the stade and in the double course.\nBut because in the two latter Olympiads he entered himself as a\nSyracusan, to ingratiate himself with Hiero the son of Dinomenes, the\npeople of Croton voted that his house should be turned into a public\nprison, and removed his statue from the temple of Lacinian Hera.\n\n  There is also at Olympia a pillar which recounts the victories of the\nLaced\u00e6monian Chionis. They are simple who think that Chionis erected\nthis statue himself, and not the Laced\u00e6monian public. For granted that\nthere is on the pillar no mention of a race in heavy armour, how could\nChionis know that the people of Elis would not one day institute one?\nThey are still more simple who think that the statue on the pillar is\nby Chionis, seeing it is by the Athenian Myro.\n\n  Very similar fame to that of Chionis was won by the Lycian Hermogenes\nXanthius, who won the wild olive crown eight times in three Olympiads,\nand was nicknamed _Horse_ by the Greeks. Polites too you would hold\nin great admiration. He was from Ceramus in Caria, and manifested\ngreat swiftness of foot at Olympia. For he won the longest race in the\nshortest time on record, and on the same day he won the long race, and\nthe race in the stadium, and the double race. And on the second day,\nwhen they only allow four chosen by lot to compete in the race and not\nall comers, and the victors in each department only contend for these\nprizes, Polites was victor again: for the person who is crowned for the\nrace in the stadium will go off with two victories. However the most\nremarkable victories in the race were won by Leonidas of Rhodes, for in\nfour Olympiads he was in his prime, and 12 times conqueror through his\nswiftness of foot. And not far from the pillar of Chionis at Olympia is\nthe statue of Sc\u00e6us the Samian, the son of Duris, who beat all the boys\nin boxing, his statue is by Hippias, and the inscription on it states,\nthat Sc\u00e6us was victor when the Samian populace fled from their island,\nand the statue was put up when they were restored. And next to the\ntyrant is a statue of Diallus the son of Pollis, a native of Smyrna,\nand the inscription states that he was the first Ionian that won the\nprize in the pancratium for boys. And the statues of Thersilochus\nof Corcyra, and Aristion of Epidaurus, the son of Theophiles, the\nlatter victor in boxing among men, the former among boys, are by the\nArgive Polycletus. And the statue of Bycelus, who was the first of\nthe Sicyonians to conquer among boys in boxing, is by the Sicyonian\nCanachus, who was a pupil of the Argive Polycletus. And next to Bycelus\nis the hoplite Mnaseas of Cyrene, surnamed Libyan, by Pythagoras of\nRhegium. And the inscription on Agemachus of Cyzicus states that he\ncame to Argos from the mainland of Asia Minor. As to Naxos in Sicily,\nwhich was colonized by some of the Chalcidians near the Euripus, there\nare no ruins even of the town in our day, and that its name has come\ndown to posterity is mainly due to Tisander the son of Cleocritus.\nFor 4 times he beat all the men in boxing at Olympia, and had as many\nvictories in the Pythian games. There was not at that time any record\nof the victors in the Corinthian games, nor did the Argives keep any\nrecord of the victors in the Nemean games.\n\n  And the mare of the Corinthian Phidolas, which was called as the\nCorinthians inform us _Aura_, though its rider fell off at the\nbeginning of the race, yet ran straight and turned at the goal, and\nwhen it heard the sound of the trumpet ran on all the faster, and beat\nall the other horses by the decision of the Umpires, and knew that\nit had come in first, and stopped running. And the people of Elis\nproclaimed Phidolas victor, and allowed him to set up a statue of this\nmare. The sons of Phidolas also won victories on a race-horse, and a\nstatue of the horse was put on a pillar with the following inscription.\n\n  \u201cOnce in the Isthmian games, twice at Olympia, did Lycus the swift\ncourser win the race, and honour for the sons of Phidolas.\u201d\n\n  However this inscription and the records in Elis of the victors at\nOlympia do not tally, for in the 68th Olympiad only do those records\nrecord any victory of the sons of Phidolas. Let anyone inquire into\nthis further who likes. And there are statues of Agathinus the son of\nThrasybulus, and Telemachus who was victorious with his horses, the\nformer was an offering of the Ach\u00e6ans of Pellene. The Athenian people\nalso set up a statue to Aristophon the son of Lycinus who beat all the\nmen in the pancratium at Olympia.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIV.\n\n\nAnd Pherias the \u00c6ginetan, whose statue is next the Athenian Aristophon,\nwas not allowed in the 78th Olympiad to enter the contest because\nhe appeared very young, and was not thought fit to compete in the\nwrestling, but the following year he was allowed to wrestle among the\nboys and won the prize. A different fortune to this of Pherias was that\nof Nicasylus the Rhodian at Olympia. For being 18 he was not allowed\nto contend with the boys by the people of Elis, but was entered as a\nman and won the prize. He was proclaimed victor also at the Nemean and\nIsthmian games. But he died in his 20th year, before he could return\nhome to Rhodes. But the feat of this Rhodian wrestler at Olympia was\noutdone in my opinion by Artemidorus of Tralles. He was unsuccessful\nat Olympia in his endeavour to win the pancratium among the boys, but\nthe reason of his failure was his excessive youth. For when the season\ncame for the contest which the Ionians have at Smyrna his strength had\nbecome so great that he beat on the same day all his antagonists from\nOlympia in the pancratium, and all the boys that they call unbearded,\nand thirdly all the best of the men. And they say that he was cheered\non by the trainer in the contest with the boys, but that in the contest\nwith the men he was reviled by the pancratiast. And Artemidorus won\nat Olympia the victory among men in the 212th Olympiad. And near the\nstatue of Nicasylus is a small brazen horse, the votive offering of\nCrocon of Eretria when he won the victory with a race-horse, and near\nthis horse is an effigy of Telestas the Messenian, who beat all the\nboys in boxing, by Silanion.\n\n  And the statue of Milo the son of Diotimus is by Dameas, both natives\nof Croton. This Milo had six prizes for wrestling at Olympia, one of\nthem among boys, and at Pythia six among men and one among boys. And\nhe came to Olympia to wrestle for the 7th time. But he could not beat\nin wrestling Timasitheus, a citizen and quite young, as Timasitheus\nwould not contend with him at close quarters in the arena at all. And\nMilo is said to have carried his own statue to Altis. There are also\ntraditions about Milo in reference to a pomegranate and a quoit. He\nheld a pomegranate so fast that nobody could get it from him, and yet\nhe did not hurt it. And on one occasion standing on an oiled quoit he\nexcited laughter among those who jostled him and tried to push him off\nit. And several other things he did in display. He tied a cord round\nhis forehead as if it were a fillet or a crown, and holding his breath\nand filling the veins of his head with blood he would snap the cord\nby the strength of his veins. It is recorded also that he would place\nagainst his side his right arm from the elbow to the shoulder, and\nstretch out the hand, and turn his thumb up while the fingers remained\ntogether, and no one could with any exertion move the little finger\nfrom its place. And they say he was killed by wild beasts. For he\nchanced in the country near Croton on a withered tree, in which some\nwedges were driven to separate the wood, and he took it into his head\nto keep the wood apart with his hands. And the wedges slipt out and\nhe was imprisoned in the tree, and became a prey to the wolves, which\nprowl about in great numbers in that neighbourhood. Such was the end of\nMilo.\n\n  And Pyrrhus the son of \u00c6acides having been king in Thesprotia in\nEpirus, and having done many remarkable deeds, which I have described\nin my account of Attica, Thrasybulus of Elis erected his statue in\nAltis. And next to Pyrrhus is the statue of a little man with pipes in\nhis hand on a pillar. This man had a prize for his piping, the first\ntime such prizes were bestowed since the Argive Sacadas. Sacadas first\nconquered in the games established by the Amphictyonians (when no prize\nwas given), and after that he won two prizes. And Pythocritus of Sicyon\nwon in six of the Pythian contests successively, being the only piper.\nIt is plain also at the contest at Olympia that he was piper six times\nin the pentathlum. For all this he had a pillar at Olympia with the\ninscription on it,\n\n  \u201cThis is the memorial of Pythocritus, (the son of Callinicus), the\npiper.\u201d\n\n  The \u00c6tolians also erected a public statue to Cylon, who freed\nthe people of Elis from the tyranny of Aristotimus. And Gorgus the\nMessenian, the son of Eucletus, who won the victory in the pentathlum\nhas a statue by the B\u0153otian Theron, and Damaretus, also a Messenian,\nwho beat all the boys in boxing has a statue by the Athenian Silanion.\nAnd Anauchidas of Elis, the son of Philys, won a wrestling prize among\nthe boys and afterwards among the men. Who his statue is by we do not\nknow. And the statue of Anochus the Tarentine, the son of Adamatas,\nwho won the victory both in the stadium and in the double course, is\nby Ageladas the Argive. And the boy seated on a horse and the man\nstanding by the horse are as the inscription says Xenombrotus of Cos\nin Meropis, who was proclaimed victor in the horse-race, and Xenodicus\nwho was proclaimed victor in the boxing matches for boys, the latter is\nby Pantias, and the former by Philotimus of \u00c6gina. And the two statues\nof Pythes, the son of Andromachus, an Abderite, were made by Lysippus,\nbut his soldiers had them made. Pythes seems to have been a leader of\nmercenaries, or in some other way to have shewn himself a good soldier.\n\n  Here are also statues of those who won prizes in the course for boys,\nas Meneptolemus from Apollonia on the Ionian gulf, and Philo from\nCorcyra, and Hieronymus from Andros, who beat Tisamenus of Elis in the\npentathlum at Olympia, that Tisamenus who was afterwards a prophet for\nthe Greeks against Mardonius and the Medes at Plat\u00e6a. And next to the\nstatue of Hieronymus is the statue of a boy-wrestler also from Andros,\nProcles the son of Lycastidas. Stomius made the statue of Hieronymus,\nand Somis that of Procles. And \u00c6schines of Elis had two victories in\nthe pentathlum, and has two statues.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XV.\n\n\nAnd Archippus of Mitylene, who beat all comers at boxing, had according\nto the Mitylen\u00e6ans this further fame, that he was crowned at the\nOlympian Pythian Nemean and Isthmian games when he was only 20. And\nthe statue of Xenon, the son of Calliteles, of Lepreus in Triphylia,\nwho beat all the boys in the stadium, was made by the Messenian\nPyrilampes; we do not know who made the statue of Clinomachus of Elis,\nwho was proclaimed victor in the pentathlum. And the inscription of\nthe Ach\u00e6ans on Pantarches\u2019 statue states that he was a native of Elis;\nhe made peace between the Ach\u00e6ans and people of Elis, and all the\nprisoners who were captured on both sides were let go mainly through\nhim. He won his victory on a race-horse, and there is a record of his\nvictory at Olympia. And the statue of Olidas of Elis was set up by the\n\u00c6tolians. And Charinus of Elis has a statue for the double course and\nfor a victory in heavy armour, and near him is Ageles the Chian, who\nbeat all the boys in boxing, by Theomnestus of Sardis.\n\n  And the statue of Clitomachus the Theban was erected by Hermocrates\nhis father. His exploits were as follows. In the Isthmian games he beat\nall comers in wrestling, and on one day won prizes from all competitors\nin boxing and in the pancratium. And all his 3 victories in the\nPythian games were in the pancratium. And at Olympia he was proclaimed\nsecond to Theagenes of Thasos in the pancratium and in boxing. And in\nthe 141st Olympiad he won the prize in the pancratium. And the next\nOlympiad found him a competitor in the pancratium and in boxing, and\nCaprus of Elis was on the same day anxious to compete in the pancratium\nand in wrestling. And when Caprus had won the wrestling-prize,\nClitomachus hinted to the umpires that it was only fair to call for the\npancratium before he was battered about by boxing. What he said seemed\nreasonable, and when the pancratium was called on he was beaten by\nCaprus, though he exhibited afterwards in the boxing a stout heart and\nuntired body.\n\n  And the Ionians of Erythr\u00e6 erected a statue to Epitherses the son of\nMetrodorus, who won two victories in boxing at Olympia, and two at each\nof the Pythian Nemean and Isthmian games, and the Syracusan public\nerected two statues to Hiero, and his sons erected a third. As I stated\na little above this Hiero had the same name as the son of Dinomenes,\nand was like him Tyrant of Syracuse. And the inhabitants of Pale, one\nof the four tribes in Cephallenia, set up a statue to Timoptolis of\nElis the son of Lampis. These people of Pale were originally called\nDulichii. There is also a statue of Archidamus the son of Agesilaus,\nand a man like a hunter. And the statues of Demetrius, who led an army\nagainst Seleucus and was taken prisoner in the battle, and of Antigonus\nthe son of Demetrius, were let any one know votive offerings of the\nByzantians. And the Spartan Eutelidas had two victories for wrestling\namong the boys in the 308th Olympiad, and a third in the pentathlum: at\nthat time the boys were called on first, and last in the pentathlum.\nAnd there is an ancient statue of Eutelidas, the writing on the base is\nobscure through lapse of time. And next to Eutelidas is another one of\nAreus, the king of the Laced\u00e6monians, and next him Gorgus of Elis, who\nis the only man up to my day who had four victories at Olympia in the\npentathlum, and one victory for the double course, and one for the race\nin heavy armour.\n\n  And the person by whom some boys are standing is they say Ptolemy the\nson of Lagus, and next him are two statues of Caprus of Elis, the son\nof Pythagoras, who won on the same day for the first time on record\nprizes for wrestling and the pancratium. I have already shown how\nsuccessful he was against Clitomachus in the pancratium, and he beat in\nwrestling P\u00e6anius of Elis, who had carried off the prize for wrestling\nin former Olympiads, and had been crowned in the Pythian games on the\nsame day for boxing among boys, and for wrestling and boxing among men.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVI.\n\n\nCaprus won his victories not without great effort and mighty energy:\nand Anauchidas and Pherenicus, who were natives of Elis, had statues at\nOlympia, and won prizes for wrestling among the boys. And the Thespians\nerected the statue of Plist\u00e6nus, the son of Eurydamus, who was the\ngeneral of the \u00c6tolians against the Galati. And Tydeus of Elis erected\nstatues to Antigonus, the father of Demetrius, and to Seleucus. And\nthe name of Seleucus was noised abroad among all men on other accounts\nbut chiefly for his capture of Demetrius. And Timon won victories in\nthe pentathlum in all the Greek games but the Isthmian (for like all\nthe other men of Elis he was shut out of competition in them), and\nthe inscription on his statue mentions this further particular about\nhim, that he took part in the expedition of the \u00c6tolians against the\nThessalians, and out of friendship to the \u00c6tolians was leader of the\ngarrison at Naupactus. And not far from the statue of Timon are statues\nof Greece and Elis in juxtaposition: Greece with one hand crowning\nAntigonus, the Regent for Philip the son of Demetrius, and with the\nother Philip himself; and Elis crowning Demetrius, who marched against\nSeleucus, and Ptolemy the son of Lagus.\n\n  And the inscription on his statue states that Aristides of Elis won\na victory in heavy armour at Olympia, and in the double course in the\nPythian games, and as a boy in the horse-race at Nemea. The length of\nthe horse-race is twice the double course. This race, which had fallen\ninto desuetude at the Nemean and Isthmian games, was restored by the\nEmperor Adrian to the Argives at the winter games at Nemea.\n\n  And next to the statue of Aristides is Menalcas of Elis, who was\nproclaimed victor at Olympia in the pentathlum, and Philonides the\nson of Zotus, who was from the Cretan Chersonese, and the courier of\nAlexander the son of Philip. And next is Brimias of Elis, who beat\nall the men in boxing, and the statue of Leonidas from Naxos in the\n\u00c6g\u00e6an, the votive offering of the Psophidian Arcadians, and the statue\nof Asamon who beat all the men in boxing, and that of Nicander, who\nhad two victories at Olympia in the double course, and six at Nemea\nfor racing generally. Asamon and Nicander were both natives of Elis,\nand the statue of the latter was by Daippus, that of the former by\nthe Messenian Pyrilampes. There are statues also to Eualcidas of Elis\nand Seleadas the Laced\u00e6monian, the former was victor among the boys\nin boxing, the latter in wrestling among the men. Here too is the\nsmall chariot of the Laced\u00e6monian Polypithes, and on the same pillar\nCalliteles (the father of Polypithes) the wrestler, who won victories\nby his wrestling, as Polypithes by his horses. And the statues of some\nprivate individuals of Elis, as Lampus the son of Arniscus, and the\nson of Aristarchus, were erected by the Psophidian Arcadians, either\nbecause they were their Consuls, or were otherwise friendly to them.\nAnd between them is Lysippus of Elis, who beat all boys who contended\nwith him in wrestling, his statue is by Andreas the Argive.\n\n  And the Laced\u00e6monian Dinosthenes won a victory over men at Olympia\nin the course, and set up a pillar in Altis next to his statue: the\ndistance from this pillar by road to another pillar at Laced\u00e6mon is 660\nstades. And Theodorus, who was victor in the pentathlum, and Pyttalus,\nthe son of Lampis, who beat all the boys in boxing, and Nicolaidas, who\ncarried off the victory in the course and in the race in heavy armour,\nwere let any one know natives of Elis. As to Pyttalus they record\nstill further that, when there was a dispute between the Arcadians and\nthe men of Elis about their borders, he was made the arbitrator. His\nstatue is by the Olynthian Sthennis. And next is a statue of Ptolemy on\nhorseback, and by him the athlete of Elis P\u00e6anius the son of Demetrius,\nwho won one prize for wrestling at Olympia, and two in the Pythian\ngames. There too is Clearetus of Elis, who won in the pentathlum, and\nthe chariot of the Athenian Glaucon (the son of Eteocles), who was\nproclaimed victor in the chariot race with a full-grown horse.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVII.\n\n\nWhat I have just mentioned are the most notable things as you approach\nAltis, but, if you go on the right from the monument of Leonidas to\nthe great altar, you will behold the following memorable objects.\nThere are statues of Democrates of Tenedos and Criannius of Elis, the\nlatter victor in the contest in heavy armour, the former in wrestling\namong men. The statue of Democrates is by the Milesian Dionysicles,\nthat of Criannius by the Macedonian Lysus. And the Clazomenian\nHerodotus, and the Coan Philinus, the son of Hegepolis, have statues\nerected to them by their native cities, to Herodotus because he was\nthe first Clazomenian pronounced victor (his victory was among boys in\nthe course), and to Philinus because of his renown, for he had five\nvictories in running at Olympia, and four in the Pythian games, four\nin the Nemean, and eleven in the Isthmian. And the statue of Ptolemy,\nthe son of Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, was the offering of Aristolaus a\nMacedonian. There is also a statue of a boxer who was victorious over\nboys, Butas the Milesian, the son of Polynices, and Callicrates from\nMagnesia near the river Leth\u00e6us, who won two victories in the race\nin heavy armour. His statue is by Lysippus. And there are statues of\nEmaution and Alexibius, the former victor in the course for boys, the\nlatter in the pentathlum. Her\u00e6a in Arcadia was the native place of\nAlexibius and his statue is by Acestor, where Emaution came from the\ninscription does not state, it only declares he was an Arcadian. And\nthe Colophonians Hermesianax the son of Agoneus, and Icasius the son of\nLycinus by the daughter of Hermesianax, beat all the boys in wrestling,\nand Hermesianax had his statue erected by the Colophonian community.\n\n  Next to these are natives of Elis that beat all the boys in boxing,\nCh\u0153rilus by the Olynthian Sthennis, and Theotimus by the Sicyonian\nD\u00e6tondas. Theotimus was the son of Moschion, who joined Alexander\nthe son of Philip in his expedition against Darius and the Persians.\nAnd next are two from Elis again, Archidamus who conquered in the\nfour-horse-race, and Eperastus (the son of Theogonus) who was victor\nin the race in heavy armour. And Eperastus states that he was a seer,\nand descended from the family of the Clytid\u00e6, at the close of the\ninscription on his statue.\n\n  \u201cI boast to be a seer of the family of the holy-mouthed Clytid\u00e6, of\nthe blood of the godlike descendants of Melampus.\u201d\n\n  Mantius was the father of \u0152cles, and the son of Melampus the son of\nAmythaon. And Clytius was the son of Alcm\u00e6on, the son of Amphiaraus\nthe son of \u0152cles. And Alcm\u00e6on was father of Clytius by the daughter of\nPhegeus, and he changed his residence to Elis, objecting to live with\nhis mother\u2019s brothers, because he knew that they had contrived the\nmurder of Alcm\u00e6on.\n\n  And there are some statues interspersed among some not very\nremarkable votive offerings, as Alexinicus of Elis (by the Sicyonian\nCantharus), who won a wrestling prize among the boys, and Gorgias\nof Leontini, whose statue was placed at Olympia by Eumolpus,\ngreat-grandson of Deicrates who had married Gorgias\u2019 sister. So\nEumolpus himself tells us. This Gorgias was the son of Carmantides, and\nis said to have been the first to have practised Rhetoric, which had\nbeen altogether neglected and nearly come into desuetude among men. And\nthey say Gorgias was famous for his eloquence at the public festival at\nOlympia, and went with Tisias on an embassy to the Athenians. Tisias\ntoo contributed something to oratory, and most plausibly did he plead\nin the case of a Syracusan woman touching some money, but Gorgias\nhad still greater fame among the Athenians, and Jason the tyrant in\nThessaly put him above Polycrates, who had the highest renown in the\nschools at Athens. And they say Gorgias lived 105 years. And the town\nof Leontini, which was dispeopled by the Syracusans, was in my day\ncolonized again.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XVIII.\n\n\nAnd there is the brazen chariot of Cratisthenes of Cyrene, and Victory\nand Cratisthenes on the chariot. Plainly then he won his victory in the\nchariot race. There is a tradition also that he was the son of Mnaseas\nthe runner, who was surnamed by the Greeks Libyan. And these votive\nofferings to him at Olympia are by Pythagoras of Rhegium.\n\n  Here too I found the statue of Anaximenes, who wrote a History of\nall Antiquities in Greece, and of the exploits of Philip the son of\nAmyntas, and afterwards of Alexander. This honour in Olympia he owed to\nthe people of Lampsacus: for the following is recorded about him. He\ngot round Alexander, who was by no means a mild king but excessively\npassionate, by the following contrivance. The people of Lampsacus\nhaving espoused the cause of the king of the Persians, or being thought\nto have done so by Alexander, he boiled over in anger against them and\nthreatened them with the most condign chastisement. And they in all\nhaste sent Anaximenes to supplicate for their wives and children and\ncountry, as he had been well known to Alexander and earlier still to\nPhilip. And Anaximenes went to Alexander, who had learnt the motive\nof his errand, and had sworn they say by all the gods that he would\ndo exactly contrary to what he entreated. Then Anaximenes said, \u201cO\nKing oblige me with this favour, enslave the women and children at\nLampsacus, and raze the whole town to its foundations, and burn the\ntemples of the gods.\u201d This is what he said, and Alexander having no\ncontrivance to meet his cunning, and being compelled by his oath, very\nunwillingly pardoned the people of Lampsacus. Anaximenes seems also\nto have known how to punish an enemy very cleverly and exemplarily.\nHe was naturally a sophist and a very good imitator of the arguments\nof the sophists. And having a quarrel with Theopompus, the son of\nDamasistratus, he wrote a book full of abuse against the Athenians\nand Laced\u00e6monians and Thebans. And as he had imitated his style very\naccurately, and put the name of Theopompus on the title page, and\ndistributed the book about in various towns, though he himself was\nreally the writer, general odium was stirred up throughout Greece\nagainst Theopompus. Nor did any one earlier than Anaximenes practise\nextempore oratory. But I cannot think that he was author of the verses\nabout Alexander that run in his name.\n\n  And Sotades, (who was proclaimed a Cretan, as indeed he was), won\nthe prize in the long course in the 99th Olympiad, but in the next\nOlympiad, being bribed by the Ephesian people, he registered himself as\nan Ephesian, and the Cretans exiled him for it.\n\n  And the first athletes who had effigies at Olympia were Praxidamas\nthe \u00c6ginetan, who won the prize for boxing in the 59th Olympiad, and\nthe Opuntian Rhexibius, who won the prize in the pancratium in the 61st\nOlympiad. And their effigies are made of wood, Rhexibius\u2019 of figwood,\nand the \u00c6ginetan\u2019s of cypress. This last has suffered less than the\nother.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XIX.\n\n\nAnd there is in Altis a base of tufa stone to the North of the temple\nof Hera, at its back is the mountain of Cronos. On this base are\ntreasuries such as some of the Greeks have made for Apollo at Delphi.\nThere is a treasury at Olympia called the treasury of the Sicyonians,\nthe votive offering of Myron the King of the Sicyonians. It was\nconstructed by Myron after his chariot victory in the 33rd Olympiad.\nIn this treasury he constructed two chambers, one of Doric the other\nof Ionic architecture. I myself have seen them: they are of brass: but\nwhether the brass comes from Tartessus, according to the tradition of\nthe people of Elis, I do not know. The river Tartessus is they say in\nthe country of the Iberes, and has two outlets to the sea, and there\nis a town of the same name that lies between the outlets of the river.\nAnd it is the largest river in Iberia, and in later times was called\nB\u00e6tis from its ebb and flow. And the Iberes who inhabit the town of\nCarpia believe that their town was originally called Tartessus. And\non the smaller of the two chambers at Olympia there are inscriptions,\none on the lintel stating that there are 500 talents there, another\nas to the givers of the votive offering, stating that they were Myron\nand the people of the Sicyonians. In this treasury there are three\nquoits, which they use in the contest for the pentathlum. And there\nis a brazen shield curiously painted inside, and helmet and greaves\nto match. And there is an inscription on this armour that they are an\noffering to Zeus from the Myanes. As to who these Myanes were different\npeople have different ideas. I remember that Thucydides in his account\nof the Locrians near Phocis mentions several towns, among others the\nMyones.[79] These Myanes on the shield are in my opinion the same as\nthe Myones in the Locrian mainland: and the letters on the shield are\na little worn away, in consequence of its great antiquity. There are\nalso here several other curious articles, as the sword of Pelops with\ngolden hilt, and the horn of Amalthea in ivory, the votive offering\nof Miltiades the son of Cimon, who was the first of his family that\nreigned in the Thracian Chersonese: and this is the inscription on the\nhorn in old Athenian letters,\n\n  \u201cI was offered to Zeus by the warriors that took the fort of Aratus\non the Chersonese: their leader was Miltiades.\u201d\n\n  There is also a statue of Apollo made of boxwood with the head gilt:\nthe inscription states that it was a votive offering of the Locrians\nat the promontory of Zephyrium, and by Patrocles of Croton, the son of\nCatillus.\n\n  And next to the treasury of the Sicyonians is that of the\nCarthaginians, constructed by Poth\u00e6us and Antiphilus and Megacles.\nAnd the votive offerings in it are a huge Zeus and three linen\nbreastplates, presented by Gelon and the Syracusans who beat the\nPh\u0153nicians either on land or sea.\n\n  And the third and fourth treasuries are the votive offering of the\npeople of Epidamnus. They contain the world upheld by Atlas, and\nHercules and the apple tree in the garden of the Hesperides with the\ndragon coiled round it, carved in cedar-wood, the carving of Theocles\n(the son of Hegylus) who says his son joined him in the carving of\nthe world. And the Hesperides, which were removed by the people of\nElis, were in my time in the temple of Hera. And Pyrrhus and his sons\nLacrates and Hermon made this treasury for the people of Epidamnus.\n\n  The people of Sybaris also built a treasury next to that of the\npeople of Byzantium. Those who have inquired most carefully into the\nhistory of Italy and its towns say that Lupi\u00e6, which lies between\nBrundisium and Hydrus, has changed its name, and was originally called\nSybaris. And the haven for ships was made by navvies in the reign of\nthe Emperor Adrian.\n\n  And next to the treasury of the people of Sybaris is the treasury\nof the Libyans at Cyrene, containing statues of the Roman kings. The\nCarthaginians expelled the Selinuntian Siceliotes in war, but before\nthat disaster happened to them, they had got together the treasury for\nZeus at Olympia. Dionysus is there with his face toes and hands of\nivory.\n\n  And in the treasury of the people of Metapontum, which is next to\nthat of the Selinuntians, is a statue of Endymion, all ivory but the\ndress. The cause of the ruin of Metapontum I do not know, but in my\ntime nothing but the theatre and walls round the town was left. The\nMegarians also near Attica have a treasury and votive offerings in\nit, figures in cedar overlaid with gold, to represent the battle of\nHercules and Achelous. There are Zeus and Deianira and Achelous and\nHercules, and Ares is helping Achelous. And Athene stands as if in\nalliance with Hercules, near the Hesperides that are now in the temple\nof Hera. And on a gable of this treasury is the war between the gods\nand the giants: and over the gable is a shield, which states that the\nMegarians offered the treasury, after triumphing over the Corinthians.\nI think they won this victory when Phorbas was Archon at Athens, who\nwas Archon all his life, for the Archonship was not yet a yearly\noffice at Athens, nor were the Olympiads registered at this period\nby the people of Elis. The Argives are also said to have assisted\nthe Megarians against the Corinthians. This treasury at Olympia was\nconstructed by the Megarians some years after the battle. But the\nvotive offerings they probably had from old time, since they were made\nby the Laced\u00e6monian Dontas, the pupil of Dip\u0153nus and Scyllis. And the\nlast of the treasuries is near the course, and the inscription on it\nstates that it and its statues are the votive offerings of the people\nof Gela. The statues however are no longer there.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XX.\n\n\nCronos\u2019 mountain is, as I have already said, behind the base, and\nextends the length of these treasuries. And on the summit of the\nmountain those that are called _Basil\u00e6_ sacrifice to Cronos at the\nvernal equinox in the month of Elaphius. And at the North end of Mount\nCronos there is between the treasuries and the mountain a temple of\nIlithyia, and in it is honoured Sosipolis the tutelary deity of the\npeople of Elis. Ilithyia they surname the Olympian, and select annually\na priestess for her: the old priestess of Sosipolis also performs holy\nrites according to the custom of the people of Elis, brings lustral\nwater to the goddess, and sets before her cakes kneaded with honey.\nIn the vestibule of the temple is the altar of Ilithyia, as also\nthe approach to the temple for people generally: inside Sosipolis\nis honoured, and no one but the priestess of the god must enter his\nsanctuary, with a white veil drawn over her head and face. And the\nmaidens that reside in the temple of Ilithyia and the women sing\nhymns to Sosipolis, and burn incense to him, but are not accustomed\nto pour libations of wine to his honour. And their most binding oath\nis by Sosipolis. And it is said that, when the Arcadians invaded Elis\nwith an army, and the people of Elis were drawn up in battle array\nagainst them, a woman came to the generals of Elis, with a baby boy\nat her breast, saying that she was mother of the boy, and offered him\naccording to a dream she had had to help the people of Elis. And the\nauthorities, crediting the woman\u2019s tale, put the child in the front\nof the army all naked as it was. And the Arcadians commenced the\nattack, and the child was changed into a dragon, and the Arcadians\nwere troubled at the sight and began to flee, and the people of Elis\npursued them hotly, and won a notable victory and called the god\nSosipolis. And where the dragon appeared to glide off after the battle,\nthey built a temple, and resolved to worship it and Ilithyia jointly,\nfor they thought it was she who had introduced the child into the\nworld. And the Arcadians who were slain in the battle have a monument\non the hill towards the west after you have crossed the Cladeus. And\nnear Ilithyia there are ruins of a temple of celestial Aphrodite, to\nwhom they sacrifice on the altars which still remain.\n\n  And inside Altis, at the processional entrance, is what is called\nthe Hippodamium, surrounded by a wall, occupying about an acre. This\nis the entrance every year for the women, who sacrifice to Hippodamia\nand perform other rites in her honour. They say Hippodamia fled to\nMidea in Argolis, when Pelops was especially angry with her owing to\nthe death of Chrysippus: and they say that according to the oracle they\nafterwards placed her remains at Olympia. And at the end of the statues\nwhich they erected out of fines imposed on the athletes is the entrance\nwhich they call Private. For by it the Umpires and combatants enter\nthe course. There is also an embankment, and seats for the managers of\nthe games. And opposite the Umpires is an altar of white stone, seated\non which the priestess of Demeter Chamyne watches the Olympian games,\nan honour which different priestesses at different times have received\nfrom the people of Elis, for they do not prevent maidens from seeing\nthe games. And at the starting-place is the tomb of Endymion, according\nto the tradition of the people of Elis.\n\n  And near the place where the Umpires sit is the ground appointed\nfor the horse-races and the starting-place, which is in shape like\nthe prow of a ship with its beak turned to the course. And the prow\nis broad where it joins the Portico called Agnaptus. And there is a\nbrazen dolphin upon a bar at the extremity of the beak. Each side of\nthe starting-place is more than 400 feet in length, and there are some\nbuildings there, which those who enter for the horse-races get by lots.\nAnd in front of the chariots and race-horses is extended a rope as a\nsort of barrier. And there is an altar of unbaked brick erected near\nthe middle of the beak every Olympiad, whitewashed outside. And there\nis a brazen eagle on this altar with its wings stretched out wide. When\nthe clerk of the course touches a piece of mechanism on this altar, the\neagle is so constructed as to mount aloft so as to be visible to the\nspectators, while the dolphin falls to the ground. First the ropes on\neach side of the Portico called Agnaptus are slackened, and the horses\nin position there start first, and run on till they come to the horses\nin the second position, and then the ropes there are slackened, and\nso on along the whole course where the horses are in position, till\nthey can all start fair at the beak. Then commences the exhibition of\nthe skill of the charioteers and the swiftness of the horses. Cle\u0153tas\noriginally contrived this method of starting, and plumed himself upon\nhis invention, as we find by the inscription on his statue at Athens,\n\n  \u201cI was made by Cle\u0153tas the son of Aristocles, who invented at Olympia\nthe start for horses.\u201d\n\n  They say too that Aristides subsequently somewhat improved the\ninvention.\n\n  But the other side of the Hippodrome is more extended, being also of\nraised earth, and at its outlet is Taraxippus the terror of horses,\nwhich is in the shape of a circular altar, and as the horses run past\nit they are immediately seized with strong fear without any apparent\ncause, and this fear generates terror, insomuch that chariots are often\nsmashed up, and the charioteers badly injured. And the charioteers\nsacrifice to avoid this, and pray that Taraxippus will be propitious\nto them. About Taraxippus the Greeks have various views; some say it\nis the tomb of an Autochthon, famous for his skill with horses, whose\nname was Olenius, and say that the rock Olenia in Elis was named after\nhim. Others say that Dameon the son of Phlius, an associate with\nHercules in the expedition against Augeas and the people of Elis, was\nkilled together with the horse on which he rode by Cteatus the son of\nActor, and that this is the joint tomb of Dameon and his horse. Others\nsay that Pelops erected here a cenotaph to Myrtilus, and sacrificed\nto him to avert his anger for his murder, and named him Taraxippus,\nbecause the horses of \u0152nomaus were disturbed by his contrivance. But\nsome say that \u0152nomaus himself hindered the horses in the course. And\nI have heard the blame put upon Alcathous the son of Porthaon, who\nwas buried here after having been slain by \u0152nomaus as one of the\nunsuccessful suitors of Hippodamia, and who, in consequence of his bad\nsuccess in the Hippodrome, has an evil eye and is a malevolent demon\nto race-horses. But an Egyptian told me that Pelops received something\nfrom Amphion and buried it on the spot called Taraxippus, and that in\nconsequence of what was buried there the horses of \u0152nomaus formerly,\nand everybody\u2019s horses since, have been terrified. This Egyptian also\nthought that Amphion and the Thracian Orpheus were wonderful magicians,\nand that by their charms wild beasts followed Orpheus, and stones\nformed themselves into houses for Amphion. The most plausible account\nhowever of Taraxippus seems to me that which makes it a surname of\nPoseidon Hippius. There is also at the Isthmus a Taraxippus, Glaucus\nthe son of Sisyphus, who they say was killed by horses, when Acastus\nwas holding the funeral games to his father. And at Nemea in Argolis\nthere is no hero that terrifies horses, but there is a gleam like fire\nfrom a red stone where the horses turn which frightens the horses. But\nTaraxippus at Olympia is far the most formidable panic-inspirer in\nhorses. And at one of the goals there is a brazen statue of Hippodamia\nwith a fillet, about to bind Pelops with it for his victory.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXI.\n\n\nAnd the other part of the hippodrome is not an embankment, but a hill\nof no great size, on the top of which is a temple built to Demeter\nunder the name of Chamyne. And some think that title of hers an ancient\none, and that the earth opened there and took in the chariot of Pluto,\nand closed again. Others say that Chamynus of Pisa, (who opposed the\ndominion in Pisa of Pantaleon, the son of Omphalion, and stirred the\npeople up to revolt from Elis), was slain by Pantaleon, and that it\nwas out of his property that the temple to Demeter was built. And in\nlieu of the old ones new statues of Proserpine and Demeter were erected\nin Pentelican marble by the Athenian Herodes. And in the gymnasium\nat Olympia they practise for the pentathlum and the races. And in the\nopen air there is a basement of stone, and originally on the basement\nthere was a trophy for a victory over the Arcadians. On the left of\nthe entrance to the gymnasium there is a smaller enclosure where the\nathletes practise wrestling. And at the Portico of the gymnasium\nfacing East are some buildings for the Athletes facing South and West.\nAnd after you have crossed the river Cladeus you come to the tomb of\n\u0152nomaus, a mound piled up with stones, and above the tomb are some\nremains of buildings where they say the horses of \u0152nomaus were stabled.\nAnd here are the boundaries towards Arcadia, which now belong to the\npeople of Elis, but formerly belonged to the people of Pisa.\n\n  After you have crossed the river Erymanthus, near the ridge called\nafter Saurus, is the tomb of Saurus, and a temple of Hercules, ruins\nof which are to be seen in our day. Saurus they say used to molest\nwayfarers and the people of the country, till he was killed by\nHercules. From the south side of the ridge called after this robber a\nriver falls into the Alpheus nearly opposite Erymanthus. Its name is\nDiagon, and it divides the district of Pisa from Arcadia. And 40 stades\nonwards from the ridge of Saurus is the temple of \u00c6sculapius, surnamed\nDem\u00e6netus from the name of the builder. It is in ruins too, and is\nbuilt on the high ground along the Alpheus. And not far from it is the\ntemple of Dionysus Lucyanites, hard by the river Lucyanias, which rises\nin Mount Pholoe, and flows into the Alpheus. When you have crossed the\nAlpheus you are in the district of Pisa.\n\n  Here you will see a hill with a steep acclivity, and on it are ruins\nof the town of Phrixa, and a temple of Athene Cydonia, not in my time\nin complete preservation, there is only an altar. They say Clymenus,\na descendant of Id\u00e6an Hercules, erected the temple to the goddess. He\ncame from Cydonia in Crete and from the river Iardanus. The people\nof Elis say also that Pelops sacrificed to Athene Cydonia before his\nrace with \u0152nomaus. And as you advance a little further you come to the\nriver Parthenia, on whose banks the horses of Marmax are buried. The\nstory is that Marmax was the first suitor of Hippodamia, and that he\nwas slain before the rest by \u0152nomaus, and the names of his horses were\nParthenia and Eripha, and \u0152nomaus cut their throats and buried them\nwith their master, and the river Parthenia got its name from one of\nthem. There is also another river called Harpinates, and at no great\ndistance from it some remains of a town Harpina especially altars: they\nsay that \u0152nomaus built the town and gave it its name after his mother\nHarpina.\n\n  A little further is a lofty mound of earth, the tomb of the suitors\nof Hippodamia, \u0152nomaus did not (they say) bury them in the ground near\none another as a mark of honour, but it was Pelops subsequently who\ngave them a common sepulchre, in honour to them and out of affection to\nHippodamia, and I think also as a record to posterity how many worthy\ngentlemen \u0152nomaus had slain before he Pelops vanquished him. Indeed\naccording to the poem called the Great E\u0153\u00e6 the following were killed\nby \u0152nomaus, Alcathous the son of Porthaon next to Marmax, and next\nto Alcathous Euryalus and Eurymachus and Crotalus. Their parents and\nnative lands I could not ascertain. But Acrias, who was killed next,\none would infer to have been a Laced\u00e6monian and the founder of Acri\u00e6.\nAnd next to Acrias \u0152nomaus slew Capetus and Lycurgus and Lasius and\nChalcodon and Tricolonus, who the Arcadians say was a descendant as\nwell as namesake of Tricolonus the son of Lycaon. And after Tricolonus\nfate overtook in this fatal race Aristomachus and Prias and Pelagon and\n\u00c6olius and Cronius. Some also add to the list I have given Erythras,\nthe son of Leucon and grandson of Athamas, who gave his name to the\ntown in B\u0153otia called Erythr\u00e6, and Eioneus, the son of Magnes and\ngrandson of \u00c6olus. Here then is the tomb of all these, and they say\nPelops offered them funeral rites every year when he was king of Pisa.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXII.\n\n\nAnd if you go about a stade forward from this tomb there are traces of\na temple of Artemis surnamed Cordace, because the attendants of Pelops\nused to offer their sacrifices to the goddess there, and dance the\nnational dance of Sipylus called the _cordax_. And not far from the\ntemple is a building not very large, and in it is a brazen coffer, in\nwhich are deposited the remains of Pelops. And there is no vestige of a\nwall or any other building, but vines are planted all over the site on\nwhich Pisa was built. The founder of the town was they say Pisus, the\nson of Perieres and grandson of \u00c6olus. And the people of Pisa brought\non their own misfortunes by making themselves objectionable to the\npeople of Elis, and by their desire to start the Olympian games instead\nof the people of Elis, and in the 8th Olympiad they invited Phido the\nArgive, the most haughty of all the Greek tyrants, and made him the\npatron of the games. And in the 34th Olympiad the people of Pisa and\ntheir king Pantaleon, the son of Omphalion, assembled together the\nneighbouring people, and instituted the Olympian games instead of the\npeople of Elis. During these Olympiads, and also in the 104th Olympiad\nwhich was set on foot by the Arcadians, the people of Elis kept no\nregister, nor do they include them in the Olympiads. And in the 48th\nOlympiad Damophon the son of Pantaleon gave the people of Elis reason\nto suspect that he intended to act treacherously against them, so they\ninvaded Pis\u00e6a, but did not at this time do any damage, because they\nreturned home again being persuaded by entreaties and promises. But\nwhen Pyrrhus the son of Pantaleon succeeded his brother Damophon on the\nthrone, then the people of Pisa of their own accord commenced war with\nthe people of Elis. And the people of Macistus and Scillus in Triphylia\njoined them in their revolt from the people of Elis, and of the other\nneighbouring people the Dyspontii, whose relations had always been very\nfriendly with the people of Pisa, and whose founder Dysponteus was they\nstate the son of \u0152nomaus. And the people of Elis eventually razed Pisa\nto the ground and all the towns that had assisted her in the war.\n\n  The ruins of Pylos in Elis are visible as you go over the mountains\nfrom Olympia to Elis. And from Pylos to Elis is 80 stades\u2019 distance.\nThis Pylos was built, as I have already mentioned, by the Megarian\nPylon the son of Cleson. And being destroyed by Hercules, and once\nagain peopled by the people of Elis, it was destined once more to\nlack inhabitants. Near it the river Ladon flows into the Peneus. And\nthe people of Elis say that it is about this Pylos that the lines of\nHomer[80] are.\n\n  \u201cHe derived his origin from the river Alpheus, which flows in broad\nvolume through the territory of Pylos.\u201d\n\n  And they persuaded me by what they said, for the Alpheus flows\nthrough this district, and the lines cannot refer to the other Pylos.\nFor by the Pylos near the island Sphacteria the Alpheus does not flow\nat all, nor do we know of any town in Arcadia formerly called Pylos.\nAnd about 50 stades from Olympia is the village belonging to Elis\ncalled Heraclea, and near it is the river Cytherus. There is a well\nthat flows into the river, and there is a temple to the Nymphs by the\nwell. And the proper names of these Nymphs individually are Calliph\u00e6a\nand Synallaxis and Peg\u00e6a and Iasis, and collectively Ionides. And\npeople bathing in this well get cured from pains and aches of all\nkinds. And they say the Nymphs got their name Ionides from Ion, the son\nof Gargettus, who migrated to this place from Athens.\n\n  But if you wish to go to Elis through the plain, it is 120 stades\nto Letrini, and 180 from Letrini to Elis. Letrini was a small town\noriginally founded by Letreus the son of Pelops, but now there are\nonly a few buildings, and a temple and statue of Alphean Artemis. They\ngive the following legend to account for the goddess being called\nAlphean. Alpheus they say was deeply in love with her, and when he\nfound he could not marry her for all his wooing and vows, he had the\nboldness to try and force her, and went to a nightly revel at Letrini,\nwhich was to be held by her and the Nymphs with whom she associated\nin sport: and she, suspecting his plot, smeared with mud her own face\nand the faces of all the Nymphs present, and so Alpheus when he got\nthere could not distinguish her from the Nymphs, and accordingly had to\ndepart without effecting his object. So the people of Letrini called\nthe goddess Alphean from Alpheus\u2019 passion for her. And the people of\nElis, for they had an ancient friendship for the people of Letrini, say\nthat they borrowed their worship of the Elaphi\u00e6an Artemis from them,\nand used to perform rites to her as Alphea, but in process of time the\nname Elaphi\u00e6a prevailed. But in my opinion the people of Elis called\nArtemis Elaphi\u00e6a from her love of hunting deer: but their own tradition\nis that Elaphius was the name of a woman who was Artemis\u2019 nurse. And\nabout six stades beyond Letrini is a perennial lake about three stades\nin diameter.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIII.\n\n\nAnd the notable things in Elis are an old gymnasium, in which before\nthey go to Olympia the athletes go through all the customary training.\nThere are some lofty plane-trees inside a wall growing all along the\ncourse, and the whole enclosure is called Colonnade, because Hercules\nthe son of Amphitryon used to exercise there, and all the thorns and\nweeds that grew there were plucked up every day. There is a course\ncalled by the people of the place sacred, set apart for the races,\nand there is another course where they practise for the races and the\npentathlum. There is also in the gymnasium a place called Plethrium,\nwhere the Umpires pit the athletes together according to their ages or\ndifference in their training, and put them to wrestling to test their\ncapacities. And there are in the gymnasium altars to some of the gods,\nas Id\u00e6an Hercules under the title of Champion, and Eros, and the god\nwhom the Athenians and people of Elis alike call Anteros, and Demeter\nand Proserpine. There is no altar to Achilles, but he has a cenotaph\nin accordance with an oracle. And at the commencement of the general\nfestival on a given day, when the sun begins to set, the women of Elis\namong other rites in honour of Achilles are wont to wail and strike the\nbreast.\n\n  And there is another enclosure, smaller than the gymnasium but\nadjacent to it, which they call from its shape the Square. And here\nthe athletes practise their wrestling, and here they test the athletes\nwho are past wrestling, sometimes even applying blows with mild whips.\nAnd one of the statues is erected here, which were made of Zeus out\nof the fine-money of Sosander of Smyrna and Polyctor of Elis. There\nis also a third enclosure used as a gymnasium, which is called Maltho\nfrom the softness of its floor, and this is given up to the lads all\nthe time the general festival lasts. And in a corner of Maltho there\nis a statue of Hercules, merely the head and shoulders, and in one\nof the wrestling-places is a figure of Eros and Anteros, Eros has a\nbranch of palm which Anteros is trying to take away. And on each side\nof the entrance to Maltho is the statue of a boy-boxer, and the Custos\nRotulorum at Elis says that it is a native of Alexandria above the\nisland Pharos, called Serapion, who came to Elis and gave the people\nfood when they were short of corn. That was why he received these\nhonours: and the date when he received the crown at Olympia, and did\nthis kindness to the people at Elis, was the 217th Olympiad. In this\ngymnasium the people of Elis also have a council chamber, where they\npractise extempore rhetoric, and submit all kinds of writings to public\ncriticism: it is called Lalichmium from the name of its originator.\nAnd round it are some shields hung up, well worth seeing, not made for\npurposes of war, but simply for ornament.\n\n  You go from the gymnasium to the baths by the street called Silence\nnear the temple of Artemis the Lover of Youths. The goddess was so\ncalled from her proximity to the gymnasium. And the street was called\nSilence from the following circumstance. Some men in the army of Oxylus\nbeing sent forward to reconnoitre Elis, and having cheered one another\non the road, when they got near the walls, passed round the word for\nsilence, and to listen if they could hear any sound within the town,\nand so stole into the town without being observed by this street, and\nreturned again to \u00c6tolia after having got the wished for intelligence.\nAnd the street received its name from the silence of these spies.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXIV.\n\n\nAnother way out of the gymnasium leads to the market-place, and to what\nis called the Umpires\u2019 Hall beyond the tomb of Achilles, and it is by\nthis way that the Umpires are accustomed to enter the gymnasium. And\nthey enter the gymnasium to pit together the runners before the sun\ngets too powerful, and at noon they call the competitors together for\nthe pentathlum and the arduous contests.\n\n  And the market-place at Elis is not like that of the Ionians, or of\nthe Greek cities in Ionia, but is built after a more antique type,\nwith porticoes and streets at regular intervals. And the name of the\nmarket-place in our day is Hippodrome, and there the people of the\nplace exercise their horses. The architecture of the portico facing\nSouth is Doric, and it is divided into 3 portions by pillars: it is\nthere that the Umpires mostly spend the day. And there are altars\nerected to Zeus, and several other altars in the open air in the\nmarket-place, and they are easily removed as they are only improvised\naltars. And at the end of this portico, on the left as you go to the\nmarket-place, is the Umpires\u2019 Hall, and a street separates it from the\nmarket-place. In this Umpires\u2019 Hall those who are chosen as Umpires\nlive ten months together, and are instructed by the Custodes Rotulorum\nin all things that appertain to the games. And near the portico where\nthe Umpires spend the day is another portico, called the Corcyr\u00e6an,\nand a street runs between the two porticoes. It was so called because\nwhen the Corcyr\u00e6ans invaded Elis in their ships, the people of Elis\nthey say drove them off and took much booty from them, and built their\nportico with a tenth of the spoil. And the architecture of the portico\nis Doric: it has a double row of pillars, one towards the market-place,\nthe other in the opposite direction. In the middle are no pillars,\nbut a wall supports the roof, and there are statues on either side\nof this wall. And at the end of the portico near the market-place is\na statue of Pyrrho the son of the Sophist Pistocrates, who had great\npersuasiveness on any topic. Pyrrho\u2019s tomb is at no great distance from\nElis, at a place called Petra, an old hamlet according to tradition.\nAnd the people of Elis have in the open air near the market-place a\nmost noble temple and statue of Apollo the Healer. This would probably\nbe much the same title as his Athenian title of Averter of Evil.[81]\nAnd on another side are stone statues to the Sun and Moon, she has\nhorns on her head, he has his beams. There is also a temple to the\nGraces, and their wooden statues, their dresses gilt, and their heads\nhands and feet of white marble, and one of them holds a rose, the\nsecond dice, and the third a small branch of myrtle. The meaning of\nwhich things we may conjecture thus. The rose and myrtle are sacred to\nAphrodite, and have a place in the legend of Adonis, and the Graces\nhave most intimate connection with Aphrodite: and dice are playthings\nof striplings and maidens, who have not yet lost all grace through\nold age. And on the right of the Graces is a statue of Eros on the\nsame pedestal. There is also there a temple of Silenus, dedicated to\nSilenus alone, and not in common to him and Dionysus, and Drunkenness\nis filling his cup. That the Sileni are mortal we should infer from\ntheir tombs, for there is the tomb of one Silenus in the country of\nthe Hebrews, and of another at Pergamum.[82] And in the market-place\nthe people of Elis have the following remarkable thing, which I have\nmyself seen, in the shape of a temple. It is no great height, and has\nno walls, and the roof is supported by pillars made of oak. The people\nof the country say that it is a monument, but whose they do not record,\nbut if the account of the old man whom I asked be correct, it would be\nthe monument of Oxylus. There is also in the market-place a room for\nthe 16 matrons, where they weave the shawl for Hera.[83]\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXV.\n\n\nAnd next the market-place is an ancient temple, a colonnade with\npillars all round. The roof is fallen in with age, and there is no\nstatue remaining. It was dedicated to the Roman Emperors.\n\n  And behind the Corcyr\u00e6an Portico is a temple of Aphrodite, and a\ngrove in the open air sacred to her, not far from the temple. The\nstatue of the goddess in the temple is called Celestial Aphrodite, and\nis by Phidias in ivory and gold, she has one foot on a tortoise. Her\ngrove is surrounded by a wall, and inside the grove is a basement on\nwhich is a brazen statue by Scopas of the Pandemian Aphrodite sitting\non a brazen he-goat. The meaning of the tortoise and he-goat I leave my\nreaders to guess.\n\n  And the sacred precincts and temple of Pluto (for the people of Elis\nhave both) are opened once every year, but no one may enter them even\nthen but the sacrificing priest. And as far as we know the men of Elis\nare the only ones that honour Pluto, for the following reason. When\nHercules led an army against Pylos in Elis they say Athene cooperated\nwith him. Then it was that Pluto came and helped the people of Pylos\nout of hostility to Hercules, and was accordingly honoured at Pylos.\nAnd they cite as their witness Homer\u2019s lines in the Iliad.[84]\n\n  \u201cMighty Pluto also endured the swift arrow, when this man, the son of\n\u00c6gis-bearing Zeus, wounded him at Pylos, and gave him pain among the\ndead.\u201d\n\n  Nor if in the expedition of Agamemnon and Menelaus against Ilium\nPoseidon, according to the tradition of Homer, helped the Greeks,\nwas it against probability that Pluto should have helped the people\nof Pylos in the opinion of the same poet. Anyway the people of Elis\nerected this temple to Pluto as being friendly to them and hostile to\nHercules. And once every year they are accustomed to open the temple to\nindicate, I think, that men once descend to Pluto\u2019s gloomy realm. The\npeople of Elis have also a temple to Fortune, and in the portico of\nthis temple is a huge statue of wood, gilt all over except the head the\nhands and the toes, which are of white marble. Here too Sosipolis is\nhonoured on the left of Fortune, in a rather small shrine: represented,\naccording to the appearance of him seen in a dream, as a boy with a\nparticoloured cloak on covered with stars, and in one of his hands the\nhorn of Amalthea.\n\n  And in that part of the town where the people of Elis have most of\ntheir population, there is a statue not larger than life of a beardless\nman, who has his feet crossed, and leans against his spear with both\nhis hands, his dress is of wool and linen and flax. This statue is said\nto be of Poseidon, and was worshipped of old at Samicum in Triphylia.\nAnd it was honoured even still more when removed to Elis, and they give\nit the name of Satrapes and not Poseidon, having learnt this name from\ntheir neighbours at Patr\u00e6. And Satrapes is the surname of Corybas.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER XXVI.\n\n\nAnd the old theatre between the market-place and the temple of the\ngoddess Mene is the theatre and temple of Dionysus, the statue of the\ngod is by Praxiteles. And of all the gods the people of Elis honour\nDionysus most, and say that he frequents their festival in his honour\ncalled the Thyia, a festival which they celebrate about 8 stades from\nthe city. The priests deposit 3 empty flagons in the chapel, in the\npresence of the citizens and strangers who may chance to be at the\nfeast, and the priests themselves or any others who like seal the doors\nof the chapel. And the next day they come to the chapel to observe the\nmiracle, and on entering find the flagons full of wine. Those held in\nthe highest repute at Elis, and strangers as well, have sworn that this\nis as I have said, I was not myself there at the time of the festival.\nThe people of Andros also say that annually at the feast of Dionysus\nwine flows spontaneously from the temple. If one can believe the\nGreeks in this matter, one might equally credit the tradition of the\nEthiopians beyond Syene as to the Table of the Sun.\n\n  And in the citadel at Elis is a temple of Athene, her statue is of\nivory and gold, and said to be by Phidias, and on her helmet is a cock,\nbecause that bird is said to be most pugnacious, or perhaps because it\nis sacred to Athene the Worker.\n\n  And about 120 stades from Elis is Cyllene, which faces Sicily, and is\na fine harbour for ships. The dockyard belongs to the people of Elis\nbut got its name from an Arcadian. Homer has not mentioned Cyllene in\nhis Catalogue of the people of Elis, but subsequently in the Iliad\nshews that he knew that there was such a town as Cyllene.\n\n  \u201cAnd Polydamas killed Otus of Cyllene, the companion of Phyleides,\nthe leader of the brave Epeans.\u201d[85]\n\n  The gods who have temples in Cyllene are \u00c6sculapius and Aphrodite.\nHermes also has an Ithyphallic statue, which the natives pay\nextravagant honour to.\n\n  The country of Elis is fertile in fruits of all kinds but especially\nin flax. As to hemp and flax all sow them whose land is favourable to\ntheir growth. But the threads which the Seres make their garments of\nare not from any plant, but are produced in the following manner. There\nis an insect on the earth which the Greeks called Ser, but the Seres\ngive it another name. Its size is about double that of the largest\nbeetle, and in other respects it is like the spiders that weave their\nwebs under trees, and has also 8 feet like spiders. These insects the\nSeres breed, and put summer and winter into little domiciles specially\nconstructed for them. And what these insects produce is a slender\nthread, which rolls round their feet. For 4 years they feed them on\ngrain, and in the fifth year (for they know they will not live longer)\nthey give them green reed to eat. This food is the most agreeable of\nall to this insect, and when it has taken its fill of this it bursts\nfrom repletion. And when it is dead they find the thread in its inside.\nIt is well-known that the island Seria is in the Red Sea. But I have\nheard that it is not the Red Sea, but a river called the Ser that makes\nthis island, just as in Egypt the Delta is formed by the Nile and not\nby sea. Such a kind of island is Seria. The Seres are of Ethiopian\nrace, and so are those that inhabit the neighbouring islands Abasa and\nSac\u00e6a. Some however say that they are not Ethiopians but a cross-breed\nof Scythians and Indians. Such are the various traditions.\n\n  As you go from Elis to Achaia it is about 127 stades to the river\nLarisus, which is in our day the boundary between Elis and Achaia, but\nin ancient times the boundary was the promontory Araxus near the sea.\n\n\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[76] This proverb means _to play fast and loose_, _to be a turn-coat_,\n_a Vicar of Bray_. The best illustration is Cicero _ad Fam._ vii. 29.\n\u201cNoli hanc epistolam Attico ostendere: sine eum errare et putare me\nvirum bonum esse nec solere duo parietes de eadem fidelia dealbare.\u201d\nSee also Erasmus\u2019 _Adagia_.\n\n[77] The passage referred to is Iliad, vi. 407.\n\n[78] See Book v., ch. 9.\n\n[79] Thucyd. iii. 101.\n\n[80] Iliad, v. 544, 545.\n\n[81] See Book i. ch. 3.\n\n[82] One might also infer the same from the fate of Marsyas.\n\n[83] See Book v. ch. 16.\n\n[84] v. 395-397.\n\n[85] Iliad, xv. 518, 519.\n\n\n\n\nINDEX\n\n(_The number in Roman Notation is the number of the Book, the number in\nArabic Notation the number of the Chapter._)\n\n  Achelous, a river in \u00c6tolia, iv. 34; viii. 24. Its contest with\n    Hercules, iii. 18; vi. 19. Father of Callirhoe, viii. 24, of the\n    Sirens, ix. 34, of Castalia, x. 8.\n\n  Acheron, a river in Thesprotia, i. 17; v. 14; x. 28.\n\n  Achilles, i. 22; iii. 18, 19, 24.\n\n  Acichorius, a general of the Galati, x. 19, 22, 23.\n\n  Acrisius, son of Abas, ii. 16. Husband of Eurydice, iii. 13.\n    Constructs a brazen chamber for his daughter Danae, ii. 23; x. 5.\n    Killed unintentionally by his grandson Perseus, ii. 16.\n\n  Act\u00e6a, the ancient name of Attica, i. 2.\n\n  Act\u00e6on, son of Arist\u00e6us, ix. 2; x. 17, 30.\n\n  Addison, ii. 20, Note.\n\n  Adonis, ii. 20; ix. 29.\n\n  Adrian, the Roman Emperor, i. 3, 18, 44; ii. 3, 17; vi. 16, 19; viii.\n    8, 10, 11, 22. His love for, and deification of, Antinous, viii. 9.\n\n  Adriatic sea, viii. 54.\n\n  Adultery, iv. 20; ix. 36.\n\n  \u00c6gialus, afterwards Achaia, v. 1; vii. 1, where see Note.\n\n  \u00c6gina, the daughter of Asopus, ii. 5, 29; v. 22; x. 13.\n\n  \u00c6gina, the island, ii. 29, 30.\n\n  \u00c6gisthus, i. 22; ii. 16, 18.\n\n  \u00c6gos-potamoi, iii. 8, 11, 17, 18; iv. 17; ix. 32; x. 9.\n\n  \u00c6neas, the son of Anchises, ii. 21, 23; iii. 22; v. 22; viii. 12; x.\n    17, 26.\n\n  \u00c6schylus, the son of Euphorion, i. 2, 14, 21, 28; ii. 13, 20, 24;\n    viii. 6, 37; ix. 22; x. 4.\n\n  \u00c6sculapius, the son of Apollo, ii. 10, 26, 27, 29; iii. 23; vii. 23;\n    viii. 25. His temples, i. 21; ii. 10, 13, 23; iii. 22, 26; iv. 30,\n    31; vii. 21, 23, 27; viii. 25.\n\n  \u00c6symnetes, vii. 19, 20.\n\n  \u00c6thra, wife of Phalanthus, her love for her husband, x. 10.\n\n  \u00c6tna, its craters, how prophetic, iii. 23. Eruption of \u00c6tna, x. 28.\n\n  Agamemnon, i. 43; ii. 6, 18; iii. 9; vii. 24; ix. 40. His tomb, ii.\n    16; iii. 19.\n\n  Ageladas, an Argive statuary, iv. 33; vi. 8, 10, 14; vii. 24; viii.\n    42; x. 10.\n\n  Aglaus of Psophis, happy all his life, viii. 24.\n\n  Ajax, the son of Oileus, his violation of Cassandra, i. 15; x. 26, 31.\n\n  Ajax, the son of Telamon, i. 5, 35; v. 19.\n\n  Alc\u00e6us, vii. 20; x. 8.\n\n  Alcamenes, a statuary, a contemporary of Phidias, i. 8, 19, 20, 24;\n    ii. 30; v. 10; viii. 9; ix. 11.\n\n  Alcm\u00e6on, son of Amphiaraus, the murderer of his mother Eriphyle, i.\n    34; v. 17; viii. 24.\n\n  Alcman, the poet, i. 41; iii. 18, 26.\n\n  Alcmena, the daughter of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle, and wife of\n    Amphitryon, deceived by Zeus, v. 18. Hated by Hera, ix. 11. Mother\n    of Hercules, v. 14.\n\n  Alcyone, the daughter of Atlas, ii. 30; iii. 18; ix. 22.\n\n  Alexander, son of Alexander the Great by Roxana, i. 6; ix. 7.\n\n  Alexander the Great, i. 9; v. 21; vii. 5; ix. 23, 25. Said by the\n    Macedonians to be the son of Ammon, iv. 14. Very passionate, vi.\n    18. Tradition about his death, viii. 18. Buried at Memphis, i. 6.\n    His corpse removed thence by Ptolemy, i. 7. Statues of him, i. 9;\n    v. 25; vi. 11. Cassander\u2019s hatred of him, ix. 7.\n\n  Alexandria, v. 21; viii. 33.\n\n  Alpheus, a river in Pisa, iii. 8; v. 7; vi. 22. Enamoured of Artemis,\n    vi. 22; of Arethusa, v. 7. Women may not cross the Alpheus on\n    certain days, v. 6. Leucippus lets his hair grow to the Alpheus,\n    viii. 20.\n\n  Altars, v. 13, 14; vi. 20, 24; ix. 3, 11.\n\n  Alth\u00e6a, daughter of Thestius and mother of Meleager, viii. 45; x. 31.\n\n  Altis (a corruption of \u1f04\u03bb\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2, grove), v. 10, 11, 14, 15, 27.\n\n  Amalthe\u00e6 cornu, iv. 30; vi. 19, 25; vii. 26. (Cornu copi\u00e6.)\n\n  Amazons, i. 15, 41; iii. 25; iv. 31; vi. 2.\n\n  Amber, native and otherwise, v. 12.\n\n  Ambraciotes, v. 23; x. 18.\n\n  Ammon, iii. 18, 21; iv. 14, 23; v. 15; vi. 8; viii. 11, 32; ix. 16;\n    x. 13.\n\n  Amphiaraus, i. 34; ii. 13, 23; ix. 8, 19.\n\n  Amphictyones, vii. 24; x. 2, 8, 15, 19.\n\n  Amphion and Zethus, sons of Antiope, ii. 6; ix. 5, 17; x. 32.\n\n  Amphion, ii. 21; vi. 20; ix. 5, 8, 16, 17.\n\n  Anacharsis, i. 22.\n\n  Anacreon of Teos, a friend of Polycrates, i. 2. The first erotic poet\n    after Sappho, i. 25.\n\n  Anaximenes, his ruse with Alexander the Great, &c., vi. 18.\n\n  Anc\u00e6us, the son of Lycurgus, viii. 4, 45.\n\n  Androgeos, i. 1, 27.\n\n  Andromache, the wife of Hector, x. 25.\n\n  Androtion, vi. 7; x. 8.\n\n  Angelion and Tect\u00e6us, statuaries and pupils of Dip\u0153nus and Scyllis,\n    ii. 32; ix. 35.\n\n  Ant\u00e6us, ix. 11.\n\n  Antalcidas, Peace of, ix. 1, 13.\n\n  Antenor, x. 26, 27.\n\n  Anteros, i. 30; vi. 23.\n\n  Anticlea, the mother of Odysseus, x. 29.\n\n  Anticyra, famous for hellebore, originally called Cyparissus, x. 36.\n\n  Antigone, ix. 25.\n\n  Antimachus, the poet, viii. 25; ix. 35.\n\n  Antinous, viii. 9. See also Adrian.\n\n  Antioch, the capital of Syria, viii. 29.\n\n  Antiochus, the pilot of Alcibiades, iii. 17; ix. 32.\n\n  Antiope, the Amazon, i. 2, 41.\n\n  Antiope, the mother of Zethus and Amphion, i. 38; ii. 6; ix. 17, 25;\n    x. 32.\n\n  Antiphanes, an Argive statuary, v. 17; x. 9.\n\n  Antip\u0153nus, heroism of his daughters Androclea and Alcis, ix. 17.\n\n  Antonine, the Emperor, called by the Romans Pius, viii. 43. His son\n    and successor Antonine, viii. 43.\n\n  Anytus, one of the Titans, viii. 37.\n\n  Aphidna, i. 17, 41; ii. 22; iii. 17, 18.\n\n  Aphrodite, Anadyomene, ii. 1; v. 11. Mother of Priapus, according to\n    the people of Lampsacus, ix. 31. The tutelary saint of the men of\n    Cnidus, i. 1. Ancient temple of her and Adonis in common in Cyprus,\n    ix. 41. Her clients, ii. 34; ix. 38. Her statue by D\u00e6dalus, ix.\n    40. The myrtle in connection with her, vi. 24. The Celestial and\n    Pandemian Aphrodite, vi. 25; ix. 16. (The Latin _Venus_.)\n\n  Apis, the Egyptian god, i. 18; vii. 22.\n\n  Apollo, helps Alcathous, i. 42. Herds the cattle of Laomedon, vii.\n    20. Inventor of the lute, iii. 24; v. 14; viii. 31. Jealous of\n    Leucippus, viii. 20. Jealous of Linus, ix. 29. His altar in common\n    with Hermes, v. 14. See also Delphi.\n\n  Aratus of Soli, i. 2.\n\n  Aratus of Sicyon, ii. 8, 9; viii. 10, 52.\n\n  Ardalus, the son of Hepha\u00e6stus, inventor of the flute, ii. 31.\n\n  Ares, the Latin _Mars_, charged with murder, i. 21, 28.\n\n  Areopagus, i. 28; iv. 5.\n\n  Arethusa, v. 7; vii. 24; viii. 53.\n\n  Argiope, a Nymph, mother of Thamyris by Philammon, iv. 33.\n\n  Argo, the famous ship, vii. 26; ix. 32.\n\n  Argonauts, vii. 4.\n\n  Argos, ii. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24; vii. 17.\n\n  Ariadne, i. 20, 22; x. 29.\n\n  Aricia, the people of, their tradition about Hippolytus, ii. 27.\n\n  Arimaspians, i. 24, 31.\n\n  Arion, the horse, viii. 25.\n\n  Arion and the dolphin, iii. 25.\n\n  Aristocrates, viii. 5, 13. Heredity in vice and punishment.\n\n  Aristodemus, king of the Messenians, iv. 8, 10, 13, 26.\n\n  Aristogiton, i. 8, 29.\n\n  Aristomache, the daughter of Priam, x. 26.\n\n  Aristomenes, the hero of Messenia, iv. 6, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22,\n    23, 24, 27, 32; vi. 7; viii. 14, 51.\n\n  Aristo, the father of the famous Plato, iv. 32.\n\n  Aristophanes on Lepreus, v. 5.\n\n  Aristotle, the mighty Stagirite, his statue, vi. 4.\n\n  Arsinoe, daughter of Ptolemy, and wife of her own brother, i. 7, 8;\n    ix. 31.\n\n  Arsinoites, name of a district in Egypt, v. 21.\n\n  Art, the noble art of self-defence, vi. 10; viii. 40.\n\n  Artemis, (the Latin _Diana_,) iii. 22; iv. 30; viii. 3, 27.\n    Especially worshipped at Hyampolis, x. 35. Temple of the goddess at\n    Aulis, ix. 19. Events there, _do._\n\n  Artemisia, her valour at Salamis, iii. 11.\n\n  Artemisium, a mountain, ii. 25; viii. 5.\n\n  Ascra, in B\u0153otia, the birthplace of Hesiod, ix. 29, 38.\n\n  Asopus, a river in B\u0153otia, ii. 6. Reedy, v. 14.\n\n  Asopus, a river in Sicyonia, ii. 5, 15.\n\n  Asphodel, its unpleasant smell, x. 38.\n\n  Atalanta, iii. 24; viii. 35, 45.\n\n  Athamas, son of \u00c6olus, vii. 3. Brother of Sisyphus, ix. 34. Desirous\n    to kill his children Phrixus and Helle, ix. 34.\n\n  Athene, (the Latin _Minerva_,) why grey-eyed, i. 14. Her birth, i.\n    24. Disputes as to territory between her and Poseidon, i. 24;\n    ii. 30. Gives Erichthonius to the daughters of Cecrops, i. 18. A\n    colossal statue of the goddess at Thebes, ix. 11.\n\n  Athens, sacred to Athene, i. 26. Captured by Sulla, i. 20.\n\n  Athenians, very pious, i. 17, 24; x. 28. (Cf. Acts xvii. 22.) Helped\n    in war by the gods, viii. 10. Their forces at Marathon and against\n    the Galati, iv. 25; x. 20. Their expedition to Sicily, viii. 11;\n    x. 11, 15. The only democracy that ever rose to greatness, iv. 35.\n    Their magistrates, iii. 11; iv. 5, 15. Their townships, i. 3, 32,\n    33. Their law-courts, i. 28. Their Eponymi, i. 5. Their expeditions\n    beyond Greece, i. 29. Their heroes, x. 10.\n\n  Athletes, their diet in training, vi. 7.\n\n  Atlas, v. 11, 18; vi. 19; ix. 20.\n\n  Atlas, a mountain in Libya, i. 33; viii. 43.\n\n  Atreus, ii. 16, 18; ix. 40.\n\n  Attalus, an ally of the Romans, vii. 8, 16. His greatest feat, i. 8.\n    The oracle about him, x. 15.\n\n  Attica, whence it got its name, i. 2. Sacred to Athene, i. 26.\n\n  Augeas, v. 1, 3, 4, 8.\n\n  Augustus, iii. 11, 21, 26; iv. 31; vii. 17, 18, 22; viii. 46. Statues\n    of Augustus, ii. 17; v. 12.\n\n  Aulis, iii. 9; viii. 28; ix. 19.\n\n  Aurora, i. 3; iii. 18; v. 22.\n\n  Axe tried in Court, i. 24, 28.\n\n\n  Babylon, its walls, iv. 31.\n\n  Bacchantes, ii. 2, 7.\n\n  Bacchus, see Dionysus.\n\n  Bacis, his oracles, iv. 27; ix. 17; x. 14, 32. A B\u0153otian, x. 12.\n\n  Bacon, Francis, Viscount St. Albans, on revenge, iii. 15, Note.\n\n  Bady, place and river, v. 3.\n\n  Balsam tree, ix. 28.\n\n  Banqueting-hall at Elis, v. 15.\n\n  Barley cakes, mysterious property of, iii. 23.\n\n  Baths, how taken in ancient times, x. 34. Women\u2019s swimming-bath, iv.\n    35. Warm baths, ii. 34; iv. 35; vii. 3.\n\n  Bato, the charioteer of Amphiaraus, ii. 23.\n\n  Bayle on _Hippomanes_, v. 27, Note.\n\n  Beans, i. 37; viii. 15.\n\n  Bear, the Great, viii. 3.\n\n  Bears, i. 32; iii. 20; vii. 18.\n\n  Bees of Hymettus, i. 32. Bees and Pindar, ix. 23. In connection with\n    Trophonius, ix. 40. Temple fabled to have been built by them, x. 5.\n\n  Bel, i. 16; viii. 33.\n\n  Bellerophon, ii. 2, 4, 31; iii. 18; ix. 31.\n\n  Bias of Priene, x. 24.\n\n  Biblis, love-passages of, vii. 5.\n\n  Bison, x. 13.\n\n  Bito, see Cleobis.\n\n  Blackbirds of Mt. Cyllene, viii. 17.\n\n  Boar\u2019s Memorial, iv. 15, 19.\n\n  B\u0153otarchs, ix. 13, 14; x. 20.\n\n  Bones, ii. 10; iii. 22.\n\n  Booneta, iii. 12, 15.\n\n  Bootes, viii. 3.\n\n  Brasi\u00e6, iii. 24, see Note.\n\n  Brass, first brass-founders, viii. 14; x. 38.\n\n  Brennus, x. 8, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23.\n\n  Briareus, ii. 1, 4.\n\n  Brigantes in Britain, viii. 43.\n\n  Briseis, v. 24; x. 25.\n\n  Britomartis, iii. 14; viii. 2.\n\n  Bupalus, iv. 30; ix. 35.\n\n  Buphagus, viii. 14, 27.\n\n  Burial, ii. 7; ix. 32.\n\n  Bustards, x. 34.\n\n  Byzantium, walls of, iv. 31.\n\n\n  Cabiri, i. 4; iv. 1; ix. 22, 25; x. 38.\n\n  Cadmean victory, ix. 9.\n\n  Cadmus, the son of Agenor, iii. 15; ix. 5, 12, 19.\n\n  C. Julius C\u00e6sar, ii. 1; iii. 11. His gardens, viii. 46.\n\n  Calais and Zetes, iii. 18.\n\n  Calamis, a famous statuary, master of Praxias, i 3, 23; ii. 10; v.\n    25, 26; vi. 12; ix. 16, 20, 22; x. 16.\n\n  Calchas, i. 43; vii. 3; ix. 19.\n\n  Callicrates, vii. 10, 12.\n\n  Callimachus, i. 26; ix. 2.\n\n  Callion, barbarity of the Galati at, x. 22.\n\n  Calliphon of Samos, v. 19; x. 26.\n\n  Callirhoe and Coresus, tragic love story about, vii. 21.\n\n  Callisto, the daughter of Lycaon, changed into a she-bear, i. 25;\n    viii. 3.\n\n  Callon, a statuary of \u00c6gina, ii. 32; iii. 18; vii. 18.\n\n  Calus, murder of by D\u00e6dalus, i. 21, 26.\n\n  Calydonian boar, i. 27; iii. 18; viii. 45, 46, 47.\n\n  Canachus, a statuary, ii. 10; vi. 9, 13; vii. 18; ix. 10; x. 9.\n\n  Cantharus, a statuary, vi. 3, 17.\n\n  Capaneus, the son of Hipponous, struck with lightning, ix. 8, see\n    Note.\n\n  Capua, the chief town in Campania, v. 12.\n\n  Carcinus, a native of Naupactus, x. 38.\n\n  Carpo, a Season, ix. 35.\n\n  Carthage, rebuilt by Julius C\u00e6sar, ii. 1.\n\n  Carthaginians, i. 12; v. 25; vi. 19; x. 8, 17, 18.\n\n  Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, violated by Ajax, i. 15; v. 19; x.\n    26. Called _Alexandra_, iii. 19, 26.\n\n  Castalia, x. 8.\n\n  Castor and Pollux, see Dioscuri.\n\n  Catana, filial piety at, x. 28.\n\n  Caverns, notable ones, x. 32.\n\n  Ceadas, iv. 18.\n\n  Cecrops, son of Erechtheus, king of Athens, i. 5; vii. 1; viii. 2.\n\n  Celeus, father of Triptolemus, i. 14, 38, 39; ii. 14.\n\n  Centaur, v. 19. Fight between the Centaurs and the Lapith\u00e6, i. 17; v.\n    10.\n\n  Cephalus and Aurora, i. 3; iii. 18.\n\n  Cepheus, father of Andromeda, iv. 35.\n\n  Cephisus, a river in Argolis, ii. 15, 20.\n\n  Cephisus, a river in Attica, i. 37.\n\n  Cephisus, a river in Eleusis, i. 38.\n\n  Cephisus, a river in B\u0153otia, ix. 24, 38; x. 8, 33, 34.\n\n  Ceramicus, i. 3; viii. 9.\n\n  Cerberus, ii. 31, 35; iii. 25.\n\n  Ceres, see Demeter.\n\n  Cestus, viii. 40.\n\n  Ch\u00e6ronea, fatal battle of, i. 18, 25; v. 20; ix. 6, 29, 40. (Milton\u2019s\n    \u201cdishonest victory, fatal to liberty.\u201d)\n\n  Chald\u00e6ans, the first who taught the immortality of the soul, iv. 32.\n\n  Champagny on Pausanias, see Title-page.\n\n  Chaos first, ix. 27.\n\n  Charon, x. 28. (Cf. Virgil\u2019s \u201cJam senior, sed cruda deo viridisque\n    senectus.\u201d\u2014_\u00c6n._ vi. 304.)\n\n  Chim\u00e6ra, iii. 25.\n\n  Chios, vii. 4.\n\n  Chiron, a Centaur and tutor of Achilles, iii. 18; v. 5, 19.\n\n  Chrysanthis, i. 14.\n\n  Cicero, see Note to x. 35.\n\n  Cimon, the son of Miltiades, ii. 29; viii. 52.\n\n  Cinadus, the pilot of Menelaus, iii. 22.\n\n  Cin\u00e6thon, the Laced\u00e6monian genealogist, ii. 3, 18; iv. 2; viii. 53.\n\n  _Ciphos_, our _coif_, iii. 26.\n\n  Cirrha, x. 1, 8, 37.\n\n  Cists, used in the worship of Demeter and Proserpine, viii. 25, 37;\n    x. 28.\n\n  Cith\u00e6ron, a mountain in B\u0153otia, i. 38; ix. 2.\n\n  Clearchus, iii. 17; vi. 4.\n\n  Cleobis and Bito, ii. 20, see Note.\n\n  Cleombrotus, the son of Pausanias, king of Sparta, i. 13; iii. 5, 6;\n    ix. 13.\n\n  Cleomedes, vi. 9.\n\n  Cleomenes, ii. 9.\n\n  Cleon, statuary, v. 17, 21; vi. 1, 8, 9, 10.\n\n  Clymene, reputed by some mother of Homer, x. 24.\n\n  Clyt\u00e6mnestra, ii. 16, 18, 22.\n\n  Coats of mail, i. 21; vi. 19; x. 26.\n\n  Coccus, x. 36.\n\n  Cocytus, i. 17. (Cf. Virgil, _\u00c6neid_, vi. 132, \u201cCocytusque sinu\n    labens circumvenit atro,\u201d and Horace, _Odes_, ii. 14-17, 18.)\n\n  Colophon, vii. 3, 5; ix. 32.\n\n  Colossuses, i. 18, 42. (If gentle reader objects to this plural let\n    me cite Sir T. Herbert, \u201cIn that isle he also defaced an hundred\n    other colossuses.\u201d\u2014_Travels_, p. 267.)\n\n  Com\u00e6tho, her love-passages with Melanippus, vii. 19.\n\n  Commentaries of events, i. 12.\n\n  Conon, son of Timotheus, i. 1, 2, 3, 24, 29; iii. 9; vi. 3, 7; viii.\n    52.\n\n  Cordax, a dance, vi. 22.\n\n  Coresus, see Callirhoe.\n\n  Corinna, ix. 20, 22.\n\n  Corinth, taken by Mummius, ii. 1; vii. 16. Rebuilt by Julius C\u00e6sar,\n    ii. 1, 3; v. 1.\n\n  Cor\u0153bus, the Argive, i. 43.\n\n  Corpses, remarkable, v. 20, 27; viii. 29.\n\n  Corsica, x. 17.\n\n  Corybantes, iii. 24; viii. 37.\n\n  Cos, island, iii. 23; vi. 14, 17; viii. 43.\n\n  Cosmosandalum, ii. 35.\n\n  Costoboci, x. 34.\n\n  Creon, i. 3; ix. 5, 10.\n\n  Cresphontes, son of Aristomachus, ii. 18; iv. 3, 5, 31; v. 3. Marries\n    the daughter of Cypselus, iv. 3; viii. 5, 29.\n\n  Crete, island of, iii. 2; vii. 2; viii. 38, 53. Cretan bowmen, i. 23;\n    iv. 8; vii. 16.\n\n  Crocodiles, i. 33; ii. 28; iv. 34.\n\n  Cr\u0153sus, iii. 10; iv. 5; viii. 24.\n\n  Cronos, (the Latin _Saturnus_,) i. 18; viii. 8, 36; ix. 2, 41; x. 24.\n\n  Crotonians, their tradition about Helen, iii. 19. Milo a native of\n    Croton, vi. 14. Wolves numerous in the neighbourhood of Croton, vi.\n    14.\n\n  Crowns in the games, viii. 48.\n\n  Cuckoo and Hera, ii. 17.\n\n  Curetes, iv. 31, 33; v. 7; viii. 2, 37; x. 38.\n\n  Cybele, see the Dindymene Mother.\n\n  Cyclades, islands, i. 1; v. 21, 23.\n\n  Cyclopes, their buildings, ii. 16, 20, 25; vii. 25.\n\n  Cycnus, a Celtic king, tradition about, i. 30.\n\n  Cydias, his prowess against the Galati, x. 21.\n\n  Cydnus, a river that flows through the district of Tarsus, a cold\n    river, viii. 28.\n\n  Cynoscephal\u00e6, battle of, vii. 8.\n\n  Cyprus, claims to be birth-place of Homer, x. 24.\n\n  Cypselus, his chest, v. 17, 18, 19.\n\n\n  D\u00e6dalus, the famous Athenian, son of Palamaon, why called D\u00e6dalus,\n    ix. 3. A contemporary of \u0152dipus, x. 17. Fled to Crete, why, i. 21;\n    vii. 4; viii. 53. His pupils, ii. 15; iii. 17; v. 25. His works of\n    art, i. 27; ii. 4; viii. 16, 35, 46; ix. 11, 39.\n\n  D\u00e6dalus of Sicyon, statuary also, vi. 2, 3, 6; x. 9.\n\n  Damophon, the best Messenian statuary, iv. 31; vii. 23; viii. 31, 37.\n\n  Danae, daughter of Acrisius and mother of Perseus, her brazen\n    chamber, ii. 23; x. 5. (Horace\u2019s \u201cturris aenea.\u201d)\n\n  Danaus, how he became king of Argos, ii. 19. His daughters\u2019\n    savageness, ii. 16, 24; x. 10. How he got them second husbands,\n    iii. 12.\n\n  Daphne, and the crown of laurel in the Pythian games, x. 7.\n\n  Darius, the son of Hystaspes, iii. 4, 9, 12; vii. 10.\n\n  Decelea, iii. 8.\n\n  Delium, i. 29; ix. 6, 20; x. 28.\n\n  Delphi, x. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.\n\n  Delta, ii. 21; vi. 26.\n\n  Demaratus, a seven-month child, iii. 4, 7.\n\n  Demeter, (the Latin _Ceres_,) i. 14, 37, 39, 43; ii. 35; viii. 15,\n    25, 42. See also Triptolemus.\n\n  Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, i. 6, 10, 25, 36; ix. 7.\n\n  Demo, the Sibyl of Cum\u00e6, x. 12.\n\n  Democracies, none in Greece in old times, ix. 1. No democracy that we\n    know of but Athens ever rose to greatness, iv. 35. Remark on, i. 8.\n\n  Demosthenes, the son of Alcisthenes, i. 13, 29.\n\n  Demosthenes, the son of Demosthenes, i. 8; ii. 33.\n\n  Desp\u0153na, viii. 37. See also Proserpine.\n\n  Deucalion, his flood, i. 18, 40; v. 8; x. 6.\n\n  Dic\u00e6archia, iv. 35; viii. 7. (_Puteoli._)\n\n  Dice, vi. 24; vii. 25; x. 30.\n\n  Dindymene Mother, vii. 17, 20; viii. 46; ix. 25. (That is Cybele.)\n\n  Diocles, ii. 14.\n\n  Diomede, king of Thrace, iii. 18; v. 10.\n\n  Diomede, who led the Argives to Troy, i. 11, 28; ii. 30, 32; x. 31.\n    Runs off with the Palladium, i. 22.\n\n  Dionysius, the tyrant, i. 2; vi. 2.\n\n  Dionysus, (the Latin _Bacchus_,) father of Priapus, ix. 31. Son of\n    Zeus by Semele, iii. 24. Fetches up Semele from Hades, ii. 31, 37.\n    Punishes Antiope, ix. 17. Takes Ariadne from Theseus, x. 29. Many\n    legends about him, x. 29. His orgies, x. 33; ii. 2, 7.\n\n  DIOSCURI (_Castor and Pollux_), iii. 13, 26; iv. 31. Visit the house\n    of Phormio, iii. 16. Their anger against the Messenians, iv. 16,\n    26. Origin of their anger, iv. 27. Their particular kind of hats,\n    iii. 24; iv. 27. Called Anactes, ii. 36; x. 38.\n\n  Diotimus, the father of Milo, of Croton, vi. 14.\n\n  Dip\u0153nus and Scyllis, pupils of D\u00e6dalus, statuaries, ii. 15, 22, 32;\n    iii. 17; v. 17; vi. 19; ix. 35.\n\n  Dirce, the legend about her, ix. 17, 25.\n\n  Divination, various modes of, iii. 23, 26; iv. 32; vi. 2; vii. 21,\n    25; ix. 11.\n\n  Dodona, i. 17; vii. 21, 25; viii. 11, 23, 28; ix. 25; x. 12.\n\n  Dog, cure for bite of, viii. 19.\n\n  Dolphin, i. 44; ii. 1; iii. 25; x. 13.\n\n  Dontas, pupil of Dip\u0153nus and Scyllis, vi. 19.\n\n  Doric Architecture, v. 10, 16; vi. 24. Dorian measure, ix. 12.\n\n  Doriclydas, pupil of Dip\u0153nus and Scyllis, v. 17.\n\n  Draco, the Athenian legislator, vi. 11; ix. 36.\n\n  Dragon, viii. 8. Guards the apples of the Hesperides, vi. 19. One\n    wonderfully killed, ix. 26. Seed of the dragon\u2019s teeth, ix. 10.\n    Dragons sacred to \u00c6sculapius, ii. 11, 28. Also to Trophonius, ix.\n    39. Yoked to the chariot of Triptolemus, vii. 18.\n\n  Dreams, x. 2, 38. Interpreters of, i. 34; v. 23.\n\n  Drunkenness personified, ii. 27; vi. 24.\n\n  Dryads, viii. 4; x. 32.\n\n  Dumb bells, v. 26; vi. 3.\n\n  Dyrrhachium, formerly Epidamnus, vi. 10.\n\n  Dysaules, brother of Celeus, and father of Triptolemus, i. 14; ii.\n    12, 14.\n\n\n  Earth, viii. 29; x. 12. The Great Goddess, i. 31.\n\n  Earthquakes, ii. 7; vii. 24.\n\n  Eating-contest between Lepreus and Hercules, v. 5.\n\n  Ebony, i. 42; ii. 22; viii. 17, 53.\n\n  Ecbatana, iv. 24.\n\n  Echetl\u00e6us, his prowess at Marathon, i. 32.\n\n  Echinades, islands, viii. 1, 24.\n\n  Echoes, wonderful ones, ii. 35; v. 21.\n\n  Edoni, i. 29; x. 33.\n\n  Eels of Lake Copais, ix. 24.\n\n  Eira, iv. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23.\n\n  Elaphius, the month of, at Elis, v. 13; vi. 20.\n\n  Electra, married to Pylades, ii. 16; iii. 1; ix. 40.\n\n  Elephants, i. 12; v. 12.\n\n  Eleusinian mysteries, viii. 15; x. 31.\n\n  Eleutherolacones, iii. 21.\n\n  Elk, v. 12; ix. 21.\n\n  Elysium, viii. 53.\n\n  Emperors, Roman, statues of, i. 40; v. 20; vi. 19. See also under\n    _Adrian_, _Augustus_, _C. Julius C\u00e6sar_, _Gaius_, &c. Flattery\n    to, ii. 8, Note.\n\n  End\u0153us, an Athenian statuary, and pupil of D\u00e6dalus, i. 26; vii. 5;\n    viii. 46.\n\n  Enyalius, a name for Ares, (the Latin _Mars_,) iii. 14, 15; v. 18.\n\n  Enyo, i. 8; iv. 30.\n\n  Epaminondas, iv. 26, 31; viii. 11, 27, 49, 52; ix. 13, 14, 15.\n\n  Epeus, the constructor of the famous Wooden Horse, i. 23; ii. 29; x.\n    26.\n\n  Ephesus, temple of Artemis at, vii. 5. (Cf. Acts; xix. 27, 28. Farrar\n    very aptly quotes Appul. _Metam._ ii. \u201cDiana Ephesia, cujus nomen\n    unicum, multiformi specie, ritu vario, nomine multijugo, _totus\n    veneratur orbis_.\u201d)\n\n  Ephors at Sparta, iii. 11.\n\n  Epicaste, mother of \u0152dipus, ix. 5, 26. Better known as _Jocasta_.\n\n  Epidaurus, a town in Argolis, ii. 26, 27, 28, 29.\n\n  Epigoni, ix. 9, 19, 25; x. 10, 25.\n\n  Epimenides, the Rip Van Winkle of Antiquity, i. 14.\n\n  Eponymi, the heroes so called at Athens, i. 5.\n\n  Erato, the Nymph, wife of Arcas, an interpreter of the oracles of\n    Pan, viii. 4, 37; x. 9.\n\n  Erechtheus, i. 5, 26, 28, 38.\n\n  Eridanus, a Celtic river, i. 4; v. 12, 14; viii. 25.\n\n  Eriphyle, wife of Amphiaraus, slain by Alcm\u00e6on her son, i. 34; viii.\n    24. The famous necklace, v. 17; viii. 24; ix. 41; x. 29.\n\n  Erymanthian boar, viii. 24.\n\n  Eryx, conquered in wrestling by Hercules, iii. 16; iv. 36; viii. 24.\n\n  Essenes of Ephesian Artemis, viii. 13.\n\n  Eteocles, the son of \u0152dipus, v. 19; ix. 5.\n\n  Eub\u0153a, v. 23; viii. 14.\n\n  Euclides, an Athenian statuary, vii. 25, 26.\n\n  Euclus, x. 12, 14, 24.\n\n  Ev\u0153, the Bacchic cry, iv. 31. (See Horace\u2019s _Odes_, ii. 19-5-7.)\n\n  Euphorion, ii. 22; x. 26.\n\n  Euphrates, the river, iv. 34; x. 29.\n\n  Eupolis, where buried, ii. 7.\n\n  Euripides, i. 2, 21.\n\n  Euripus, near Chalcis, i. 23, 38.\n\n  Eurotas, river in Laconia, iii. 1, 21; viii. 44, 54.\n\n  Euryclides, an Athenian orator, poisoned by Philip, ii. 9.\n\n  Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus, ix. 30.\n\n  Eurypontid\u00e6, ii. 36; iii. 7, 12; iv. 4.\n\n  Eurypylus, vii. 19.\n\n  Eurystheus, his tomb, i. 44. His hostility to Hercules, iv. 34.\n\n  Eurytion, a Centaur, v. 10; vii. 18.\n\n\n  Fables of the Greeks, how to be understood, viii. 8.\n\n  Filial piety, instances of, ii. 20; x. 28.\n\n  Fire, its inventor, ii. 19. Ever-burning, v. 15; viii. 9, 37.\n    Magically lighted, v. 27.\n\n  Fish, vocal in the river Aroanius, viii. 21.\n\n  Flax, v. 5; vi. 26; vii. 21.\n\n  Flute-playing, iv. 27; ix. 12.\n\n  Food, primitive, viii. 1.\n\n  Foolish desires a source of ruin, viii. 24.\n\n  Fortune, iv. 30.\n\n  Friendship of Phocus and Iaseus, x. 30.\n\n  Furies of Clyt\u00e6mnestra, viii. 34. Furies euphemistically called _The\n    Venerable Ones_, i. 28. Compare vii. 25.\n\n\n  Gaius, the Roman Emperor, end of, ix. 27.\n\n  Galati, their cavalry-arrangements, x. 19. Their irruption into\n    Greece, x. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23.\n\n  Ganymede, v. 24.\n\n  Gelanor, ii. 19.\n\n  Gerenia, called by Homer _Enope_, iii. 26.\n\n  Germans, viii. 43.\n\n  Geryon, i. 35; iii. 16; iv. 36; v. 19.\n\n  Get\u00e6, the, added to the Roman Empire by Trajan, v. 12. Brave in\n    battle, i. 9.\n\n  Giants, the, viii. 29, 32, 36, 47.\n\n  _Girding oneself_, ix. 17.\n\n  Girdles worn round the loins in the races at Olympia, i. 44.\n\n  Glaucus of Carystus, story about, vi. 10.\n\n  Glaucus of Chios, x. 16.\n\n  Glaucus, the god of the sea, vi. 10.\n\n  Gobryas, i. 1; iii. 11; ix. 1.\n\n  Gods, the twelve, i. 3, 40; viii. 25. Unknown gods, i. 1; v. 14.\n\n  Gorgias of Leontini, vi. 17; x. 18.\n\n  Gorgon, ii. 21. See also Medusa.\n\n  Gorgus, the son of Aristomenes, iv. 19, 21, 23.\n\n  Graces, ix. 35.\n\n  Grasshoppers, idiosyncrasy of, vi. 6.\n\n  Greeks, apt to admire things out of their own country, ix. 36.\n    Numbers that fought against Xerxes and the Galati, x. 20.\n    Munificence of in their worship of the gods, v. 12.\n\n  Griffins, i. 24.\n\n  Gryllus, the son of Xenophon, i. 3; viii. 9, 11; ix. 15.\n\n  Gymnop\u00e6dia, festival of, iii. 11.\n\n  Gythium, Laced\u00e6monian arsenal, i. 27; iii. 21; viii. 50.\n\n\n  Hair, shorn to river-gods, i. 37; viii. 41. See also viii. 20.\n\n  Halirrhothius, i. 21, 28.\n\n  Hannibal, oracle about his death, viii. 11.\n\n  Happiness only intermittent, viii. 24.\n\n  Harmodius, i. 8, 29.\n\n  Harmosts, officers among the Laced\u00e6monians, ix. 6, 32.\n\n  Harpies, iii. 18; v. 17; x. 30.\n\n  Hebe, i. 19; ii. 13, 17; viii. 9.\n\n  Hecas, the seer, iv. 16, 21.\n\n  Hecat\u00e6us, the Milesian, iii. 25; iv. 2; viii. 4, 47.\n\n  Hecate, i. 43; ii. 22, 30.\n\n  Hecatomphonia, iv. 19.\n\n  Hector, son of Priam, iii. 18; v. 25; ix. 18; x. 31.\n\n  Hecuba, x. 12, 27.\n\n  He-goat, oracle about, iv. 20.\n\n  Helen, the famous, a woe to Europe and Asia, x. 12. Tradition about,\n    iii. 19. Her maids, x. 25. Oath taken about, iii. 20.\n\n  Helen, a Jewess, her tomb, viii. 16.\n\n  Helenus, son of Priam, i. 11; ii. 23; v. 22.\n\n  Helicon, a mountain in B\u0153otia, ix. 26, 27, 28, 29.\n\n  Hellas in Thessaly, gave name to the Hellenes, iii. 20.\n\n  Hellebore, x. 36, 37.\n\n  Helots, iii. 11, 20; iv. 23, 24; viii. 51.\n\n  Heph\u00e6stus, (the Latin _Vulcan_,) i. 20; ii. 31; iii. 17; viii. 53;\n    ix. 41.\n\n  Hera, (the Latin _Juno_,) i. 18; ii. 15; v. 16; vi. 24. Story about\n    her quarrel and reconciliation with Zeus, ix. 3. Becomes a virgin\n    again annually, ii. 38. The cuckoo in connection with her, ii. 17.\n    The peacock sacred to her, ii. 17.\n\n  Heraclid\u00e6, Return of the, ii. 13, 18; iii. 1; iv. 3.\n\n  Hercules, the Egyptian, x. 13.\n\n  Hercules, the son of Amphitryon, his Colonnade, vi. 23. Hunts the\n    Erymanthian boar, viii. 24. Fights against the Amazons, v. 11, 25.\n    Relieves Atlas, v. 10, 11. Brings up Cerberus from Hades, ii. 31,\n    35; iii. 25; ix. 34. Cleans Elis, v. 1, 10; ix. 11. Drives off the\n    oxen of Geryon, iii. 16, 18; iv. 36; v. 19. Overcomes the Nemean\n    lion, iii. 18; v. 11; vi. 5; viii. 13. Has an eating contest with\n    Lepreus, v. 5. First accounted a god by the people of Marathon,\n    i. 15, 32. Taken to heaven by Athene, iii. 18, 19. Kills Nessus,\n    iii. 18. Introduces into Greece the white poplar, v. 14. Liberates\n    Prometheus, v. 10. His club, ii. 31. His Labours, iii. 17; v. 10,\n    26.\n\n  Hercules, the Id\u00e6an, v. 7, 13; ix. 27.\n\n  Heredity, i. 6; viii. 5, 13.\n\n  Herm\u00e6, i. 17, 24; iv. 33; viii. 39; x. 12.\n\n  Hermes, (the Latin _Mercury_,) vii. 27; viii. 14. Steals Apollo\u2019s\n    oxen, vii. 20. Takes the goddesses to Paris for the choice of\n    beauty, iii. 18; v. 19. Invents the lyre, ii. 19; v. 14; viii. 17.\n\n  Herodes Atticus, i. 19; ii. 1; vi. 21; vii. 20; x. 32.\n\n  Herodotus, quoted or alluded to, i. 5, 28, 43; ii. 16, 20, 30; iii.\n    2, 25; v. 26; viii. 27; ix. 23, 36; x. 20, 32, 33.\n\n  Herophile, a Sibyl, x. 12.\n\n  Hesiod, i. 2; ix. 30, 31, 38; x. 7. Quoted or alluded to, i. 24; ii.\n    9.\n\n  Hesperides, v. 11; vi. 19.\n\n  Hides, garments made of, viii. 1; x. 38. Used as shields in battle,\n    iv. 11.\n\n  Hieronymus of Cardia, historian, i. 9, 13.\n\n  Hilaira and Ph\u0153be, ii. 22; iii. 16; iv. 31.\n\n  Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus, i. 8, 23, 29.\n\n  Hippocrene, ii. 31; ix. 31.\n\n  Hippodamia, daughter of \u0152nomaus, v. 11, 14, 16, 17; vi. 20, 21; viii.\n    14.\n\n  Hippodrome at Olympia, vi. 20.\n\n  Hippolyta, leader of the Amazons, i. 41.\n\n  Hippolytus, son of Theseus, i. 22; ii. 27, 31, 32; iii. 22.\n\n  Hippopotamus, iv. 34; v. 12; viii. 46.\n\n  Homer, his age and birthplace, ix. 30; x. 24. His oracle, viii. 24;\n    x. 24. His poverty, ii. 33. On Homer generally, i. 2; iv. 28, 33;\n    vii. 5, 26; ix. 40; x. 7. Homer is quoted very frequently, viz., i.\n    13, 28, 37; ii. 3, 6, 7, 12, 14, 16, 21, 24, 25, 26; iii. 2, 7, 18,\n    19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26; iv. 1, 9, 30, 32, 33, 36; v. 6, 8, 11, 14,\n    24; vi. 5, 22, 26, 26; vii. 1, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26; viii. 1, 3, 8,\n    16, 18, 24, 25, 29, 37, 38, 41, 48, 50; ix. 5, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24,\n    26, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41; x. 5, 6, 8, 14, 17, 22,\n    25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37.\n\n  Hoopoe, i. 41; x. 4.\n\n  Hoplodamus assists Rhea, viii. 32, 36.\n\n  Horns of animals, v. 12. Horn of Amalthea, vi. 25.\n\n  Horse, curious story in connection with, v. 27. The famous Wooden\n    Horse, i. 23; x. 9. Winged horses, v. 17, 19.\n\n  Hyacinth, the flower, i. 35; ii. 35.\n\n  Hyampolis, a town in Phocis, x. 1, 3, 35.\n\n  Hyantes, ix. 5, 35.\n\n  Hydarnes, a general of Xerxes, iii. 4; x. 22.\n\n  Hydra, ii. 37; v. 5; v. 17.\n\n  Hygiea, daughter of \u00c6sculapius, i. 23; v. 20. Her temple, iii. 22.\n\n  Hyllus, son of Hercules, i. 35, 41, 44; iv. 30; viii. 5, 45, 53.\n\n  Hymettus, famous for its bees, i. 32.\n\n  Hyperboreans, i. 31; v. 7; x. 5.\n\n  Hypermnestra, ii. 19, 20, 21, 25; x. 10, 35.\n\n  Hyrieus, his treasury, story about, ix. 37.\n\n  Hyrnetho, daughter of Temenus, ii. 19, 23. Her tragic end, ii. 28.\n\n\n  Iamid\u00e6, seers at Elis, descendants of Iamus, iii. 11, 12; iv. 16; vi.\n    2; viii. 10.\n\n  Ibycus, the poet, ii. 6.\n\n  Icarus, the son of D\u00e6dalus, ix. 11.\n\n  Ichnusa, the old name of Sardinia, x. 17.\n\n  Id\u00e6an Dactyli, v. 7.\n\n  Iliad, The Little, iii. 26; x. 26.\n\n  Ilissus, a river in Attica, i. 19.\n\n  Ilithyia, i. 18; viii. 32; ix. 27.\n\n  Immortals, The, vi. 6; x. 19.\n\n  Inachus, a river, ii. 15, 18, 25; viii. 6.\n\n  Indian sages taught the immortality of the soul, iv. 32. India famous\n    for wild beasts, iv. 34; viii. 29.\n\n  Ino, i. 42, 44; iii. 23, 24, 26; iv. 34; ix. 5.\n\n  Inscriptions, ox-fashion, v. 17.\n\n  Inventions, source of, viii. 31.\n\n  Inundations, destruction caused by, vii. 24; viii. 14.\n\n  Io, daughter of Inachus, i. 25; iii. 18.\n\n  Iodama, ix. 34.\n\n  Iolaus, nephew of Hercules, vii. 2; viii. 14. Shares in his uncle\u2019s\n    Labours, i. 19; viii. 45. Kills Eurystheus, i. 44. Colonizes\n    Sardinia, vii. 2; x. 17. His hero-chapel, ix. 23.\n\n  Ion, the son of Xuthus, i. 31; vii. 1.\n\n  Iphiclus, the father of Protesilaus, iv. 36; v. 17; x. 31.\n\n  Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon, i. 33, 43; iii. 16; ix. 19.\n\n  Iphimedea, mother of Otus and Ephialtes, ix. 22; x. 28.\n\n  Iphitus, king of Elis, v. 4, 8; viii. 26.\n\n  Iphitus, the son of Eurytus, iii. 15; x. 13.\n\n  Iris, the flower, ix. 41.\n\n  Iron, first fused, iii. 12; x. 16.\n\n  Ischepolis, son of Alcathous, killed by the Calydonian boar, i. 42,\n    43.\n\n  Isis, the Egyptian goddess, i. 41; ii. 4, 13, 32, 34; v. 25; x. 32.\n\n  Ismenius, a river in B\u0153otia, ix. 9, 10.\n\n  Isocrates, i. 18.\n\n  Issedones, i. 24, 31; v. 7.\n\n  Isthmian games, i. 44; ii. 1, 2. People of Elis excluded from them,\n    v. 2; vi. 16.\n\n  Ister, river, viii. 28, 38.\n\n  Ithome, iv. 9, 13, 14, 24, 31.\n\n  Ivory, i. 12; v. 11, 12; vii. 27.\n\n  _Ivy-cuttings_, feast so called, ii. 13.\n\n\n  Jason, husband of Medea, ii. 3; v. 17.\n\n  Jay, anecdote about the, viii. 12.\n\n  Jerusalem, viii. 16.\n\n  Jocasta, ix. 5. (Called Epicaste, ix. 26.)\n\n  Joppa, iv. 35.\n\n  Jordan, the famous river, v. 7.\n\n\n  Keys, the three keys of Greece, vii. 7.\n\n  Kites, idiosyncrasy of at Olympia, v. 14.\n\n\n  Labyrinth of the Minotaur in Crete, i. 27. (Cf. Virg. \u00c6neid, v.\n    588-591. Ovid, Metamorphoses, viii. 159-168.)\n\n  Laced\u00e6monians go out on campaign only when the moon is at its full,\n    i. 28. Go out to battle not to the sound of the trumpet, but to\n    flutes lyres and harps, iii. 17. Care not for poetry, iii. 8.\n    Tactics in battle, iv. 8. Always conceal their losses in battle,\n    ix. 13. Their forces at Thermopyl\u00e6, x. 20. Their kings, how tried,\n    iii. 5.\n\n  Laced\u00e6monian dialect, iii. 15. Brevity, iv. 7.\n\n  Laconia originally called Lelegia, iv. 1.\n\n  Ladder-pass, viii. 6.\n\n  L\u00e6strygones, viii. 29; x. 22.\n\n  Lais, ii. 2.\n\n  Laius, son of Labdacus, King of Thebes, ix. 5, 26; x. 5.\n\n  Lamp of Athene, ever burning, i. 26.\n\n  Lampsacus, people of, anecdote about, vi. 18. Great worshippers of\n    Priapus, ix. 31.\n\n  Laomedon, father of Priam, vii. 20; viii. 36.\n\n  Lapith\u00e6, their fight with the Centaurs, i. 17; v. 10.\n\n  La Rochefoucauld anticipated by Pindar. Note, x. 22.\n\n  Laurium, its silver mines, i. 1.\n\n  Law-courts at Athens, various names of, i. 28.\n\n  Le\u00e6na, mistress of Aristogiton, i. 23.\n\n  Lebadea in B\u0153otia, sacred to Trophonius, i. 34; ix. 39.\n\n  Lech\u00e6um, ii. 1, 2; ix. 14, 15; x. 37.\n\n  Leda, i. 33; iii. 13, 16.\n\n  Leonidas, the hero of Thermopyl\u00e6, i. 13; iii. 3, 4, 14; viii. 52.\n\n  Leontini, the birth-place of the famous Gorgias, vi. 17.\n\n  Leprosy, cure for, v, 5. (Credat Jud\u00e6us Apella!)\n\n  Lesbos, iii. 2; iv. 35; x. 19, 24.\n\n  Lescheos, author of the _Capture of Ilium_, x. 25, 26, 27.\n\n  Leto, (the Latin _Latona_,) i. 18, 31; iii. 20; viii. 53.\n\n  Leucippus, his love for Daphne, viii. 20.\n\n  Leuctra, i. 13; iv. 26; viii. 27; ix. 6, 13, 14.\n\n  Libya, famous for wild beasts, ii. 21.\n\n  Libyssa, where Hannibal died, viii. 11.\n\n  Linus, ix. 29.\n\n  Lipara, x. 11, 16.\n\n  Lophis, story about, ix. 33. (Cf. story of Jephthah.)\n\n  Lounges, iii. 14, 15; x. 25.\n\n  Lots, iv. 3; v. 25.\n\n  Love, its power, vii. 19. Success in love, vii. 26. Cure of\n    melancholy caused by, vii. 5. Little sympathy with lovers from\n    older people, vii. 19. Tragedies through love, i. 30; vii 21; viii.\n    20.\n\n  Lycomid\u00e6, i. 22; iv. 1; ix. 27, 30.\n\n  Lycortas, iv. 29; vii. 9; viii. 50.\n\n  Lycurgus, the famous legislator, iii. 2, 14, 16, 18; v. 4.\n\n  Lygdamis, the father of Artemisia, iii. 11.\n\n  Lygdamis, the Syracusan, as big as Hercules, v. 8.\n\n  Lynceus, son of Aphareus, his keen eyesight, iv. 2. Slain by Pollux,\n    iv. 3.\n\n  Lynceus, the husband of Hypermnestra, ii. 19, 21, 25. Succeeds\n    Danaus, ii. 16.\n\n  Lyre, invented by Hermes, v. 14; viii. 17. First used by Amphion, ix.\n    5.\n\n  Lysander, iii. 5, 6, 8, 11, 17, 18; ix. 32; x. 9.\n\n  Lysippus, a Sicyonian statuary, i. 43; ii. 9, 20; vi. 1, 2, 4, 5, 14,\n    17; ix. 27, 30.\n\n  Lysis, the early schoolmaster of Epaminondas, ix. 13.\n\n\n  Macaria, i. 32.\n\n  Mach\u00e6rion, viii. 11.\n\n  Machaon, son of \u00c6sculapius, ii. 11, 23, 26, 38; iii. 26; iv. 3.\n\n  Machinery, or mechanism, at Olympia, vi. 20. At Jerusalem, viii. 16.\n\n  M\u00e6ander, river in Asia Minor, famous for its windings, v. 14; vii. 2;\n    viii. 7, 24, 31; x. 32.\n\n  Magic, v. 27.\n\n  Maneros, the Egyptian Linus, ix. 29.\n\n  Mantinea, ii. 8; viii. 3, 8, 12.\n\n  Manto, daughter of Tiresias, vii. 3; ix. 10, 33.\n\n  Marathon, i. 15, 32; iv. 25; x. 20.\n\n  Mardonius, son of Gobryas, i. 1, 27; iii. 4; vii. 25; ix. 1, 2, 23.\n    Panic of his men, i. 40; ix. 25.\n\n  Marpessa, the Widow, viii. 47, 48.\n\n  Marsyas, i. 24; ii. 7; viii. 9; x. 30.\n\n  Martiora, ix. 21.\n\n  Mausoleums, viii. 16.\n\n  Mausolus, viii. 16.\n\n  Medea, ii. 3, 12; viii. 11.\n\n  Medusa, the Gorgon, i. 21; ii. 20, 21; v. 10, 12, 18; viii. 47; ix.\n    34.\n\n  Megalopolis, ii. 9, 27; iv. 29; vi. 12; viii. 27, 30, 33; ix. 14. Its\n    theatre, ii. 27.\n\n  Megara, i. 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44; vii. 15.\n\n  Megaris, i. 39, 44.\n\n  Meleager, ii. 7; iv. 2; x. 31.\n\n  Melicerta, i. 44; ii. 1; ix. 34.\n\n  Memnon, his statue, i. 42.\n\n  Memnonides, birds so called, x. 31.\n\n  Memphis, i. 18.\n\n  Menander, i. 2, 21.\n\n  Menelaus, the son of Atreus and husband of Helen, iii. 1, 14, 19; v.\n    18; x. 25, 26.\n\n  Menestratus, ix. 26.\n\n  Miletus, vii. 2, 24; viii. 24, 49; x. 33.\n\n  Milo, of Croton, his wonderful strength, vi. 14.\n\n  Miltiades, son of Cimon, i. 32; ii. 29; vi. 19; vii. 15; viii. 52.\n\n  Minos, i. 17, 27; ii. 30, 34; iii. 2; vii. 2, 4; viii. 53.\n\n  Minotaur, i. 27; iii. 18.\n\n  Minyad, the poem so called, iv. 33; ix. 5; x. 28, 31.\n\n  Mirrors, remarkable ones, vii. 21; viii. 37.\n\n  Mithridates, king of Pontus, i. 20; iii. 23; ix. 7.\n\n  Money, its substitute in old times, iii. 12.\n\n  Moon enamoured of Endymion, v. 1. Full moon and the Laced\u00e6monians, i.\n    28.\n\n  Mullets, love mud, iv. 34.\n\n  Mummius, ii. 1, 2; vii. 15, 16. His gifts at Olympia, v. 10, 24.\n\n  Mus\u00e6us, i. 14, 22, 25; iv. 1; x. 5, 7, 9, 12.\n\n  Muses, the, ix. 29.\n\n  Mycen\u00e6, ii. 15, 16; v. 23; vii. 25; viii. 27, 33; ix. 34.\n\n  Myrtilus, the son of Hermes, ii. 18; v. 1, 10; vi. 20; viii. 14.\n\n  Myrtle, sacred to Aphrodite, vi. 24.\n\n  Myrtoan sea, why so called, viii. 14.\n\n  Myus, its mosquitoes, vii. 2.\n\n\n  Nabis, tyrant at Sparta, iv. 29; vii. 8; viii. 50.\n\n  Naked, its meaning among the ancients. See Note, x. 27.\n\n  Names, confusion in same names general, viii. 15. Different method of\n    giving names among Greeks and Romans, vii. 7.\n\n  Narcissus, ix. 31, 41.\n\n  Naupactian poems, ii. 3; iv. 2; x. 38.\n\n  Naupactus, iv. 24, 26; vi. 16; ix. 25, 31; x. 38.\n\n  Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinous, i. 22; v. 19.\n\n  Neda, river, iv. 20, 36; v. 6; viii. 38, 41.\n\n  Neleus, iv. 2, 36; v. 8; x. 29, 31. His posterity, ii. 18; iv. 3.\n\n  Nemean games, ii. 15, 24; vi. 16; viii. 48; x. 25.\n\n  Nemesis, i. 33; vii. 5, 20; ix. 35.\n\n  Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, the Retribution of, iv. 17. (As to\n    Neoptolemus generally, see _Pyrrhus_.)\n\n  Nereids, ii. 1; iii. 26; v. 19.\n\n  Nereus, iii. 21.\n\n  Nero, the Roman Emperor, ii. 17, 37; v. 12, 25, 26; vii. 17; ix. 27;\n    x. 7.\n\n  Nessus, iii. 18; x. 38.\n\n  Nestor, iii. 26; iv. 3, 31, 36.\n\n  Nicias, the Athenian General, i. 29.\n\n  Nicias, animal painter, i. 29; iii. 19; iv. 31; vii. 22.\n\n  Nicopolis, founded by Augustus, v. 23; vii. 18; x. 8, 38.\n\n  Nicostratus, v. 21.\n\n  Night, v. 18; vii. 5.\n\n  Night-attack, ingenious, x. 1.\n\n  Nightingales at Orpheus\u2019 tomb, ix. 30.\n\n  Nile, famous river of Egypt, i. 33; ii. 5; iv. 34; v. 7, 14; viii.\n    24; x. 32.\n\n  Nineveh, viii. 33.\n\n  Niobe, i. 21; ii. 21; v. 11, 16; viii. 2.\n\n  Nisus, i. 19, 39; ii. 34.\n\n  North wind, viii. 27. (_Boreas._)\n\n  Nymphs, iii. 10; iv. 27; ix. 24; x. 31.\n\n  Nymphon, ii. 11.\n\n\n  Oceanus, i. 33.\n\n  Ocnus, x. 29. See Note.\n\n  Octavia, her temple at Corinth, ii 3.\n\n  Odeum at Athens, i. 8, 14; vii. 20.\n\n  Odysseus, (the Latin _Ulysses_,) i. 22, 35; iii. 12, 20; iv. 12; v.\n    25; vi. 6; viii. 3, 14, 44; x. 8, 26, 28, 29, 31.\n\n  \u0152dipodia, ix. 5.\n\n  \u0152dipus, i. 28, 30; ix. 2, 5, 26; x. 5.\n\n  \u0152nobius, i. 23.\n\n  \u0152nomaus, v. 1, 10, 14, 17, 20, 22; vi. 18, 20, 21; viii. 14, 20.\n\n  \u0152notria, viii. 3.\n\n  \u0152ta, Mount, iii. 4; vii. 15; x. 22.\n\n  Olen, i. 18; ii. 13; v. 7; viii. 21; ix. 27; x. 5.\n\n  Oligarchies, established by Mummius, vii. 16, Note.\n\n  Olympias, daughter of Neoptolemus, mother of Alexander the Great, i.\n    11, 25; iv. 14; viii 7; ix. 7.\n\n  Olympus, Mount, in Thessaly, vi. 5.\n\n  Olynthus, iii. 5.\n\n  Onatas, \u00c6ginetan statuary, v. 25, 27; vi. 12; viii. 42; x. 13.\n\n  Onga, ix. 12.\n\n  Onomacritus, i 22; viii. 31, 37; ix. 35.\n\n  Ophioneus, the seer, iv. 10, 12, 13.\n\n  Ophitea, legend about, x. 33.\n\n  Opportunity, the youngest son of Zeus, v. 14.\n\n  Oracles, ambiguous, viii. 11. (Compare case of \u2018Jerusalem\u2019 in\n    Shakspere, 2 Henry IV., Act iv., Scene iv., 233-241.)\n\n  Orestes, son of Agamemnon, i. 28; ii. 18, 31; iii. 1, 16, 22; vii.\n    25; viii. 5, 34.\n\n  Orithyia, i. 19; v. 19.\n\n  Orontes, a river in Syria, vi. 2; viii. 20, 29, 33; x. 20.\n\n  Orpheus, i. 14, 37; ii. 30; iii. 13, 14, 20; v. 26; vi. 20; ix. 17,\n    27, 30.\n\n  Osiris, x. 32.\n\n  Osogo, viii. 10.\n\n  Ostrich, ix. 31.\n\n  Otilius, vii. 7; x. 36.\n\n  Otus and Ephialtes, ix. 29.\n\n  Ox-killer, i. 24, 28.\n\n  Oxen given in barter, iii. 12.\n\n  Oxyartes, father of Roxana, i. 6.\n\n  Oxylus, curious tale about, v. 3.\n\n  Ozolian, x. 38.\n\n\n  Pal\u00e6mon, i. 44; ii. 2; viii. 48.\n\n  Palamedes, ii. 20; x. 31.\n\n  Palladium, i. 28; ii. 23.\n\n  Pamphus, i. 38, 39; vii. 21; viii. 35, 37; ix. 27, 29, 31, 35.\n\n  Pan, i. 28; viii. 26, 31, 36, 38, 54.\n\n  Panic fear, x. 23.\n\n  Parian stone, i. 14, 33, 43; v. 11, 12; viii. 25.\n\n  Paris, iii. 22; v. 19; x. 31.\n\n  Parnassus, Mount, x. 4, 5, 6, 8, 32, 33.\n\n  Parrots come from India, ii. 28. (Did Pausanias remember Ovid\u2019s\n    \u201cPsittacus Eois imitatrix ales ab Indis.\u201d Amor. ii. 6. 1.)\n\n  Parthenon at Athens, i. 24; viii. 41.\n\n  Patroclus, the friend of Achilles, iii. 24; iv. 28; x. 13, 26, 30.\n\n  Patroclus, Egyptian Admiral, i. 1; iii. 6.\n\n  Pausanias, son of Cleombrotus, i. 13; iii. 17; viii. 52.\n\n  Pausanias, a Macedonian, murderer of Harpalus, ii. 33.\n\n  Peacock sacred to Hera, ii. 17.\n\n  Peace with Wealth, i. 8; ix. 16.\n\n  Pegasus, ii. 4, 31; ix. 31.\n\n  Pelagos, viii. 11. See Oracles, ambiguous.\n\n  Peleus, father of Achilles, i. 37; ii. 29; iii. 18; v. 18; viii. 45;\n    x. 30.\n\n  Pelias, iv. 2; v. 8, 17; viii. 11; x. 30.\n\n  Pelion, Mount, x. 19.\n\n  Peloponnesian War, iii. 7; iv. 6; viii. 41, 52.\n\n  Pelops, ii. 18, 22, 26; v. 1, 8, 10, 13, 17; vi. 20, 21, 24; viii.\n    14; ix. 40.\n\n  Pencala, river in Phrygia, viii. 4; x. 32.\n\n  Penelope, wife of Odysseus, iii. 12, 13, 20; viii. 12.\n\n  Pentelicus, a mountain in Attica, famous for its stone quarries, i.\n    19, 32.\n\n  Penthesilea, v. 11; x. 31.\n\n  Pentheus, i. 20; ii. 2; ix. 2, 5.\n\n  Periander, son of Cypselus, one of the Seven Wise Men, i. 23; x. 24.\n\n  Pericles, i. 25, 28, 29; viii. 41.\n\n  Perjury punished, ii. 2, 18; iv. 22; v. 24.\n\n  Pero, the matchless daughter of Neleus, x. 31.\n\n  Perseus, son of Danae, and grandson of Acrisius, i. 22; ii. 15, 16,\n    20, 21, 22, 27; iii. 17; iv. 35; v. 18.\n\n  Persians, i. 18, 32, 33; iii. 9; ix. 32. Their shields called\n    _Gerrha_, viii. 50; x. 19.\n\n  Petroma, viii. 15.\n\n  Ph\u00e6acians, iii. 18; viii. 29.\n\n  Ph\u00e6dra, the wife of Theseus, enamoured of her stepson Hippolytus, i.\n    22; ii. 32; ix. 16; x. 29.\n\n  Phaennis, a prophetess, x. 15, 20.\n\n  Phaethon, i. 3.\n\n  Phalanthus, x. 10, 13.\n\n  Phalerum, i. 1, 28.\n\n  Phemonoe, first priestess of Apollo at Delphi, x. 5, 6, 12.\n\n  Phidias, famous Athenian statuary, i. 3, 4, 24, 28, 33, 40; v. 10,\n    11; vi. 4, 25, 26; vii. 27; ix. 4, 10; x. 10. His descendants, v.\n    14.\n\n  Philammon, father of Thamyris, iv. 33; x. 7.\n\n  Philip, oracle about the two Philips, vii. 8.\n\n  Philip, the son of Amyntas, i. 6, 25; ii. 20; iii. 7, 24; iv. 28; v.\n    4; vii. 7, 10, 11; viii. 7, 27; ix. 1, 37; x. 2, 3, 36.\n\n  Philip, the son of Demetrius, i. 36; ii. 9; vi. 16; vii. 7, 8; viii.\n    8, 50; x. 33, 34.\n\n  Philoctetes, v. 13; viii. 8, 33; x. 27.\n\n  Philomela, i. 5, 14, 41; x. 4.\n\n  Philomelus, x. 2, 8, 33.\n\n  Philop\u0153men, son of Craugis, iv. 29; vii. 9; viii. 27, 49, 51, 52.\n\n  Phocian Resolution, x. 1.\n\n  Phocian War, iv. 28; ix. 6; x. 3.\n\n  Ph\u0153be, see Hilaira.\n\n  Ph\u0153nix, x. 26.\n\n  Phormio, son of Asopichus, i. 23, 29; x. 11.\n\n  Phormio, the fisherman of Erythr\u00e6, vii. 5.\n\n  Phormio inhospitable to Castor and Pollux, iii. 16.\n\n  Phoroneus, ii. 15, 19, 20, 21.\n\n  Phrixus, son of Athainas, i. 24; ix. 34, 38.\n\n  Phrontis, the pilot of Menelaus, x. 25.\n\n  Phryne, beloved by Praxiteles, i. 20; ix. 27; x. 15.\n\n  Phrynichus, play of, x. 31.\n\n  Phytalus, i. 37.\n\n  Pillars, viii. 45.\n\n  Pindar, i. 8; ix. 22, 23, 25; x. 24. Quoted or alluded to, i. 2, 41;\n    iii. 25; iv. 2, 30; v. 14, 22; vi. 2; vii. 2, 26; ix. 22; x. 5, 16,\n    22.\n\n  Pir\u00e6us, i. 1.\n\n  Pirithous, son of Zeus, and friend of Theseus, i. 17, 30; v. 10;\n    viii. 45; x. 29.\n\n  Pisander of Camirus, ii. 37; viii. 22.\n\n  Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, i. 3, 23; ix. 6. Collects Homer\u2019s\n    Poems, vii. 26.\n\n  Pittacus of Mitylene, one of the Seven Wise Men, x. 24.\n\n  Plane-trees, wonderful, vii. 22, with Note.\n\n  Platanistas at Sparta, iii. 11, 14.\n\n  Plat\u00e6a, battle at, v. 23; vi. 3; ix. 2; x. 15.\n\n  Plato, the famous, i. 30; iv. 32. Quoted, vii. 17. Cited, x. 24.\n\n  Pluto, i. 38; ii. 36; ix. 23.\n\n  Poets, at kings\u2019 courts, i. 3. Statues of, ix. 30.\n\n  Pollux, see Dioscuri.\n\n  Polybius, viii. 9, 30, 37, 44, 48.\n\n  Polycletus, Argive statuary, ii. 17, 20, 22, 24, 27; vi. 2, 4, 7, 9,\n    13; viii. 31.\n\n  Polycrates, i. 2; viii. 14.\n\n  Polydamas, vi. 5.\n\n  Polydectes, i. 22.\n\n  Polygnotus, famous Thasian painter, i. 18, 22; ix. 4; x. 25, 26, 27,\n    28, 29, 30, 31.\n\n  Polynices, son of \u0152dipus, ii. 19, 20, 25; iv. 8; ix. 5; x. 10.\n\n  Polyxena, i. 22; x. 25.\n\n  Pomegranate, ii. 17; vi. 14; viii. 37; ix. 25.\n\n  Poplar, ii. 10; v. 13, 14.\n\n  Poseidon, (the Latin _Neptune_,) i. 24, 27, 30; ii. 1, 4, 22, 30; vi.\n    25; viii. 10, 25, 42.\n\n  Praxias, x. 19.\n\n  Praxiteles, the famous, lover of Phryne, i. 2, 20, 23, 40, 43, 44;\n    ii. 21; v. 17; vi. 26; ix. 1, 2, 11, 27, 39; x. 15, 37.\n\n  Priam, ii. 24; iv. 17; x. 25, 27.\n\n  Priapus, ix. 31.\n\n  Processions, i. 2, 29; ii. 35; vii. 18; x. 18.\n\n  Procne, i. 24, 41.\n\n  Procrustes, i. 38.\n\n  Pr\u0153tus, ii. 7, 12, 16, 25; viii. 18; x. 10.\n\n  Prometheus, ii. 14, 19; v. 10; x. 4.\n\n  Promontory called _Ass\u2019 jawbone_, iii. 22, 23.\n\n  Prophetical men and women, x. 12, with Note.\n\n  Proserpine, i. 38; ii. 36; iv. 30; viii. 31, 42, 53; ix. 23, 31.\n\n  Proteus, iii. 18; viii. 53.\n\n  Proverbs, see ii. 9; iv. 17; vi. 3, 10; vii. 12; ix. 9, 30, 37; x. 1,\n    14, 17, 29.\n\n  Providence, v. 25.\n\n  Prusias, viii. 11.\n\n  Psamathe, i. 43; ii. 19.\n\n  Psyttalea, island of, i. 36; iv. 36.\n\n  Ptolemies proud of calling themselves Macedonians, x. 7, cf. vi. 3.\n    Much about the various Ptolemies in, i. 6, 7, 8, 9.\n\n  Purple, iii. 21; v. 12.\n\n  Puteoli, iv. 35; viii. 7.\n\n  Pylades, i. 22; ii. 16, 29; iii. 1.\n\n  Pyl\u00e6, that is Thermopyl\u00e6, ix. 15.\n\n  Pylos, iv. 2, 3, 31, 36.\n\n  Pyramids, ix. 36.\n\n  Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus), the son of Achilles, i. 4, 11, 13; ii. 23;\n    iii. 20, 25, 26; iv. 17; x. 7, 23, 24, 25, 26.\n\n  Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, i. 6, 9, 10, 11; iv. 29, 35.\n\n  Pythionice, i. 37.\n\n  Pytho, v. 3; x. 6.\n\n\n  Quoits, ii. 16; v. 3; vi. 14.\n\n\n  Return from Ilium, Poem so called, x. 28, 29, 30.\n\n  Rhea, viii. 8, 36; ix. 2, 41.\n\n  Rhegium, iv. 23, 26; v. 25.\n\n  Rhianus, iv. 1, 6, 15, 17.\n\n  Rhinoceros, v. 12; ix. 21. Called also Ethiopian bull.\n\n  Rh\u0153cus of Samos, viii. 14; ix. 41; x. 38.\n\n  Rose, sacred to Aphrodite, vi. 24.\n\n  Roxana, wife of Alexander the Great, i. 6; ix. 7.\n\n\n  Sacadas, ii. 22; iv. 27; vi. 14; ix. 30; x. 7.\n\n  Sacrifices, remarkable, vii. 18; viii. 29, 37.\n\n  Sails, an invention of D\u00e6dalus, ix. 11.\n\n  Salamis, i. 35, 36, 40.\n\n  Samos, vii. 2, 4, 10.\n\n  Sanctuaries, not to be approached by the profane, viii. 5; x. 32,\n    (Procul o, procul este, profani!)\n\n  Sappho, the Lesbian Poetess, i. 25, 29; viii. 18; ix. 27, 29.\n\n  Sardinia, x. 17.\n\n  Sardis, iii. 9; iv. 24.\n\n  Sardonic laughter, x. 17.\n\n  Saturnus. See Cronos.\n\n  Satyrs, i. 23. Satyr of Praxiteles, i. 20.\n\n  Scamander, v. 25.\n\n  Scedasus and his two daughters, ix. 13.\n\n  Scimetar of Cambyses, i. 28.\n\n  Scipio, viii. 30.\n\n  Sciron, killed by Theseus, i. 3, 44.\n\n  Scopas, i. 43; ii. 10, 22; vi. 25; viii. 28, 45, 47; ix. 10, 17.\n\n  Scorpion with wings, ix. 21.\n\n  Scylla, daughter of Nisus, legend about, ii. 34.\n\n  Scyllis of Scione, famous diver, x. 19.\n\n  Scythians, travel in waggons, viii. 43. (Compare Horace, Odes, Book\n    iii. Ode 24. 9-11. \u201cCampestres melius Scythae, Quorum plaustra\n    vagas rite trahunt domos, Vivunt.\u201d)\n\n  Sea, Red, i. 33. Dead, v. 7.\n\n  Seasons, v. 11, 17; ix. 35.\n\n  Seleucia, on the Orontes, i. 16; viii. 33.\n\n  Seleucus, son of Antiochus, i. 6, 16.\n\n  Semele, daughter of Cadmus, mother of Dionysus by Zeus, ii. 31, 37;\n    iii. 24; ix. 5.\n\n  Serapis, i. 18; ii. 4, 34; iii. 14, 22, 25; iv. 32; vii. 21; ix. 24.\n\n  Ser, and the Seres, vi. 26.\n\n  Seriphus, i. 22.\n\n  Serpents, remarkable ones, viii. 4, 16. None in Sardinia, x. 17.\n\n  Sheep, accompanying Spartan kings to war, ix. 13.\n\n  Shields, Used by the Celts in fording rivers, x. 20.\n\n  Ship at Delos, i. 29.\n\n  Sibyl, ii. 7; vii. 8; x. 9.\n\n  Sibyls, various, x. 12.\n\n  Sicily, a small hill near Athens, viii. 11.\n\n  Sight suddenly lost and recovered, iv. 10, 12; x. 38.\n\n  Silenus, i. 4, 23; ii. 22; iii. 25. Sileni mortal, vi. 24.\n\n  Simonides, i. 2; iii. 8; vi. 9; ix. 2; x. 27.\n\n  Sinis, i. 37; ii. 1. (Pityocamptes.)\n\n  Sirens, ix. 34; x. 6.\n\n  Sisters, love of by brothers, i. 7; iv. 2; ix. 31.\n\n  Sisyphus, son of \u00c6olus, ii. 1, 3, 5; x. 31.\n\n  Sleep the god most friendly to the Muses, ii. 31.\n\n  Smyrna, v. 8; vii. 5.\n\n  Snake, story about, x. 33.\n\n  Socrates, i. 22, 30; ix. 35.\n\n  Solon, i. 16, 18; x. 24.\n\n  Sophocles, i. 21, 28.\n\n  Sosigenes, viii. 31.\n\n  Sosipolis, vi. 20, 25.\n\n  Sparta, iii. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.\n\n  Sparti, viii. 11; ix. 5. Note. ix. 10.\n\n  Speech, ill-advised, iii. 7, 8.\n\n  Sperchius, river, x. 20, 21, 22, 23.\n\n  Sphacteria, i. 13, 15; iii. 5; iv. 36; v. 26; vi. 22.\n\n  Sphinx, the, ix. 26.\n\n  Spiders, ix. 6.\n\n  Stade. See Note, i. 1.\n\n  Stesichorus, iii. 19.\n\n  Stratagems of Homer, iv. 28.\n\n  Strongyle, a volcanic island, x. 11.\n\n  Stymphelides, birds so called, viii. 22.\n\n  Styx, river, viii. 17, 18.\n\n  Submission to an enemy, technical term for, Note on x. 20. See also\n    iii. 12.\n\n  Sulla, i. 20; ix. 7, 33; x. 20.\n\n  Sun-shade used by ladies, vii. 22.\n\n  Sunium, i. 1, 28.\n\n  Suppliants not to be injured with impunity, vii. 24, 25. See also\n    iii. 4; iv. 24.\n\n  Sus, river, ix. 30.\n\n  Susa, i. 42; iii. 9, 16; iv. 31; vi. 5.\n\n  Swallows, idiosyncrasy of at Daulis, x. 4.\n\n  Swan-eagles, viii. 17.\n\n\n  T\u00e6narum, promontory of, iii. 14, 25; iv. 24.\n\n  Tantalus, ii. 22; v. 13; x. 30, 31.\n\n  Taraxippus, vi. 20.\n\n  Tarentum, iii. 12; x. 10, 13.\n\n  Tarsus, viii. 28.\n\n  Telamon, son of \u00c6acus, i. 35, 42; ii. 29; viii. 45.\n\n  Telesilla, ii. 20, 28, 35.\n\n  Tellias of Elis, x. 1, 13.\n\n  Tenedos, x. 14. Tenedian axe, x. 14.\n\n  Tereus, i. 5, 41; ix. 16; x. 4.\n\n  Teucer, son of Telamon, i. 28; viii. 15.\n\n  Thamyris, iv. 33; ix. 5, 30; x. 7, 30.\n\n  Thebes, ii. 6; iv. 27; vii. 15, 17; viii. 33; ix. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8.\n\n  Themis, v. 17; viii. 25; x. 5.\n\n  Themisto, reputed by some mother of Homer, x. 24.\n\n  Themistocles, i. 1, 36; viii. 50, 52; x. 14.\n\n  Theoclus, Messenian seer, iv. 16, 20, 21.\n\n  Theodorus of Samos, iii. 12; viii. 14; ix. 41; x. 38. His seal carved\n    out of an emerald for Polycrates, viii. 14.\n\n  Thermopyl\u00e6, vii. 15; ix. 32; x. 20, 21.\n\n  Thersites, x. 31.\n\n  Theseus, i. 1, 2, 3, 17, 19, 22, 27, 37, 39, 41, 44; ii. 1, 22, 30,\n    32; iii. 18, 24; v. 10, 11; vii. 17; viii. 45, 48; ix. 31, 40; x.\n    29.\n\n  Thetis, mother of Achilles, v. 18, 22.\n\n  Thucydides, the famous Historian, i. 23; vi. 19. Possibly alluded to,\n    i. 8.\n\n  Thyestes, ii. 18.\n\n  Thyiades, x. 4, 19, 32.\n\n  Thyrsus of Dionysus, iv. 36; viii. 31.\n\n  Tiger, ix. 21.\n\n  Timagoras, tragic story of, i. 30.\n\n  Timon of Athens, the famous Misanthrope, i. 30.\n\n  Timotheus, the Milesian harper and poet, iii. 12; viii. 50.\n\n  Tiphys, the pilot of the Argo, ix. 32.\n\n  Tiresias, vii. 3; ix. 18, 32, 33.\n\n  Tiryns, ii. 16, 17, 25; v. 23; vii. 25; viii. 2, 33, 46; ix. 36.\n\n  Tisias, vi. 17.\n\n  Tissaphernes, iii. 9.\n\n  Titans, the, vii. 18; viii. 37.\n\n  Tityus, iii. 18; x. 4, 11, 29.\n\n  Tomb of Helen, a Jewess, at Jerusalem, viii. 16.\n\n  Tortoises, i. 44; viii. 23. Lyres made out of them, ii. 19; viii. 17,\n    54.\n\n  Townships of Attica, i. 31, 32, 33.\n\n  Traitors, various ones that troubled Greece, vii. 10.\n\n  Trajan, the Emperor, iv. 35; v. 12.\n\n  Treasuries, ix. 36, 37, 38; x. 11.\n\n  Trench, the Great, iv. 6, 17, 20, 22.\n\n  Tripods, v. 17; vii. 4.\n\n  Triptolemus, i. 14, 38; ii. 14; vii. 18; viii. 4.\n\n  Tritons, viii. 2; ix. 20, 21.\n\n  Tr\u0153zen, ii. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34.\n\n  Trophies, unwisdom of erecting, ix. 40.\n\n  Trophonius, iv. 16, 32; viii. 10; ix. 11, 37, 39, 40; x. 5.\n\n  Tros, father of Ganymede, v. 24.\n\n  Troy, why it fell, x. 33. (Compare Horace, Odes, iii. 3. 18-21.\n    \u201cIlion, Ilion Fatalis incestusque judex Et mulier peregrina vertit\n    In pulverem.\u201d)\n\n  Tyndareus, ii. 18; iii. 1, 15, 17, 18, 21.\n\n  Tyrants, the Thirty, i. 29.\n\n  Tyrt\u00e6us, iv. 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16.\n\n\n  Ulysses. See Odysseus.\n\n  Umpires at Olympia, v. 9.\n\n  Unknown gods, i. 1; v. 14. (Compare Acts: xvii. 23.)\n\n\n  Venus. See Aphrodite.\n\n  Vermilion, viii. 39.\n\n  Vespasian, the Roman Emperor, vii. 17.\n\n  Vesta, i. 18; ii. 35; v. 14.\n\n  Vinegar, its effect on Pearls, viii. 18.\n\n  Voice, found through terror, x. 15.\n\n  Volcanic islands, x. 11.\n\n  Vulcan. See Heph\u00e6stus.\n\n\n  Water, various kinds of, iv. 35.\n\n  To whitewash two walls, Proverb, vi. 3. See Note.\n\n  Wine elevating, iii. 19. (\u201cVinum l\u00e6tificat cor hominis.\u201d Ps. ciii.\n    15.)\n\n  Wise Men, the Seven, i. 23; x. 24. Their famous sayings, especially\n    _Know thyself_, and _Not too much of anything_, x. 24.\n\n  Wolves, men turned into, vi. 8; viii. 2. Many in the neighbourhood of\n    Croton, vi. 14. None in Sardinia, x. 17.\n\n  Word for the day given to soldiers, ix. 27.\n\n  Wordsworth on Daphne. See Note, x. 7.\n\n  World, centre of, x. 16.\n\n  Worshipping the deity with other people\u2019s incense, Proverb, ix. 30.\n\n\n  Xanthippus, father of Pericles, i. 25; iii. 7; viii. 52.\n\n  Xenocrates, iv. 32; ix. 13.\n\n  Xenophon, i. 3; v. 6; ix. 15.\n\n  Xerxes, i. 8; iii. 4; vi. 5; viii. 42, 46; x. 7, 35.\n\n\n  Young, Dr., On Commentators, Preface, p. vi.\n\n\n  Zancle, iv. 23.\n\n  Zethus, ii. 6; ix. 5, 8, 17.\n\n  Zeus, (the Latin _Jupiter_,) the chief of the gods, viii. 36. Assumed\n    the appearance of Amphitryon, v. 18. Traditions about his early\n    years, iv. 33; v. 7; viii. 8, 28, 36, 38. His two jars, viii. 24.\n    Represented with three eyes, why, ii. 24.\n\n\n\n\n                             END OF VOL. I.\n\n\n\n\n          CHISWICK PRESS:--C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT,\n                             CHANCERY LANE.\n\n\n\n\nTranscriber\u2019s Notes\n\n\nThe cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the\npublic domain.\n\nThe index has been copied from Volume 2 for the convenience of the\nreader. Some incorrect references have been removed.\n\nMinor spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected. In addition\nmany errors and inconsistent spellings have been corrected as follows:\n\n  Changed =acordance= to =accordance= on page 365 in \u201cin accordance\n    with the oracle at Delphi\u201d.\n\n  Changed =\u00c6chylus= to =\u00c6schylus= on page 116 in \u201cnext to that of\n    \u00c6schylus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =\u00c6gos-Potamoi= to =\u00c6gos-potamoi= on page 207 in \u201cthe victory\n    at \u00c6gos-potamoi\u201d.\n\n  Changed =\u00c6gospotamoi= to =\u00c6gos-potamoi= on page 204 in \u201cthe other at\n    \u00c6gos-potamoi\u201d, page 261 in \u201cAfterwards too at \u00c6gos-potamoi\u201d, page\n    278 in \u201cthe Athenians at \u00c6gos-potamoi\u201d and page 366 in \u201cwas taken\n    at \u00c6gos-potamoi\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Aglauros= to =Aglaurus= on page 5 in \u201cErse, and Aglaurus,\n    and Pandrosus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Amphiarus= to =Amphiaraus= on page 68 in \u201coracular responses\n    of Amphiaraus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Amphisse= to =Amphissa= on page 186 in \u201cthe Locrians of\n    Amphissa\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Aphidne= to =Aphidna= on page 204 in \u201cthe spoils from\n    Aphidna\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Aristus= to =Arist\u00e6us= on page 46 in \u201csays Arist\u00e6us the\n    Proconnesian\u201d.\n\n  Changed =arts= to =parts= on page 90 in \u201cmaritime parts of Attica\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Auxesias= to =Auxesia= on page 150 in \u201cwhat concerns Auxesia\n    and Lamia\u201d.\n\n  Changed =B\u00e6\u00e6= to =B\u0153\u00e6= on page 52 in \u201cB\u0153\u00e6 in the neighbouring\n    country\u201d.\n\n  Changed =bas-relief= to =bas relief= on page 92 in \u201cin bas relief the\n    sons of Tyndareus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =bearhunting= to =bear-hunting= on page 212 in \u201csuperfine\n    deer-hunting and bear-hunting\u201d.\n\n  Changed =boarhunting= to =boar-hunting= on page 212 in \u201cexcellent\n    goat-hunting and boar-hunting\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Caphereus= to =Caphareus= on page 301 in \u201cSuch was the case\n    with Caphareus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Cappodocians= to =Cappadocians= on page 202 in \u201cthe\n    Cappadocians who live near the Euxine\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Cephissus= to =Cephisus= on page 129 in \u201cbuilt to the river\n    Cephisus\u201d and page 129 in \u201cthe temple of the Cephisus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Chersonnese= to =Chersonese= on page 20 in \u201cconveyed it to\n    the Chersonese\u201d and page 68 in \u201cas Eleus in the Chersonese\u201d.\n\n  Changed =child-birth= to =childbirth= on page 103 in \u201cXenodice, who\n    died in childbirth\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Cnidos= to =Cnidus= on page 351 in \u201cthe people of the\n    Chersonese in Cnidus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =co-operated= to =cooperated= on page 170 in \u201cThey cooperated\n    also with Grais\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Colossusses= to =Colossuses= on page 34 in \u201cthe Colossuses\n    at Rhodes and Rome\u201d.\n\n  Changed =council-chamber= to =council chamber= on page 6 in \u201cnext to\n    it a council chamber\u201d and page 6 in \u201cAnd in the council chamber\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Council-Chamber= to =Council Chamber= on page 352 in \u201cstatue\n    of Zeus in the Council Chamber\u201d.\n\n  Changed =deathbed= to =death-bed= on page 28 in \u201con his death-bed\u201d.\n\n  Changed =deerhunting= to =deer-hunting= on page 212 in \u201csuperfine\n    deer-hunting and bear-hunting\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Demarchus= to =Damarchus= on page 375 in \u201cDamarchus the son\n    of Dinnytas\u201d.\n\n  Changed =doublecourse= to =double course= on page 113 in \u201cand two in\n    the double course\u201d.\n\n  Changed =dropt= to =dropped= on page 253 in \u201cdropped its shield\u201d and\n    page 259 in \u201cdropped his shield\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Eleusininian= to =Eleusinian= on page 293 in \u201csanctity to\n    the Eleusinian Mysteries\u201d.\n\n  Changed =End\u00e6us= to =End\u0153us= on page 50 in \u201cEnd\u0153us was an Athenian by\n    race\u201d and page 50 in \u201cand End\u0153us designed it\u201d.\n\n  Changed =E\u0153\u0153= to =E\u0153\u00e6= on page 230 in \u201cthe Great E\u0153\u00e6\u201d.\n\n  Changed =equi-distant= to =equidistant= on page 64 in \u201cequidistant\n    from Athens and Carystus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Eub\u00e6a= to =Eub\u0153a= on page 9 in \u201cwho settled at Eub\u0153a\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Eumolphus= to =Eumolpus= on page 117 in \u201cEumolpus remained\n    at Eleusis\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Eurypulus= to =Eurypylus= on page 227 in \u201cin their singing\n    to Eurypylus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =figtree= to =fig tree= on page 73 in \u201cgave him in return a\n    fig tree\u201d, page 266 in \u201che took Aristomenes to this fig tree\u201d and\n    page 270 in \u201clately did the wild fig tree teach the same lesson\u201d.\n\n  Changed =fluteplayer= to =flute-player= on page 88 in \u201cthe Samian\n    flute-player Telephanes\u201d.\n\n  Changed =fluteplayers= to =flute-players= on page 134 in \u201cthe anger\n    of Apollo against flute-players\u201d.\n\n  Changed =fluteplaying= to =flute-playing= on page 315 in \u201cthe Pythian\n    flute-playing was introduced\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Gelenor= to =Gelanor= on page 120 in \u201cGelanor the son of\n    Sthenelas\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Geraneia= to =Gerania= on page 78 in \u201cthe top of Mount\n    Gerania\u201d.\n\n  Changed =goathunting= to =goat-hunting= on page 212 in \u201cexcellent\n    goat-hunting and boar-hunting\u201d.\n\n  Changed =greatgrandson= to =great-grandson= on page 78 in \u201cand a\n    great-grandson Sciron\u201d.\n\n  Changed =head-quarters= to =headquarters= on page 228 in \u201cwhere the\n    royal headquarters were established\u201d.\n\n  Changed =hegoat= to =he-qoat= on page 266 in \u201cWhen he-goat drinks of\n    Neda\u2019s winding stream\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Herse= to =Erse= on page 33 in \u201cto her sisters Erse and\n    Pandrosus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =jaw-bone= to =jawbone= on page 217 in \u201cwhich they call Ass\u2019\n    jawbone\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Lacedamonians= to =Laced\u00e6monians= on page 6 in \u201cthe\n    slaughter of the Laced\u00e6monians at Leuctra\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Lacedemon= to =Laced\u00e6mon= on page 28 in \u201cthe plague at\n    Laced\u00e6mon\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Lacedemonian= to =Laced\u00e6monian= on page 2 in \u201cthe\n    Laced\u00e6monian fleet off Cnidus\u201d and page 25 in \u201ca Laced\u00e6monian led a\n    hostile force\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Lacedemonians= to =Laced\u00e6monians= on page 6 in \u201cwho\n    were sent to aid the Laced\u00e6monians\u201d, page 6 in \u201cthe help that\n    came to the Laced\u00e6monians\u201d, page 25 in \u201cthe territory of the\n    Laced\u00e6monians\u201d, page 28 in \u201ca poem on him for the Laced\u00e6monians\u201d,\n    page 29 in \u201cat \u0152noe in Argive territory, against the Laced\u00e6monians\u201d\n    and page 30 in \u201cthe Laced\u00e6monians who were captured\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Lamias= to =Lamia= on page 150 in \u201cwhat concerns Auxesia and\n    Lamia\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Lawgiving= to =Law-giving= on page 62 in \u201ca temple to\n    Law-giving Demeter\u201d.\n\n  Changed =lawgiving= to =Law-giving= on page 83 in \u201ca temple of\n    Law-giving Demeter\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Leth\u00e6um= to =Leth\u00e6us= on page 70 in \u201cAmong the Magnesians at\n    Leth\u00e6us\u201d.\n\n  Changed =lightarmed= to =light-armed= on page 242 in \u201cthe light-armed\n    troops of the Messenians\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Market Place= to =Market-Place= on page 332 in \u201can altar of\n    Artemis of the Market-Place\u201d.\n\n  Changed =market place= to =market-place= on page 152 in \u201cIn\n    the market-place is a temple\u201d and page 217 in \u201cAnd near the\n    market-place are fountains\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Market-place= to =Market-Place= on page 331 in \u201can altar of\n    Artemis of the Market-Place\u201d and page 331 in \u201can altar of Zeus of\n    the Market-Place\u201d.\n\n  Changed =marketplace= to =market-place= on page 104 in \u201cfrom the\n    temple of Dionysus to the market-place\u201d, page 105 in \u201cin the middle\n    of the present market-place\u201d, page 108 in \u201cAnd in the part of\n    the market-place\u201d, page 109 in \u201cNot far from the market-place\u201d,\n    page 131 in \u201cAnd not far from the building in the market-place\u201d,\n    page 158 in \u201ca statue in the market-place\u201d, page 189 in \u201cthere is\n    a handsome market-place\u201d, page 189 in \u201cpublic buildings in the\n    market-place\u201d, page 189 in \u201cBut the most notable thing in the\n    market-place\u201d, page 191 in \u201cAs you go from the market-place\u201d, page\n    193 in \u201cpeople of \u00c6g\u00e6 in Achaia in their market-place\u201d, page 193 in\n    \u201cAnd there is another outlet from the market-place\u201d, page 196 in\n    \u201cAs you go westwards from the market-place\u201d, page 215 in \u201cIn the\n    market-place they have statues\u201d, page 218 in \u201cin the market-place\n    of B\u0153\u00e6\u201d, page 223 in \u201ca conduit in the market-place\u201d, page 289 in\n    \u201cAnd in the market-place at Messene\u201d and page 295 in \u201ca brazen\n    statue of Zeus Soter in the market-place\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Mnasinus= to =Mnasinous= on page 134 in \u201ctheir sons, Anaxis\n    and Mnasinous\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Munichia= to =Munychia= on page 2 in \u201cThe Athenians have\n    also another harbour at Munychia\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Nausicae= to =Nausicaa= on page 42 in \u201cOdysseus suddenly\n    making his appearance as Nausicaa\u201d.\n\n  Changed =\u0152clees= to =\u0152cles= on page 192 in \u201cAmphiaraus the son of\n    \u0152cles\u201d.\n\n  Changed =\u0152niad\u0153= to =\u0152niad\u00e6= on page 277 in \u201cmarched against the\n    Messenians at \u0152niad\u00e6\u201d and page 278 in \u201cthey quietly slipped out of\n    \u0152niad\u00e6\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Olmpiad= to =Olympiad= on page 318 in \u201cAnd in the 2nd\n    Olympiad after this\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Pandrosos= to =Pandrosus= on page 5 in \u201cErse, and Aglaurus,\n    and Pandrosus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Pan-hellenium= to =Pan-Hellenium= on page 150 in \u201cthe\n    mountain Pan-Hellenium has nothing of note\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Panhellenian= to =Pan-Hellenian= on page 150 in \u201cthe\n    mountain of Pan-Hellenian Zeus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =pell-mell= to =pell mell= on page 65 in \u201cthrown them in pell\n    mell\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Peloponnesse= to =Peloponnese= on page 26 in \u201cpressed into\n    the Peloponnese\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Pergamum North= to =Pergamum north= on page 326 in \u201cat\n    Pergamum north of the river Caicus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =pine trees= to =pine-trees= on page 312 in \u201cfull of wild\n    pine-trees\u201d.\n\n  Changed =pinetrees= to =pine-trees= on page 91 in \u201cthe robber Sinis\n    took two pine-trees\u201d, page 91 in \u201che tied to these pine-trees\u201d and\n    page 92 in \u201cand on the other pine-trees planted in a row\u201d.\n\n  Changed =plane tree= to =plane-tree= on page 295 in \u201cthe water flows\n    from a plane-tree\u201d.\n\n  Changed =plane trees= to =plane-trees= on page 407 in \u201cThere are some\n    lofty plane-trees\u201d.\n\n  Changed =planetrees= to =plane-trees= on page 165 in \u201cAnd the grove\n    of plane-trees\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Planetrees= to =Plane-Trees= on page 159 in \u201cApollo called\n    The God of the Plane-Trees\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Plotemy= to =Ptolemy= on page 1 in \u201cPtolemy, the son of\n    Lagus\u201d.\n\n  Changed =porticos= to =porticoes= on page 195 in \u201ca place which has\n    porticoes forming a square\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Pyrrhicus= to =Pyrrhichus= on page 223 in \u201cAnd the temples\n    at Pyrrhichus are two\u201d.\n\n  Changed =racecourse= to =race-course= on page 155 in \u201cwhat is called\n    Hippolytus\u2019 race-course\u201d, page 160 in \u201cand near it some remains of\n    a race-course\u201d and page 292 in \u201cin the race-course at Messene\u201d.\n\n  Changed =rase= to =raze= on page 395 in \u201craze the whole town to its\n    foundations\u201d.\n\n  Changed =rased= to =razed= on page 349 in \u201cMycen\u00e6 and Tiryns were\n    razed to the ground\u201d and page 405 in \u201crazed Pisa to the ground\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Sacades= to =Sacadas= on page 134 in \u201cthe sepulchre of\n    Sacadas\u201d.\n\n  Changed =seafight= to =sea-fight= on page 60 in \u201cfive Attic triremes\n    present at the sea-fight\u201d and page 72 in \u201cfought the great\n    sea-fight against Xerxes\u201d.\n\n  Changed =seafish= to =sea fish= on page 294 in \u201cAnd some sea fish\n    swim up it\u201d.\n\n  Changed =stopt= to =stopped= on page 385 in \u201cknew that it had come in\n    first, and stopped running\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Stromius= to =Stomius= on page 364 in \u201cand Stomius won one\n    victory in the pentathlum\u201d.\n\n  Changed =Tamagra= to =Tanagra= on page 191 in \u201cAnd the fifth victory\n    was at Tanagra\u201d.\n\n  Changed =thighbones= to =thigh-bones= on page 185 in \u201cand threw the\n    thigh-bones of the victims\u201d.\n\n  Changed =vissitudes= to =vicissitudes= on page 31 in \u201cthe life of man\n    and its vicissitudes\u201d.\n\n  Changed =wes= to =was= on page 161 in \u201cChthonia was conveyed to\n    Hermione by Demeter\u201d.\n\n  Changed =who\u2019s= to =whose= on page 232 in \u201che whose lot came up\n    first\u201d.\n\n  Changed =wildboars= to =wild boars= on page 110 in \u201cAnd they offer in\n    sacrifice to her the thighs of any victims but wild boars\u201d.\n\nOn page 41 the word =white= was changed to =black= in \u201cAnd \u00c6geus seeing\nthe ship with black sails\u201d to make the text agree with the well-known\nstory of Theseus and \u00c6geus.\n\nOn page 217 the sentence \u201cMarius indeed has plenty of water if any\nplace\u201d does not make much sense. Other translations indicate that\nMarius has an unsurpassed supply of water.","title":"Pausanias' description of Greece, Volume I.","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":166975}