{"collection":"folklore-oral-tradition","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_74916/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_74916","id":"gutenberg_74916","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74916","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Environmental Issues","Category: Nature/Gardening/Animals","Weather -- Folklore"],"text":"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:\n\n                            WAR DEPARTMENT.\n\n                         SIGNAL SERVICE NOTES.\n\n                                No. IX.\n\n\n\n\n                           WEATHER PROVERBS.\n\n\n                    PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF\n\n                 BRIG. AND BVT. MAJ. GEN\u2019L W. B. HAZEN,\n\n                   CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER OF THE ARMY.\n\n                                   BY\n\n                           H. H. C. DUNWOODY,\n\n           1ST LIEUTENANT, 4TH ARTILLERY, A. S. O. AND ASST.\n\n\n            PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.\n\n\n                              WASHINGTON:\n                      GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.\n                                 1883.\n\n\n\n\nThe study of popular weather prognostics has been considered of such\ninterest that much attention has been given this subject by European\nmeteorologists. It is proposed to make the collection as complete as\npossible, and, with this in view, it is requested that all popular\nweather sayings not found in this collection may be communicated to the\nChief Signal Officer of the Army. It is proper to add that the weather\nforecasts of this office are not based upon the proverbs here given, but\nwholly upon observations and generalizations accepted by meteorologists.\n\n                                                                W. B. H.\n\n\n\n\n                           TABLE OF CONTENTS.\n\n\n                                                                   Page.\n Introduction or note to accompany publication by Chief Signal         5\n   Officer\n Letter of Lieut. H. H. C. Dunwoody transmitting report                5\n Copy of circular calling for reports of popular weather sayings       7\n\n\n                                 PART I.\n\n Popular Weather Prognostics. By the Hon. RALPH ABERCROMBY, F. M.      9\n   S., and WILLIAM MARRIOTT, F. M. S.\n Proverbs relating to animals, with note by Dr. C. C. ABBOTT          29\n Proverbs relating to Birds.                                          34\n      Clouds                                                          41\n      Dew                                                             48\n      Fish                                                            49\n      Fog                                                             51\n      Frost                                                           53\n      Insects                                                         55\n      Moon                                                            59\n      Plants                                                          64\n      Rain                                                            68\n      Rainbows                                                        70\n      Reptiles                                                        72\n      Stars                                                           73\n      Snow                                                            74\n      Sun                                                             76\n      Thunder and lightning                                           79\n      Trees                                                           82\n      Wind                                                            83\n      Years, seasons, months, weeks, and days                      88\u201393\n General prognostics                                                 105\n\n\n                                PART II.\n\n 1.   Instrumental and other local indications of approaching        129\n        storms, compiled from reports made to the Chief Signal\n        Officer by observers of the Signal Service, United States\n        Army\n 2.   Table 1 shows the quadrants from which winds are most likely   141\n        to be followed by rain or snow in the several districts of\n        the United States\n      Table 2, shows the quadrants from which winds are least        143\n        likely to be followed by rain or snow, computed from the\n        observations of the Signal Service\n 3.   District map, showing the boundaries of meteorological         145\n        districts used by the Signal Service in preparation of\n        weather indications\n List of names and addresses of persons furnishing reports for       145\n   this publication\n\n\n\n\n                                  OFFICE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER,\n                                      _Washington, D. C., May 11, 1883_.\n\nSIR: I have the honor to submit the following report of the \u201cPopular\nweather proverbs, prognostics, &c.,\u201d in use in the United States:\n\nThe circular recently issued by you calling upon all observers, both\nregular and voluntary, and the general public to co\u00f6perate with the\nSignal Service in the collection of this information was widely\ndistributed, and the replies received contain special prognostics in use\nin each section of this country. Many of these sayings express, in a\ncrude form, the meteorological conditions likely to follow, and have\nresulted, from the close observation on the part of those whose\ninterests compelled them to be on the alert, in the study of all signs\nwhich might enable them to determine approaching weather changes.\n\nThe increase of aqueous vapor in the atmosphere is indicated by its\neffect upon animal and vegetable organization. Animals are observed to\nbecome restless before rain, and many prognostics are based upon the\naction of birds, beasts, fish, reptiles, and insects. Plants and trees\nalso indicate change in the hygrometric condition of the surrounding\natmosphere by the expansion and contraction of their leaves or flowers.\nThe increase of aqueous vapor is indicated by the expansion or\ncontraction of various substances, such as wood, whalebone, cat-gut,\nsponge, and hair, which, when colder than the air, condenses the\nmoisture upon them, and this being absorbed increases the temperature,\nthus causing expansion or contraction. This action of heat and vapor\nupon these various substances has been utilized by meteorologists in the\nconstruction of hygrometers, and a number of the prognostics herewith\nexpress the effect of moisture on the articles named.\n\nI have indicated only a limited number of those prognostics which depend\nupon the quantity of vapor in the atmosphere with a view of illustrating\nthat a portion of these popular weather sayings are based upon true\nmeteorological conditions, and a thorough knowledge of this class of\nprognostics may prove of service to the observer when instruments are\nnot at hand.\n\nThose popular sayings referring to years, months, weeks, &c., are not\nconsidered of any real value in determining the weather forecasts for\nthe periods named. They are given that general attention may be directed\nto this class of weather forecasts. The ablest meteorologists of to-day,\naided by the most perfect meteorological instruments and the results of\nyears of accurate instrumental observations, are still unable to give\nreliable forecasts of the weather for a longer period than two or three\ndays, and frequently not longer than twenty-four hours. It is possible\nthat a more accurate observation of the condition of plants or the\ncondition and action of animals might lead to some valuable suggestion\nin this important field of investigation. At least we may be permitted\nto invite a wider field of observation in this branch of the science so\nlong as those most learned in meteorology are unable to inform the\nagriculturist whether the approaching season will be wet or dry, warm or\ncold.\n\nI have included in this report the interesting paper on Popular Weather\nPrognostics by the Hon. Ralph Abercromby, F. M. S., and William\nMarriott, F. M. S., which was read before the Meteorological Society of\nLondon December 20, 1882. This paper is of special value when considered\nin connection with the popular weather sayings given in this report, as\nthe relation existing between many of these prognostics and the\nattending meteorological conditions as determined from instrumental\nobservations is clearly shown.\n\nUnder head of General Prognostics will be found a paper of special\ninterest by Mr. Cushing, giving weather prognostics in use among the\nZu\u00f1i Indians of New Mexico.\n\nPart 2 contains the local indications of weather changes as determined\nby Signal Service observers at several stations of the Signal Service.\nAlso table showing the wet and dry winds of each district for each month\nof the year, with a district map showing the geographical boundaries of\nthe districts used in the preparation of weather indications of the\nSignal Service.\n\n             I am very respectfully, your obedient servant,\n                           H. H. C. DUNWOODY,\n     _First Lieutenant, Fourth Artillery, A. S. O. and Assistant_.\n\n                  The CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER, U. S. A.,\n                          _Washington, D. C._\n\n\n\n\n       _CIRCULAR CALLING FOR REPORTS OF POPULAR WEATHER SAYINGS._\n\n\n                                              WAR DEPARTMENT,\n                              OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER,\n                                          _Washington City_, \u2014\u2014 \u2014, 188\u2013.\n\nDEAR SIR: It is the purpose of this office to make a collection of the\npopular weather proverbs and prognostics used throughout the country and\nby all classes and races of people, including Indians, negroes, and all\nforeigners. In order to facilitate this work the accompanying questions\nhave been prepared and distributed. If you will kindly lend your\nassistance in this work I shall be greatly obliged, and if the reports\nare numerous enough to warrant their printing you shall be furnished\nwith a copy of the paper.\n\nPlease write the answers to the questions on the lines provided for that\npurpose, _and number the answers to correspond with the numbers of the\nquestions answered_. Please add such other information bearing on the\nsubject as you may have. When possible please give the origin and\nhistory of the saying or proverb.\n\nYours, very respectfully,\n                                                        W. B. HAZEN,\n                        _Brig. & Bvt. Maj. Gen\u2019l, Chief Signal Officer,\n                           U. S. A._\n\n1. Proverbs relating to the sun.\n\n2. Proverbs relating to the moon. (New moon, change of moon, halo around\nthe moon, influence of moon on agricultural operations, change of moon\non days of week, &c.)\n\n3. Proverbs relating to stars and meteors.\n\n4. Proverbs relating to rainbows.\n\n5. Proverbs relating to mist and fog.\n\n6. Proverbs relating to dew.\n\n7. Proverbs relating to clouds.\n\n8. Proverbs relating to frost.\n\n9. Proverbs relating to snow.\n\n10. Proverbs relating to rain. (Morning, midnight, rain from particular\nquarter, rain during squalls.)\n\n11. Proverbs relating to thunder and lightning. (First thunder in the\nyear, thunder from the west, north, east, south; lightning west, north,\nnorthwest, south, southwest, and east.)\n\n12. Proverbs relating to winds. (Day, night, morning, evening; wind and\nrain, wind preceding fair weather, cold winds, direction of winds, north\nwind, northeast wind, northwest wind, south wind, east wind, west winds,\nwet wind, veering winds, backing winds.)\n\n13. Prognostics from the actions of animals. (Bats, oxen, cats, dogs,\ngoats, hares, rabbits, horses, mice, moles, pigs, rats, sheep, weasels,\nwolves, frogs.)\n\n14. Prognostics from birds. (Blackbirds, cranes, cuckoos, ducks,\nfinches, fowls, chickens, geese, guinea fowl, gulls, kingfishers, kites,\nlarks, migratory birds, owls, peacocks, pigeons, quails, robins, rooks,\nsnipe, sparrows, swallows, swans, thrushes, wild geese, woodpeckers,\nwrens.)\n\n15. Prognostics from fish. (Carp, dolphin, pike, porpoise, trout, shad,\nherring, mackerel, cod, blue-fish, lobsters, crabs.)\n\n16. Prognostics from reptiles. (Frogs, glow-worms, leeches, snails,\nsnakes, toads, worms.)\n\n17. Prognostics from insects. (Ants, bees, beetles, crickets, flies,\ngnats, lady-birds, spiders, wasps.)\n\n18. Prognostics from trees, plants, &c. (Brambles, brooms, chickweed,\nclover, colts-foot, dandelions, ferns, fir-cones, hawthorne, marigolds,\nmushrooms, oak, onions, pear, apple, roses, sea-weed, sensitive-plants,\nthistles, walnuts, wood-sorrel, chaff, leaves, &c.)\n\n19. Prognostics of the weather drawn from various objects. (Chairs,\ntables cracked before rain, &c., coals burning brightly, corns, ditches,\ndoors, dust, lamps, rheumatism, salt, seed, sign-boards, smoke, soup,\nsound, strings, toothache, walls.)\n\n20. Proverbs relating to days of the week. (Weather and agricultural\nrules.)\n\n21. Proverbs relating to each month of the year. (January, February,\nMarch, &c.)\n\n22. Proverbs relating to the seasons of the year. (Spring, autumn, &c.)\n\n23. Proverbs of weather relating to the year.\n\n24. Proverbs of weather and popular sayings relating thereto, not\nincluded in the answers to the above questions.\n\n\n\n\n                                PART I.\n\n\n                      POPULAR WEATHER PROGNOSTICS.\n\n  By the Hon. RALPH ABERCROMBY, F. M. S., and WILLIAM MARRIOTT, F. M.\n    S., reprinted from the \u201cQuarterly Journal of the Meteorological\n    Society,\u201d published in London.\n\nThe attempt to foretell the weather is not of recent date; the ancients\ncarefully studied the sky and clouds, and endeavored to predict the kind\nof weather that was likely to ensue; and a number of the popular\nprognostics of the weather of his time are recorded by Aristotle in his\nwork _on meteors_. In later times our forefathers studied the weather,\nand as they had no instruments to guide them they observed natural\nobjects and noticed the appearances of the sky and clouds, and also the\nmovements of animals, birds, plants, &c. Shepherds and sailors\nespecially being exposed to all kinds of weather, would naturally be on\nthe lookout for any signs of a coming change, and after a time would\nbegin to associate certain appearances with certain kinds of weather. A\ngood deal of weather wisdom of the above character has been thrown into\nproverbs, trite sayings, and popular verse; and we propose in the\npresent paper to examine and explain some of these by the aid of the\nmost recent discoveries of meteorological science. A great advance has\nbeen made in meteorology during the last twenty years, owing to the\nintroduction of daily synoptic charts of the distribution of atmospheric\npressure, temperature, wind, rain, &c. From these it is evident that\nthere is a distinct relation existing between the distribution of\npressure and the direction and force of the wind, and the temperature\nand weather generally. A glance at a number of the charts shows that\nthere is nearly always present either an area of low pressure, called a\ncyclone, usually having an approximately circular form, and, as a rule,\nmoving in an easterly or northeasterly direction; or an area of high\npressure, called an anticyclone, also nearly circular in form, but\nalmost stationary in position. The wind in all cases also blows in a\ndirection nearly parallel with the isobars, having the region of lowest\npressure on the left hand. This has given rise to the simple law\npropounded by Dr. Buy\u2019s Ballot, for the northern hemisphere, viz: \u201cStand\nwith your back to the wind, and the barometer will be lower on your left\nhand than on your right.\u201d In cyclones the wind circulates in the\nopposite way to which the hands of a watch move, but exhibits usually a\nlittle in-draught; while in anticyclones the wind circulates in the same\nway as the hands of a watch, but exhibits usually a little outward\nmotion. The intensity of the wind in all cases depends upon the\ncloseness of the isobars; for the closer the isobars the greater is the\ndifference in pressure in a given distance, and consequently the\nstronger the wind. Nearly all of our weather is of the cyclonic or\nanticyclonic type, and is entirely dependent upon the form and\ndistribution of the isobars. It is, therefore, by the aid of isobaric\ncharts that we shall attempt to explain popular prognostics, and to\nassociate them with certain kinds of weather. The method of research\nactually adopted has been for many years past to take notes of any good\nobservation of any prognostic and put them in a portfolio, with the\nnearest synoptic chart available, or preferably with the nearest, both\nbefore and after. When a sufficient number had been collected they were\nanalyzed, and the remarkable result has been arrived at that the greater\nnumber of prognostics are simply descriptive of the weather and\nappearance of the sky, in the different portions of the various shapes\nof isobars seen on synoptic charts, and that they indicate foul or fair\nweather just as they precede the shifting areas of rain or blue sky\nwhich are mapped out by the isobaric lines. These charts not only show\nthe success of the prognostics, but also explain wherein they sometimes\nfail, by tracing the changes of each particular condition of the\nweather. Hitherto the only prognostics which have been accounted for\nhave been those due to excessive damp, but by means of isobaric charts\nmany others can be readily explained. It must not be supposed that the\nmodern methods diminish the value of prognostics, for even in\nforecasting weather from synoptic charts they are of great value, and\nare always exceedingly useful to solitary observers who have only a\nsingle barometer to depend upon besides these prognostics, as, for\ninstance, on board ship.\n\nWe hope that the present paper will create an interest on the part of\nmany in this subject, and show that it is within their power to assist\nin advancing the science of meteorology, so that it may not remain any\nlonger in the unsatisfactory state set forth in the following old\nBedfordshire lines:\n\n               \u201cWell, Duncombe, how will be the weather?\u201d\n               \u201cSir, it looks cloudy altogether,\n               And coming across our Houghton Green,\n               I stopped and talked with old Frank Beane.\n               While we stood there, sir, old Jan Swain\n               Went by and said he knowed \u2019twould rain;\n               The next that came was Master Hunt,\n               And he declared he knew it wouldn\u2019t.\n               And then I met with Farmer Blow,\n               He plainly said he didn\u2019t know,\n               So, sir, when doctors disagree,\n               Who\u2019s to decide it, you or me?\u201d\n\n\n                          CYCLONE PROGNOSTICS.\n\nWe shall first take a typical well formed cyclone. In the accompanying\ndiagram (Fig. 1) the broad features of the relation of cloud and rain to\na cyclone centre are shown, the full line indicating the path of the\ndepression, and the dotted line at right angles to it is the trough or\nlocus of the lowest reading of the barometer.\n\n[Illustration: FIG. 1.\u2014WEATHER IN A CYCLONE, NOVEMBER 14, 1875.]\n\nIn the extreme front of the depression there is a blue sky, then, as the\nbarometer begins to fall, and sometimes even before that takes place, a\nbank of cirro-stratus, preceded by a halo-bearing sky, makes its\nappearance, which gradually becomes lower and denser, and forms an\novercast, dirty sky. In the whole front of the depression the\ntemperature rises, and the atmosphere feels muggy and close. In the\nright-hand front the clouds assume the cumulo-stratus type, with driving\nrain later on. In the left-hand front the air is cooler, but still\noppressive, with an easterly wind and overcast sky, succeeded by\ndrizzling rain or ill-defined showers. When the trough of the depression\nhas passed the barometer begins to rise, the wind changes and becomes\nsqually, with showers of rain; the air grows cooler, and the clouds\nbreak and ultimately clear away.\n\nNow, with regard to the prognostics with reference to Fig. 2, where the\ncharacteristic weather in the different portions of a depression are\ngiven in a diagrammatic form, it will be seen that the first indication\nof a coming change is the appearance of a halo round the sun or moon in\nthe cirro-stratus clouds. Hence,\n\n\n                  When round the moon there is a brugh,\n                  The weather will be cold and rough.\n\n  The moon with a circle brings water in her beak.\n\n  Halos predict a storm (rain and wind or snow and wind) at no great\n  distance, and the open side of the halo tells the quarter from which\n  it may be expected.\n\n  Mock suns predict a more or less certain change of weather.\n\n\n[Illustration: FIG. 2.\u2014CYCLONE PROGNOSTICS.]\n\nWith regard to the open side of the halo indicating the quarter from\nwhich the storm may be expected, it does not appear that this can be\nmuch used as a prognostic. It, however, most probably originated in the\nfact that halos are often seen in the southwest or west, when the sun or\nmoon is rather low, the lower portion of the halo being cut off by\nclouds banking up in that direction, and that our storms generally come\nfrom those quarters. As a specimen of the value of prognostics we give\nsome details of halos. When rain does not fall within thirty-six hours,\nany subsequent rain probably belongs to a new depression.\n\nDuring the six years ending June, 1882, one hundred and fifty-five solar\nhalos and sixty-one lunar halos were observed in the neighborhood of\nLondon, and they occurred with the following winds:\n\n     \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n                            \u2502 N.\u2502NE.\u2502 E.\u2502SE.\u2502 S.\u2502SW.\u2502 W.\u2502NW.\u2502Total.\n     \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n     Solar halos            \u2502  9\u2502  7\u2502 17\u2502  8\u2502 22\u2502 28\u2502 59\u2502  5\u2502   155\n     Lunar halos            \u2502  4\u2502  3\u2502  8\u2502  3\u2502  8\u2502 11\u2502 21\u2502  3\u2502    61\n                            \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502\n        WITH SOLAR HALOS.   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502\n                            \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502\n     Rain fell on same day  \u2502  3\u2502  1\u2502 10\u2502  4\u2502 15\u2502 12\u2502 36\u2502  0\u2502    81\n     Rain fell on first day \u2502  1\u2502  2\u2502  1\u2502  2\u2502  2\u2502 10\u2502 12\u2502  1\u2502    31\n     Rain fell on second day\u2502  0\u2502  0\u2502  1\u2502  0\u2502  2\u2502  1\u2502  4\u2502  2\u2502    10\n     Rain fell on third day \u2502  3\u2502  1\u2502  0\u2502  0\u2502  0\u2502  1\u2502  1\u2502  1\u2502     7\n     No rain                \u2502  2\u2502  3\u2502  5\u2502  2\u2502  3\u2502  4\u2502  6\u2502  1\u2502    26\n                            \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502\n        WITH LUNAR HALOS.   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502\n                            \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502\n     Rain fell on first day \u2502  1\u2502  1\u2502  3\u2502  3\u2502  3\u2502  9\u2502 13\u2502  1\u2502    34\n     Rain fell on second day\u2502  0\u2502  1\u2502  0\u2502  0\u2502  1\u2502  1\u2502  3\u2502  0\u2502     6\n     Rain fell on third day \u2502  1\u2502  1\u2502  2\u2502  0\u2502  3\u2502  1\u2502  0\u2502  1\u2502     9\n     Rain fell on fourth day\u2502  0\u2502  0\u2502  0\u2502  0\u2502  0\u2502  0\u2502  3\u2502  1\u2502     4\n     No rain                \u2502  2\u2502  0\u2502  3\u2502  0\u2502  1\u2502  0\u2502  2\u2502  0\u2502     8\n     \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n\nAfter the halo comes the pale or watery sun and moon.\n\n\n  When the sun appears of a light, pale color or goes down in a bank of\n  clouds, it indicates the approach or continuance of bad weather.\n\n                    If the sun goes pale to bed,\n                    \u2019Twill rain to-morrow, it is said.\n\n  A red sun has water in his eye.\n\n  When the moon has a white look or when her outline is not very clear,\n  rain or snow is looked for.\n\n\nFrom the extreme damp in this part of the depression, while the sky\ngenerally is pretty clear, cloud forms round and \u201ccaps\u201d the tops of\nhills, a circumstance that has given rise to numerous local sayings:\n\n                  When the clouds are upon the hills,\n                  They\u2019ll come down by the mills.\n\n                  When Cheviot ye see put on his cap,\n                  Of rain ye\u2019ll have a wee bit drap.\n\n                  If Riving Pike do wear a hood,\n                  Be sure the day will ne\u2019er be good.\n\n                  When Bredon Hill puts on his hat\n                  Ye man of the vale beware of that.\n\nFrom the same excessive damp the following may be explained:\n\n\n  When the walls are more than usually damp rain is expected.\n\n  Doors and windows are hard to shut in damp weather.\n\n  The sailor notes the tightening of the cordage on his ship as a sign\n  of coming rain.\n\n  A lump of hemp acts as a good hygrometer, and prognosticates rain when\n  it is damp.\n\n  When walls built of stones which have been quarried below high water\n  mark become damp, wet weather is at hand.\n\n\nAlso, owing to excessive moisture, clouds appear soft and lowering, and\nreflect the glare of iron-works and the lights of large towns:\n\n\n  The glare of the distant Ayrshire iron-works being seen at night from\n  Cumbr\u00e6 or Rothsay, rain is expected next day.\n\n  In Kinkardine of Monteith (Perthshire) and in all that district the\n  reflections from the clouds of the furnaces of the Devon and Carrow\n  works (to the east) foretell rain next day.\n\n\nAlso:\n\n\n  When the flames of candles flare and snap or burn with an unsteady or\n  dim light, rain, and frequently wind also, are found to follow.\n\n\nThis is especially applicable to oil-lamps or tallow candles.\n\nAs the depression approaches and the atmosphere becomes gloomy, close,\nand muggy, some people are troubled with rheumatic pains and neuralgia,\nold wounds, and corns are painful, animals and birds are restless, and\ndrains and ditches give out an offensive smell:\n\n\n  When rheumatic people complain of more than ordinary pains in the\n  joints, it will rain.\n\n  If corns, wounds, and sores itch or ache more than usual, rain is to\n  fall shortly.\n\n            A coming storm your shooting corns presage,\n            And aches will throb, your hollow tooth will rage.\n\n  When animals seek sheltered places instead of spreading over their\n  usual range, an unfavorable change is probable.\n\n                     Hark! I hear the asses bray,\n                     We shall have some rain to-day.\n\n  If oxen turn up their nostrils and sniff the air, or if they lick\n  their fore feet, or lie on their right side, it will rain.\n\n  Goats leave the high grounds and seek shelter before a storm.\n\n  Hogs crying and running unquietly up and down with hay or litter in\n  their mouths, foreshow a storm to be near at hand.\n\n  When birds of long flight\u2014rooks, swallows, or others\u2014hang about home\n  and fly up and down, or low, rain or wind may be expected.\n\n\nThis tumbling of rooks is amongst the best known signs of rain in places\nwhere those birds are found.\n\n\n                  When the peacock loudly bawls,\n                  Soon we\u2019ll have both rain and squalls.\n\n  If toads come out of their holes in great numbers, rain will soon\n  fall.\n\n  If glow-worms shine much, it will rain.\n\n  When gnats bite keenly, and when flies keep near the ground, we look\n  for wind and rain.\n\n  When spider webs are seen floating about in the air, farmers regard it\n  as a sign of coming rain.\n\n  When many bees enter the hive and none leave it, rain is near.\n\n\nAlso, from cloud and gloom, plants shut up their petals early:\n\n\n  The _Convolvulus arvensis_ (small bind-weed), _Anagallis arvensis_\n  (scarlet pimpernel), and _Calendula pluvialis_ shut up their flowers\n  before approaching rain. (The _pimpernel_ has been called the poor\n  man\u2019s weather-glass.)\n\n\nDr. Jenner\u2019s well-known lines are very good, as they contain references\nto most of the natural prognostics. (See page 110, General Prognostics.)\n\nIt will be seen, however, later on, that the sayings about the rainbow,\ndistant hills, and whirling dust, though good prognostics, do not belong\nto a depression.\n\nAs the depression centre approaches still nearer, rain sets in and\ncontinues till the barometer turns to rise. The passage of the trough is\noften associated with a squall or heavy shower, commonly known as \u201ca\nclearing shower.\u201d Immediately the air becomes cooler and loses the\nformer muggy sensation, and soon small patches of blue sky appear.\n\n\n  When as much blue sky is seen as will make a Dutchman a jacket (or a\n  sailor breeches) the weather may be expected to clear up.\n\n  A small cloudless place in the northeast horizon is regarded both by\n  seamen and landsmen as a certain precursor of fine weather or a\n  clearing up.\n\n\nThe steady rain breaks up into showers or cold squalls, which are\nfollowed by hard detached cumulus or strato-cumulus till the sky becomes\nblue again:\n\n\n  When after a shower, the cirro-strati open up at the zenith, leaving\n  broken or ragged edges pointing upwards, and settle down gloomily and\n  compactly on the horizon, wind will follow, and will last for some\n  time.\n\n\nThis is a description of a clearing up before the windy portion of a\ndepression has passed.\n\nIn the south of the depression near the outskirts, windy cirrus and\n\u201cmare\u2019s tails\u201d are observed, which indicate wind rather than rain, as\nthey are south of the rainy portion.\n\n\n  The cloud called goat\u2019s hair or the gray mare\u2019s tails forebodes wind.\n\n                 If clouds look as if scratched by a hen\n                 Get ready to reef your topsails then.\n\n                 Mackerel sky and mare\u2019s tails,\n                 Make lofty ships carry low sails.\n\n\nThe shift of the wind is different in the right-hand portion of the\ndepression to what it is in the left-hand portion. In the former, on its\nfirst approach, the wind backs to south and falls very light to an\nalmost ominous calm. The first puffs or \u201cpaws\u201d of wind give rise to a\nnoise in tree tops without much wind, and little eddies of dust, or to a\nwhistling of the wind indoors, which are all well-known signs of rain.\nThen, as the depression passes along, the wind gradually veers to\nsouthwest and west, with increasing strength. Hence,\n\n                  When the wind veers against the sun,\n                  Trust it not, for back \u2019twill run.\n\n                  When the wind is in the south\n                  It is in the rain\u2019s mouth.\n\nIn the left-hand side of the depression the wind will back right round\nfrom south through east to north and northwest. In the rear of the\ndepression on the left-hand side the wind blows from the northeast and\nthen north, when the clouds begin to break and the weather to clear.\nWhen the depression has nearly passed away the wind in the rear draws\nround to the northwest, and gradually abates, and the weather becomes\nfine. Hence the saying:\n\n\n  Do business with men when the wind is in the northwest.\n\n\nThis bringing the finest weather is said to improve men\u2019s tempers, as\nopposed to the neuralgic and rheumatic sensations felt in front of a\ndepression.\n\n\n                    WEDGE-SHAPED ISOBAR PROGNOSTICS.\n\nThough the bulk of British weather is made up of cyclones and\nanticyclones, there are two other distributions of pressure marked out\nby wedge-shaped isobars and straight isobars respectively, which have\nnever before been described, but which are associated with many\nwell-known sayings. The chief interest in these prognostics consists in\nthe contrasts which they present to cyclone prognostics, as in many\ncases they are associated with fine or dry weather, as opposed to the\ndamp of an approaching depression. We shall first describe the\nprognostics which characterize the wedge-shaped area of high pressure\nthat is frequently formed between a retreating and an advancing\ndepression, as it is by far the most common.\n\nAll these prognostics owe their value to the fact that as the new\ndepression comes on, rain may be expected. By reference to Fig. 3 it\nwill be seen that in the rear of the retreating depression the weather\nis beautifully fine, of the sort of which we should say that it was \u201ctoo\nfine to last,\u201d or, if it lasted a whole day, we should call it a \u201cpet\nday.\u201d\n\n[Illustration: FIG. 3.\u2014WEDGE-SHARPED ISOBARS.]\n\n\n  An unseasonably fine day in spring is called a pet day in Scotland.\n  The fate of pets they say awaits it, and they look for bad weather on\n  the morrow.\n\n\nDuring the day the sun is burning hot:\n\n\n  When the sun burns more than usual, rain may be expected.\n\n\nDuring the night white frost is formed, owing to calm radiation:\n\n\n  A white frost never lasts more than three days; a long frost is a\n  black frost.\n\n  Frost suddenly following heavy rain seldom lasts long.\n\n\nAs the day advances after a white frost, the air becomes dull from the\ninfluence of the on-coming depression; whence the saying\u2014\n\n\n  When the frost gets into the air it will rain.\n\n\nDuring the very fine weather, on the east side of a wedge-shaped area\nthere is often great visibility with a cloudless sky:\n\n\n  The further the sight the nearer the rain.\n\n  When the Isle of Wight is seen from Brighton or Worthing, rain may be\n  expected.\n\n  When to the people about Arbrouth the Bell-Rock light is particularly\n  brilliant, rain is expected.\n\n  About Cape Wrath and along that part of the coast when the Orkney\n  Islands are distinctly seen, a storm or a continuation of bad weather\n  is prognosticated.\n\n  When from Ardersier and the adjoining parish on the southeast side of\n  the Moray Firth the distant Ross-shire hills are distinctly seen in\n  the morning rain is expected that day.\n\n  To the people in Eaglesham, in Renfrewshire, when the Kilpatrick hills\n  appear near a change to wet is looked for; but when they appear\n  remote, dry weather will continue.\n\n  If the old moon embraces the new moon, stormy weather is foreboded.\n\n\nGreat confidence is placed in this old prognostic:\n\n                    I saw the new moon late yestreen\n                      Wi\u2019 the old moon in her arm,\n                    And if we gang to sea, master,\n                      I fear we\u2019ll come to harm.\n\nThe reason of \u201cvisibility\u201d is uncertain; the old idea that it is due to\nexcess of vapor is certainly erroneous. The dry and wet bulb hygrometer\nalways indicates a considerable amount of dryness when it is remarked,\nand Mr. Cruickshank has shown by long observation at Aberdeen that\nvisibility is greatest at the driest season of the year.\n\nAt the extreme northwest edge of a depression there is often unusual\n\u201crefraction,\u201d a well-known sign of rain. This seems to be due to the\ncold air in the rear of a depression being much below the temperature of\nthe sea. If so, it is a sign of rain, for the reason that one depression\nis usually followed soon by another, which also explains the saying\u2014\n\n\n  A norwester is not long in debt to a souwester.\n\n\nRefraction and visibility combined also explain the following curious\nlocal prognostic:\n\n\n  When Ailsa Craig is distinctly seen, and seems near at hand, the\n  people of Cumbr\u00e6 look for change. When the weather is going to be\n  finer it lies flat; but when rain is coming it assumes the form of a\n  mushroom.\n\n\nAilsa Craig is an isolated rock standing in the Firth of Clyde, about\nthirty miles from Cumbr\u00e6. It has a conical top, with precipitous sides,\nso that in ordinary weather only the top is seen lying flat on the\nhorizon; but sometimes in the rear of a depression it appears lifted by\nrefraction, and the light encroaches at the edges, as is often seen with\nprojecting promontories, giving the whole a fanciful resemblance to a\nmushroom. The prognostic is mistrusted by the inhabitants during frost,\nand we have proved it by our own observation. On the west side of the\nwedge-shaped area, as the new depression comes on, the blue sky\ngradually assumes a dirty appearance, accompanied by a halo, and gathers\ninto cloud, and later on rain begins to fall; while in the southern\nportion the rain is often preceded by strips of cirrus, either lying in\nthe direction of the wind, or sometimes at right angles to it:\n\n\n  Cirrus at right angles to the wind is a sign of rain.\n\n\n                      STRAIGHT ISOBAR PROGNOSTICS.\n\nNow we come to the consideration of some very interesting rain\nprognostics associated with straight isobars. While those in a\ndepression are preceded by an almost ominous calm, and a dirty, murky\nsky, these are associated with a hard sky and blustery wind, of which it\nwould be ordinarily remarked \u201cthat the wind keeps down the rain,\u201d or\n\u201cthat when the wind falls it will rain.\u201d While also the prognostics\nwhich precede cyclone rain hold good for the reason that they are seen\nin front of the rainy portion, those associated with straight isobars\nhold good because, though there is little rain actually with them, the\narea which they cover to-day will probably be covered by a depression\nto-morrow\u2014the conditions being favorable for the passage of depressions.\n\nOn turning to Fig. 4 it will be seen that while the pressure is high to\nthe south, it is generally low to the north, without any definite\ncyclonic system, and that the isobars run straight nearly east and west.\n\n[Illustration: FIG. 4.\u2014STRAIGHT ISOBAR PROGNOSTICS.]\n\nNear the high pressure the sky is blue, then as we approach the low\npressure feathery cirrus, or some form of windy sky, makes its\nappearance, while a blustery wind whirls the dust, or blows the soot\ndown; and animals turn their tails to the wind to avoid its force on\ntheir faces:\n\n\n  When chimneys smoke and soot falls, bad weather is at hand. The\n  whistling of the wind heard within doors denotes rain.\n\n  When sheep, cattle, or horses turn their backs to the wind, it is a\n  sign of rain.\n\n\nGetting still nearer the low pressure, the sky is found to be gathering\ninto hard stratus, at first with chinks between its masses, through\nwhich divergent rays stream down under the sun, which is spoken of as\n\u201cthe sun drawing water.\u201d Sometimes, especially in winter, these rays are\nlurid, and are referred to in the following prognostic:\n\n\n  Along the north shore of the Solway, from Dumfries to Gretna, a lurid\n  appearance in the eastern or southeastern horizon, called from its\n  direction \u201ca Carlisle sky,\u201d is thought a sure sign of coming rain.\n  They describe it as lurid and yet yellowish, and the common saying is:\n\n                         The Carle sky\n                         Keeps not the head dry.\n\n\nAt the same time there is often great \u201cvisibility\u201d with a hard overcast\nsky, and moderately dry air, in which the stratus seems to play the part\nof a sunshade, for as soon as the sun comes out the clearness of distant\nobjects diminishes. This visibility must not be confounded with the\nvisibility already described with a cloudless sky, which occurs with\nwedge-shaped isobars. Simultaneously we often find \u201caudibility.\u201d\n\n\n  If the noise of a steamer or railway train is heard at a great\n  distance, rain is predicted.\n\n\nThis distinctness of distant sounds must be carefully distinguished from\nsounds which are not usually heard, being brought up by the wind coming\nfrom a rainy quarter. For instance, the whistle of a railway train to\nthe south of a house will not be usually heard with the normal southwest\nwind of this country; but when the wind backs in front of a depression\nto the south, then it will be heard, and although this will be a good\nprognostic, still it is not true audibility.\n\n\n  When people of Monzie (Perthshire) hear the sound of the waterfalls of\n  Shaggie, or the roar of the distant Turret clearly and loudly, a storm\n  is expected; but if the sound seems to recede from the ear till it is\n  lost in the distance, and if the weather be thick a change to fair may\n  be looked for speedily.\n\n  In Fortingall (Perthshire) if, in calm weather, the sound of the\n  rapids on the Lyon is distinctly heard, and if the sound descends with\n  the stream, rainy weather is at hand; but if the sound goes up the\n  stream and dies away in the distance, it is an omen of continued dry\n  weather, or a clearing up if previously thick.\n\n\nThe course of Turret and Lyon is from west to east.\n\nTrue \u201caudibility\u201d is best described by the saying:\n\n                A good hearing day is a sign of wet.\n                Much sound in the air is a sign of rain.\n\nThis last exactly conveys the kind of sound referred to. The reason why\naudibility is produced is unknown, but the old idea that it is due to\nexcessive moisture in the air is certainly erroneous; in several\ninstances we have observed that the upper current of the wind appeared\nto be moving much faster than the lower, and perhaps that may have\nsomething to do with it. When the gradients are very steep, a little\nrain sometimes falls with straight isobars, generally in light showers,\nwith a hard sky.\n\nThough as a matter of convenience we have described the sequence of\nweather as we proceed from high to the low pressure, it must be clearly\nunderstood that it does not represent the sequence of weather to a\nsingle observer, but rather what the weather will be simultaneously in\ndifferent parts of the country; for instance, that if there are cirrus\nclouds in London there may perhaps be a lurid sky in Edinburgh. The\nprognostic value of all is due to the fact that a depression will soon\nform which will probably extend over the whole country.\n\n\n                        ANTICYCLONE PROGNOSTICS.\n\nHaving spoken of cyclones, we shall now direct our attention to\nanticyclones. In the daily weather charts we sometimes see but two or\nthree isobars, and these are a considerable distance apart, and extend\nover a large area. The pressure is highest in the centre, and gradually\ndiminishes outwards. The air is calm and cold in the central area, but\non the outskirts the wind blows in the direction of the hands of a\nwatch. These are the special features of an anticyclone. The weather in\nan anticyclone is almost the opposite of that in a depression; that in\nthe latter being wet and unsettled, while that in the former is usually\nsettled and fine, with more or less haze in the air. Another great\ndifference is that while depressions are generally rapid in their\nmovements, anticyclones are nearly stationary; and it is for this reason\nthat they are associated with \u201csettled\u201d fine weather. In the area of\nhigh pressure the characteristic features are largely modified by what\nis termed \u201cradiation\u201d weather, as determined by diurnal and seasonal\nvariations; and as the pressure is nearly stationary, these diurnal and\nseasonal variations are the chief features of anticyclonic weather.\n\nWe shall now give the prognostics due to the variations in some detail,\nFig. 5. The sky being generally clear and the air calm, the temperature\nis high in the day and low at night. In summer brilliant sun shine\nprevails during the day, and at night there is heavy dew, and in\nlow-lying places mist.\n\n\n  Heavy dews in hot weather indicate a continuance of fair weather, and\n  no dew after a hot day foretells rain.\n\n  If mist rises in low ground and soon vanish, expect fair weather.\n\n  Thin, white, fleecy, broken mists, slowly ascending the sides of a\n  mountain whose top is uncovered, predicts a fair day.\n\n                    When the mist creeps up the hill,\n                    Fisher out and try your skill.\n\n  When in the morning the dew is heavy and remains long on the grass,\n  when the fog in the valleys is slowly dissipated and lingers on the\n  hill-side, when the clouds seem to be taking a higher place, and when\n  a few loose cirro-strati float gently along, serene weather may\n  confidently be expected for the greater part of that day.\n\n\n[Illustration: FIG. 5.\u2014ANTICYCLONE PROGNOSTICS.]\n\nThese all refer to night radiation, mist being dispersed by the sun\u2019s\nrays. Fine, light, genial weather raises the spirits and exerts an\nenlivening influence not only on human beings but also on animals,\nbirds, insects, &c. Hence the saying:\n\n\n  If larks fly high and sing long, expect fine weather.\n\n  When sea birds fly out early and far to seaward, moderate winds and\n  fair weather may be expected.\n\n  If rooks go far abroad it will be fine.\n\n  Cranes soaring aloft and quietly in the air foreshow fair weather.\n\n  If kites fly high, fine weather is at hand.\n\n               Wild geese, wild geese, ganging out to sea,\n               Good weather it will be.\n\n  When owls whoop much at night, expect fair weather.\n\n  Bats, or flying mice, coming out of their holes quickly after sunset\n  and sporting in the open air premonstrates fair and calm weather.\n\n  Chickweed expands its leaves boldly and fully when fine weather is to\n  follow.\n\n\nIn winter frost is generally prevalent in the central area of an\nanticyclone, accompanied frequently by fog, which is most dense in the\nneighborhood of large towns. This is all due to the radiation of calm\nweather.\n\n\n  White mist in winter indicates frost.\n\n  In the evenings of autumn and spring vapor arising from a river is\n  regarded as a sure indication of coming frost.\n\n\nThis comes from the air being colder than the water.\n\n\n  When fires burn faster than usual, and with a blue flame, frosty\n  weather may be expected.\n\n\nThis is caused by reduced temperature of the outer air making a better\ndraught in the chimney.\n\n\n  In winter when the sound of the breakers on shore is unusually\n  distinct, frost is indicated.\n\n\nThese last two prognostics are explained by the fact that the atmosphere\nis very dense and still in an anticyclone.\n\nIn those places where fog does not form the sky will often be clear at\nnight, whence\u2014\n\n\n                               Clear moon,\n                               Frost soon.\n\n  In winter when the moon\u2019s horns are sharp and well defined, frost is\n  expected.\n\n\nThe wind in an anticyclone system blows in the direction of motion of\nthe hands of a watch, but slightly outwards, and as the anticyclone is\nnearly always stationary, the wind blows from the same quarter for\nseveral days together.\n\n\n  When the wind turns from northeast to east and continues two days\n  without rain, and does not turn south the third day, nor rain the\n  third day, it is likely to continue northeast for eight or nine days,\n  all fair, and then come to the south again.\n\n            If the wind is northeast three days without rain,\n            Eight days will pass before south wind again.\n\n\nThe wind is usually very light in force.\n\n\n  It is said to be a sign of continued good weather when the wind so\n  changes during the day as to follow the sun.\n\n  If wind follows sun\u2019s course, expect fair weather.\n\n\nThis \u201cveering with the sun,\u201d as it is called, is the ordinary diurnal\nvariation of the wind, which in this country is very obvious with the\nshallow gradients of an anticyclone. At sea-side places in summer very\noften \u201cthe wind is in by day and out by night,\u201d which is the equivalent\nof the land and sea breezes of the tropics. Like two preceding\nprognostics, it is only in anticyclones that local currents of air,\nprobably due to unequal heating of sea and land, can override the\ngeneral circulation of the atmosphere in this country.\n\nSometimes in winter, on the southern side of the anticyclone, bitter\neast winds, with a black-looking sky, will prevail for several days\ntogether, when it may be truly said:\n\n                  When the wind is in the east\n                  \u2019Tis neither good for man nor beast.\n\nSometimes also the sky in this region will be covered with a uniform\nstratus cloud, which is not of any great thickness, and when breaks\noccur, the sun is seen to be shining brightly above.\n\nOn the northeast side of the anticyclone in summer, light, cumulus\nclouds frequently form in the morning, gradually increase till after the\nmaximum temperature has passed, and then decrease and disappear towards\nevening.\n\n\n               If woollen fleeces spread the heavenly way,\n               Be sure no rain disturbs the summer day.\n\n  When the cumulus clouds are smaller at sunset than they were at noon,\n  expect fair weather.\n\n  Clouds small and round like a dapple gray with a north wind, fair\n  weather for two or three days.\n\n\nThe cirrus cloud is usually seen on the outskirts of an anticyclone, if\nin the front it gradually disappears, but if in the rear it is a sign\nthat there will be a change in the weather, hence:\n\n\n  If cirrus clouds dissolve and appear to vanish, it is an indication of\n  fine weather.\n\n  If cirrus clouds form in fine weather with a falling barometer, it is\n  almost sure to rain.\n\n  When, after a clear frost, long streaks of cirrus are seen with their\n  ends bending towards each other as they recede from the zenith, and\n  when they point to the northeast, a thaw and a southwest wind may be\n  expected.\n\n\nBoth these latter prognostics refer to a depression coming in and\n\u201cbreaking up the weather\u201d and the anticyclone.\n\n\n                              CONCLUSION.\n\nWe have endeavored in this paper to deal with such prognostics as can be\nreadily classified, but besides these there are many more, what may be\ntermed unclassified prognostics. Our object has been to show the\nrelation between certain prognostics and certain forms of isobars, and\nby this means to assign them their proper value. It cannot be doubted\nthat if careful attention were given to the observation of the aspect of\nthe sky, the different forms of cloud and local signs, these would\nprove, even in conjunction with a single barometer reading, of great\nassistance in predicting the weather. Of course those persons who live\nin the neighborhood of large towns labor under a great disadvantage, as\nthe sky has nearly always a dirty appearance, and is frequently obscured\nby smoke. For this reason London is about the worst place to reside in\nfor studying the weather.\n\nWe have only been able to give the rudiments of the new method of\nconsidering prognostics, for the method is capable of great extension,\nand we hope that we may succeed in interesting some of the Fellows\nsufficiently to induce them to observe prognostics in conjunction with\nthe daily weather charts.\n\nIn conclusion, we would venture to express our opinion that the\nobservation of local signs of weather ought to form a most important\nelement in all arrangements for telegraphic reporting for the purpose of\nforecasts, and that the duty should be impressed upon the observers of\nreporting at once important changes in the local and general signs of\nthe weather. Great attention should also be paid to the observation of\nthe forms and motion of clouds, and as considerable lack of knowledge\nprevails, even on the part of good observers, regarding the different\nforms and modifications of clouds, we are glad to see that the\nmeteorological office has already commenced systematic observations of\ncirrus clouds. Telegraphic observers should be specially instructed in\ncloud observations and prognostics by some one thoroughly well versed in\nthe subject, so that there may be strict uniformity among all the\nobservers, but we admit that the proposal presents serious difficulties\nin the way of realization.\n\nTheoretically, when the isobars are well defined we ought to be able to\nwrite down the prognostics which might be visible, but practically we\ncannot do so. Besides, there are sometimes cases of isobars which have\nno well-defined shape, but with which thunder-storms or heavy showers\noften occur. These, as is well known, do not affect the barometer, but\nare abundantly forewarned by the commonest prognostics, and as the\nrainfall is usually heavy in them the failure of the forecast which\nomits to notice them is very conspicuous.\n\nThe scope of this paper precludes us from entering into the complicated\nquestion of the non-cyclonic rainfalls in this country. It will be\nenough to state that the prognostics which precede them are rather those\nassociated with broken weather, such as bright sunrises or heavy clouds\nbanking up without the barometer falling, than the muggy, dirty weather\nof a cyclone front. The warning they give is also much shorter, rarely\nmore than three or four hours, if so long.\n\n\nThe result of this paper may be summarized as follows:\n\nThe authors explain over one hundred prognostics by showing that they\nmake their appearance in definite positions relative to the areas of\nhigh and low atmospheric pressure shown in synoptic charts. The method\nadopted not only explains many that have not hitherto been accounted\nfor, but enables the failure as well as the success of any prognostic to\nbe traced by following the history of the weather of the day on a\nsynoptic chart. The forms discussed are cyclones, anticyclones,\nwedge-shaped and straight isobars. The details of weather in the last\ntwo are now described for the first time. They also point out that\nprognostics will never be superseded for use at sea and other solitary\nsituations, and that prognostics can be usefully combined with charts in\nsynoptic forecasting, especially in certain classes of showers and\nthunder-storms which do not affect the readings of the barometer.[1]\n\n\n                             _DISCUSSION._\n\nDr. Tripe said that some of the Fellows might think the paper hardly\nsuitable for reading at a meeting or printing in the journal of a\nscientific society, but many of them took an interest in such papers,\nbecause they were comparatively simple. In reference to the table of\nsolar and lunar halos in connection with rainfall, it appeared that rain\nwas pretty sure to fall within three days after the occurrence of a\nlunar halo, and to the extent of 80 per cent., as regards solar halos,\non the first or second day.[2] He considered visibility was a good\nprognostic, and afforded a more certain indication of the speedy\noccurrence of rain than even mare\u2019s tails. What caused visibility was\nunknown to him. The prediction of rain from damp walls depended chiefly\non the previous weather; a sudden change from cold to warm would have\nthe effect of making walls condense the moisture contained in the air\nwithout approaching rain. The falling of soot down a chimney was, he\nthought, hardly a good prognostic; it was caused to a great extent by\nthe direction and force of the wind, and also the angle at which the\nwind struck the chimney-pot. He considered the paper a good one, and a\nstep in the right direction.\n\nFootnote 1:\n\n  The prognostics quoted in the paper have been mostly taken from the\n  following works:\n\n  \u201cPopular Weather Prognostics of Scotland.\u201d By Arthur Mitchell, M. D.,\n  Edinburgh, New Philosophical Journal. \u201cWeather Lore.\u201d By Richard\n  Inwards, F. M. S., London, 1869. \u201cA Handbook of Weather Lore.\u201d By Rev.\n  C. Swainson, M. A., Edinburgh, 1873.\n\nFootnote 2:\n\n  The calculation on which his remark on halos was founded is as\n  follows:\n\n  Rain occurred in connection with\u2014\n\n                                           Solar halos.        Lunar halos.\n Direction of wind                                S. SW. W.           S. SW. W.\n Number of observations                           22  28 59            8  11 21\n Rain within forty-eight hours per cent           79  78 81           50  91 76\n Rain on third day                do               9   3  7           40   9  0\n\nDr. Marces said, with regard to visibility being a sign of rain, he had\nhimself observed on the borders of the Lake of Geneva, that if the\nmountains on the opposite side of the lake could be seen very distinctly\non a cloudy day, rain was likely to fall within a short period. On such\noccasions the coast appeared much nearer than usual. The late Professor\nde la Rive, of Geneva, ascribed this phenomenon to the atmospheric dust\nbeing hygrometric and becoming transparent in damp weather from the\nmoisture it absorbed.\n\nMr. Stanley remarked that solar and lunar halos depended upon the\nmoisture in the air, and that a sign of rain could be better assured by\nreference to the hygrometers. He thought that fine weather in front of a\ncyclone was due to increase of pressure, and therefore of temperature,\ncaused by the onward march of the cyclone. This increase of temperature\nwas known to render sound more audible, and by making the air clearer\ndistant objects became more visible. It was known that condensed vapors\ndisappeared under a slight increase of pressure, just as, conversely,\nunder the ordinary air-pump, vapors appeared on a diminution of\npressure. He considered that the fall of rain in the centre of a cyclone\nwas caused by the increase of pressure due to the tangential action of\nthe air in the cyclone. The straight isobars described in the paper,\nwere, he thought, in segments of a very large cyclone, which was general\nin all large displacements of air.\n\nCaptain Toynbee thought that the great clearness of the air experienced\nwhen isobars took the wedge-shaped form, was due to the fact that such\nisobars represented a ridge of high barometrical pressure, which lay\nbetween two cyclonic systems, and that the high pressure of the ridge\nwas maintained by air which had previously risen in front of the\nadvancing cyclonic system, when it had lost most of its moisture, and\nnow came down as a dry, pure, clear, northwesterly wind. Hence the\nclearness of the air was, where wedge-shaped isobars were being\nexperienced, a sign of rain, because it indicated the fact that a\ncyclonic system would soon advance over the same position. This\nexplanation was based upon the Rev. W. Clement Ley\u2019s theory of the\nmotion of air in cyclonic systems.\n\nMr. Scott thought that it might have been desirable to give the\nauthorities or sources from which some of the principal sayings had been\nderived, in order to show which were general and which were of more\nlocal import. Reference had also been made to the prevalence of bad\nsmells with a falling barometer, and to the fact that rheumatic\naffections and neuralgia were felt especially at such a time; but no\nattempt had been made to explain the connection of those phenomena. It\nwas a well-known fact that a sudden reduction of pressure, such as that\nexperienced by divers when they returned to the surface of the water,\nproduced neuralgic affections. The authors had described straight line\nisobars and their accompanying prognostics, but only for west winds, for\npressure lowest in the north. He should be glad to see the list of\nprognostics extended so as to include those for straight isobars with\neast winds when the pressure was lowest in the south. With regard to\nrefraction being a prognostic of rain, in some cases it was a prognostic\nof easterly winds, and was recognized as such in the west of Cornwall.\nIn the past summer he had himself verified this latter statement on\nseveral occasions at Scilly and the Land\u2019s End. The authors, he thought,\nspoke a little too strongly when they said the barometer gave no sign of\nthunder-storms. The type of isobar which accompanied these was well\nknown; it exhibited small undulations or incipient bights representing\nimperfectly formed secondary depressions. At the same time he must say\nthat no one yet, in Europe at least, had been able to forecast correctly\nthe amount of rain for a given day in a given place. The probability of\nsome rain could be recognized, but no attempt could be made to estimate\nits amount. This was apparently owing to ignorance of the conditions of\nthe upper atmosphere.\n\nMr. Dyason expressed an opinion that the formulaters of weather\nprognostics in the past must have been color-blind, an affliction from\nwhich he was not sure that the authors of the paper were exempt. \u201cWhere\nare the scarlet, orange, green or gold harmonious, and the general\nglow?\u201d He had endeavored in a series of sketches of skies and clouds to\nportray the colors as they presented themselves to his mind. In relation\nto visibility he referred to the Lakes of Geneva and Lucerne, quoting\nthe lines used in the locality of Mont P\n\n          Si Pilate a un chapeau, le temps se mettra au beau;\n          A-t-il un collier, on peut la mont\u00e9e risquer;\n          Mais s\u2019il porte son \u00e9p\u00e9e, il y aura une ond\u00e9e.\n\nMr. Dyason exhibited a sketch of the Matterhorn taken south of Zermatt\nduring intense visibility. He did not admit \u201cthat London was a bad place\nfor skies;\u201d those he now exhibited were sketched in a northwestern\nsuburb of the metropolis.\n\nProfessor Archibald considered that some of the prognostics mentioned in\nthe paper required more explanation. For instance, it was stated that\ncandles burned with an unsteady light in damp weather, but no reason was\ngiven why they should do so. One very good prognostic in use in Scotland\nappeared to have been omitted, namely: \u201cThe northwest wind is a\ngentleman, and goes to bed.\u201d He would also like to know why fires burned\nwith a blue flame in frosty weather. He considered that visibility was\noften a local phenomenon connected with temperature. He had noticed\nintense visibility and a fog in juxtaposition on that very day, when\ntravelling from Tunbridge Wells to London.\n\nMr. Symons pointed out that although it might be useful to trace the\norigin of some of the weather proverbs, it would be extremely difficult\nand perhaps impossible, as some of them were ancient. With regard to the\nconnection between lunar halos and rainfall, he thought that it would be\ncurious, considering the large number of wet days in this country, rain\nfalling on an average every other day, if some of them did not happen to\nfollow lunar halos. Respecting doors and windows sticking in damp\nweather, this was rather the result of existing damp than a forecast of\nmore damp to come; for if existing damp foretold coming damp it was not\neasy to see how dry weather could ever occur. With regard to visibility,\nhe was glad the authors had referred to Mr. Cruickshank\u2019s observations\nat Aberdeen, extending over twenty-one years, and Mr. Symons thought\nthat much might be learned from a thorough discussion of similar\nobservations.\n\nMr. Wilson directed attention to Professor Tyndall\u2019s theory, that\naudibility was due to the homogeneity of the atmosphere.\n\nMr. C. Harding thought that the paper would be useful to an isolated\nobserver, whose forecast was dependent upon his own observation. It\nappeared to him that in classifying the prognostics, the authors of the\npaper had rather begged the question\u2014given a certain occurrence which\nwas admittedly a prognostic of bad weather; this seems to have been\nconsequently classed as belonging to the front half of a cyclonic\ndisturbance. He suggested that with each occurrence of the prognostic in\nquestion it would be better to note the existing conditions of\natmospheric distribution, and, finally, to classify by actual\nobservation. He stated that the form of isobars described by the authors\nas wedge-shaped had been referred to many years ago in various\npublications, by Captain Toynbee, as a \u201cridge\u201d of pressure. Some\ndistinction should have been made between the weather of anticyclone in\nsummer and in winter, as it differed materially. Audibility had been\nreferred to as a sign of bad weather; he might say that it was notorious\nin ballooning that for a given distance sounds could be heard more\ndistinctly than on the earth, and in a recent ascent he had noticed that\nthe shrill voices of children were much more audible than the voices of\ngrown persons.\n\nMr. Abercromby, replying, said that Doctor Tripe\u2019s analysis of halos was\ninteresting, but that if rain did not fall within twenty-four hours\nafter a halo, any rain after that would not be due to the cyclone which\nproduced the halo, but to a new one. Damp walls were certainly due to\nexcess of vapor, not to rapid changes of temperature. Soot was doubtless\nblown down by wind, but when used as a prognostic it rather referred to\nsoot falling out of doors, and was to be attributed to excessive damp.\nHalos were unquestionably due to the presence of a thin film of\nice-formed cloud, and not merely to the amount of moisture in the air.\nThis ice film was only formed in front of cyclones or thunder-storms,\nand for that reason was a sign of rain. With regard to visibility\nalluded to by several speakers, he could not admit that it was due to\nexcessive moisture, for the hygrometer showed that it was not so. He\nagreed with Captain Toynbee, so far as believing that there was a\ndescending current of dry, clear air with a northwest wind on the front\nside of a \u201cwedge,\u201d but he doubted if that was the whole explanation. In\nthe centre of anticyclones there was also a descending current of dry\nair, but no \u201cvisibility.\u201d The diagram of straight isobars was given for\nwesterly winds, as that type was by far the commonest. Like every other\nshape of isobars, the details varied with the type of weather in which\nthey occurred. In an elementary paper it was considered inexpedient to\ngo into so much detail. In the case mentioned by Mr. Scott, isobars\ntrending east and west, but sloping towards the south, the same broad\nfeatures as given in the diagram would be reproduced, but with a harder\nsky and an east or northeast wind. The prognostics would, however, be\nmuch more likely to fail, for cyclones in the northerly or easterly\ntypes, to which such isobars would belong, did not follow with the same\nregularity as in the westerly type. The refraction, which was a\nprognostic of east winds on the southwest of an anticyclone, was very\ndifferent from the refraction on the northwest edge of a cyclone, which\nportended a fresh storm. The chief difference was the haziness of the\nhorizon in the former case as compared with its visibility in the\nlatter. The latter kind was hardly known on the south coast of England.\nHe strongly suspected that the condition common to both kinds was a\nrelatively cool air over a comparatively warm sea. The type of isobar\nwhich exhibited incipient \u201cbights\u201d or imperfect secondaries, was\ndoubtless that most frequently associated with thunder-storms, but the\nkind of thunder-storms alluded to in the paper as showing no trace on\nthe isobars undoubtedly occurred. Any reference to cloud or sky colors\nwas intentionally omitted in this paper, as also to prognostics relating\nto diurnal winds. Candles burned badly before rain, probably owing to a\nstagnant, damp air. Blue flame was owing to the formation of carbonic\noxide when a fire burned very red on a frosty night. Doors and windows\nsticking in damp weather indicated rain because damp preceded the rain\narea of a cyclone.\n\nThe idea suggested by Mr. C. Harding, that because certain prognostics\nwere known to be associated with bad weather, therefore they were\nclassed as belonging to the front of a cyclone, was entirely erroneous,\nand exactly opposite to what had been done. The method Mr. Abercromby\nhad adopted for the last twelve years had been, when he observed a good\nexample of any prognostic, to make a note and put it by with the nearest\nsynoptic chart for the day, or often with both the preceding and\nsucceeding charts. When a sufficient number had been collected, the\ncharts were examined, and the necessary deductions drawn from them. Thus\nthe charts were classified according to the prognostics associated with\nthem. The results of all these researches had been embodied in the\npaper, and the important fact deduced was that every portion of every\nshape of isobars had a characteristic weather and appearance. The\ngeneral fact of a \u201cwedge\u201d being associated with fine weather had been\nnoticed many years ago by Captain Toynbee, but the details of weather in\ndifferent portions, and their relations to prognostics, had a\nconsiderable amount of novelty.\n\nMr. Marriott said that it would be impossible to give the authorities or\nsources from which all the sayings in the paper had been derived, but\nthe foot-note on page 23 contained a list of the works from which the\nquotations had been made. The authors on the present occasion had only\ndealt with certain classified prognostics; and this would explain why\nmany others had not been noticed. They hoped, however, to deal with\nthese in a future paper.\n\n\n               POPULAR WEATHER PROVERBS AND PROGNOSTICS.\n\n\n                     PROVERBS RELATING TO ANIMALS.\n\n\n=Ass.=\n\nAn old adage says:\n\n                  When the ass begins to bray,\n                  Be sure we shall have rain that day.\n\n\n=Beaver.=\n\nIn early and long winters, the beaver cuts his winter supply of wood and\nprepares his house one month earlier than in mild, late winters.\n\n\n=Bears.=\n\nWhen bears lay up food in the fall, it indicates a cold winter.\n\nIf the tracks of bear are seen after the first fall of snow, an open,\nmild winter may be expected.\n\nBears and coons are always restless before rain.\n\nThe bear comes out on the 2d of February, and if he sees his shadow, he\nreturns for six weeks.\n\nExpect rain when dogs eat grass.\n\n\n=Buck\u2019s Horn.=\n\n                       If dry be the buck\u2019s horn\n                       On Holyroad morn,\n                       \u2019Tis worth a vest of gold;\n                       But if wet it be seen\n                       Ere Holyroad e\u2019en,\n                       Bad harvest is foretold.\n\n\n=Bull.=\n\nIf the bull leads the van in going to pasture, rain must be expected;\nbut if he is careless and allows the cows to precede him, the weather\nwill be uncertain.\n\n\n=Cats.=\n\nWhen cats sneeze it is a sign of rain.\n\nThe cardinal point to which a cat turns and washes her face after a rain\nshows the direction from which the wind will blow.\n\nIf the cat is basking in the sun of February, it must go again to the\nstove in March. (German.)\n\nWhen cats are snoring foul weather follows.\n\nWhen cats are washing themselves fair weather follows.\n\nCats with their tails up and hair apparently electrified indicate\napproaching wind.\n\nIt is a sign of rain if the cat washes her head behind her ear. (Old\nlady on Cape Cod.)\n\nCats clean table-legs, tree-trunks, &c., before storms.\n\nWhen a cat scratches itself, or scratches on a log or tree, it indicates\napproaching rain.\n\nIf sparks are seen when stroking a cat\u2019s back, expect a change of\nweather soon.\n\nWhen a cat washes her face with her back to the fire expect a thaw in\nwinter.\n\nWhen cats lie on their head with mouth turned up expect a storm.\n\nCats purr and wash; dogs eat grass; sheep eagerly eat and turn in the\ndirection of the wind-point; oxen sniff the air, and swine are restless\nbefore rain.\n\nCats have the reputation of being weather-wise, an old notion which has\ngiven rise to a most extensive folk-lore. It is almost universally\nbelieved that good weather may be expected when the cat washes herself,\nbut bad when she licks her coat against the grain, or washes her face\nover her ears, or sits with her tail to the fire. As, too, the cat is\nsupposed not only to have a knowledge of the state of the weather, but a\ncertain share in the arrangement of it, it is considered by sailors to\nbe most unwise to provoke a cat. Hence they do not much like to see a\ncat on board at all, and when one happens to be more frisky than usual\nthey have a popular saying that the cat has a gale of wind in her tail.\nA charm often resorted to for raising a storm is to throw a cat\noverboard; but, according to an Hungarian proverb, as a cat does not die\nin water its paws disturb the surface; hence the flaws on the surface of\nthe water are named by sailors \u201ccat\u2019s-paws.\u201d In the same way also a\nlarge flurry on the water is a \u201ccat\u2019s-skin;\u201d and in some parts of\nEngland a popular name for the stormy northwest wind is the\n\u201ccat\u2019s-nose.\u201d\n\n\n=Chipmunk.=\n\nIn cold and early winters the chipmunk is very abundant on the south\nshore of Lake Superior, and are always housed for the winter in October.\nIn short and mild winters they are seen until the 1st of December.\n\n\n=Cattle.=\n\nWhen a storm threatens, if cattle go under trees, it will be a shower;\nif they continue to feed, it will probably be a continuous rain. (New\nEngland.)\n\nWhen cows fail their milk, expect stormy and cold weather.\n\nWhen cows bellow in the evening, expect snow that night.\n\nIn Texas, when cattle hasten to timber, expect a \u201cnorther.\u201d\n\nWhen a cow stops and shakes her foot, it indicates that there is bad\nweather behind her.\n\nWhen cows refuse to go to pasture in the morning, it will rain before\nnight.\n\nWhen cattle collect near the barn long before night and remain near the\nbarn till late in the morning, expect a severe winter.\n\nExpect rain when cattle low and gaze at the sky.\n\nCattle are also said to foreshow rain when they lick their forefeet, or\nlie on the right side, or scratch themselves more than they usually do\nagainst posts or other objects.\n\nWhen cattle go out to pasture and lie down early in the day, it\nindicates early rain.\n\n\n=Deer.=\n\nWhen deer are in gray coat in October, expect a severe winter.\n\n\n=Dogs.=\n\nDogs digging or making deep holes in the ground are said to indicate\nrain thereby.\n\nIf a dog howls when some one leaves the house it indicates rain.\n\nWhen a dog or cat eats grass in the morning it will certainly rain\nbefore night.\n\nWhen dogs eat grass rain follows.\n\nDogs refusing meat is an indication of rain.\n\n\n=Donkey.=\n\n                 When the donkey blows his horn\n                 \u2019Tis time to house your hay and corn.\n\n\n=Domestic Animals.=\n\nDomestic animals stand with their heads from the coming storm.\n\n\n=Flying squirrels.=\n\nWhen the flying squirrels sing in midwinter, it indicates an early\nspring.\n\n\n=Foxes.=\n\nFoxes barking at night indicates storm.\n\n\n=Ground-squirrel.=\n\nWhen the ground-squirrel is seen in winter, it is a sign that snow is\nabout over.\n\n\n=Ground-hog.=\n\nIf on Candlemas day (2d February) it is bright and clear, the ground-hog\nwill stay in its den, thus indicating that more snow and cold are to\ncome; but if it snows or rain he will creep out, as the winter has\nended. (German.)\n\n\n=Goat.=\n\nThe goat will utter her peculiar cry before rain.\n\n\n=Hares.=\n\nHares take to the open country before a snow-storm.\n\n\n=Hogs.=\n\nHogs pick and store straws, leaves, &c., before cold weather.\n\nHogs rubbing themselves in winter indicates an approaching thaw.\n\n\n=Horse-hair.=\n\nIf the hair of a horse grows long early, expect an early winter.\n\nThe hair of a horse appears rough just before rain.\n\n\n=Horses and cattle.=\n\nWhen horses and cattle stretch out their necks and sniff the air it will\nrain.\n\nHorses, as well as some other domestic animals, foretell the coming of\nrain, by starting more than ordinary, and appearing in other respect\nrestless and uneasy on the road.\n\nHorses and mules very lively without apparent cause indicate cold.\n\nWhen horses assemble in the corner of a field, with heads to leeward,\nexpect rain.\n\nKine, when they assemble at one end of a field with their tails to\nwindward, often indicate rain or wind. During the dead calm before a\nstorm we may often see them extending their nostrils, with the head\nupwards, snuffing the air; this prognostic has been noticed of old by\nVirgil, and after him by Lord Bacon and others.\n\n\n=Mole.=\n\nIf the mole dig his hole two feet and a half deep, expect a very severe\nwinter; if two feet deep, not so severe; if one foot deep, a mild\nwinter.\n\nWhen the moles throw up the earth, rain follows soon.\n\n\n=Musk-rat.=\n\nThe musk-rats build their houses twenty inches higher and very much\nwarmer in early and long winters than in short ones.\n\n\n=Noise.=\n\nAnimals making unusual noise indicates change of weather.\n\n\n=Oxen and Sheep.=\n\nWhen oxen or sheep collect together as if they were seeking shelter, a\nstorm may be expected. (Apache Indians.)\n\n\n=Pigs.=\n\nPigs uneasy, grunting, and huddling together, indicate cold.\n\nWhen pigs busy themselves gathering leaves and straw to make a bed (in\nfall), expect a cold winter.\n\nWhen in winter pigs rub against the side of their pen, it is a sure sign\nof a thaw.\n\nIf the forward end of a pig\u2019s melt is thicker than the other end, the\nfirst part of winter will be the colder. If the latter end is thicker,\nthe last part of winter will be the colder.\n\nWhen pigs go about with sticks in their mouths, expect a \u201cnorther\u201d in\nTexas.\n\n\n=Prairie Dogs.=\n\nPrairie dogs bank up their holes with grass and dirt before a storm; if\nthey are playful, it is a sign of fair weather.\n\n\n=Partridges.=\n\nPartridges drum only in fall when a mild and open winter follows.\n\n\n=Rabbits.=\n\nIn cold, long winters rabbits are fat in October and November; in mild\nand pleasant winters they are poor in those months.\n\nRabbits seek the woods before a severe storm.\n\n\n=Rats and Mice.=\n\nMuch noise made by rats and mice indicates rain.\n\n\n=Swine.=\n\nIf swine be restless and grunt loudly, if they squeal and jerk up their\nears, there will be much wind. Whence the proverb, \u201cPigs can see the\nwind.\u201d\n\nSwine make lairs on south side of shelter before cold weather.\n\n\n=Squirrels, etc.=\n\nWhen squirrels and small animals lay away a larger supply of food than\nusual, it indicates that a long and severe winter will follow.\n\nWhen squirrels lay in a winter supply of nuts, expect a cold winter.\n\n                    When he eats them on the tree,\n                    Weather as warm as warm can be.\n\nWhen squirrels are scarce in the autumn, it indicates a cold winter.\n\n\n=Sheep.=\n\nIf sheep ascend hills and scatter, expect clear weather.\n\nSheep bleat and seek shelter before snow.\n\n                     You may shear your sheep\n                     When the elder blossoms peep.\n\n\n=Sand Mole.=\n\nThe sand mole makes a mournful noise just before frost.\n\n\n=Spaniels.=\n\nWhen the spaniel sleeps it indicates rain.\n\n\n=Wolves.=\n\nWolves always howl more before a storm; deer and elk come down from the\nmountains at least two days before a storm.\n\nIf the wolves howl and foxes bark during the winter, expect cold\nweather.\n\nIf wolves howl in the evening, expect a \u201cnorther.\u201d (Texas.)\n\n\n=Mammals as Weather Prophets.=\n\nDr. C. C. Abbott showed that the autumnal habits of certain animals that\nare popularly supposed to be indicative of the character of the coming\nwinter could not be depended upon, although by the majority of people\nliving in the country they were considered as sure indications of what\nthe winter would prove to be. Dr. Abbott had kept a careful record,\nextending over twenty years, regarding the building of winter houses by\nmusk-rats, the storing of nuts by squirrels, and other habits of these\nmammals, and had found that the habits referred to, or their omission in\ncertain autumns, bore no relation to the character of the coming winter.\n(Trenton Nat. Hist. Soc., meeting February 13, 1883.)\n\n\n                      PROVERBS RELATING TO BIRDS.\n\nBirds of Passage.\n\nWhen birds of passage arrive early in their southern passage, severe\nweather may be looked for soon.\n\nWhen birds cease to sing, rain and thunder will probably occur.\n\nIf birds in general pick their feathers, wash themselves, and fly to\ntheir nests, expect rain.\n\nA dry summer will follow when birds build their nests in exposed places.\n\nBirds flying in groups during rain or wind indicate hail.\n\nBirds and fowl oiling feathers indicate rain.\n\nBirds singing during rain indicate fair weather.\n\n                 If birds in the autumn grow tame,\n                 The winter will be too cold for game.\n\n\n=Bats.=\n\nBats flying late in the evening indicate fair weather.\n\nBats who speak flying tell of rain to-morrow.\n\nIf bats flutter and beetles fly about, there will be a fine morrow.\n\n\n=Blackbirds.=\n\nBlackbirds\u2019 notes are very shrill in advance of rain.\n\nBlackbirds flying south in autumn indicate an approaching cold winter.\n\nBlackbirds bring healthy weather.\n\nBlackbirds flocking in the fall indicate a spell of cold weather.\n\n\n=Buzzards.=\n\nA solitary turkey-buzzard at a great altitude indicates rain.\n\nBuzzards flying high indicate fair weather.\n\n\n=Bluebirds.=\n\nWhen bluebirds twitter and sing, they call to each other of rain.\n\n\n=Chickens.=\n\nChickens, when they pick up small stones and pebbles and are more noisy\nthan usual, afford, according to Aratus, a sign of rain. Other authors\nprognosticate the coming of rain from the habit fowls have of rubbing in\nthe dust and clapping their wings.\n\nWhen chickens crow before sundown, it is a sign of rain next day.\n\nChickens are said to be very noisy just before rain and cocks to crow at\nunusual hours.\n\nIf chickens go out in the rain, it will rain all day.\n\nWhen chickens come down from roost at night, rain will soon follow.\n\nDuring rain if chickens pay no attention to it, you may expect a\ncontinued rain; if they run to shelter, it won\u2019t last long.\n\nWhen chickens light on fences during rain to plume themselves, it will\nsoon clear.\n\n\n=Chimney Swallows.=\n\nWhen chimney swallows circle and call, they speak of rain. (Zu\u00f1i\nIndians.)\n\n\n=Cocks.=\n\nCocks are said to clap their wings in an unusual manner before rain, and\nhens to rub in the dust and seem very uneasy.\n\n                 If the cock moult before the hen,\n                 We shall have weather thick and thin;\n                 But if the hen moult before the cock,\n                 We shall have weather hard as a block.\n\nIf the cock crows more than usual or earlier, expect rain.\n\n\n=Cormorants.=\n\nWhen cormorants fly from the sea and sea fowls seek their prey in pools\nor ponds, expect wind.\n\n\n=Cranes.=\n\nIf cranes appear early in the autumn, expect a severe winter.\n\nThere will be no rain the day the crane flies down the creek.\n\nWhen cranes make a great noise or scream, expect rain.\n\nCranes follow the last frost.\n\nIf cranes come early in autumn, expect a severe winter.\n\nIf cranes place their bills under their wings, expect rain.\n\nWhen the cranes early (in October) fly southward, it indicates a cold\nwinter.\n\n\n=Crows.=\n\nOne crow flying alone is a sign of foul weather; but if crows fly in\npairs, expect fine weather.\n\nIf crows fly south, a severe winter may be expected; if they fly north,\nthe reverse.\n\nIf the crows make much noise and fly round and round, expect rain.\n\n\n=Cuckoo.=\n\nIf the cuckoo is heard long after St. John\u2019s day, it means harsh times.\n(German.)\n\n                When the cuckoo comes to the bare shorn,\n                Sell your cow and buy your corn;\n                But when he comes to the full bit,\n                Sell your corn and buy your sheep.\n\n                In April he opens his bill;\n                In May he sings all day;\n                In June he alters his tune;\n                Come August, go he must.\n\nCuckoos hallooing in low lands indicate rain; on high lands indicate\nfair weather.\n\n\n=Dove.=\n\nDon\u2019t plant your corn when the turtle-dove cries.\n\n\n=Domestic Fowl.=\n\nDomestic fowls dress their feathers when the storm is about to cease.\n\nDomestic fowls look toward the sky before rain.\n\nDomestic fowls stand on one leg before cold weather.\n\nWhen fowls collect together and pick or straighten their feathers,\nexpect a change of weather.\n\nWhen fowls roost in day-time expect rain.\n\n\n=February Birds.=\n\nIf birds caught in February are fat and sleek, it is a sign of more cold\nweather.\n\n\n=Finch.=\n\nWhen the finch chirps, rain follows.\n\n\n=Geese.=\n\nWild geese fly high in pleasant weather and low in bad weather.\n\nThe whiteness of a goose\u2019s breast-bone indicates the amount of snow\nduring winter.\n\n                  If the November goose bone be thick,\n                  So will the winter weather be;\n                  If the November goose bone be thin,\n                  So will the winter weather be.\n\nA very heavy plumage of geese in fall indicates an approaching cold\nwinter.\n\nEverything is lovely, and the goose hawks high (not hangs high, as is\nusually stated). Geese flying high is a sign of fair weather.\n\nIf the breast-bone of a goose is red, or has many red spots, expect a\ncold and stormy winter; but if only a few spots are visible, the winter\nwill be mild.\n\nWhen you see geese in water washing themselves, expect rain.\n\nGeese wash and sparrows fly in flocks before rain.\n\nWhen geese fly at ten o\u2019clock, or in the first part of the night, it is\na sign of cold weather.\n\nIf domestic geese walk east and fly west, expect cold weather.\n\nWhen geese and ducks go into the water and flap their wings, throwing\nthe water over their backs, rain is approaching.\n\nWhen geese or ducks stand on one leg, expect cold weather.\n\nTo read the winter of any year take the breast-bone of a goose hatched\nduring the preceding spring. The bone is translucent and it will be\nfound to be colored and spotted. The dark color and heavy spots indicate\ncold. If the spots are of light shade and transparent, wet weather,\nrain, or snow may be looked for.\n\n\n=Grouse.=\n\nWhen grouse drum at night, Indians predict a deep fall of snow.\n\n\n=Gulls.=\n\nGulls will soar to lofty heights, and circling round utter shrill cries\nbefore a storm.\n\n\n=Hawk.=\n\nWhen men-of-war-hawks fly high, it is a sign of a clear sky; When they\nfly low, prepare for a blow.\n\n\n=Hedge Sparrow.=\n\nIf the hedge sparrow is heard before the grape-vine is putting forth its\nbuds, it is said that a good crop is in store.\n\n\n=Heron.=\n\nWhen heron fly up and down as in doubt where to rest, expect rain.\n\n\n=Hen.=\n\nWhen the hen crows, expect a storm within and without.\n\n\n=Jackdaws.=\n\nThese birds frequent the flocks of rooks, and with them go out to feed,\nas if they were aware of the superior sagacity of the rook in finding\nout the most productive pasture, and had learned to avail themselves of\nit. Starlings sometimes do the same. Sometimes before the change of\nweather the daws make a great noise in the chimneys wherein they build,\nand the sound coming down the flue is distinctly heard in the chamber.\n\nJackdaws are unusually clamorous before rain.\n\n\n=Kites.=\n\nKites flying unusually high are said to indicate fair weather.\n\n\n=Larks.=\n\nLarks, when they sing long and fly high, forebode fine weather.\n\nAs long as the lark is heard before Candlemas day (in Europe), that long\nwill it be silent afterward on account of cold yet to come. (German.)\n\n\n=Loon.=\n\nHunters say that the direction in which the loon flies in the morning\nwill be the direction of the wind next day.\n\n\n=Larks.=\n\nField larks, congregating in flocks, indicate severe cold.\n\n\n=Magpies.=\n\nMagpies, flying three or four together and uttering harsh cries, predict\nwindy weather.\n\n\n=Missel Thrush.=\n\nMissel thrush have been observed to sing particularly loud just before a\nstorm.\n\n\n=Martins.=\n\nWhen martins appear, winter has broken.\n\nNo killing frost after martins.\n\nMartins fly low before and during rainy weather.\n\n\n=Migratory.=\n\nMigratory birds fly south from cold and north from warm weather. When a\nsevere cyclone is near, they become puzzled and fly in circles, dart in\nthe air and can be easily decoyed. (Observer on North Carolina coast.)\n\n\n=Owls.=\n\nOwls hooting indicate rain.\n\nIf owls scream in foul weather, it will change to fair.\n\nIf owls hoot at night, expect fair weather.\n\nThe various omens which vulgar credulity has attached to the hooting and\nscreaming of this bird deserve particular attention. When an owl hoots\nor screeches, sitting on the top of a house or by the side of a window,\nit is said to foretell death. The fact seems to be this: The owl, as\nVirgil justly observes, is more noisy at the change of weather, and as\nit often happens that patients with lingering diseases die at the change\nof weather so the owl seems, by a mistaken association of ideas, to\nforebode the calamity. Both the screech owl and the howlet seem to be\nalluded to among the harmful fowls in Spencer\u2019s Fairy Queen.\n\n\n=Screech Owl.=\n\nA screeching owl indicates cold or storm.\n\n\n=Parrots.=\n\nParrots whistling indicate rain.\n\nIt is said that parrots and canaries dress their feathers and are\nwakeful the evening before a storm.\n\n\n=Peacocks.=\n\n          When the peacock\u2019s distant voice you hear,\n          Are you in want of rain? Rejoice, \u2019tis almost here.\n\n                 When the peacock loudly bawls\n                 Soon we\u2019ll have both rain and squalls.\n\nIf the peacock cries when he goes to roost, and, indeed, much at any\ntime, it is a sign of rain.\n\nWhen peacocks and guinea fowls scream and turkeys gobble, expect rain.\n\nThe squalling of the peacock by night often foretells a rainy day.\n\nPeafowl utter loud cries before a storm, and select a low perch.\n\n\n=Petrels.=\n\nPetrels gathering under the stern of a ship indicate bad weather.\n\nThe stormy petrel is found to be a sure token of stormy weather. When\nthese birds gather in numbers under the wake of a ship, the sailors are\nsure of an impending tempest.\n\n\n=Pintado.=\n\nBefore rain the pintados, or guinea fowls called comebacks, squall more\nthan usual.\n\n\n=Pigeons.=\n\nPigeons return home unusually early before rain.\n\nIt is a sign of rain when pigeons return slowly to the dovehouses before\nthe usual time of day.\n\n\n=Prairie Chickens.=\n\nPrairie chickens coming into the creeks and timber indicate cold\nweather.\n\nWhen the prairie chicken sits on the ground with all its feathers\nruffled, expect cold weather.\n\n\n=Quail.=\n\nWhen quails are heard in the evening, fair weather is indicated for next\nday.\n\nQuails are more abundant during an easterly wind.\n\n\n=Red Breasts.=\n\nRed breasts grow bolder and perch against the window in advance of\nunusually severe weather.\n\n\n=Robins.=\n\nFirst robins indicate the approach of spring.\n\nLong and loud singing of robins in the morning denote rain.\n\nRobins will perch on the topmost branches of trees and whistle when a\nstorm is approaching.\n\n\n=Rooks.=\n\nIf rooks fly irregularly and high, and seem to fall, expect rain.\n\nRooks dart and swoop through the air, sparrows group together and keep\nup a discordant chirping before rain.\n\n\n=Rooster.=\n\nA crowing rooster during rain indicates fair weather.\n\nWhen the roosters go crowing to bed they will rise with watery head.\n\nIf a rooster crows on the ground, it is a sign of rain; if he crows on\nthe fence, it is a sign of fair weather.\n\n\n=Sea Birds.=\n\nIf sea birds fly towards land and land birds toward the sea, expect wind\nwithout rain.\n\n\n=Sea-gulls.=\n\nIf sea-gulls fly inland, expect storm.\n\nWhen sea-gulls fly to land, a storm is at hand.\n\n\n=Snow-birds.=\n\nWhen snow-birds gather in flocks and light on fences and hedges, expect\nrain.\n\n\n=Storks.=\n\nIf storks and cranes fly high and steady, expect fair weather.\n\n\n=Summer Birds.=\n\nWhen summer birds take their flight, the summer goes with them.\n\n\n=Swallow.=\n\nWhen swallows in evenings fly high and chirp, fair weather follows; when\nlow, rain follows.\n\n                    When the swallow\u2019s nest is high\n                    The summer is very dry;\n                    When the swallow buildeth low\n                    You can safely reap and sow.\n\nWhen the swallows fly low, or when the geese fly, expect storm or cold.\n\nSwallows skimming along the ground indicate rain.\n\nSwallows flying low indicate rain.\n\nCircling swallows indicate rain.\n\n\n=Swan.=\n\nThe swan builds its nest high before high waters, but low when there\nwill not be unusual rains.\n\n\n=Thrush.=\n\nWhen the thrush sings at sunset a fair day will follow.\n\n\n=Turkeys.=\n\nTurkeys perched on trees and refusing to descend indicates snow.\n\nWater turkeys flying against the wind indicate falling weather.\n\n\n=Vultures.=\n\nVultures are considered as evil omens, in consequence, probably, of\ntheir following armies for the sake of carcasses of the slain, whereon\nthey feed. When they scent carrion at a great distance, they indicate\nthat state of the atmosphere which is favorable to the perception of\nsmells, which often forebodes rain.\n\n\n=Water Fowl.=\n\nIf water fowl scream more than usual and plunge into water, expect rain.\n\nIf water fowl make more noise than usual, also if robins approach nearer\nhouses than usual, expect frost soon.\n\n\n=Wild Ducks.=\n\nWild ducks scattered around the lakes near Lake Superior form in large\nflocks and go south one month earlier in cold or early winters than in\nmild or pleasant winters.\n\n\n=Wild Geese.=\n\nWild geese flying over in great numbers indicates approaching storm.\n\n               Wild geese, wild geese, going to the sea,\n               Good weather it will be;\n               Wild geese, wild geese, going to the hill,\n               The weather it will spill.\n\nWild geese moving south indicates approaching cold weather, moving\nnorth, indicates that most of winter is over.\n\nWhen wild geese fly to the southeast in the fall, in Kansas, expect a\nblizzard.\n\nWild geese flying directly south and very high indicates a very cold\nwinter. When flying low and remaining along the river they indicate a\nwarm winter in Idaho. For spring, just the reverse when flying north.\n(Old settler.)\n\nWild geese flying past large bodies of water indicates change of\nweather; going south cold, going north warm.\n\n\n=Woodcock.=\n\nAn early appearance of woodcock indicates the approach of a severe\nwinter.\n\n\n=Woodpecker.=\n\nWhen the woodpecker leaves, expect a hard winter.\n\nWhen woodpeckers peck low on the trees, expect warm weather.\n\nThe ivory-billed woodpecker commencing at the bottom end of a tree and\ngoing to the top, removing all the outer bark, indicates a hard winter\nwith deep snow.\n\n\n=Wrens.=\n\nWhen wrens are seen in winter, expect snow.\n\n\n                      PROVERBS RELATING TO CLOUDS.\n\n                        STORM-PRESAGING CLOUDS.\n\n                      [From the New York Herald.]\n\nAn English meteorologist, the Hon. F. A. R. Russell, who for many years\nhas been a cloud observer, has recently given his conclusions as to the\npredictive value of the upper clouds. As a celebrated example of the\nclews given by cirrus clouds to coming weather he mentions that the Rev.\nMr. Ley, on a fine day, noticing certain indications of the upper clouds\nin London, telegraphed from the strand to the meteorological office\nordering warnings of a heavy thunder-storm for four o\u2019clock that\nafternoon, which at the preannounced hour came crashing over the\nmetropolis. Mr. Russell\u2019s researches lead him to the conviction that the\ncirrus cloud is often a more timely monitor of approaching storms than\nthe barometer, and that the \u201cbar or ribbed cirrus,\u201d though somewhat\nuncommon, is \u201cat least equal in value to the falling barometer as a\ndanger signal.\u201d He finds also that \u201cdetached patches of cirrus, like\nlittle masses of wool or knotted feathers, in a clear sky and of unusual\nfigure, moving at more than the average rate, precede disturbances of\ngreat magnitude.\u201d\n\nFrom Aristotle\u2019s time the value of cloud signs in storm and rain\nprognostications has been recognized, but their interpretation has only\nrecently become possible, since the movement of storm centres over wide\nareas has been systematically traced. The irregular motions of the high\nclouds, perhaps more than their forms (presenting the appearance of\nhaving been divided and torn by uprushing currents), indicate dangerous\ncyclones. If the equatorial air current in which cyclones are borne\nalong is undisturbed by a cyclonic vortex, the clouds floating in its\nhigher strata would sail on it at a uniform rate. But if we suppose that\na storm is moving in the great current, the ascending air in the storm\u2019s\ncentre is ceaselessly invading the cloud stratum above. It is this\nuprushing air which divides the clouds. But as the interchange between\nthe surface and upper air in the cyclone centre tends to retard the\nswift upper current which transports the cirriform clouds, the motion of\nthese clouds, both over the storm centre and far out in front of it,\nmust often be retarded. The very rapidly moving cirrus clouds which Mr.\nRussell says precede great disturbances must precede them at great\ndistances from their centres\u2014a fact which enhances their predictive\nvalue and shows the importance of observing them systematically. The\nterrible loss of life and property in the British gale of October 14,\n1881, this writer thinks might have been less had the cloud portents\nbeen duly watched and heeded, as the cirrus indications of the day\nprevious gave sufficient warning of the coming storm.\n\n\n=Anvil Clouds.=\n\nAnvil-shaped clouds are very likely to be followed by a gale of wind.\n\n\n=Appearances.=\n\nSoft-looking delicate clouds foretell fine weather with weak, moderate,\nor light breezes. Hard edged, oily appearing clouds, wind. A dark,\ngloomy, blue sky indicates wind; a bright, blue sky clear fine weather.\nGenerally the softer the clouds the less wind. Small inky clouds\nforetell rain.\n\n\n=Assemblage of Clouds.=\n\nIf an assemblage of small clouds spread out or become thicker and\ndarker, expect rain.\n\n\n=Against the Wind.=\n\nIf you see a cloud rise against the wind, when that cloud comes up to\nyou the wind will blow the same way that the cloud came, and the same\nrule holds good of a clear place when all the sky is equally thick\nexcept one clear edge. (Shepherd.)\n\n\n=Bull\u2019s Eye.=\n\nA small, fast-growing, black cloud in violent motion seen in the\ntropics, is called the Bull\u2019s Eye, and precedes the most terrible\nhurricanes.\n\n\n=Black Clouds.=\n\nBlack clouds in the north in winter indicate approaching snow.\n\n\n=Black Scuds.=\n\nSmall black scuds (clouds), drifting from southwest, is a sign of rain.\n\n\n=Bright\u2014Dark.=\n\n                       If clouds be bright,\n                       \u2019Twill clear to-night;\n                       If clouds be dark,\n                       \u2019Twill rain, do you hark?\n\n\n=Blue Sky.=\n\nEnough blue sky in the northwest to make a Scotchman a jacket is a sign\nof approaching clear weather.\n\n\n=Cirro-Cumuli.=\n\nWhen cirro-cumuli appear in winter expect warm and wet weather. When\ncirri threads are brushed back from a southerly direction expect rain\nand wind.\n\n\n=Cirri and Cumulus.=\n\nWhen cirri merge into cerro-stratus, and when cumulus increase towards\nevening and become lower clouds, expect wet weather.\n\n\n=Cumulus Clouds.=\n\nIf a fair day, with cumulus clouds, expect rain before night.\n\n\n=Curdly Sky.=\n\nA curdly sky will not leave the earth long dry.\n\nA curdly sky will not be twenty-four hours dry.\n\n\n=Cross-Wind Clouds.=\n\nIf you see clouds going cross wind, there is a storm in the air.\n\n\n=Clouds\u2014Wind.=\n\nClouds flying against the wind indicate unsettled weather.\n\n\n=Dusky Clouds.=\n\nDusky or tarnish-silver colored clouds indicate hail.\n\n\n=Disperse.=\n\nWhen clouds, after a rain, disperse during the night, the weather will\nnot remain clear.\n\n\n=Dark Sky.=\n\nIf the sky becomes darker without much rain and divides into two layers\nof clouds, expect sudden gusts of wind.\n\nDark clouds in the west at sunrise indicate rain on that day.\n\n\n=Equinox.=\n\nIf it blows in the day it generally hushes toward evening.\n\nThe vernal equinoctial gales are stronger than the autumnal.\n\n\n=East Wind.=\n\nIf rain falls during an east wind, it will continue a full day.\n\n\n=East Clouds.=\n\nClouds in the east, obscuring the sun, indicate fair weather.\n\n\n=Evening and Morning.=\n\nEvening red and morning gray will set the traveller on his way. But\nevening gray and morning red will bring down rain upon his head.\n\n\n=Fair.=\n\n                 If the sky beyond the clouds is blue,\n                 Be glad, there is a picnic for you.\n\nWhen there is enough clear sky to patch a Dutchman\u2019s breeches, expect\nfair weather.\n\n\n=Fleecy Clouds.=\n\nIf, in winter, the clouds appear fleecy, with a very blue sky, expect\ncold rain or snow.\n\nIf there be a fleecy sky, unless driving northwest, expect rain.\n\nWhen the clouds are formed like fleeces, but dense in the middle and\nbright toward the edge, with the sky bright, they are signs of a frost,\nwith hail, snow, or rain.\n\n             If the woolly fleeces strew the heavenly way,\n             Be sure no rain disturb the summer day.\n\n\n=Fine Weather.=\n\nIf clouds at the same height drive up with the wind, and gradually\nbecome thinner and descend, expect fine weather.\n\n\n=Gusts.=\n\nIf there be a cloudy sky and dark clouds driving fast under higher\nclouds, expect violent gusts of wind.\n\n\n=General Cloudiness.=\n\nWhen a general cloudiness covers the sky and small, black fragments of\nclouds fly underneath, they indicate rain, and probably it will be\nlasting.\n\n\n=Hen Scarts.=\n\n                    Hen scarts and filly tails\n                    Make lofty ships wear low sails.\n\n\n=High, Dark Clouds.=\n\nIf high, dark clouds are seen, in spring, winter, or fall, expect cold\nweather.\n\n\n=Heavy Sky.=\n\nIf the sky after fine weather becomes heavy with small clouds, expect\nrain.\n\n\n=High Clouds.=\n\nIf clouds form high in air in their white trains like locks of wool,\nthey portend wind and probably rain.\n\n\n=Hues.=\n\nClouds being soft, undefined, and feathery, will be fair. Generally, any\ndeep, unusual hue of clouds indicate rain and wind, while the more quiet\nand moderate tints indicate fair weather.\n\n\n=Heavy Rains.=\n\nIf clouds float at different heights and rates, but generally in\nopposite directions, expect heavy rains.\n\n\n=Horizontal Clouds.=\n\nNarrow, horizontal red clouds after sunset in the west indicate rain\nbefore thirty-six hours.\n\n\n=Hills.=\n\n                    When clouds are on the hills\n                    They\u2019ll come down by the mills.\n\n\n=Isolated Clouds.=\n\nWhen on clear days isolated clouds drive over the zenith from the\nrain-wind side (see table I, part II) storm and rain follow within\ntwenty-four hours.\n\n\n=June.=\n\nIt never clouds up in a June night for a rain.\n\n\n=Lookout Mountain.=\n\nWhen Lookout Mountain has its cap on, it will rain in six hours.\n\n\n=Low Clouds.=\n\nClouds floating low enough to cast shadows on the ground are usually\nfollowed by rain.\n\n\n=Mackerel Sky.=\n\n                    Mackerel sky, mackerel sky,\n                    Never long wet, never long dry.\n\n\n=Mackerel Clouds.=\n\nThe mackerel clouds always indicate storm if they first appear about 15\u00b0\nnorth of west. (Kansas.)\n\n                   Mackerel scales and mare\u2019s tails\n                   Make lofty ships carry low sails.\n\n                       Mackerel clouds in sky,\n                       Expect more wet than dry.\n\n\n=Mountain Clouds.=\n\nWhen the clouds hang on the mountain side after a rain and the sun\nshines on the top of the mountain, the storm is over. When gray clouds\nare seen for several days on the tops of high mountains, in the fall,\nthey indicate an early winter. (Apache Indians.)\n\n\n=Mackerel Scales.=\n\n                       Mackerel scales,\n                       Furl your sails.\n\n                       A mackerel sky,\n                       Not twenty-four hours dry.\n\n\n=Northwest Clouds.=\n\nIf a layer of thin clouds drive up from the northwest, and under other\nclouds moving more to the south, expect fine weather.\n\n\n=Opening.=\n\nIf clouds open and close, rain will continue.\n\n\n=Red Sky.=\n\nWhen it is evening, ye say it will be fair weather, for the sky is red;\nand in the morning it will be foul weather to-day, for the sky is red\nand lowering. (Matthew xvi, 2, 3.)\n\nWhen clouds are gathered toward the sun at setting, with a rosy hue,\nthey foretell rain.\n\nIf there be red clouds in the west at sunset it will be fair; if the\nclouds have a tint of purple it will be very fine, or if red bordered\nwith black in the southeast.\n\n\n=Rounded Clouds.=\n\nA cloud with rounded top and flattened base carries rainfall on its\nface.\n\nRed clouds at sunrise indicate storm.\n\nRed clouds at sunrise indicate rain on the following day.\n\n\n=Storm.=\n\nBehold there ariseth a little cloud out of the sea like a man\u2019s hand.\n\nPrepare thy chariot and get thee down that the rain stops thee not. And\nit came to pass in the mean while, that the heaven was black with clouds\nand wind and there was great rain. (Kings xviii, 44, 45.)\n\n\n=Stratus.=\n\nStratus or fall cloud is a fog or mist, so called from being strewed\nalong the ground, and from its consisting of particular kinds of clouds,\nwhich fall at night-time to the ground. A stratus in the morning, in\nautumn, often ushers in some of the finest days we enjoy.\n\n\n=Sunday Sunset.=\n\nIf Sunday sunset is obscured, expect rain before Wednesday.\n\n\n=Salt Lake Valley.=\n\nA horizontal streak or band of clouds immediately in front of the\nmountains on the east side of Salt Lake valley is an indication of rain\nwithin one or two days. When black clouds cover the western horizon,\nrain will follow soon, and extend to the eastward over the valley.\n(Observer at Salt Lake.)\n\n\n=Storm.=\n\n         If clouds look like they had been scratched by a hen,\n         Get ready to reef your topsails then.\n\nIf the clouds be of different heights, the sky being grayish or dirty\nblue, with hardly any wind stirring, the wind, however, changing from\nwest to south, or sometimes to southeast, without perceptibly increasing\nin force, expect storm.\n\n\n=South Clouds.=\n\nIf clouds appear suddenly in the south, expect rain.\n\n\n=Sunrise.=\n\nIf clouds fly to the west at sunrise, expect fine weather.\n\nIf at sunrise many clouds are seen in the west, and disappear, expect\nfine weather for a short time.\n\n\n=Strips of Clouds.=\n\nIf long strips of clouds drive at a slow rate high in the air, and\ngradually become larger, the sky having been previously clear, expect\nrain.\n\n\n=Streamers.=\n\nWhen streamers point upward, the clouds are falling and rain is at hand.\nWhen streamers point downward, the clouds are ascending and drought is\nat hand.\n\n\n=Salmon Clouds.=\n\nA long strip of clouds called a Salmon, or _Noah\u2019s Ark_, stretching east\nand west, is a sign of stormy weather, but when it extends north and\nsouth, it is a sign of dry weather.\n\n                  North and south the sign of drought,\n                  East and west the sign of blast.\n\n\n=Tints.=\n\nLight, delicate, quiet tints or colors, with soft, undefined forms of\nclouds indicate and accompany fair weather; but unusual or gaudy hues,\nwith hard definitely outlined clouds, foretell rain, and probably stormy\nweather.\n\n\n=Thin Light Clouds.=\n\nIf there be a light-blue sky with thin, light, flying clouds, whilst the\nwind goes to the south, without much increase in force, or a dirty blue\nsky when no clouds are to be seen, expect storm.\n\n\n=Tails or Feathers.=\n\nIf there be long points, tails, or feathers hanging from thunder or rain\nclouds, five or six or more degrees above the horizon, with little wind\nin summer, thunder may be expected, but storm will be of short duration.\n\n\n=Two Currents.=\n\nTwo currents of clouds indicate approaching rain, and in summer thunder.\n\n\n=Thunder.=\n\nAgainst much rain the clouds grow rapidly larger, especially before\nthunder.\n\n\n=Terraces of Clouds.=\n\nWhen the clouds rise in terraces of white, soon will the country of the\ncorn priests be pierced with the arrows of rain. (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\n\n=Variety.=\n\nThe different kinds of clouds indicate rain.\n\n\n=West Clouds.=\n\nWhen ye see a cloud rise out of the west, straightway ye say there\ncometh a shower, and so it is. (Luke xii, 54.)\n\nBrassy-colored clouds in the west at sunset indicate wind.\n\n\n=White Clouds.=\n\nIf on a fair day in winter a white bank of clouds arise in the south,\nexpect snow.\n\nIf small white clouds are seen to collect together, their edges\nappearing rough, expect wind.\n\n\n=Wind.=\n\nIf the wind blow between north and east or east, with clouds for some\ndays, and if clouds be then seen driving from the south high up, rain\nwill follow plentifully, sometimes forty-eight hours after; if after the\nrain the wind goes to the south or southwest, better weather will\nfollow.\n\n\n=Yellow Sky.=\n\nA light yellow sky at sunset presages wind.\n\nA pale yellow sky at sunset presages rain.\n\n\n                       PROVERBS RELATING TO DEW.\n\nAbsence of Dew.\n\nThe absence of dew for three days indicates rain.\n\n                   If nights three dewless there be,\n                   \u2019Twill rain, you\u2019re sure to see.\n\n\n=Easter.=\n\nThe number of dews before Easter will indicate the number of hoar frosts\nto occur after Easter, and the number of dews to occur in August.\n\n\n=Heavy Dew.=\n\nIf there is a heavy dew and it soon dries, expect fine weather; if it\nremains long on the grass, expect rain in twenty-four hours.\n\nHeavy dew indicates fair weather.\n\nClouds without dew indicate rain.\n\nIf there is a heavy dew it indicates fair weather; no dew indicates\nrain.\n\n\n=Haying Season.=\n\nIn haying season, when there is no dew, it indicates rain.\n\nMuch dew after a fair day indicates another fair day. A calm and fair\nday followed by absence of dew indicates rain.\n\n\n=Midnight.=\n\n                   With dew before midnight,\n                   The next day will sure be bright.\n\n\n=Plentiful Dew.=\n\nIf the dew lies on the grass plentifully after a fair day, it indicates\nthat the following day will be fair. If there is no dew and no wind\nafter a fair day, rain will follow.\n\n\n=Southerly Winds.=\n\nA heavy dew in the middle latitudes is said to indicate southerly winds.\n\nA heavy dew with a south to east wind, fair\u2014with a northwest wind, rain.\n(New England.)\n\n\n=Summer Dew.=\n\nDuring summer a heavy dew is sometimes followed by a southerly wind in\nthe afternoon.\n\n\n=Wet Feet.=\n\nIf your feet you wet with the dew in the morning, you may keep them dry\nfor the rest of the day.\n\n\n                       PROVERBS RELATING TO FISH.\n\n\n=General.=\n\nWhen fish bite readily and swim near the surface, rain may be expected.\n\nFish become inactive just before thunder showers, silent, and won\u2019t\nbite.\n\n                         Fish bite the least\n                         With wind in the east.\n\nFishes in general, both in salt and fresh waters, are observed to sport\nmost and bite more eagerly against rain than at any other time.\n\n\n=Black-fish.=\n\nBlack-fish in schools indicate an approaching gale.\n\n\n=Blue-fish, pike, etc.=\n\nBlue-fish, pike, and other fish jump with head towards the point where a\nstorm is frowning.\n\nThe approach of blue-fish to the Middle Atlantic coast is a true\nindication of a shift of wind to the north within twenty-four or\nthirty-six hours. The observer furnishing the above states that he has\nnot known this saying to have failed once in the past twenty-five years,\nand assigns as a reason that in autumn all fish go south, and the\nblue-fish, it appears, is able to anticipate this change and approaches\nthe coast, where it may strike the feed-fish on their way south.\n\n\n=Clam-Beds.=\n\nAir-bubbles over the clam-beds indicate rain.\n\nPorpoises in harbor indicate coming storm.\n\n\n=Cat-fish.=\n\nFish swim up stream, and cat-fish jump out of water before rain.\n\nIf the skin on the belly of the cat-fish is unusually thick, it\nindicates a cold winter; if not, a mild winter will follow. (Negro.)\n\n\n=Cockles.=\n\nCockles and most shell fish are observed against a tempest to have\ngravel sticking hard unto their shells, as a providence of nature to\nstay or poise themselves, and to help to weigh them down, if raised from\nthe bottom by surges.\n\n\n=Cod-fish.=\n\nThe cod is said to take in ballast before a storm. It is said by\nSergeant McGillivry, Signal Corps, U. S. A., that there is one instance\nof this saying well authenticated, as follows: A number of cod were\ntaken twelve hours before a severe gale, and it was found that each had\nswallowed a number of small stones, some of the stones weighing three or\nfour ounces.\n\n\n=Crabs and Lobsters.=\n\nThe appearance of crabs and lobsters indicates that spring has come, and\nthat there will be no more freezing weather. Lake Ontario black bass\nleave shoal water before a thunder-storm. This has been observed\ntwenty-four hours before storm.\n\n\n=Cuttles.=\n\nCuttles, with their many legs, swimming on the top of the water and\nstriving to be above the waves, presage a storm.\n\n\n=Cuttle-fish.=\n\nCuttle-fish swimming on the surface of water indicate the approach of\nstorm.\n\n\n=Dolphins.=\n\nDolphins, as well as porpoises, when they come about a ship, and sport\nand gambol on the surface of the water, betoken a storm; hence they are\nregarded as unlucky omens by sailors.\n\n\n=Eels.=\n\nIf eels are very lively it is a sign of rain.\n\n\n=Equinox.=\n\nIn equinoctial storms fish bite the best before the sun crosses the\nline.\n\n\n=Fish\u2014Flies.=\n\nWhen fish jump up after flies expect rain.\n\n\n=Frog-fish.=\n\nFrog-fish crawling indicate rain.\n\n\n=Lake Trout.=\n\nIn the northern lakes of the United States white-fish and lake trout\nleave reefs for deep water one month earlier in stormy falls than in\nmild, calm falls, with little winds. (Chippewa Indians.)\n\n\n=Lobsters and Craw-fish.=\n\nWhen lobsters or craw-fish heighten their holes about the surface of the\nground, it is a sign of approaching rain.\n\n\n=Moon.=\n\nFish bite the best when the moon is in the tail.\n\n\n=Mullet.=\n\nMullet run south on the approach of cold northerly wind and rain.\n\n\n=North Wind.=\n\n                     Fishermen in anger froth\n                     When the wind is in the north;\n                     For fish bite the best\n                     When the wind is in the west.\n\n\n=Pike.=\n\nWhen pike lie on the bed of a stream quietly, expect rain or wind.\n\n\n=Porpoises.=\n\nPorpoises, when they sport about ships and chase one another as if in\nplay, and indeed their being numerous on the surface of the sea at any\ntime, is rather a stormy sign. The same may be said of dolphins and\ngrampus. That the cause of these motions is some electrical change in\nthe air seems probable. Wilsford, in his Secrets of Nature, tells us\n\u201cPorpoises or sea-hogs when observed to sport and chase one another\nabout ships, expect then some stormy weather.\u201d\n\nPorpoises are said to swim in the direction from which the wind is\ncoming.\n\nPorpoises run into bays and around islands before a storm.\n\n\n=Salmon and Trout.=\n\nSalmon and trout plentiful in river (Columbia) show an abundance of rain\nin the surrounding country by which the river has risen.\n\n\n=Sea-urchins.=\n\nSea-urchins thrusting themselves into the mud, or striving to cover\ntheir bodies with sand, foreshow a storm.\n\n\n=Shad.=\n\nShad run south when the weather changes cold.\n\n\n=Shark.=\n\nShark go to sea at the approach of a cold wave.\n\n\n=Skate.=\n\nSkate jump in the direction that the next wind will come from.\n\n\n=South Wind.=\n\nWind in the south catch fish in the mouth.\n\n\n=Trout.=\n\nTrout bite voraciously before rain.\n\n                     When trout refuse bait or fly,\n                     There ever is a storm nigh.\n\n\n=Trout and Salmon.=\n\nWhen the trout or salmon-trout jump late in the fall, the Indians of\nWashington Territory predict an open winter and an open spring.\n\n\n=Trout and Herring.=\n\nTrout jump and herring schools more rapidly before rain.\n\n\n=Whales and Porpoises.=\n\nWhen porpoises and whales spout about ships at sea, storm may be\nexpected.\n\n\n=Winds.=\n\nThe appearance of a great number of fish on the west Gulf coast\nindicates bad weather and easterly winds.\n\n\n                   PROVERBS RELATING TO FOG OR MIST.\n\nAugust.\n\nThe number of August fogs indicate the number of winter mists.\n\nIn the Mississippi Valley, when fogs occur in August, expect fever and\nague in the following fall.\n\nA fog in August indicates a severe winter and plenty of snow.\n\nObserve on what day in August the first heavy fog occurs, and you may\nexpect a hard frost on the same day in October.\n\n\n=April Fog.=\n\nFog in April foretells a failure of the wheat crop next year. (Alabama.)\n\nIf the first three days of April be foggy, there will be a flood in\nJune. (English.)\n\n\n=Continued Fog.=\n\nIf there be continued fog, expect frost.\n\n\n=Dew.=\n\nWhen the dew is seen shining on the leaves, the mist rolled down from\nthe mountain last night. (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\n\n=Damp Fog.=\n\nIf there be a damp fog or mist, accompanied by wind, expect rain.\n\n\n=Fog Clouds.=\n\nWhen light fog clouds on evenings are observed to rise from the valleys\nand hang around the summits of mountains, rain follows.\n\n\n=February Fog.=\n\nA fog in February indicates a frost in the following May.\n\n\n=Fog Frost.=\n\nHe that would have a bad day must go out in the fog after a frost.\n\n\n=Frost.=\n\nDuring frosty weather, the dissolution of mist, and the appearance of\nsmall detached cerro-cumulus clouds in the elevated regions of the\natmosphere are said to foretell that the termination of frost is at\nhand.\n\n\n=Fog and Rain.=\n\nWhen the fog goes up the hill the rain comes down the mill.\n\n\n=Fog after Frost.=\n\nFog after hard frosts and fog after mild weather indicate a change in\nweather.\n\n\n=Falling Fog.=\n\nWhen the fog falls fair weather follows; when it rises rain follows.\n\n\n=Heavy Fog.=\n\nHeavy fog in winter, when it hangs below trees, is followed by rain.\n\n\n=Hunting and Fishing.=\n\nWhen the fog goes up the mountains you may go hunting; when it comes\ndown the mountain you may go fishing. In the former case it will be\nfair; in the latter it will rain.\n\n\n=Light Fog.=\n\nLight fog passing under sun from south to north in the morning indicates\nrain in twenty-four or forty-eight hours.\n\n\n=March, May, and August.=\n\n                    So many mists in March we see,\n                    So many frosts in May shall be;\n                    So many fogs in August we see,\n                    So many snows that year will be.\n\n\n=Mirage.=\n\nA mirage is followed by a rain. (New England.)\n\n\n=Mist\u2014Sea.=\n\n              When the mist takes to the sea\n              Then good weather it will be.\n                                                (English.)\n\n\n=Misty Mornings.=\n\nThree foggy or misty mornings indicate rain. (Oregon.)\n\n\n=Morning Fogs.=\n\nWhen a morning fog turns into clouds of different layers, the clouds\nincreasing in size, expect a rain.\n\n\n=Mountain Mist.=\n\nWhen mountains extend north and south, if fog or mist comes from the\nwest, expect fair weather. If mist comes from the top of mountains,\nexpect rain in summer, snow in winter. (Apache Indians.)\n\n\n=October Fog.=\n\nFor every fog in October there will be a snow during the winter; for\neach heavy fog a heavy snow, and for each light fog a light snow.\n\n\n=Rising Fog.=\n\nA rising fog indicates fair weather. If the fog settles down, expect\nstormy weather.\n\n\n=Seaward and Landward.=\n\nFog from seaward, fair weather; fog from landward, rain. (New England.)\n\n\n=Summer Fog.=\n\nA summer fog is a good indication of fair weather.\n\n\n=Southerly Wind.=\n\nIn summer, when fog comes with a southerly wind it indicates warm\nweather; when it comes with a northerly wind it is a sign of heavy rain.\n\n\n=Weather.=\n\n                    When the mist is on the hill,\n                    Then good weather it doth spoil.\n\n\n=Winter Fog.=\n\nA winter\u2019s fog will freeze a dog.\n\n\n                      PROVERBS RELATING TO FROST.\n\nBearded\u2014Frost.\n\nBearded frost is a forerunner of snow.\n\n\n=Birds of Passage.=\n\nIf birds of passage arrive early from the north, expect frost.\n\n\n=Corn Frost.=\n\nWith the coming of frost grows the corn old. (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\n\n=Dark-moon Frost.=\n\nFrost occurring in the dark of the moon kills fruit, buds, and blossoms;\nbut frost in the light of the moon will not.\n\n\n=Early Frosts.=\n\nEarly frosts are generally followed by a long and hard winter. Light or\nwhite frosts are always followed by wet weather, either the same day or\nthree days after.\n\n\n=Easter Frost.=\n\nPast the Easter frost and fruit is safe.\n\n\n=Fences, Trees.=\n\nIn winter if the fences and trees are covered with white frost, expect a\nthaw.\n\n\n=Frosty Trees.=\n\nIf the trees are frosty and the sun takes it away before noon, sign of\nrain.\n\n\n=First Katydid.=\n\nThe first frost of the season occurs six weeks after we hear the first\nkatydid.\n\n\n=Frosts.=\n\nHeavy white frost indicates warmer weather.\n\nBlack frost indicates dry cold weather.\n\nBearded frost indicates colder weather and snow.\n\n\n=Frost, Rain.=\n\nHoar frost indicates rain.\n\n\n=Foul Weather.=\n\nFrosts end in foul weather.\n\n\n=First Frost.=\n\nIf the first frost occurs late, the following winter will be mild, but\nweather variable. If first frost occurs early, it indicates a severe\nwinter.\n\n\n=Gray Sky.=\n\nIf there be a dark, gray sky, with a south wind, expect frost.\n\n\n=Heavy Frosts.=\n\nHeavy frosts are generally followed by fine, clear weather.\n\n\n=Hoar Frost.=\n\nIf there be an abundance of hoar frost, expect rain.\n\n\n=Ice.=\n\nIf the ice crack much, expect frost to continue.\n\n\n=June Frosts.=\n\nThere will be as many frosts in June as there are fogs in February.\n\n\n=Moonlight.=\n\nMoonlight nights have the hardest frosts.\n\n\n=Mist.=\n\n               When the mist is on the hill,\n               Then good weather it doth spoil;\n               When the mist takes to the sea,\n               Then good weather it will be.\n                                              (England.)\n\n\n=Rain, Frosts.=\n\nHeavy frosts bring heavy rains; no frosts, no rain. (California.)\n\n\n=Six Months.=\n\nSix months from last frost to next frost. (South.)\n\n\n=Spider Webs.=\n\n                 Spider webs floating at autumn sunset,\n                 Bring a night frost, this you may bet.\n\n\n=Three Frosts=\n\nThree frosts in succession are a sign of rain.\n\nThree white frosts and then a storm.\n\n\n=White Frost.=\n\nA very heavy white frost in winter is followed by a thaw.\n\nWhite frost on three successive nights indicates a thaw or rain.\n\n\n=Water Snakes.=\n\nWhen small water snakes leave the sand in low damp lands, frosts may be\nexpected in three days. (Apache Indians.)\n\n\n=Wind, Northwest.=\n\nFrost will probably occur when the temperature is 40\u00b0 and the wind\nnorthwest.\n\nA high wind prevents frost.\n\n\n                     PROVERBS RELATING TO INSECTS.\n\nAnts.\n\n                 If ants their walls do frequent build,\n                 Rain will from the clouds be spilled.\n\nWhen ants are situated in low ground, their migration may be taken as an\nindication of approaching heavy rains.\n\nExpect stormy weather when ants travel in lines, and fair weather when\nthey scatter.\n\nIf in the beginning of July the ants are enlarging and building up their\npiles, an early and cold winter is at hand.\n\nAn open ant-hole indicates clear weather; a closed one an approaching\nstorm.\n\n\n=Ants, Crickets, Gnats, etc.=\n\nAnts are very busy; gnats bite; crickets are lively; spiders come out of\ntheir nests, and flies gather in houses just before rain.\n\n\n=Butterflies.=\n\nThe early appearance of butterflies is said to indicate fine weather.\n\nWhen the white butterfly flies from the southwest, expect rain.\n\nWhen the butterfly comes, comes also the summer. (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\n\n=Bees.=\n\nWhen bees remain in their hives or fly but a short distance, expect\nrain.\n\nBees early at work will not perform a full day\u2019s work.\n\nBees will not swarm before a near storm.\n\nBees returning hastily and in large numbers are said to indicate\napproaching rain, although the weather may be clear.\n\n               When bees to distance wing their flight\n               Days are warm and skies are bright;\n               But when their flight ends near their home\n               Stormy weather is sure to come.\n\nA bee was never caught in a shower.\n\nIf bees remain in the hive or fly but a short distance from it, expect\nrain.\n\n\n=Black Insects.=\n\nWhen little black insects appear on the snow, expect a thaw.\n\n\n=Cockroaches.=\n\nWhen cockroaches fly it is a sign of approaching rain.\n\n\n=Crickets.=\n\nIf the cricket sing louder than usual, expect rain.\n\n\n=Chrysalides.=\n\nWhen the chrysalides are found suspended from the under side of rails,\nlimbs, &c., as if to protect them from rain, expect much rain. If they\nare found on slender branches, fair weather will last some time.\n(Western Pennsylvania.)\n\n\n=Fleas.=\n\n                  When fleas do very many grow,\n                  Then \u2019twill surely rain or snow.\n\n                  When eager bites the thirsty flea,\n                  Clouds and rain you sure shall see.\n\n\n=Flies.=\n\n           A fly on your nose you slap and it goes,\n           If it comes back again it will bring a good rain.\n\nWhen flies congregate in swarms, rain follows soon.\n\nWhen flies bite greedily, expect rain.\n\n\n=Fall-bugs.=\n\nFall-bugs begin to chirp six weeks before a frost in the fall.\n\n\n=Fire-flies.=\n\nFire flies in great numbers indicate fair weather.\n\n\n=Garden Spiders.=\n\nIf the garden spiders break and destroy their webs and creep away,\nexpect continued rain.\n\n\n=Glow-worms.=\n\nBefore rain:\n\n                Glow-worms numerous, clear, and bright,\n                Illuminate the dewy hills at night.\n\nWhen the glow-worm glows, dry hot weather follows.\n\n\n=Gossamer.=\n\nGossamer (the fine web of a certain species of spider) is said when\nabundant in the air to afford a sign of a fine autumn.\n\n\n=Gnats.=\n\nGnats flying in a vortex in the beams of the sun, fair weather will\nfollow; when they frisk about more wildly increasing heat is indicated;\nwhen they seek the shade and bite more frequently, the signs are of\ncoming rain.\n\nGnats in October are a sign of long, fair weather.\n\nMany gnats in spring indicate that the autumn will be warm.\n\nIf gnats fly in large numbers, the weather will be fine.\n\nIf gnats, flies, &c., bite sharper than usual, expect rain.\n\nWhen gnats dance in February the husbandman becomes a beggar.\n\nIf gnats fly in compact bodies in the beams of the setting sun, expect\nfine weather.\n\nIf many gnats are seen in the spring, expect a warm autumn.\n\nWhen gnats dance in March it brings death to sheep. (Dutch.)\n\n\n=Hornets.=\n\nHornets build nests high before warm summers.\n\nWhen hornets build their nests near the ground, expect a cold and early\nwinter.\n\n\n=House Flies.=\n\nHouse flies coming into the house in great numbers indicate rain.\n\n\n=Harvest Flies.=\n\nWhen harvest flies sing, warm weather will follow.\n\n\n=Insects.=\n\nThe early appearance of insects indicate an early spring and good crops.\n(Apache Indians.)\n\nInsects flying in numbers just at evening show change of weather to\nrain.\n\n\n=Katydids.=\n\nKatydids cry three months before frosts. (South.)\n\n\n=Locusts.=\n\nWhen locusts are heard, dry weather will follow, and frost will occur in\nsix weeks.\n\n\n=Spider Webs.=\n\n                    When spiders\u2019 webs in air do fly\n                    The spell will soon be very dry.\n\nSpider webs scattered thickly over a field covered with dew glistening\nin the morning sun indicate rain.\n\nWhen spiders work at their webs in the morning expect a fair day.\n\nSpiders strengthening their webs indicate rain.\n\nLong single, separate spider webs on grass is a sign of frost next\nnight. (Irish.)\n\nSpiders in motion indicate rain.\n\nIf spiders break off and remove their webs, the weather will be wet.\n\nIf spiders make new webs and ants build new hills, the weather will be\nclear.\n\nIf the spider works during rain, it is an indication that the weather\nwill soon be clear.\n\nWhen the spider cleans its web fair weather is indicated.\n\nIf spider webs fly in the autumn with a south wind, expect east winds\nand fine weather.\n\nSpiders generally change their webs once every twenty-four hours. If\nthey make the change between 6 and 7 p. m., expect a fair night. If they\nchange their web in the morning, a fine day may be expected. If they\nwork during rain, expect fine weather soon, and the more active and busy\nthe spider the finer will be the weather.\n\nSpiders, when they are seen crawling on the walls more than usual\nindicate that rain will probably ensue. This prognostic seldom fails.\nThis has been observed for many years, particularly in winter, but more\nor less at all times of the year.\n\nIf spiders in spinning their webs make the terminating filaments long,\nwe may in proportion to their lengths expect rain.\n\nWhen you see the ground covered with spider webs which are wet with dew,\nand there is no dew on the ground, it is a sign of rain before night,\nfor the spiders are putting up umbrellas; but others say when the\nspiders put out their sunshades it will be a hot day.\n\n\n=Scorpions.=\n\nWhen scorpions crawl expect dry weather.\n\n\n=Tarantulas.=\n\nWhen tarantulas crawl by day, rain will surely come. (California.)\n\n\n=Wasps.=\n\nWasps building nests in exposed places indicate a dry season.\n\nWasps in great numbers and busy indicate fair and warm weather.\n\n\n=Wood-lice.=\n\nIf wood-lice run about in great numbers, expect rain.\n\n\n=Worms, Snails, etc.=\n\nWorms come forth more abundantly before rain, as do snails, slugs, and\nalmost all our limaceous reptiles.\n\n\n=Yellow Jackets.=\n\nYellow jackets building nests on top of ground indicates an approaching\ndry season.\n\n\n                     PROVERBS RELATING TO THE MOON.\n\nApril Full Moon.\n\nFull moon in April brings frost.\n\n\n=A Saturday\u2019s Moon.=\n\nIf it comes once in seven years, comes all too soon.\n\n\n=Bean.=\n\n               Go plant the bean when the moon is light,\n               And you will find that this is right;\n               Plant the potatoes when the moon is dark,\n               And to this line you always hark;\n               But if you vary from this rule,\n               You will find you are a fool;\n               If you always follow this rule to the end\n               You will always have money to spend.\n\n\n=Beans.=\n\nPlant garden beans when the sign is in the scales they will hang full.\n\n\n=Cloudy Morning.=\n\nIn the old of the moon a cloudy morning bodes a fair afternoon.\n\n\n=Cool Weather.=\n\nWhen the moon runs high expect cool or cold weather.\n\nNew moon far in north in summer, cool weather; in winter, cold.\n\n\n=Change.=\n\nIf the moon changes (full or new) in fair or warm part of the day, it\nindicates a warm moon, and if it changes in the cool part of the day, it\nindicates that the weather will be cool during the moon.\n\nIf the moon is rainy throughout, it will be clear at the change, and\nperhaps the rain will return a few days after.\n\nIf there be a change of weather at the time of the quarters (under the\nsame conditions as above), the new condition will probably last some\ntime.\n\n\n=Drought\u2014Flood.=\n\nThe further the moon is to the south the greater the drought; the\nfurther west the greater the flood, and the further northwest the\ngreater the cold.\n\n\n=Dry Weather.=\n\nWhen the horns of the moon are sharp it indicates dry weather.\n\nNew moon far in the south indicates dry weather for a month.\n\n\n=Dry Moon.=\n\nA dry moon is far north and soon seen.\n\n\n=Day Moon.=\n\nWhen the moon is visible in the day-time, the days are relatively cool.\n\n\n=East Wind.=\n\nIf the moon changes with the wind in the east, the weather during that\nmoon will be foul.\n\n\n=Fifth Day of Moon.=\n\nThe fifth day of the new moon indicates the general character of the\nweather until the full of the moon.\n\n\n=Full Moon.=\n\nIn Western Kansas it is said that when the moon is near full it never\nstorms.\n\nThe full moon eats clouds. (Nautical.)\n\n\n=Fair Moon.=\n\nIf the moon be fair throughout and rain at the close, the fair weather\nwill probably return on the fourth or fifth day.\n\n\n=Fair Weather.=\n\nPhases of the moon occurring in the evening, expect fair weather.\n\n\n=Five Changes.=\n\nFive changes of the moon in one month denotes cool weather in summer and\ncold in winter.\n\n\n=Flood.=\n\nTwo full moons in a calendar month bring on a flood.\n\n\n=Fine Weather.=\n\nIf the full moon rises clear, expect fine weather.\n\n\n=Gale Moon.=\n\nIf the moon is seen between the scud and broken clouds during a gale, it\nis expected to scuff away the bad weather.\n\n\n=Halo.=\n\nThe larger the halo about the moon the nearer the rain clouds and the\nsooner the rain may be expected.\n\nA lunar halo indicates rain, and the number of stars inclosed, the\nnumber of days of rain.\n\nThe moon with a circle brings water in her beak.\n\n\n=Horns of Moon.=\n\n            When Luna first her scattered fear recalls,\n            If with blunt horns she holds the dusky air,\n            Seamen and swain predict abundant showers.\n                                                  (Virgil.)\n\n\n=Moon-shield.=\n\n                   If the moon show a silver shield,\n                   Be not afraid to reap your field;\n                   But if she rises halved round,\n                   Soon will tread on deluged ground.\n\n\n=Moon-ring.=\n\n                 Last night the moon had a golden ring,\n                 But to-night no moon I see.\n\n\n=Moon, Wind clouds, etc.=\n\n           When first the moon appears if then she shrouds\n           Her silver crescent, tipped with sable clouds,\n           Conclude she bodes a tempest on the main,\n           And brews for fields impetuous floods of rain.\n           Or if her face with fiery flushings glow,\n           Expect the rattling wind aloft to blow;\n           But four nights old (for that is the best sign),\n           With sharpened horns, if glorious then she shine,\n           Next day not only that, but all the moon,\n           Till her revolving race be wholly run,\n           Are void of tempests both by land and sea.\n\n\n=Moon Halo.=\n\nA large ring around the moon and low clouds indicate rain in twenty-four\nhours; a small ring and high clouds rain in several days.\n\n\n=Moon, Points of.=\n\nIf the new moon appears with the points of the crescent turned up, the\nmonth will be dry. If the points are turned down, it will be wet.\n\nNOTE.\u2014About one-third of the sailors believe in the direct opposite of\nthe above. The belief is explained as follows: 1st. If the crescent will\nhold water, the month will be dry; if not, it will be wet. 2d. If the\nIndian hunter could hang his powder-horn on the crescent, he did so and\nstaid at home, because he knew that the woods would be too dry to still\nhunt. If he could not hang his powder-horn upon the crescent he put it\non his shoulder and went hunting, because he knew that the woods would\nbe wet and that he could stalk game noiselessly.\n\n\n=Mist.=\n\nIf there be a general mist before sunrise near the full of the moon, the\nweather will be fine for some days.\n\n\n=New Moon.=\n\nNew moon on its back indicates wind; standing on its point indicates\nrain in summer and snow in winter. (Dr. John Menual.)\n\n\n=North Wind.=\n\nA new moon with a north wind will hold until the full.\n\n\n=North and South Moon.=\n\nIf the new moon is far north, it will be cold for two weeks, but if far\nsouth, it will be warm.\n\n\n=October Moon.=\n\nFull moon in October without frost, no frost till full moon in November.\n\n\n=Old Moon.=\n\n                In the old of the moon\n                A cloudy morning means a fair afternoon.\n\nThe old moon seen in the new moon\u2019s arms is a sign of fair weather.\n\nIf the new moon, first quarter, full moon, last quarter occur between\n\n      Summer: 12 and  2 a. m.   Fair.\n               2 and  4 a. m.   Cold and showers.\n               4 and  6 a. m.   Rain.\n               6 and  8 a. m.   Wind and rain.\n               8 and 10 a. m.   Changeable.\n              10 and 12 p. m.   Frequent showers.\n              12 and  2 p. m.   Very rainy.\n               2 and  4 p. m.   Changeable.\n               4 and  6 p. m.   Fair.\n               6 and  8 p. m.   Fair, if wind northwest.\n               8 and 10 p. m.   Rainy, if wind south or southwest.\n              10 and 12 a. m.    Fair.\n      Winter: 12 and  2 a. m.   Frost, unless wind southwest.\n               2 and  4 a. m.   Snow and stormy.\n               4 and  6 a. m.   Rain.\n               6 and  8 a. m.   Stormy.\n               8 and 10 a. m.   Cold rain, if wind west.\n              10 and 12 p. m.   Cold and high wind.\n              12 and  2 p. m.   Snow and rain.\n               2 and  4 p. m.   Fair and mild.\n               4 and  6 p. m.   Fair.\n               6 and  8 p. m.   Fair and frosty, if wind northeast\n                                  or north.\n               8 and 10 p. m.   Rain or snow, if wind south or\n                                  southwest.\n              10 and 12 a. m.   Fair and frosty.\n\n\n=Points of Moon.=\n\nIf the points of a new moon are up, then, as a rule, no rain will fall\nthat quarter of the moon; a dull pale moon, dry, with halo, indicates\npoor crops. In the planting season no grain must be planted when halo is\naround the moon. (Apache Indians.)\n\n\n=Pale rise.=\n\nIf the full moon rise pale, expect rain.\n\n\n=Rheumatic diseases.=\n\n            Therefore the moon, the governor of the floods,\n            Pale in her anger, washes all the air\n            That rheumatic diseases do abound.\n                                              (Shakespeare.)\n\n\n=Red, Dim, or Pale Moon.=\n\nA dim or pale moon indicates rain, a red moon indicates wind.\n\n               The moon, her face if red be,\n               Of water speaks she.\n                                         (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\nIf the full moon rises red, expect wind.\n\nWhen the moon rises red and appears large, with clouds, expect rain in\ntwelve hours.\n\n\n=Rain.=\n\nWhen the moon is darkest near the horizon, expect rain.\n\nWhen phases of the moon occur in the morning, expect rain.\n\nIf the moon turns on its back in the third quarter it is a sign of rain.\n\nThe moon, if in house be, cloud it will, rain soon will come. (Zu\u00f1i\nIndians.)\n\n\n=Ruddy.=\n\n             If on her cheeks you see the maiden\u2019s blush,\n             The ruddy moon foreshows the winds will rush.\n\n\n=South Moon.=\n\nA south moon indicates bad weather.\n\n\n=Snow.=\n\nAs many days old as the moon is at the first snow there will be as many\nsnows before crop-planting time.\n\nSnow coming two or three days after new moon will remain on the ground\nsome time, but that falling just after full moon will soon go off.\n\nThere will be as many snow storms during the winter as the moon is days\nold at the first snow-storm.\n\n\n=Stars in Halo.=\n\nMoon in a circle indicates storm, and number of stars in circle the\nnumber of days before storm.\n\n\n=Sixth Day of Moon.=\n\nIf the weather on the sixth day is the same as that of the fourth day of\nthe moon the same weather will continue during the whole moon. Said to\nbe correct nine times out of twelve. (Spanish.)\n\n\n=Storm.=\n\nThe rising or the setting of the sun or moon, especially the moon, will\nbe followed by a decrease of a storm which is then prevailing.\n\n\n=Saturday Moon.=\n\nA Saturday moon, if it comes once in seven years, it comes too soon. A\nFriday\u2019s moon, come when it will, comes too soon.\n\n\n=Saturday Change.=\n\nOne Saturday change in the moon is enough, as it is always followed by a\nsevere storm.\n\n\n=Stormy, Wet Weather.=\n\nIf there be a change from continued stormy or wet to clear and dry\nweather at the time of a new or full moon, and so remains until the\nsecond day of the new or full moon, it will probably remain fine till\nthe following quarter; and if it changes not then, or only for a short\ntime, it usually lasts until the following new or full moon; and if it\ndoes not change then, or only for a very short time, it will probably\nremain fine and dry for four or five weeks.\n\n\n=Threatening Clouds.=\n\nThreatening clouds, without rain, in old moon indicate drought.\n\n\n=Thursday.=\n\nThursday before the moon changes rules the moon.\n\n\n=Way to Wane.=\n\nThe three days of the change of the moon from the way to the wane we get\nno rain.\n\n\n=Warm Weather.=\n\nWhen the moon runs low, expect warm weather.\n\n\n=Warm and Cold Weather.=\n\nIf the moon changes in the morning, it indicates warm weather; if in the\nevening, cold weather.\n\nA change in the moon which occurs between sunrise and sunset will be\nfollowed by warm weather; when the change occurs between sunset and\nsunrise, it will be followed by cold weather.\n\n\n                      PROVERBS RELATING TO PLANTS.\n\nAsh Leaves.\n\nWhen the ash leaves come out before the oak, expect a wet season.\n\n\n=African Marigold.=\n\nIf this plant does not open its petals by 7 o\u2019clock in the morning, it\nwill rain or thunder that day. It also closes before a storm.\n\n\n=Aspen Leaf.=\n\nTrembling of the aspen leaf in calm weather indicates an approaching\nstorm.\n\n\n=Berries.=\n\nWhen the bushes are full of berries, a hard winter is on the way.\n\nWhen berries are plentiful in the hedge, on the May-bush, and\nblackthorn, a hard winter may be expected.\n\nBerries in the hedges often forebode a hard winter, and severe weather\nfrequently occurs in seasons when they are particularly plentiful on the\nMay-bush and blackthorn. This rule is not, however, without its\nexception. But, at all events, peculiarities of the seasons have a\nwonderful influence on the quantities of berries, particularly those of\nholly. The peculiarities of the seasons and their influence on plants\nconstitute a very curious subject of research; it comprehends the whole\ndoctrine of special blights, whereby only certain tribes of plants are\naffected. Epidemics and epizo\u00f6tics come under the same class, and are\nreferable to specific conditions of the atmosphere.\n\n\n=Beech-nuts.=\n\nWhen beech-nuts are plenty, expect a mild winter.\n\n\n=Beans.=\n\n                    Be it weal or be it woe,\n                    Beans must blow ere May doth go.\n\n\n=Convolvulus.=\n\nThe convolvulus folds up its petals at the approach of rain.\n\n\n=Cherries.=\n\nAs long as the cherries bloom in April it is said that the grape-vine\nwill be in bloom.\n\n\n=Chickweed.=\n\nThe flowers of the chickweed contract before rain.\n\nThe chickweed, at 9 o\u2019clock in the morning, if the weather is clear,\nstraightens its flowers, spreads its leaves, and keeps awake until noon.\nIf, however, there is rain in prospect, the plant droops and its flowers\ndo not open.\n\n\n=Corn-husk.=\n\nA double husk on corn indicates a severe winter.\n\nEars of corn are covered with thicker and stronger husks in cold\nwinters.\n\nIf corn is hard to husk, expect a hard winter. (Apache Indians).\n\n\n=Cockle-burs.=\n\nWhen cockle-burs mature brown it indicates frost.\n\n\n=Clover Leaves.=\n\nClover leaves turned up so as to show light underside indicate\napproaching rain.\n\nClovers contract at the close of a storm.\n\n\n=Cottonwood\u2014Quaking Asp.=\n\nCottonwood and quaking asp trees turn up their leaves before rain.\n\n\n=Corn-fodder.=\n\nCorn-fodder dry and crisp indicates fair weather; but damp and limp,\nrain\u2014very sensitive to hygrometric changes.\n\n\n=Dandelions.=\n\nThe dandelions close their blossoms before a storm; the sensitive plant\nits leaves. The leaves of the May trees bear up so that the under side\nmay be seen before a storm.\n\n\n=Dandelion and Daisy.=\n\nThe flowers of the dandelion and daisy close before rain.\n\n\n=Dogwood Blossoms.=\n\nWhen the blooms of the dogwood tree are full, expect a cold winter. When\nblooms of same are light, expect a warm winter.\n\nFrost will not occur after the dogwood blossoms.\n\n\n=Dead Nettles.=\n\nDead nettles blow early and all the year; the red or purple kind are\nscarce all winter. They afford a sign of a mild season when they come in\nwinter in abundance.\n\n\n=Early Blossoms.=\n\nEarly blossoms indicate a bad fruit year.\n\n\n=Flowers.=\n\nWhen the perfume of flowers is unusually perceptible, rain may be\nexpected.\n\n\n=Fox-fire.=\n\nFox-fire seen at night indicates cold.\n\n\n=Frost\u2014Cockle.=\n\nFrost has never been known to catch the cockle or blackberry in bloom.\n\n\n=Fennel.=\n\nWhen fennel blooms, frost follows.\n\n\n=Fall Apples.=\n\nIf the fall apples are one-sided, with thick, rough skins, a severe\nwinter may be expected.\n\n\n=Grasses.=\n\nGrasses of all kinds are loaded with seeds before a severe winter.\n\n\n=Goat\u2019s-beard.=\n\nWhen goat\u2019s-beard closes its petals at midday, expect rain.\n\n\n=Hay.=\n\n              Better it is to rise betimes\n              And make hay while the sun shines,\n              Than to believe in tales and lies\n              Which idle monks and friars devise.\n                                       (Robins\u2019s Almanac.)\n\n\n=Hog-thistle.=\n\nIf the hog-thistle closes for the night, expect fair weather; if it\nremains open, expect rain.\n\n\n=Jonquils.=\n\nJonquils, of which there are several sorts, blow in the open ground in\nMarch and April. The great jonquil and the odorous jonquil blow about\nthe middle of March, the lesser or proper jonquil somewhat later. When\nthey blow well and early they forebode a fine season.\n\n\n=Leaves.=\n\nIf in the fall of the leaves in October many of them wither and hang on\nthe boughs, it betokens a frosty winter and much snow.\n\nIf the leaves are slow to fall, expect a cold winter.\n\nIf the falling leaves remain under the trees and are not blown away by\nthe wind, expect a fruitful year to follow.\n\nWhen leaves of trees are thick, expect a cold winter.\n\n\n=Late Blossoms.=\n\nLate blossoms indicate a good fruit year.\n\n\n=Marigold.=\n\nThe marigold opens between 6 and 7 in the morning and generally keeps\nawake until 4 in the afternoon. In such cases the weather will be\nsteady. If, on the other hand, it does not open by 7 o\u2019clock in the\nmorning, you may expect rain that day.\n\n\n=Milk-weed.=\n\nMilk-weed closing at night indicates rain.\n\n\n=Mountain Moss.=\n\nWhen the mountain moss is soft and limpid, expect rain.\n\nWhen mountain moss is dry and brittle, expect clear weather.\n\n\n=March Flowers.=\n\n\u201cMarch flowers make no summer bowers,\u201d because if the spring is very\nmild, vegetation becomes too far advanced and is liable to injury from\nfrost.\n\n\n=Mushrooms.=\n\nWhen mushrooms spring up during the night, expect rain.\n\nMushrooms and toad-stools are numerous before rain.\n\n\n=Nuts.=\n\nNuts with a thick covering denote a hard winter.\n\n\n=Onion-skins.=\n\n                     Onion-skins very thin,\n                     Mild winter coming in;\n                     Onion-skins thick and tough,\n                     Coming winter cold and rough.\n\n\n=Pitcher-plant.=\n\nThe pitcher-plant opens its mouth before rain.\n\n\n=Pimpernel.=\n\nWhen this plant is seen in the morning with its little red flowers\nwidely extended, we may generally expect a fine day; on the contrary,\nwhen the petals are closed, rain will soon follow. This plant has been\nstyled the poor man\u2019s weather-glass.\n\n\n=Red Sandwort.=\n\nWhen the corona of red sandwort contracts, expect rain.\n\n\n=Sensitive Brier.=\n\nThe sensitive brier closes up its leaves on the approach of rain.\n\n\n=Sycamore.=\n\nSycamore tree peeling off white in the fall, indicates a cold winter.\n\n\n=Sunflower.=\n\nSunflower raising its head indicates rain.\n\n\n=Scotch Pimpernel.=\n\nWhen the corona, the Scotch pimpernel, contracts, expect rain.\n\n\n=Speedwell.=\n\nWhen the corona of the speedwell, and stitchwort contracts, expect rain.\n\n\n=Sea-weed.=\n\nSea-weed becomes damp and expands before wet weather.\n\n\n=Sea Grape.=\n\nIn the West Indies and along the coast of Florida there grows a small\nfruit-bearing tree called the sea grape, which when its fruit is\nabundant and ripens early it is said by the Seminole Indians and natives\nof the Bahama Islands to be a sign that there will be a hurricane before\nthe end of the season. The usual time of ripening of this fruit is\nduring September, and the hurricane season extends from the first of\nAugust till the end of October.\n\n\n=Silver Maple.=\n\nThe silver maple shows the lining of its leaf before a storm.\n\n\n=Sea-weed.=\n\nA piece of kelp or sea-weed hung up will become damp previous to rain.\n\nTulips and dandelions close just before rain.\n\n\n=Trefoil.=\n\nIf the trefoil contracts its leaves, expect heavy rains.\n\n\n=Tree Limbs.=\n\nWhen tree limbs break off during calm expect rain.\n\n\n=Tree Moss.=\n\nNorth side of trees covered with moss indicates cold weather.\n\n\n=Trees.=\n\nTrees grow dark before a storm.\n\n\n=Tree Leaves.=\n\nWhen the leaves of trees curl, with the wind from the south, it\nindicates rain.\n\n\n=Wild Indigo.=\n\nJust before rain or heavy dew the wild indigo closes or folds its\nleaves.\n\n\n=Wheat.=\n\n                    For wheat a peck of dust in\n                    March is worth a king\u2019s ransom;\n                    Or wet and soddy, the land\n                    Must go to oats and corn.\n\n\n                       PROVERBS RELATING TO RAIN.\n\nClearness.\n\nUnusual clearness in the atmosphere, objects being seen very distinctly,\nindicates rain.\n\n\n=Evening and Morning.=\n\n                     Evening red and morning gray\n                     Are sure signs of a fine day.\n\n                Evening gray and morning red,\n                Put on your hat or you\u2019ll wet your head.\n\n\n=Electricity.=\n\nIncreasing atmospheric electricity oxidizes ammonia in the air and forms\nnitric acid, which affects milk, thus accounting for souring of milk by\nthunder.\n\n\n=Hours of Commencing.=\n\nIf rain commences before daylight, it will hold up before 8 a. m.; if it\nbegins about noon, it will continue through the afternoon; if it\ncommences after 9 p. m., it will rain the next day; if it clears off in\nthe night, it will rain the next day; if the wind is from the northwest\nor southwest, the storm will be short; if from the northeast, it will be\na hard one; if from the northwest, a cold one, and from the southwest a\nwarm one.\n\nIf rain ceases after 12 m., it will rain next day.\n\nIf rain ceases before 12 m., it will be clear next day.\n\n\n=Morning Rain.=\n\nIf rain commences before day, it will stop before 8 a. m.; if it begins\nabout noon, it will continue through the afternoon; if not till 5 p. m.,\nit will rain through the night; if it clears off in the night, it will\nrain the next day.\n\n                      If it rains before seven,\n                      It will clear before eleven.\n\n                 If rain begins at early morning light,\n                 \u2019Twill end ere day at noon is bright.\n\n\n=North Rain.=\n\nWith the north rain leaves the harvest.\n\n\n=Northeast Rain.=\n\nWith the rain of the northeast comes the ice fruit (hail). (Zu\u00f1i\nIndians.)\n\nRain from the northeast (in Germany region of dry winds) continues three\ndays.\n\n\n=Notice.=\n\n                     Rain long foretold, long last;\n                     Short notice, soon past.\n\n\n=October and November.=\n\nPlenty of rain in October and November on the North Pacific coast\nindicates a mild winter; little rain in these months will be followed by\na severe winter.\n\n\n=Scalp-Locks.=\n\nWhen the locks of the Navajoes turn damp in the scalp-house, surely it\nwill rain.\n\n\n=South Thunder.=\n\nRain with south or southwest thunder, squalls occur late each successive\nday.\n\n\n=South Rain.=\n\nRain from the south prevents the drought, but rain from the west is\nalways best.\n\nSouth winds bring rain. (California.)\n\nThe south rain brings with it the beautiful odors of the land of\neverlasting summer and brightens the leaves of growing things. (Zu\u00f1i\nIndians.)\n\nRain which sets in with a south wind on the north Pacific coast will\nprobably last.\n\n\n=September Rain.=\n\nRain in September is good for the farmer, but poison to the vine\ngrowers. (German.)\n\n\n=Seven and Eleven.=\n\n                      If it rains before seven,\n                      It will cease before eleven.\n\n\n=Sunrise.=\n\nIf it rains before sunrise, expect a fair afternoon.\n\n\n=Sunshiny Rain.=\n\nIf it rains when the sun shines, it will rain the next day.\n\n\n=Swallows and Crickets.=\n\nRain is indicated when\u2014\n\n                Low o\u2019er the grass the swallows wing,\n                And crickets, too, how sharp they sing.\n\n\n=September.=\n\nHeavy September rains bring drought.\n\n\n=Squalls.=\n\nWhen rain-squalls break to the westward, it is a sign of foul weather.\n\nWhen they break to leeward, it is a sign of fair weather. (Northeast\ncoast.)\n\n\n=Tide.=\n\nRain is likely to commence on the turn of the tide.\n\nIn threatening, it is more apt to rain at the turn of the tide,\nespecially at high water.\n\n\n=Toad-stools.=\n\nIf toad-stools spring up in the night in dry weather, they indicate\nrain.\n\n\n=West Rain.=\n\nWhen rain comes from the west it will not continue long.\n\nThe west rain comes from the world of waters to moisten the home of the\nShe Wi. (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\n\n=Wind and Rain.=\n\nMarry the rain to the wind and you have a calm.\n\n\n=Wind.=\n\nWith the rain before the wind your topsail halyards you must mind.\n\n\n                     PROVERBS RELATING TO RAINBOWS.\n\nClear.\n\nThe rainbow has but a bad character: she ever commands the rain to\ncease.\n\n\n=Color.=\n\nIf the green be large and bright in the rainbow, it is a sign of rain.\nIf red be the strongest color, there will be rain and wind together.\nAfter a long drought the rainbow is a sign of rain. After much wet\nweather it indicates fair weather. If it breaks up all at once, there\nwill follow severe and settled weather. If the bow be in the morning,\nrain will follow; if at noon, slight and heavy rain; if at night, fair\nweather. The appearance of two or three rainbows indicates fair weather\nfor the present, but settled and heavy rains in a few days.\n\n\n=Evening Rainbow.=\n\n                     If there is a rainbow at eve,\n                     It will rain and leave.\n\n\n=East and West Rainbow.=\n\nRainbow in the east indicates that the following day will be clear. A\nrainbow in the west is usually followed by more rain the same day.\n\nRainbow in the Sierras (_i. e._, in the east) in evening indicates no\nmore rain. (California.)\n\n\n=Fair Weather.=\n\n                   The boding shepherd heaves a sigh,\n                   For see, a rainbow spans the sky.\n\n\n=High Rainbow.=\n\nWhen rainbow does not touch water, clear weather will follow.\n\n\n=Indications by Colors.=\n\nThe predominance of dark red in the iris shows tempestuous weather;\ngreen, rain; and if blue, that the air is clearing.\n\n\n=Low Rainbow.=\n\nA rainbow that comes near a camp-fire, or low down on the mountain side,\nis a bad sign for crops. If seen at a great distance, it indicates fair\nweather.\n\n\n=Morning and Evening Rainbow.=\n\n              Rainbow in morning, shepherds take warning;\n              Rainbow at night, shepherds\u2019 delight.\n\nA morning rainbow indicates rain; an evening rainbow, fair weather.\n\n           A rainbow in the morn, put your hook in the corn;\n           A rainbow at eve, put your head in the sheave.\n\n\n=Night and Morning Rainbow.=\n\n                 Rainbow at night, sailors\u2019 delight;\n                 Rainbow in morning, sailors\u2019 warning.\n\n\n=Spring Rainbow.=\n\nA rainbow in spring indicates fair weather for next twenty-four to\nforty-two hours.\n\n\n=Sudden Disappearance.=\n\nIf a rainbow disappears suddenly, it indicates fair weather.\n\n\n=West and East Shower.=\n\nRainbow in morning shows that shower is west of us, and that we will\nprobably get it. Rainbow in the evening shows that shower is east of us\nand is passing off.\n\n\n                     PROVERBS RELATING TO REPTILES.\n\nFrogs.\n\nFrogs singing in the evening indicate fair weather for next day.\n\nFrogs croak more noisily, and come abroad in the evening in large\nnumbers, before rain.\n\nWhen frogs croak three times, it indicates that winter has broken.\n\nAs long as frogs are heard before Saint Marc\u2019s day, that long will they\nkeep quiet afterward.\n\nCroaking frogs in spring will be three times frozen in.\n\nWhen frogs warble, they herald rain. (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\nFrogs must be frozen up three times in spring after they begin to croak.\n\nThe louder the frogs, the more\u2019s the rain.\n\nThe color of a frog changing from yellow to reddish indicates rain.\n\nTree-frogs piping during rain indicates continued rain.\n\nTree-frogs crawl up to the branches of trees before a change of weather.\n\n\n=Yellow Frogs.=\n\nAbundance of yellow frogs are accounted a good sign in a hayfield,\nprobably as indicating fine weather.\n\n\n=Glow-worms.=\n\nGlow-worms numerous and bright, indicate rain.\n\n\n=Worms.=\n\nIf, after some days of dry weather, fresh earth is seen which has been\nthrown up by worms, expect dry weather.\n\nWhen worms creep out of the ground in great numbers, expect wet weather.\n\n\n=Snails.=\n\nSnails moving on bushes or grass, are signs of rain.\n\n                   When black snails cross your path,\n                   Black clouds much moisture hath.\n\n\n=Leech.=\n\nA leech placed in a jar of water will remain at the bottom until rain is\napproaching, when it will rise to the surface, and if thunder is to\nfollow will frequently crawl out of the water.\n\nLeeches kept in glass jars move about more frequently just before rain.\n\n\n=Lizards.=\n\nWhen lizards chirrup, it is a sure indication of rain.\n\n\n=Snakes.=\n\nHanging a dead snake on a tree will bring rain in a few hours. (Negro.)\n\nNOTE.\u2014Snakes are out before rain, and are, therefore, more easily\nkilled.\n\nIn Oregon the approach of snakes indicates that a spell of fine weather\nwill follow.\n\nWhen snakes are hunting food rain may be expected; after a rain they\ncannot be found.\n\nHang up a snake skin and it will bring rain.\n\nSnakes and snake-trails may be seen near houses, roads, &c., before\nrain.\n\nSnakes expose themselves on the approach of rain.\n\n\n                 PROVERBS RELATING TO STARS OR METEORS.\n\nComets.\n\nComets bring cold weather.\n\nAfter an unusual fall of meteors, dry weather is expected. All comets\nevidence the approach of some calamity, such as drought, famine, war,\nfloods, &c. (Apache Indians.)\n\nComets are said to improve the grape crop, and wine produced in years\nwhen comets appear is called comet wine. (French.)\n\n\n=Falling Stars.=\n\nIf there be many falling stars during a clear evening in summer, expect\nthunder.\n\nIf there are no falling stars on a bright summer night, expect fine\nweather.\n\n\n=Fair Weather.=\n\nWhen the stars set still the times are to be pleasant. (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\n\n=Flickering.=\n\nWhen the stars flicker in a dark background, rain or snow follows soon.\n\n\n=Huddling Stars.=\n\n                  When the stars begin to huddle,\n                  The earth will soon become a puddle.\n\n\n=Many Stars.=\n\nWhen the sky is very full of stars, expect rain.\n\nMany stars in winter indicate frost.\n\nIn summer, when many stars twinkle, clear weather is indicated.\n\n\n=Milky Way.=\n\nThe edge of the Milky Way, which is the brightest, indicates the\ndirection from which the approaching storm will come.\n\n\n=North Star.=\n\nWhen the stars above 45\u00b0 in altitude or the North Star flickers\nstrangely, or appears closer than usual, expect rain.\n\n\n=Numerous Stars.=\n\nWhen stars appear to be numerous, very large, and dull, and do not\ntwinkle, expect rain.\n\n\n=Snow.=\n\nMany meteors presage much snow next winter.\n\n\n=Shooting Stars.=\n\nIf meteors shoot toward the north, expect a north wind next day.\n\nMany shooting stars on summer nights indicate hot weather.\n\n\n=Tempest.=\n\nWhen a star tows the moon and another chases her astern, tempestuous\nweather will follow. The phenomenon is probably styled a big star\nchasing the moon. (Nautical.)\n\n\n=Twinkling.=\n\nExcessive twinkling of stars indicates very heavy dews, rain, and snow.\n\nWhen the stars twinkle very brightly, expect stormy weather in the near\nfuture.\n\nThe Maltese say, \u201cThe stars twinkle; we cry \u2018wind.\u2019\u201d\n\n\n=Wind and Rain.=\n\nIf the stars appear large and clear, expect rain or wind.\n\n\n=Thaw.=\n\nIf shooting stars fall in the south in winter, there will be a thaw.\n\n\n                       PROVERBS RELATING TO SNOW.\n\nAnimation.\n\nSnow is generally preceded by a general animation of man and beast which\ncontinues until after the snowfall ends.\n\n\n=Corn.=\n\nCorn is as comfortable under snow as an old man is under his fur cloak.\n(Russian.)\n\n\n=Christmas.=\n\nIf it snows during Christmas night, the crops will do well.\n\n            So far as the sun shines on Christmas day,\n            So far will the snow blow in May.      (German.)\n\n\n=Dry or Wet Snow.=\n\n               When the snow falls dry it means to lie,\n               But flakes light and soft bring rain oft.\n\n\n=Ditch Snow.=\n\n                When now in the ditch the snow doth lie,\n                \u2019Tis waiting for more by and by.\n\n\n=Dry or Wet Snow.=\n\nIf the snow that falls during the winter is dry and is blown about by\nthe wind, a dry summer will follow; very damp snow indicates rain in the\nspring. (Apache Indians.)\n\n\n=First Snow.=\n\nThere will be as many snow storms during the season as there are days\nremaining in the month after the time of the first snow.\n\nWhen the first snow remains on the ground some time, in places not\nexposed to the sun, expect a hard winter.\n\n\n=Last Snow.=\n\nThe number of days the last snow remains on the ground indicates the\nnumber of snow storms which will occur during the following winter.\n\n\n=Heavy Snows.=\n\nHeavy snows in winter favor the crops of the following summer.\n\n\n=January Snow.=\n\nIf there is no snow before January, there will be the more snow in March\nand April.\n\n\n=Leaves.=\n\nWhen dry leaves rattle on the trees, expect snow.\n\n\n=Light and Heavy Snow.=\n\nA heavy fall of snow indicates a good year for crops, and a light fall\nthe reverse. (Dr. John Menaul.)\n\n\n=Mountain Snow.=\n\nIf much snow be spread on the mountains in winter, the season of\nplanting will be made blue with verdure. (Indian.)\n\n\n=March Snow.=\n\n           In March much snow\n           To plants and trees much woe.           (German.)\n\n\n=Mud.=\n\nWhen snow falls in the mud it remains all winter.\n\n\n=November.=\n\nA heavy November snow will last until April. (New England.)\n\nIf the snow remains on the trees in November, they will bring out but\nfew buds in the spring. (German.)\n\n\n=Popping Wood.=\n\nBurning wood in winter pops more before snow.\n\n\n=Snow fertile.=\n\nSnow is the poor man\u2019s fertilizer, and good crops will follow a winter\nof heavy snowfall.\n\n\n=Snow trees.=\n\nIf the first snow sticks to the trees, it foretells a bountiful harvest.\n\n\n=Snowball.=\n\nCut a snowball in halves: if it is wet inside, the snow will pass off\nwith rain; if it is dry inside, the snow will be melted by the sun.\n\n\n=Snow-flakes.=\n\nIf the snow-flakes increase in size, a thaw will follow.\n\n\n=Snow-moon.=\n\nIf a snow-storm begins when the moon is young, the rising of the moon\nwill clear away the snow.\n\n\n=Snow-health.=\n\nThe more snow the more healthy the season. (John Ayers, Santa F\u00e9.)\n\n\n=Snow year.=\n\nA snow year, a rich year.\n\nAs many days as the snow remains on the trees, just so many days will it\nremain on the ground.\n\nIt takes three cloudy days to bring a heavy snow. (New England.)\n\n\n=White Christmas.=\n\nA white Christmas, a lean graveyard.\n\n\n=Sleet.=\n\nMuch sleet in winter will be followed by a good fruit year.\n\n\n                     PROVERBS RELATING TO THE SUN.\n\nAurora.\n\nAurora borealis denotes cold.\n\n           If Aurora with half-open eyes\n           And a pale sickly cheek salutes the skies,\n           How shall the vines with tender leaves defend\n           Her teeming clusters when the storms descend.\n                                                    (Virgil.)\n\n\n=Candlemas Day.=\n\n     So far as the sun shines in on Candlemas day (2d of February),\n     So far the snow will blow in before the first of May.\n\n\n=Cloudy Sunset.=\n\n            The sun sets weeping in the lowly west,\n            Witnessing storms to come woe and unrest.\n                                             (Shakespeare.)\n\nWhen the sun sets unhappily (with a hazy veiled face) then will the\nmorning be angry with wind, storm, and sand. (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\n\n=Color.=\n\nSince the colors and duration of twilight, especially at evening, depend\nupon the amount of condensed vapor which the atmosphere contains, these\nappearances should afford some indications of the weather which may be\nexpected to succeed. The following are some of the rules which are\nrelied upon by seamen: When after sunset the western sky is of a\nwhitish-yellow, and this tint extends a great height, it is probable\nthat it will rain during the night or next day. Gaudy or unusual hues\nwith hard, definitely outlined clouds, foretell rain and probably wind.\nIf the sun before setting appears diffuse and of a brilliant white, it\nforetells storm. If it sets in a sky slightly purple, the atmosphere\nnear the zenith being of a bright blue, we may rely upon fine weather.\n\n\n=Days.=\n\n                    As the days begin to shorten\n                    The heat begins to scorch them.\n\n\n=Dark Clouds.=\n\nIf the sun sets in dark, heavy clouds, expect rain next day.\n\nIf at sunrise there are many dark clouds seen in the west and remain\nthere, rain will fall on that day.\n\n\n=Double Setting.=\n\nSun setting double indicates much rain. Red sun indicates fair weather.\nOrange sun usually foul weather. Mock suns in winter are usually\nfollowed by intense cold.\n\n\n=Dull Color.=\n\nWhen the sun appears a pale or dull color, expect rain.\n\n\n=Drawing Water.=\n\nRays of the sun appearing in a cloud forebode rain. This phenomenon is,\nin fact, caused by the image of the sun being reflected in an\nintervening cloud, the reflected image radiating in the cloud. It is\nnoticed by Aristotle.\n\nWhen the sun draws water, rain follows soon.\n\nSun drawing water indicates rain. If the sun draws water in the morning,\nit will rain before night.\n\n\n=Easter.=\n\nIf sun shines on Easter, it will shine on Whit Sunday.\n\n\n=Fiery Red.=\n\n             In fiery red the sun doth rise,\n             Then wades through clouds to mount the skies.\n\n\n=Friday.=\n\nIf the sun sets clear Friday evening, it will rain before Monday night.\n\n\n=Golden Set.=\n\n          The weary sun hath made a golden set,\n          And by the bright track of his fiery car\n          Gives token of a goodly day to-morrow.\n                                                (Richard III.)\n\n\n=Halo.=\n\nWhen the sun is in his house (in a halo or circle) it will rain soon.\n(Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\nA solar halo indicates bad weather.\n\nA halo around the sun indicates the approach of a storm, within three\ndays, from the side which is the more brilliant.\n\nIf there be a ring or halo around the sun in bad weather, expect fine\nweather soon.\n\nA bright circle around the sun denotes a storm, and cooler weather.\n\n\n=Haze.=\n\nHaze and western sky purple indicate fair weather.\n\n\n=Haziness.=\n\nA blur or haziness about the sun indicates a storm.\n\n\n=Hot Sun.=\n\nIf the sun burn more than usual, or there be a halo around the sun in\nfine weather, \u201cwet.\u201d\n\n\n=Looming Twilight.=\n\nTwilight looming indicates rain.\n\n\n=Low and High Dawn.=\n\nA low dawn indicates foul weather. A high dawn indicates wind.\n\n\n=Murky Clouds.=\n\nWhen the sun rises with dim, murky clouds, with black beams, clouds in\nthe west, or appears red or green, expect rain.\n\n\n=Pale Twilight.=\n\nPale, yellow twilight, extending high up, indicates threatening weather.\n\n\n=Pale Set.=\n\nIf the sun sets pale, it will rain to-morrow.\n\n\n=Pale Sunrise.=\n\nIf the sun rises pale, a pale red, or even dark blue, there will be rain\nduring the day.\n\n\n=Pale Sunset.=\n\nA pale sunset, a golden sunset, or a green sunset, indicates rain.\n\n\n=Red Clouds.=\n\nIf the clouds at sunrise be red, there will be rain the following day.\n\n\n=Red.=\n\nA red evening indicates fine weather; but if the red extends far\nupwards, especially in the morning, it indicates wind or rain.\n\n\n=Red Morn.=\n\n         \u201cA red morn: that ever yet betokened\n         Wreck to the seamen, tempest to the field,\n         Sorrow to shepherds, woe unto the birds,\n         Gust and foul flaws to herdsmen and to herds.\u201d\n                              (Shakespeare: Venus and Adonis.)\n\n\n=Red Sky.=\n\nA very red sky in the east at sunset indicates stormy winds.\n\nRed skies in the evening precede fine morrows.\n\nIn winter if the sun rises with a red sky, expect rain that day; in\nsummer, expect showers and wind.\n\nIf the sun set with very red sky in the east, expect wind; in the\nsoutheast, expect rain.\n\n\n=Sun Spots.=\n\nWet seasons occur in years when sun spots are frequent.\n\n\n=Red Sun.=\n\nA red sun has water in his eye.\n\n\n=Scorching Sun.=\n\nWhen the sun in the morning (to 9 a. m.) is breaking through the clouds\nand scorching, a thunder-storm follows in the afternoon.\n\nWhen the sun is scorching (_i. e._, reflected from roofs and water\nsurfaces), rain follows soon.\n\n\n=Sea-green Sky.=\n\nWhen the sky during rain is tinged with sea-green, the rain will\nincrease; if with deep blue, the rain will be showery.\n\n\n=Spotted Clouds.=\n\nIf the sun rises covered with a dark spotted cloud, expect rain on that\nday.\n\n\n=Spring.=\n\nIf the sun appears dead, not bright and clear in the early spring,\nexpect poor crops and very little rain. This sign usually comes in\nApril. Dry winds may also be expected. (Apache Indians.)\n\n\n=Sun-dogs.=\n\nSun-dogs indicate cold weather in winter or storm in summer.\n\n           A sun-dog at night is the sailor\u2019s delight;\n           A sun-dog in the morning is the sailor\u2019s warning.\n\n\n=Sunrise.=\n\nIf de sun git up berry early and go to bed before he git up, it\u2019s a sign\nit rains before soon. (Negro.)\n\nIf the sun rises clear, then shadowed by a cloud, and comes out again\nclear, it will rain before night.\n\n\n=Sunshining Shower.=\n\n               Sunshining shower won\u2019t last half an hour;\n               Sunshine and shower rain again to-morrow.\n\n\n=Ten and Two.=\n\n                  Between the hours of ten and two,\n                  Will show you what the day will do.\n\n\n=Yellow Streaks.=\n\nRed or yellow streaks from west to east indicate rain in forty-eight\nhours.\n\n\n=Yellow Sunset.=\n\nA bright yellow sunset indicates wind; a pale yellow, wet; a neutral\ngray is a favorable sign in the morning, and unfavorable in the evening.\n\n       The sun reveals the secrets of the sky,\n       And who dares give the source of light the lie.\n                                                       (Virgil.)\n\n\n              PROVERBS RELATING TO THUNDER AND LIGHTNING.\n\nBirds.\n\nIf the birds be silent, expect thunder.\n\n\n=Cattle.=\n\nIf cattle run around and collect together in the meadows, expect\nthunder.\n\n\n=Christmas Thunder.=\n\nThunder during Christmas week indicates that there will be much snow\nduring the winter. (Kansas.)\n\n\n=Death\u2014Plunder.=\n\nWinter thunder is to old folks death; and to young folks plunder.\n\n\n=Distant Thunder.=\n\nThe distant thunder speaks of coming rain.\n\n\n=Early Thunder.=\n\nEarly thunder, early spring.\n\n\n=Early and Late Thunder.=\n\nThunder and lightning early in winter or late in fall indicates warm\nweather.\n\n\n=East Thunder.=\n\nIf the first thunder is in the east, aha! the bear has stretched his\nright arm and comes forth, and the winter is over. (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\n\n=East Wind.=\n\nIf an east wind blows against a dark, heavy sky from the northwest, the\nwind decreasing in force as the clouds approach, expect thunder and\nlightning.\n\n\n=Evening Thunder.=\n\nIf there be thunder in the evening, there will be much rain and showery\nweather.\n\nThunder in the evening indicates much rain.\n\n\n=Fall Thunder.=\n\nThunder in the fall indicates a mild, open winter.\n\n\n=February Thunder.=\n\nThunder and lightning in February or March, poor sugar (maple) year.\n\n\n=First Thunder.=\n\nThe thunder-storms of the season will come from the direction of the\nfirst thunder-storm.\n\nFirst thunder in winter or spring indicates rain and very cold weather.\n(Dr. John Menual.)\n\nWith the first thunder the gods of rain open their petals. (Zu\u00f1i.)\n\n\n=Forked Lightning.=\n\n                     Forked lightning at night,\n                     The next day clear and bright.\n\n\n=Frogs and Snakes.=\n\nThe first thunder of the year awakes the frogs and snakes from their\nwinter sleep.\n\n\n=Heat.=\n\nLightning brings heat.\n\n\n=July Thunder.=\n\nMuch thunder in July injures wheat and barley.\n\n\n=Lightning without Thunder.=\n\nIf there be lightning without thunder after a clear day, there will be a\ncontinuance of fair weather.\n\n\n=March Thunder.=\n\nThunder in March betokens a fruitful year. (German.)\n\n\n=May Thunder.=\n\nIf there is much thunder in May, the months of September and August will\nbe without it.\n\n\n=Morning Thunder.=\n\nMorning thunder is followed by a rain the same day.\n\nWhen it thunders in the morning, it will rain before night.\n\n\n=North Lightning.=\n\nLightning in the North will be followed by rain in twenty-four hours.\n\nLightning in the North in summer is a sign of heat.\n\n\n=North\u2014south.=\n\nLightning in the North indicates rain in twenty-four hours. Lightning in\nthe South low on the horizon indicates dry weather. (Kansas.)\n\n\n=North Star.=\n\nLightning under North Star will bring rain in three days.\n\n\n=NW. Thunder.=\n\nThunder-storm from NW. is followed by fine, bracing weather; but thunder\nand lightning from NE. indicates sultry, unsettled weather. (Observer at\nSanta F\u00e9).\n\n\n=North Thunder.=\n\nThunder in the north indicates cold weather and rain from the west.\n\nIf the first thunder is in the north, aha! the bear has stretched his\nleft leg in his winter bed.\n\n\n=North Wind.=\n\nWith a north wind it seldom thunders.\n\n\n=November Thunder.=\n\nThunder and lightning on the northern lakes in November is an indication\nthat the lakes will remain open until the middle of December or until\nChristmas. (Said to be reliable).\n\n\n=Red and Pale Lightning.=\n\nWhen the flashes of lightning appear very pale, it argues the air to be\nfull of waterish meteors; and if red and fiery, inclining to winds and\ntempests.\n\n\n=September Thunder.=\n\nThunder-storms in September mean plenty of snow in February and March,\nand a large crop of grape wine. (German).\n\nIf it thunders much at the beginning of September, much grain will be\nraised the following year.\n\n\n=Spring Lightning.=\n\nLightning in spring indicates a good fruit year.\n\n\n=Spring Thunder.=\n\nIf there be showery weather, with sunshine and increase of heat in the\nspring, a thunder-storm may be expected every day, or at least every\nother day.\n\nFirst thunder in the spring\u2014if in the south it indicates a wet season,\nif in the north it indicates a dry season.\n\n\n=South or Southeast Thunder.=\n\nThunder from the south or southeast indicates foul weather, from the\nnorth or northwest fair weather.\n\n\n=Sheet Lightning.=\n\nIf there be sheet lightning with a clear sky on spring, summer, and\nautumn evenings, expect heavy rains.\n\n\n=South Thunder.=\n\nIf the first thunder is in the south, aha! the bear has stretched his\nright leg in his winter bed. (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\n\n=Summer Lightning.=\n\nLightning in summer indicates good healthy weather.\n\n\n=West Thunder.=\n\nIf the first thunder is in the west, aha! the bear has stretched his\nleft arm in his winter bed. (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\n\n=Winter Thunder.=\n\n                         A winter\u2019s thunder\n                         Is a summer\u2019s wonder.\n\nWhen thunder is heard in winter, it indicates cold weather. Thunder in\nthe north indicates dry weather.\n\nThunder in winter means famine in summer.\n\n                          Winter\u2019s thunder\n                          Bodes summer hunger.\n\n\n                      PROVERBS RELATING TO TREES.\n\nAsh and Oak.\n\n                 Ash before oak,\n                   There\u2019ll be a smoke;\n                 Oak before ash,\n                   There\u2019ll be a smash.\n                               (Meaning heat and wind.)\n\n\n=Dead Branches.=\n\nDead branches falling in calm weather indicate rain.\n\n\n=Leaves.=\n\nEarly falling leaves indicate an early fall.\n\n\n=Logs.=\n\nAn easy-splitting log indicates rain.\n\n\n=Leaves.=\n\nLeaves turned up so as to show the underside indicate rain.\n\n\n=Maple.=\n\nWhen the leaves of the sugar-maple tree are turned upside down, expect\nrain.\n\n\n                       PROVERBS RELATING TO WIND.\n\nAches and Pains.\n\n                  As old sinners have all points\n                    O\u2019 the compass in their joints,\n                  Can by their pangs and aches find\n                    All turns and changes of the wind.\n\n\n=Blast.=\n\n                         The sharper the blast,\n                         The sooner \u2019tis past.\n\n\n=Barometer.=\n\n                       When the glass is low,\n                         Look out for a blow;\n                       When it rises high,\n                         Let all your kites fly.\n\n\n=Backing Wind.=\n\n                  If the wind backs against the sun,\n                  Trust it not, for back it will run.\n\n\n=Brisk Wind.=\n\nA brisk wind generally precedes rain.\n\n\n=Changing Wind.=\n\nIt is a sign of continued fine weather when the wind changes during the\nday so as to follow the sun.\n\nWinds changing from foul to fair during the night are not permanent.\n\n\n=Candlemas Day.=\n\n                When the wind is on Candlemas day\n                There it will stick till the end of May.\n\n\n=Clear Sunset.=\n\n                  When the sun sets in a clear\u2014\n                  An easterly wind you need not fear.\n\n\n=Chenook Wind.=\n\nA Chenook wind is a warm wind which comes from the mouth of the Columbia\nriver or Chenook Point. A Walla Walla wind is a cold wind which blows\ndown the Columbia river. (Indian, North Pacific.)\n\n\n=Drought and Blast.=\n\n                  North and south the sign o\u2019 drouth,\n                  East and west the sign o\u2019 blast.\n\n\n=East Wind.=\n\nIn summer, if the wind changes to the east, expect cooler weather.\n\nWhen the east wind toucheth it, it shall wither. (Ezekiel, chap. xvii,\n10.)\n\nAnd, behold, seven thin ears and blasted with the east wind came up.\n(Genesis, xli, 6.)\n\nThe east wind brought the locust. (Exodus, x, 13.)\n\nGod prepared a vehement east wind. (Jonah, chap. iv, 8.)\n\nThe east wind hath broken thee in the midst of the seas. (Eziekel, chap.\nxvii, 26.)\n\nAn east wind brings no good to man or beast.\n\n\n=Easter Sunday.=\n\nAs the wind blows on Easter Sunday from 8 a. m. to 12 m., the wind will\nbe from that direction for the next forty days. (Chippewa Indians.)\n\n\n=Equinox.=\n\nThe wind being north-northeast and east three days before the sun\ncrosses the line, then southeast by way of east, then calm on the 23d,\nwill bring enough and stormy winds from east and west all the winter.\n\n\n=East and West Wind.=\n\n                     When the wind is in the east,\n                     The fish bite the least.\n                     When the wind is in the west,\n                     The fish bite the best.\n\n\n=Fixed East Wind.=\n\nIf the wind becomes fixed in the east for the space of forty-eight\nhours, expect steady and continuous rain, with driving winds in the\nsouthwest during summer.\n\n\n=Gale.=\n\nA gale moderating at sunset will increase before midnight, but if it\nmoderates after midnight, the weather will improve.\n\n\n=Fog and Mist.=\n\nFog and mist raise higher seas than wind.\n\n\n=Heat.=\n\nIf the wind be hushed with sudden heat, expect heavy rain.\n\n\n=Indiana Winds.=\n\nIn Southern Indiana a southwest wind is said to bring rain in thirty-six\nhours.\n\nIndian Proverbs Relating to Winds.\n\nWind from the north, cold and snow.\n\nWind from the western river of the northland, snow (northwest wind).\n\nWind from the world of waters, clouds (west wind).\n\nWind from the southern river of the world of waters, rain (southwest\nwind).\n\nWind from the land of the beautiful red, lovely odors and rain (south\nwind).\n\nWind from the wooded ca\u00f1ons, rain and moist clouds (southeast wind).\n\nWind from the land of day, it is the breath of health and brings the\ndays of long life.\n\nWinds from the lands of cold, the rain before which flees the harvest\n(northeast wind).\n\nWinds from the lands of cold, the fruit of ice (northeast wind).\n\nWind from the right hand of the west is the breath of the god of sand\nclouds. (Zu\u00f1i Indians.)\n\n\n=Increasing Winds.=\n\nIf the wind increases during a rain, fair weather may be expected soon.\n\n\n=Milk Cream.=\n\nMilk cream makes most freely with a north wind.\n\nNortherly and Southerly Winds.\n\nIf the wind is from the northwest or southwest, the storm will be short;\nif from the northeast, it will be a hard one; if from the northwest, a\ncold one; and from the southwest a warm one. After it has been raining\nsome time, a blue sky in the southeast indicates that there will be fair\nweather soon.\n\n\n=North Wind.=\n\nIf there be within four, five, or six days two or three changes of wind\nfrom the north through without much rain and wind, and thence again\nthrough the west to the north with rain or wind, expect continued\nshowery weather.\n\nThe north wind driveth away rain. (Proverbs, xxv, 23.)\n\n\n=Northeast Rain.=\n\nAs a rule northeast rains indicate cold and damp soil, poor prospects\nfor small seeds, melons, &c. (Apache Indians.)\n\n\n=North, East, South, and West Winds.=\n\n             When the wind is in the north,\n             The skilful fisher goes not forth;\n             When the wind is in the east,\n             \u2019Tis good for neither man nor beast;\n             When the wind is in the south,\n             It blows the flies in the fish\u2019s mouth;\n             But when the wind is in the west,\n             There it is the very best.\n                                           (Isaak Walton.)\n\n\n=Northeast Wind.=\n\nIf the wind changes to the northeast or north, expect cold weather.\n\nIf there be northeast or east winds in the spring, after a strong\nincrease of heat, and small clouds appear in the different parts of the\nsky, or if the wind changes from east to south at the appearance of\nclouds preceded by heat, expect heavy rains.\n\n\n=Northwest and East Winds.=\n\n                When the wind is in the northwest\n                The weather is at its best;\n                But if the rain comes out of the east\n                \u2019Twill rain twenty-four hours at least.\n\n\n=Northwest and Northeast Winds.=\n\n                 Northwest wind brings a short storm;\n                 A northeast wind brings a long storm.\n\n\n=Northwest Winds.=\n\nNorthwest wind brings only rain showers.\n\nIf there be a change of wind from the northwest or west to the southwest\nor south, or else from the northeast or east to the southeast or south,\nexpect wet weather.\n\nIf the northwest or north winds blow with rain or snow during three or\nfour days in the winter and then the wind passes to the south through\nthe west, expect continued rain.\n\nIn summer if the wind changes to the northwest, expect cooler weather.\n\nIf a northwest wind shifts to northeast, remaining there two or three\ndays without rain, and then shifts to the south, and then back to the\nnortheast, with very little rain, fair weather may be expected during\nthe following month. (Observer at Cape Mendocino.)\n\n\n=New Year\u2019s Eve.=\n\n             If New Year\u2019s Eve night wind blow from south,\n             It betokeneth warmth and drouth;\n             If west, much milk, and fish in sea;\n             If north, much cold and storm there\u2019ll be;\n             If east, the trees will bear much fruit;\n             If north, flee it man and beast.\n\n\n=November-December.=\n\nAs the wind is in the month of November, so will it be in the month of\nDecember.\n\n\n=No Wind.=\n\n                         No weather is ill\n                         If the wind is still.\n\n\n=Night Winds.=\n\n            Winds at night are always bright,\n            But winds in the morning, sailors take warning.\n\n\n=Pigs.=\n\nWhen pigs carry straws to their sty, a wind-storm may be expected.\n\n\n=Rising Wind.=\n\n                       First rise after very low\n                       Indicates a strong blow.\n                       Fast rise after a low\n                       Precedes a stormy blow.\n\n\n=Rain-Wind.=\n\n           Wind before a rain, set your topsails fair again.\n           Rain before the wind, keep your topsails snug as.\n\n\n=South Wind.=\n\nWhen ye see the south wind blow, ye say there will be heat; and it\ncometh to pass. (Saint Luke, xii, 55.)\n\n                        A wind in the south\n                        Is in the rain\u2019s mouth.\n\n              The rain comes south\n              When the wind is in the south.\n                                                (Scotch.)\n\nBrisk winds from the south for several days in Texas are generally\nfollowed by a \u201cnorther.\u201d\n\nIf there be dry weather with a light south wind for five or six days, it\nhaving previously blown strongly from the same direction, expect fine\nweather. (Texas.)\n\nThe southern wind doth blow a trumpet to his purpose, and by his hollow\nwhistling in the leaves foretells a tempest and a blustering day.\n(Shakespeare.)\n\n\n=Southwest Wind.=\n\nIn fall and winter if the wind holds a day or more in the southwest, a\nsevere storm is coming; in summer, same of northeast wind.\n\n               A southwest blow on ye\n               And blister ye all over.\n                                          (Shakespeare.)\n\nThree southwesters, then one heavy rain.\n\nThe third day of southwest wind will be a gale, and wind will veer to\nnorthwest between 1 and 2 a. m. (in winter) with increasing force. (From\nfisherman on North Carolina coast.)\n\nIf the wind shifts around to the south and southwest, expect warm\nweather.\n\n\n=Southeast Wind.=\n\nIf the wind blows from the southeast during September 20th and 21st, the\nweather from the middle of February to the middle of March will be warm.\n\n\n=Shifting During Drought.=\n\nIn Texas and the southwest when the wind shifts during a drought, expect\nrain.\n\n\n=September Winds.=\n\nIf the wind blows from the south on the 21st of September, it indicates\na warm autumn.\n\n\n=Sun.=\n\n                   Winds that change against the sun\n                   Are always sure to backward run.\n\n\n=Storm.=\n\nWhen a heavy cloud comes up in the southwest and seems to settle back\nagain, look out for a storm.\n\nWind-storms usually subside about sunset, but if they do not the storm\nwill probably continue during the following day.\n\nAlways a calm before a storm.\n\n\n=Squalls.=\n\nSqualls making up on the flood-tide will culminate about high water;\nthose making on ebb-tide will culminate about low-water. (South Atlantic\ncoast.)\n\n\n=West Wind.=\n\n            Wind in the west, weather at the best.\n            Wind in the east, neither good for man or beast.\n\n\n=West Wind.=\n\n                        A west wind north about\n                        Never hangs lang out.\n\n                               (Scotch.)\n\n\n=West, East, South, and North Wind.=\n\n                The west wind always brings wet weather,\n                The east wind cold and wet together,\n                The south wind surely brings us rain,\n                The north wind blows it back again.\n\n                               (English.)\n\n\n=Veering Wind.=\n\nA veering wind indicates fair weather, a backing wind foul weather.\n\n\n=Unsteady Winds.=\n\nThe whispering grove betrays the gathering elemental strife.\nUnsteadiness of the wind is an indication of changeable weather.\n\n\n=Whirlwinds.=\n\nWhen numerous whirlwinds are observed, the rotation being opposite to\nthat of the sun, look for wind and rain.\n\n\n=Weather.=\n\nEvery wind has its weather.\n\n\n=White Clouds.=\n\nHeavy, white, rolling clouds in front of a storm denote high wind.\n\n\n                PROVERBS RELATING TO YEARS AND SEASONS.\n\nAlmond Blooms.\n\n           Mark well the flowering almonds in the wood;\n           If odorous blooms the bearing branches load,\n           The glebe will answer to the sylvan reign,\n           Great heats will follow and large crops of grain;\n           But if a wood of leaves o\u2019ershades the tree\n           Such and so barren will the harvest be.\n\n                               (Virgil.)\n\n\n=Autumn.=\n\nA pleasant autumn and a mild winter will cause the leaves to fall next\nSeptember.\n\nA moist autumn, with a mild winter, is followed by a cold and dry\nspring, retarding vegetation. If the summer be rainy the following\nwinter will be severe.\n\n\n=Cherry Year.=\n\n                             A cherry year\n                             A merry year.\n\n\n=Coat.=\n\n                   Who doffs his coat on winter\u2019s day\n                   Will gladly put it on in May.\n\n                               (Scotch.)\n\n\n=Cold Spring.=\n\nA cold spring kills the roses. (Arabia.)\n\n\n=Equinox.=\n\nAs the wind and weather is at the time of the equinox, so will be the\nwind and weather generally during the following three months.\n\nAs clear off the line, or equinoctial storm, so will all storms clear\nfor six months.\n\n\n=Fair.=\n\nOne fair day in the winter does not make the birds merry.\n\n\n=Fall.=\n\nA wet fall indicates a cold and early winter.\n\n\n=Famine.=\n\n                      After a famine in the stall\n                      Comes a famine in the hall.\n\n\n=Frosty Nights.=\n\n                   Frosty nights and hot summer days\n                   Set the cornfields all in a blaze.\n\n\n=Harvest.=\n\nThe harvest depends more on the year than on the field. (Denmark.)\n\n\n=Haw Year.=\n\n                              A haw year\n                              A braw year.\n\n                               (Ireland.)\n\n                              A haw year\n                              A snaw year.\n\n                              (Scotland.)\n\n\n=Indian Summer.=\n\nIf we don\u2019t get our Indian summer in October or November we will get it\nin winter.\n\n\n=Late Spring.=\n\nA late spring is a great blessing.\n\nA late spring never deceives.\n\n\n=Long Harvest.=\n\nA long harvest, a little corn.\n\n\n=Leap Year.=\n\nIn leap year the weather always changes on Friday.\n\n\n=Late Spring.=\n\nA late spring is bad for cattle, and an early spring for corn.\n\n\n=Nut\u2014Corn.=\n\nA good nut year, a good corn year.\n\n\n=Oak Tree\u2014Barley.=\n\n                 When the oak puts on his goslin grey\n                 \u2019Tis time to sow barley, night or day.\n\n\n=Old Year.=\n\nIf the old year goes out like a lion the new year will come in like a\nlamb.\n\n\n=Pear\u2014Dear.=\n\n                              A pear year\n                              A dear year.\n\n\n=Plum.=\n\nIn the year when plums flourish all else fails. (Devon.)\n\n                              A plum year\n                              A dumb year.\n\n                                (Kent.)\n\n\n=Rainy Winter.=\n\nAfter a rainy winter follows a fruitful spring.\n\n\n=Seasons.=\n\nExtreme seasons occur from the 6th to the 10th year of each decade\n(especially in alternate decades).\n\n                A severe autumn denotes a windy summer;\n                A windy winter a rainy spring;\n                A rainy spring a severe summer;\n                A severe summer a windy autumn;\n                So that the air in balance is\n                Seldom debtor unto itself.\n\n                             (Lord Bacon.)\n\n\n=Short Harvest.=\n\nShort harvests make short earnings. (Yorkshire.)\n\n\n=Sloe Tree.=\n\n               When the sloe tree is as white as a sheet\n               Sow your barley, whether it be dry or wet.\n\n\n=Snow.=\n\nA snow year a rich year.\n\n\n=Sow Beans.=\n\n                     Sow beans in the mud,\n                     And they\u2019ll grow like a wood.\n\n\n=Sow.=\n\nSow thin, shear thin.\n\n\n=Spring Rain.=\n\n            In spring a tub of rain makes a spoonful of mud;\n            In autumn a spoonful of rain makes a tub of mud.\n\nSpring is both father and mother to us, and he who does not sow will not\nreap. (Gallicia.)\n\nIf the spring is cold and wet, the autumn will be hot and dry.\n\nFog in January makes a wet spring.\n\nIf it storms on February 2d, then the spring is not very far; but when\nbright and clear, then the spring will be late.\n\nIf it snows on February 2d, only as much as to be seen on a black ox,\nthen summer will come soon.\n\n                 When in February it is mild,\n                 Brings the spring the frost by night.\n\nIf it does not rain on St. Michael\u2019s (29th of September) and Gallus\n(October 16th), the farmer will promise a dry spring.\n\nChristmas in mud, Easter in snow.\n\nIf at Christmas ice hangs on the willow, clover may be cut at Easter.\n\n\n=Spring and Autumn Rain.=\n\nSpring rain damps; Autumn rain soaks. (Russia.)\n\n\n=Summer.=\n\nAs much fog as plagues you in March, so many thunder-storms after one\nhundred days.\n\nAs much fog in March, so much rain in summer.\n\nIf it rains on June 27th, it will rain seven weeks.\n\nAs the weather on July 10th, so it will be for seven weeks.\n\nWhen the sun enters \u201cLeo\u201d the greatest heat will then arise.\n\nAs the dog days commence so they end.\n\n                     Midsummer rain\n                     Spoils wine, stock, and grain.\n\nHappy are the fields that receive summer rain.\n\nSummer comes with a bound; winter comes yawning. (Finland.)\n\n                  Summer in winter and summer\u2019s flood\n                  Never boded an Englishman good.\n\n\n=The Year.=\n\nDo not abuse the year till it has passed. (Spain.)\n\n\n=Thunder.=\n\n                           Thunder in spring\n                           Cold will bring.\n\n\n=Wet Spring.=\n\nA wet spring\u2014a dry harvest.\n\n\n=Winter.=\n\nIn winter expect not fair weather from one night\u2019s ice.\n\nAn early winter is surely winter.\n\nWinter\u2019s back breaks about the middle of February.\n\n                  He that drops a coat on a winter day\n                  Will gladly put it on in May.\n\nWinter will not come till the swamps are full. (South.)\n\nWhen the days get longer, comes the winter.\n\nIf cold at St. Peter\u2019s day (February 22d), it will last longer.\n\nThe night of St. Peter\u2019s shows what weather we will have for the next\nforty days.\n\nSt. Matthew breaks the ice; if he finds none he\u2019ll make some.\n\nAfter Matthew\u2019s no fox will run over the ice.\n\nIf on St. Michael\u2019s day the winds blow from the north and east, a cold\nwinter may be expected.\n\nLight rain on St. Michael\u2019s day is followed by a mild winter.\n\nAfter a warm autumn a long winter.\n\nWhen beech acorns thrive well and oak trees hang full, a hard winter\nwill follow with much snow.\n\nMuch fog in autumn, much snow in winter.\n\nIf October brings much frost and wind, then are January and February\nmild.\n\nClear autumn, windy winter.\n\nAs many days from the first snow to the next new moon, so many times\nwill it thaw during winter.\n\nWhen birds and badgers are fat in October, a cold winter is expected.\n\nIf on All Saints\u2019 day the beech acorn is dry we will stick behind the\nstove in winter, but if it is wet and not light the winter will not be\ndry, but wet.\n\nIf it is at Martin (November 11th) fair, dry, and cold, the cold in\nwinter will not last long.\n\nIf the geese at Martin\u2019s day stand on ice, they will walk in mud on\nChristmas.\n\nIf the leaves of the trees and grape-vines do not fall before Martin\u2019s\nday, a cold winter may be expected.\n\nAs November 21st, so the winter.\n\nWhen in November the water rises, it will show itself the whole winter.\n\nWhen the winter is not early it will not be late.\n\n                 December changeable and mild,\n                 The whole winter will remain a child.\n\nLengthened winter and tardy spring are both good for hay and grain, but\nbad for corn and garden.\n\n                   Winter thunder and summer\u2019s flood\n                   Never boded any good.\n\nWinter finds what summer lays up.\n\n\n=Winter Thunder.=\n\nPoor man\u2019s death, rich man\u2019s hunger.\n\n\n=Winter Fire.=\n\nIn winter a fire is better than a Muscat rose. (Persia.)\n\n\n=Year.=\n\nWet and dry years come in triads.\n\nA dry year never starves itself.\n\n\n             PROVERBS RELATING TO MONTHS, WEEKS, AND DAYS.\n\nMonth.\n\nThe month that comes in good will go out bad.\n\nJanuary.\n\nIf grass grows in January, it will grow badly the whole year.\n\n                     In January if the sun appear,\n                     March and April pay full dear.\n\n                               (English.)\n\nA January thaw is a sign for a July freshet.\n\nIf the grass grows green in January, it will grow the worse for it all\nthe year.\n\nIn the Shepherd\u2019s Almanac for 1676, among the observations on the month\nof January we find the following: \u201cSome say that if on the 12th of\nJanuary the sun shines it foreshows much wind. Others predict by Saint\nPaul\u2019s day, saying if the sun shine it betokens a good year; if it rain\nor snow, indifferent; if misty it predicts great dearth; if it thunder,\ngreat winds and death of people that year.\u201d\n\nA favorable January brings us a good year.\n\nFair on Saint Paul\u2019s conversion day (25th) is favorable to all fruits.\n\nIn January much rain and little snow is bad for mountains, valleys, and\ntrees.\n\n                   Saint Paul fair with sunshine,\n                   Brings fertility to rye and wine.\n\nHave rivers much water in January, then the autumn will forsake them.\nBut are they small in January, then brings the autumn surely much wine.\n\nIs January wet, remains empty the barrel.\n\n              If Saint Vincent\u2019s (22d) has sunshine,\n              One hopes much rye and wine.\n              If Saint Paul\u2019s (25th) is bright and clear,\n              One does hope a good year.\n\nIf on Saint Paul\u2019s it rains and snows, the grain will be costly.\n\nMuch rain in January, no blessing to the fruit.\n\nFruit that grows in January will generally be costly or dear.\n\nJanuary warm, the Lord have mercy.\n\nJanuary wet no wine you get.\n\nFog in January brings a wet spring.\n\nHoar frost and no snow is hurtful to fields, trees, and grain. If grain\ngrows in January there will be a year of great need.\n\nDry January, plenty of wine. January 1st.\u2014Morning red, foul weather, and\ngreat need. January 2d.\u2014As the weather is this day so will it be in\nSeptember.\n\nIf the grass grows green in January, it will grow the worse for it all\nthe year.\n\n                       January fill dyke,\n                       February black and white.\n\nA summerish January indicates a winterish spring.\n\nAlways expect a thaw in January.\n\nA January spring is worth nothing.\n\nA wet January, a wet spring.\n\n\n=February.=\n\nDouble faced February.\n\nViolent north winds in February herald a fertile year.\n\n                      February 2d bright and clear\n                      Gives a good flax year.\n\n                   On Romanus (28th) bright and clear\n                   Indicates a good year.\n\nIf the ground-hog is sunning himself on the 2d he will return for four\nweeks to his winter quarters again. St. Dorothea (the 6th) gives the\nmost snow. When the cat in February lies in the sun, she will again\ncreep behind the stove in March. When the north wind does not blow in\nFebruary, it will surely come in March.\n\n                    If February gives much snow\n                    A fine summer it doth foreshow.\n\nThere is always one fine week in February.\n\nOf all the months of the year, curse a fair February.\n\nHeavy north winds in February forebode a fruitful year. (German.)\n\nIf on the 2d of February the goose finds it wet, then the sheep will\nhave grass on March 25th.\n\nWhen drops hang on the fence on the 2d of February, icicles will hang\nthere on the 25th of March.\n\nFor every thunder with rain in February there will be a cold spell in\nMay.\n\nFebruary rain is only good to fill ditches. (French.)\n\nThe nights of the 20th and 28th are called in Sweden \u201csteel nights,\u201d on\naccount of their cutting severity.\n\nFebruary makes a bridge and March breaks it.\n\n                      February doth cut and shear,\n                      February fill dike.\n                      Be it black or be it white;\n                      But if it be white\n                      It\u2019s the better to like.\n\n\n=March.=\n\nWinds in March and rains in April promise great blessings in May. As\nmuch dew as shown in March so much fog rises in August.\n\n                       In beginning or in end\n                       March its gifts will send.\n\nAs it rains in March, so it rains in June.\n\n                Is\u2019t on Joseph\u2019s day (19th) clear,\n                So follows a fertile year;\n                Is\u2019t on Mary\u2019s (25th) bright and clear,\n                Fertile is said to be the year.\n\nA damp, rotten March gives pain to farmers.\n\n                 A dry March, wet April, and cool May\n                 Fill barn, cellar, and bring much hay.\n                 Rain in March, poor harvest.\n\nDust in March brings grass and foliage.\n\nIf it does not freeze on the 10th, a fertile year may be expected.\n\nSnow in March is bad for fruit and grape-vine.\n\n               March will search, April will try;\n               May will tell you whether you live or die.\n\n                     March wet and windy,\n                     Makes the barn full and findy.\n\n                     March damp and warm,\n                     Will do the farmer much harm.\n\nMarch dust and March wind bleaches like a summer\u2019s sun. (Scotch.)\n\n                A peck of March dust and showers in May,\n                Make corn green and fields gray.\n\nWhen March is like April, April will be like March.\n\n                  If March comes in with adder\u2019s head,\n                  It goes out with peacock tail.\n\nA dusty March, a snowy February, a moist April, and a dry May, presage a\ngood year. (French.)\n\nA bushel of March dust is worth a king\u2019s ransom.\n\nA windy March and a rainy April make a beautiful May.\n\nA dry March never brings its bread.\n\nMarch comes in like a lamb and goes out like a lion.\n\nSo many frosts in March, so many in May.\n\n                  March wind and May sun\n                  Make clothes white and maidens dun.\n\n                         A March wisher\n                         Is not a good fisher.\n\nA windy March and a rainy April make a fine May.\n\nMarch grass never did good.\n\nMarch in January, January in March, I fear.\n\n\n=April.=\n\n                   Is\u2019t in April fair and mild,\n                   The nill may be so much more wild.\n\nThunder-storm in April is the end of hoar frost. After a wet April\nfollows a dry June. Whatever March does not want April brings along.\n\nApril and May are the keys of the year.\n\nA cold April the barn will fill.\n\nA dry April not the farmer\u2019s will; rain in April is what he wills.\n\nSnow in April is manure; snow in March devours.\n\nApril cold and wet fills barn and barrel.\n\nAt St. Gorgen (24th) the meadow turns into hay.\n\nApril snow breeds grass.\n\nMoist April clear June.\n\nWet May, dry July. (German.)\n\nWhen on St. George (24th) rye has grown so high as to hide a crow\ntherein, a good harvest may be expected.\n\n              When April makes much noise\n              We will have plenty of rye and hay;\n              When April blows its horn\n              Then it stands good with hay, rye, and corn.\n\nA cold and moist April fills the cellar and fattens the cow.\n\n                    When April blows his horn\n                    \u2019Tis good for both hay and corn.\n\n                           April showers\n                           Bring May flowers.\n\nApril borrows three days from March, and they are ill.\n\n\n=May.=\n\nA dry May is followed by a wet June. A normal wet and cool May brings a\nwet June. An abnormal warm May brings a wet June.\n\nDry May brings nothing.\n\n                     Many thunder-storms in May,\n                     And the farmer sings hey! hey!\n\nRain in the beginning of May is said to be injurious to wine.\n\n                      Cool and evening dew in May\n                      Brings wine and much hay.\n\nHoar frost on the 1st of May indicates a good harvest.\n\nThe later the black thorn in bloom after May 1, the better the rye and\nhay harvest.\n\nIf May will be a gardener, he will not fill the granaries.\n\n                 Look at your corn in May,\n                 And you\u2019ll come sorrowing away;\n                 Look at it again in June,\n                 And you\u2019ll come singing another tune.\n\nA windy May makes a fair year. (Portuguese proverb.)\n\nWater in May is bread all the year. (Spanish proverb.)\n\nA hot May makes a fat churchyard.\n\nA cold May enriches no one.\n\n                            A May flood\n                            Never did good.\n\nA cold and windy May will fill the barn.\n\n                 A dry May and a leaking June\n                 Make the farmer whistle a merry tune.\n\nMay damp and cool fills the barns and wine-vats.\n\n               Mist in May and heat in June\n               Makes the harvest right soon.\n                                               (Scotch.)\n\n                            Cast not a clout\n                            Till May be out.\n\n                     Be it early or be it late,\n                     May will bring the corn quake.\n\n             A swarm of bees in May is worth a load of hay;\n             But a swarm in July ain\u2019t worth a fly.\n\nIf it rains on Philip\u2019s and Jacob\u2019s day (1st), a fertile year may be\nexpected to follow.\n\nCold May brings many things.\n\n               A cold May and wind\n               Makes full barns and a findy.\n                                               (Scotch.)\n\n\n=June.=\n\nRain on St. John\u2019s day (24th), and we may expect a wet harvest.\n\nPrevious to St. John\u2019s day we dare not praise barley.\n\nIf it rains on St. Peter\u2019s day (29th) the bakers will have to carry\ndouble flour and single water; if dry, they will carry single flour and\ndouble water.\n\nPeter and Paul will rotten the roots of the rye.\n\nO! St. Vitus (15th), O do not rain, so that we may not want barley.\n\nA cold and wet June spoils mostly the whole year.\n\nJune, damp and warm, does not make the farmer poor.\n\nRain on St. Barnabas day is a good harvest in grapes.\n\nRain on St. John\u2019s (24th) will damage the nuts.\n\nIf north wind blows in June, rye will be splendid at harvest time.\n\nWhen it is the hottest in June, it will be the coldest in the next\nFebruary at corresponding days.\n\n        If St. Vitus day (15th of June) be rainy weather,\n        It will rain for thirty days together.\n                                        (Robin\u2019s Almanac, 1697.)\n\n                          Calm weather in June\n                          Sets corn in tune.\n\n                       A dripping June\n                       Brings all things in tune.\n\n               If on the 8th of June it rain,\n               It foretells wet harvests, men hath sain.\n\n\n=July.=\n\nIf it rains on the 2d (St. Mary\u2019s), then it will rain the next four\nweeks.\n\nAs July, so the next January.\n\n                  July, God send thee calm and fair,\n                    That happy harvests we may see;\n                  With quiet time and healthsome air,\n                    And man to God may thankful be.\n\nWhat July and August left undone in cooking, September will have undone\nin roasting. (German.)\n\nIf it rains on July 10th, it will rain for seven weeks.\n\n                   Dog days bright and clear\n                   Indicate a good year;\n                   But when accompanied by rain,\n                   We hope for better times in vain.\n\nWhatever July and August do not boil, September cannot fry.\n\nClear on St. Jacob\u2019s day (20th) promises plenty fruit.\n\nIf three days previous to St. Jacob\u2019s are clear, then the rye will be\ngood.\n\n           If the 1st of July be rainy weather,\n           \u2019Twill rain more or less for three weeks together.\n\n\n=August.=\n\nThunder-storms after Bartholomew\u2019s day are mostly violent.\n\nWhen the dew is heavy in August the weather generally remains fair. When\nin beginning of August thunder-storms are passing, they will generally\nlast to end of month.\n\nAs August, so the next February.\n\nAs Bartholomew day, so the whole autumn.\n\n             If the first week in August is unusually warm,\n             The winter will be white and long.\n\nWhen the months of July, August, and September are unusually hot,\nJanuary will be the coldest month.\n\n                   On St. Mary\u2019s day (15th) sunshine\n                   Brings much and good wine.\n\nWhen in August the sun shines warm, moon and stars are bright; it is\ngood for grapes, because they then ripen well.\n\n                 Matthew\u2019s day (24th) bright and clear,\n                 Brings good wine in next year.\n\nA wet August never brings dearth. (Italian.)\n\nWhen it rains in August it rains honey and wine.\n\n              If the 24th of August be fair or clear,\n              Then hope for a prosperous autumn that year.\n\n                        Dry August, arid, warm,\n                        Doth harvest no harm.\n\n\n=September.=\n\nAs September, so the coming March.\n\nSeptember rain is much liked by the farmer.\n\n                 Is the autumn warm, bright, and clear,\n                 We may expect a fertile year.\n\nWhen a cold spell occurs in September and passes without a frost, a\nfrost will not occur until the same time in October.\n\nFair on the first of September, fair the entire month.\n\nAs the deer goes into the heat, so he will again step out.\n\nAs the weather on the 8th, so it will be for the next four weeks.\n\nA wet September; next summer drouth, no crops and famine. (California.)\n\nIf Michael brings many acorns, Christmas will cover the fields with\nsnow.\n\nSeptember rain is good for crops and vines.\n\nThunder in September indicates a good crop of grain and fruit for next\nyear.\n\nIf the storms in September clear off warm, all the storms of the\nfollowing winter will be warm.\n\n\n=October.=\n\nMuch rain in October, much wind in December.\n\nIf October brings heavy frosts and winds, then will January and February\nbe mild.\n\nWhen it freezes and snows in October, January will bring mild weather;\nbut if it is thundering and heat-lightning, the winter will resemble\nApril in temper.\n\nWarm October, cold February.\n\nAs the weather in October, so will it be in the next March.\n\nIf the first snow falls on moist, soft earth, it indicates a small\nharvest; but if upon hard, frozen soil, a good harvest.\n\n                  A good October and a good blast,\n                  So blow the hog-acorn and the mast.\n\n\n=November.=\n\nAs at Catharine (25th) foul or fair, so will be the next February.\n\nAs November, so the following March.\n\nThunder in November indicates a fertile year to come.\n\nFlowers in bloom late in autumn indicate a bad winter.\n\n                        November, take flail;\n                        Let ships no more sail.\n\n          If there be ice in November that will bear a duck,\n          There will be nothing thereafter but sleet and muck.\n\n\n=December.=\n\nIf it rains on Sunday before mass it will rain the whole week.\n\nIf Christmas finds a bridge, he\u2019ll break it; if he finds none, he\u2019ll\nmake one.\n\nAs Ash Wednesday, so the fasting time.\n\nA warm Christmas, a cold Easter.\n\nA green Christmas, a white Easter.\n\nIf windy on Xmas day, trees will bring much fruit.\n\nIf the wind blows much on Stephen\u2019s day (26th), the grape will be bad in\nnext year.\n\nIf it snows on Xmas night, we expect a good hop crop next year.\n\nChristmas wet gives empty granary and barrel.\n\nAt Christmas meadows green, at Easter covered with frost.\n\nWet causes more damage than frost before, than after Christmas.\n\nDecember cold, with snow, brings rye everywhere.\n\n\n=Days.=\n\nThe first three days of any season rule the weather of that season.\n\nThe general character of the weather during the last twenty days of\nMarch, June, September, and December will rule the following season.\n\nA bad day has a good night.\n\n                        As the days lengthen,\n                        So the cold strengthens.\n\nThe three days of September (20th, 21st, and 22d) rule the weather for\nOctober, November, and December.\n\nThe first three days of January rule the coming three months.\n\nThe last twelve days of January rule the weather of the whole year.\n\nWhen there are three days cold, expect three days colder.\n\nThe twelve days commencing December 25th and ending January 5th are said\nto be the keys of the weather of the year.\n\n\n=Wednesday.=\n\nWednesday clearing, clear till Sunday.\n\nWhen the sun sets clear on Wednesday, expect clear weather the rest of\nthe week.\n\n\n=Thursday.=\n\nThe first Thursday in March, the first Thursday in June, the first\nThursday in September, and the first Thursday in December are the\ngoverning days for each season. Whatever point of the compass the wind\nis on these days, that will be the prevailing direction of the wind for\nthat season.\n\nIf it storms on the first Thursday, or any subsequent, of a month, count\nthe remaining days of the month, add to this the number of days\nremaining of the moon, and they will give the number of storms for that\nseason. (Wm. R. Ryan.)\n\n\n=Friday.=\n\nIf the sun sets clear on Friday, it will blow before Sunday night.\n\n                        If on Friday it rain,\n                        \u2019Twill on Sunday again;\n                        If Friday be clear,\n                        Have a Sunday no fear.\n\nRain on Good Friday forebodes a fruitful year.\n\nFriday is the best or worst day of the week.\n\nIf the sun sets clear on Friday, generally expect rain before Monday.\n\n               A wet Good Friday and a wet Easter day,\n               Makes plenty of grass but very little hay.\n\nAs the Friday, so the Sunday.\n\n\n=Saturday.=\n\nThere is never a Saturday without some sunshine.\n\n\n=Sunday.=\n\nIf it rains on Sunday before mass it will rain all the week.\n\nWhen it storms on the first Sunday of the month it will storm every\nSunday.\n\nFirst Sunday in month rain, it will rain every Sunday of the month.\n\nSunday clearing, clear till Wednesday.\n\nThe last Sunday of the month indicates the weather of the next month.\n\nIf sunset on Sunday is cloudy, it will rain before Wednesday.\n\n\n=Christmas.=\n\nA light Christmas, a heavy sheaf.\n\nIf the sun shines through the apple tree on Christmas day, there will be\nan abundant crop the following year.\n\nIf on Christmas night the wine ferments heavily in the barrels, a good\nwine year is to follow. (German.)\n\nThe shepherd would rather see his wife enter the stable on Christmas day\nthan the sun. (German.)\n\nIf ice will bear a man before Christmas, it will not bear a mouse\nafterward. (English proverb.)\n\n                  If Christmas day on Thursday be,\n                  A windy winter you shall see.\n                  Windy weather in each week,\n                  And hard tempests strong and thick.\n                  The summer shall be good and dry,\n                  Corn and beast shall multiply.\n\n                         (Copied from old MS.)\n\nA green Christmas makes a full graveyard.\n\nA green Christmas indicates a white Easter.\n\n\n=Candlemas Day.=\n\n               If Candlemas day be fair and clear,\n               There\u2019ll be two winters in that one year.\n\nOn Candlemas day the bear, badger, or woodchuck comes out to see his\nshadow at noon; if he does not see it he remains out; but if he does see\nit he goes back to his hole for six weeks, and cold weather continues\nsix weeks longer.\n\n               Have on Candlemas day\n               One-half your straw and one-half your hay.\n\n               Candlemas day if it be fair\n               The half of the winter\u2019s to come and mair.\n               Candlemas day, if it be foul,\n               The half of winter\u2019s past at yule.\n\n                   On Candlemas day\n                   Throw the candle and stick away.\n                   When Candlemas is come and gone\n                   The coal lies on a red-hot stove.\n\n                 Just half your wood and half your hay\n                 Should be remaining on Candlemas day.\n\n                If Candlemas day be fair and bright,\n                Winter will have another flight;\n                But if Candlemas day be clouds and rain,\n                Winter is gone and will not come again.\n\nOn Candlemas day just so far as the sun shines in, just so far will the\nsnow blow in.\n\n                  I would rather see my wife on a bier\n                  Than to see Candlemas clear.\n\n\n=Corpus Christi.=\n\n                        Corpus Christi day clear\n                        Gives a good year.\n\nIf rain on Corpus Christi day, the rye granary will be light.\n\n\n=Dog Day.=\n\nRain on first dog day, it will rain for forty days after.\n\n\n=Easter.=\n\nRain on Easter gives slim fodder.\n\nIf fair weather from Easter to Whitsuntide, the butter will be cheap.\n\n                   Easter in snow, Christmas in mud;\n                   Christmas in snow, Easter in mud.\n\n\n=Good Friday.=\n\nGood Friday rain brings a fertile year.\n\n\n=Hollantide.=\n\n                    If ducks do slide at Hollantide,\n                    At Christmas day they\u2019ll swim;\n                    If ducks do swim at Hollantide,\n                    At Christmas day they\u2019ll slide.\n\n\n=Lent.=\n\nDry Lent, fertile year.\n\n\n=Martinmas.=\n\nIf the wind is in the southwest at Martinmas, it keeps there until\nCandlemas. (French.)\n\n\n=Pentecost.=\n\nRain at Pentecost forebodes evil.\n\n\n=Paster Sunday.=\n\nIf it rains on Paster Sunday, it will rain every Sunday until Pentecost.\n\n\n=Palm Sunday.=\n\nIf the weather is not clear on Palm Sunday, it means a bad year.\n\n\n=Shrovetide Day.=\n\nWhen the sun is shining on Shrovetide day, it is meant well for rye and\npeas.\n\n\n=Saint Andrew\u2019s Day.=\n\nOn Saint Andrew\u2019s night a glass of water should be placed on the table.\nIf the water has run over in the morning, a good year is to follow; if\nit does not, expect a poor year for crops. (German.)\n\n\n=Saint Bartholomew.=\n\nIf it rains on Saint Bartholomew\u2019s day (August 24th) it will rain forty\ndays after.\n\nSaint Bartholomew brings cold and dew. (Italian.)\n\n\n=Saint John\u2019s Day.=\n\nBefore Saint John\u2019s day (24th of June) no early crops are worth\npraising. (German.)\n\nBefore Saint John\u2019s day we pray for rain; after that we get it anyhow.\n\n\n=Saint Lawrence Day.=\n\nIf on Saint Lawrence day (August 10th) the weather be fine, a good\nautumn and good wine may be hoped for. (German.)\n\n\n=Saint Margaret\u2019s Day.=\n\nRain on Saint Margaret\u2019s day (22d of July) will destroy all kinds of\nnuts. (German.)\n\n\n=Saint Matthew\u2019s Day.=\n\nIf it freezes on Saint Matthew\u2019s day, it will freeze for a month\ntogether.\n\nMatthew\u2019s day (February 25th) breaks the ice; if he finds none, then\nhe\u2019ll have some.\n\n\n=Saint Martin\u2019s Day.=\n\nSaint Martin\u2019s day (11th of November) if the wind is in the southwest at\nMartinmas, it keeps there till after Candlemas. (Scotch.)\n\n\n=Saint Paul\u2019s Day.=\n\n                 If Saint Paul\u2019s day is fair and clear,\n                 It does betide a happy year.\n\n         If Saint Paul\u2019s be fair and clear,\n         It promises a happy year;\n         But if it chances to snow or rain,\n         There will be dear all sorts of grain;\n         Or if the wind does blow aloft,\n         Great stirs will vex the world full oft;\n         And if dark clouds do muff the sky,\n         The fowl and cattle oft will die.\n\n         If Saint Paul\u2019s day (25th January) be fair and clear,\n         It does betide a happy year;\n         But if it chance to snow or rain,\n         There will be dear all kinds of grain.\n         If clouds or mist do dark the sky,\n         Great store of birds and beasts shall die;\n         And if the winds do fly aloft,\n         Then war shall vex the kingdom oft.\n\n                             (Old English.)\n\n                    Upon Saint Paul\u2019s day\n                    Put oats and barley in the clay.\n\n\n=Saint Patrick\u2019s Day.=\n\nSaint Patrick\u2019s day the warm side of a stone turns up, and the\nbroad-back goose begins to lay.\n\n\n=Saint Stephen\u2019s Day.=\n\nIf it be very windy on Saint Stephen\u2019s day, there will be a poor wine\ncrop next year. (German.)\n\n\n=Saint Swithin.=\n\nA rainy Saint Swithin is well described by Gay:\n\n            Now on Saint Swithin\u2019s feast the welkin lours,\n            And every pent house streams with hasty showers;\n            But when the swinging signs your ears offend\n            With creaking noise, then rainy floods impend;\n            Soon shall the kennels swell with rapid streams,\n            And rush in muddy torrents to the Thames.\n\n\n=All Saints\u2019 Day.=\n\nIf All Saints\u2019 day will bring out the winter, Saint Martin\u2019s day will\nbring out Indian summer.\n\n\n=All Fools\u2019 Day.=\n\n                If it thunders on All Fools\u2019 day,\n                \u2019Twill bring good crops of corn and hay.\n\n\n=Ascension Day.=\n\nAs the weather on Ascension day, so may be the entire autumn.\n\n\n=Saint Thomas\u2019s Day.=\n\nLook at the weathercock on Saint Thomas day, at 12 o\u2019clock, and see\nwhich way the wind is, for there it will stick for the next quarter.\n\n\n=Saint Vincent\u2019s.=\n\nIf the sun shines on Saint Vincent\u2019s day (22d January), a fine crop of\ngrapes may be expected. (German.)\n\n\n=Whit Sunday.=\n\nIf Whit Sunday brings rain, we expect many a plague.\n\n\n=Whitsuntide.=\n\nWhitsuntide rain, blessing for wine.\n\nRain on Whitsuntide is said to make the wheat mildewed.\n\nStrawberries at Whitsuntide indicate good wine.\n\n                      Whit Sunday bright and clear\n                      Will bring a fertile year.\n\nWhit Sunday wet, Christmas fat.\n\n\n                          GENERAL PROGNOSTICS.\n\nSome of the various signs of coming rain, which will be found in their\nrespective places, are thus recorded by Swift:\n\n           Careful observes may foretell the hour\n           By sure prognostics when to dread a shower.\n           While rain depends, the pensive cat gives o\u2019er\n           Her frolics and pursues her tail no more;\n           Returning home at night you\u2019ll find the sink\n           Strike your offended sense with double stink.\n\n           If you be wise, then go not far to dine,\n           You\u2019ll spend in coach-hire more than save in wine.\n           A coming shower your shooting corns presage,\n           Old aches will throb your hollow tooth with rage.\n\n           Sauntering in coffee-house is Dulman seen;\n           He damns the climate and complains of spleen.\n           Meanwhile the South, rising with dabbled wings,\n           A sable cloud athwart the welkin flings,\n           That swilled more liquor than it could contain,\n           And, like a drunkard, gives it up again.\n           Brisk Susan whips her linen from the rope,\n           While the first drizzling shower is borne aslope.\n           Such is that sprinkling which some careless quean\n           Flirts on you from her mop, but not so clean.\n           You fly, invoke the gods; then, turning, stop\n           To rail; she singing still, whirls on her mop.\n           Not yet the dust had shunned the unequal strife,\n           But, aided by the wind, fought still for life,\n           And wafted with its foe by violent gusts,\n           \u2019Twas doubtful which was rain and which was dust.\n           Ah! where must needy poet seek for aid\n           When dust and rain at once his coat invade?\n           Sole coat; where dust, cemented by the rain,\n           Erects the nap and leaves a cloudy stain.\n\nAnother author observes of a wet Saint Swithin:\n\n          Twice twenty days shall clouds their fleeces drain,\n          And wash the pavements with incessant rain.\n          Let not such vulgar tales debase thy mind;\n          Nor Paul nor Swithin rule the clouds and wind.\n          If you the precept of the Muse despise,\n          And slight the faithful warnings of the skies,\n          Others you\u2019ll see, when all the town\u2019s afloat,\n          Wrapt in the embraces of a kersey coat\n          Or doubled-bottom frieze; their guarded feet\n          Defy the muddy dangers of the street,\n          While, with hat unlooped, the fury dread\n          Of spouts high streaming, and with cautious tread\n          Shun every dashing pool, or idly stop\n          To seek the kind protection of a shop.\n          But business summons; now with hasty scud\n          You jostle for the wall; the spattered mud\n          Hides all thy hose behind; in vain you scour.\n          Thy wig, alas! uncurled, admits the shower.\n          So fierce Electos\u2019 snaky tresses fell\n          When Orpheus charmed the rigorous powers of hell;\n          Or thus hung Glaucus\u2019 beard, with briny dew\n          Clotted and straight, when first his amorous view\n          Surprised the bathing fair. The frightened maid\n          Now stands a rock, transformed by Circe\u2019s aid.\n          And now sharp hail falls down in hasty sallies,\n          And all the tiles with dancing showers rattle,\n          And the fair Jewess hies to sheltered alleys\n          To sell her strawberries in brimful pottle,\n          And farmers praise Saint Swithin come again\n          To wet the crops with forty days of rain.\n\n\n=Air Currents.=\n\nCurrents of air change their course frequently, in the higher regions of\nthe air first, and are afterwards continued to the earth\u2019s surface;\nwhence we can often foresee a change of wind by observing the clouds.\nBoth the strength of a coming gale and the point from which it will blow\nmay usually be determined by noticing the velocity and direction of the\nclouds floating along in the upper currents.\n\n\n=Appetite.=\n\nWhen everything is eaten at the table, it indicates continued clear\nweather.\n\n\n=Aurora.=\n\nThe aurora when very bright indicates approaching storm.\n\n\n=Barometer.=\n\nIf it freezes and the barometer falls two or three tenths of an inch,\nexpect a thaw.\n\nIf the weather gets warmer while the barometer is high and the wind\nnortheasterly, we may look for a sudden shift of wind to the south. On\nthe other hand, if the weather becomes colder while the wind is\nsouthwesterly and the barometer low, we may look for a sudden squall or\na severe storm from the northwest, with a fall of snow if it be winter\ntime.\n\nA sudden rise of the barometer is very nearly as dangerous as a sudden\nfall, because it shows that the level is unsteady. In an ordinary gale\nthe wind often blows hardest when the barometer is just beginning to\nrise, directly after having been very low.\n\nA rapid rise of barometer indicates unsettled weather. A slow movement\nthe contrary, as likewise a steady barometer, which, when continued, and\nwith dryness, foretells very fine weather.\n\n\n=Bells.=\n\nBells are heard at greater distances before rain.\n\n\n=Boots and Shoes.=\n\nBoots and shoes easy to pull on and off indicate dry weather.\n\n\n=Brick Walls.=\n\nBrick walls become damp before a rain.\n\n\n=Breeders.=\n\nFine, warm days are called \u201cweather breeders.\u201d\n\n\n=Calm.=\n\nA dead calm often precedes a violent gale, and sometimes the calmest and\nclearest mornings in certain seasons are followed by a blowing, showery\nday. Calms are forerunners of the hurricanes of the West Indies and\nother tropical climes.\n\n\n=Camphor Gum.=\n\nCamphor gum is said to rise in alcohol before rain.\n\n\n=Clouds.=\n\nIf clouds drive up high from the south, expect a thaw.\n\n\n=Coals.=\n\nCoals covered with thick white ashes indicate snow in winter and rain in\nsummer.\n\nCoals becoming alternately bright and dim indicate approaching storms.\n\n\n=Coffee Bubbles.=\n\nWhen the bubbles of coffee collect in the centre of the cup, expect fair\nweather. When they adhere to the cup, forming a ring, expect rain. If\nthe bubbles separate without assuming any fixed position, expect\nchangeable weather.\n\n\n=Corns.=\n\nCorns giving trouble indicate bad weather.\n\nWhen corns ache rain follows.\n\n\n=Cream and Milk.=\n\nCream and milk, when they turn sour in the night, often indicate thereby\nthat thunder-storms are about, and will probably shortly take place.\n\n\n=Creeks and Springs.=\n\nIn dry weather, when creeks and springs that have gone dry become moist,\nor, as we may say, begin to sweat, it indicates approaching rain. Many\nsprings that have gone dry will give a good flow of water just before\nrain. (J. E. Walter, Leavenworth, Kans.)\n\n\n=Dandelion.=\n\nWhen the dandelions bloom early in the spring there will be a short\nseason. When they bloom late expect a dry summer.\n\n\n=Dreams.=\n\nDreams of a hurrying and frightful nature and imperfect sleep, are\nfrequent indications that the weather is changed or about to change.\nMany persons experience these nocturnal symptoms on a change of wind,\nparticularly when it becomes east. In all these cases the effect seems\nto be produced immediately on the nervous system, and through it on the\nstomach, so that the stomach shall again react on the sensorium. The\nsymptoms are enhanced by a full stomach and other sources of\nindigestion. (Forster.)\n\n\n=Dust.=\n\nDust rising in dry weather is a sign of approaching change.\n\n\n=Ears.=\n\nRinging in the ear at night indicates a change of wind.\n\nEars, when there is a tingling noise, or what is called a singing in\nthem, afford thereby a sign of a change of weather, not simply of rain,\nas has been said, but of barometrical pressure in general. The sudden\nincrease of pressure, like the descent from high mountains, or from\nballoons, causes in many persons a temporary deafness and roaring in the\nears. A sudden fall of the barometer affects also the ears, but in a\ndifferent manner, like mounting a high hill. (Forster.)\n\nNoises in the ears are frequently precursors of marked atmospheric\nchanges.\n\n\n=Eclipse Weather.=\n\nEclipse weather is a popular term in the south of England for the\nweather following an eclipse of the sun or moon, and it is vulgarly\nesteemed tempestuous and not to be depended on by the husbandman.\n\n\n=Epidemics.=\n\nEpidemics are disorders of health brought on by atmospherical influence;\nand modern discoveries have shown how much most prevailing diseases\npartake of an epidemical nature. Scarlet fever, typhus, the plague, and\nindeed most diseases of this sort, are now considered epidemical. It\nwould seem that there is a most immediate connection between the\npeculiar state of the air and the kind of disorders which might be\nthereby excited. For it may be observed that, even of those disorders\nwhich are not generally admitted to be contagious, one particular kind\nwill prevail for a long time. Thus, in winter, the different symptoms of\nthat state of body which we call a cold, appear in some measure to\nprevail and vary together, so that it is common to hear people talk of\nthe fashionable complaint. Coughs, for a while, are the prevailing\nsymptoms; then sore throats are the most common. It is in spring that\ncertain kinds of cutaneous eruptions usually appear, and in autumn that\nthose irregularities in the functions of the digestive viscera called\ncholera morbus, &c., happen, and which have been erroneously attributed\nto eating much fruit. On the other hand, it cannot be considered that\natmospheric peculiarities alone produce epidemic and other complaints,\nwhich must be regarded as having a compound origin, and as resulting\nfrom the operation of peculiar states of the atmosphere on persons of\nparticular states of constitution, otherwise all persons would be\naffected, which is contrary to experience. There are, probably,\ninnumerable varieties of temperament, of general habits of life, and of\npre-existing diseases, which in different subjects vary the effects of\nthe air. And many persons perhaps enjoy a state of health and perfect\naction, which may be capable of resisting its evil influence altogether.\nIt would perhaps be productive of useful results, if physicians of\nextensive practice would make accurate meteorological registers during\nthe prevalence of any epidemic or contagious disorders. (Forster\u2019s\nEncyclop\u00e6dia of Natural Phenomena.)\n\n\n=Epizootic.=\n\nEpizootic is a name for epidemic disorders occurring among animals, of\nwhich we have many and various instances on record. The state of the\nelectrometer and other meteorological instruments should be carefully\nexamined during the prevalence of such pestilence.\n\n\n=Elder Bush.=\n\nA number of superstitions may be traced back to the former connection of\nthe elder bush with the goddess. Witches were thought to produce bad\nweather by stirring water with branches of elder.\n\n\n=Electric Lights.=\n\n          Last night I saw St. Elmo\u2019s stars,\n            With their glimmering lanterns all at play\n          On the tops of the masts and the tips of the spars,\n            And I knew we should have foul weather that day.\n\n\n=Fire.=\n\nIf the fire burns unusually fierce and bright in winter, there will be\nfrost and clear weather; if the fire burns dull, expect damp and rain.\n\nFire always burns brighter and throws out more heat just before a storm,\nand is hotter during a storm.\n\nBlacksmiths always select a stormy day in which to perform work\nrequiring extra heat.\n\nA fire hard to kindle indicates bad weather.\n\nWhen the fire crackles and crackles lightly, it is said to be treading\nsnow. (Old woman.)\n\n\n=Floors.=\n\nFloors saturated with oil become very damp just before rain.\n\n\n=Fog Smoke.=\n\nWhen with hanging fog smoke rises vertically, rain follows.\n\n\n=Gale.=\n\nIf, during the absence of wind, the surface of the sea becomes agitated\nby a long, rolling swell, a gale may be expected. This is well known to\nseamen.\n\n\n=General.=\n\n            But the best sign of all\n            If soot down the chimney fall.\n            The dog long asleep so sound,\n            We know moisture is in the ground.\n            The guinea at night groans so loud;\n            It says the rain is in the cloud.\n            The peacock appears on the scene,\n            And, with its spots both black and green,\n            Flies up to roost and screams so shrill,\n            He is heard o\u2019er all the hill,\n            Saying that the sun is set;\n            In the morning we will be wet.\n            Old master sits and look with sorrow\n            On the prospect of the morrow.\n            Other signs just as good\n            Come from the vermin of the wood.\n            The owls hollow, the children scare,\n            Thus he tells when the rain is near.\n            If you kill the snake and hang it up,\n            You will find this is good luck;\n            And this will always bring the rain\n            To people who are not profane.\n            The gnats bite and I scratch in vain,\n            Because they know it is going to rain.\n            The cat, with her silken paws,\n            Washing there her whiskered jaws.\n            When these signs together come,\n            Nigger, you had better be at home.\n                                                    (Negro.)\n\n        The cow looks up, and from afar can find\n        The change of heaven, and muffs it in the wind.\n        The swallow skims the river\u2019s watery face;\n        The frogs renew the croaks of their loquacious race.\n        The careful ant her secret cell forsakes,\n        And drags her eggs along the narrow tracks.\n        At either horn the rainbow drinks the flood;\n        Huge flocks of rising rooks forsake their food,\n        And, crying, seek the shelter of the wood.\n        Above the rest the sun, who never lies,\n        Foretells the change of weather in the skies;\n        For if he rise unwillingly to his race,\n        Cloud on his brow and spots upon his face;\n        Or if through mist he shoots his sullen beams,\n        Frugal of light in loose and struggling streams,\n        Suspect a drizzling day; * * *\n        If fiery red his glowing globe descends,\n        High winds and furious tempests he portends;\n        But if his checks are swollen with livid blue,\n        He bodes wet weather by his watery hue;\n        If dusky spots are varied on his brow,\n        And streaked with red a troubled color show,\n        That shallow mixture shall at once declare,\n        Winds, rain, and storms, and elements at war.\n                                                      (Virgil.)\n\n\n              DR. JANNER\u2019S REASONS FOR NOT GOING HUNTING.\n\n         [From \u201cWeather Folk-Lore,\u201d by Rev. C. Swainson, M. A.]\n\n\n=Wind.=\n\nThe hollow winds begin to blow,\n\n\n=Clouds\u2014Barometer.=\n\nThe clouds look black, the glass is low,\n\n\n=Soot\u2014Dogs.=\n\nThe soot falls down, the spaniels sleep,\n\n\n=Spiders.=\n\nAnd spiders from their cobwebs peep.\n\n\n=Sun.=\n\nLast night the sun went pale to bed,\n\n\n=Moon.=\n\nThe Moon in halos hid her head. The boding shepherd heaves a sigh,\n\n\n=Rainbow.=\n\nFor, see! a rainbow spans the sky,\n\n\n=Walls\u2014Ditches.=\n\nThe walls are damp, the ditches smell,\n\n\n=Pimpernel.=\n\nClosed is the pink-eyed pimpernel.\n\n\n=Chairs and Tables.=\n\nHark! how the chairs and tables crack;\n\n\n=Joints.=\n\nOld Betty\u2019s joints are on the rack.\n\n\n=Ducks.=\n\nLoud quack the ducks, the peacocks cry,\n\n\n=Hills.=\n\nThe distant hills are looking nigh.\n\n\n=Swine.=\n\nHow restless are the snorting swine!\n\n\n=Flies.=\n\nThe busy flies disturb the kine,\n\n\n=Swallow.=\n\nLow o\u2019er the grass the swallow wings;\n\n\n=Cricket.=\n\nThe cricket, too, how sharp he sings;\n\n\n=Cat.=\n\n                 Puss on the hearth, with velvet paws,\n                 Sits wiping o\u2019er her whiskered jaws;\n\n\n=Fish.=\n\n               Through the clear streams the fishes rise,\n               And nimbly catch the incautious flies;\n\n\n=Glowworm.=\n\n                  The glow-worms, numerous and bright,\n                  Illumed the gloomy dell last night;\n\n\n=Toad.=\n\n                  At dusk the squalid toad was seen\n                  Hopping and crawling o\u2019er the green.\n\n\n=Dust.=\n\n                   The whirling dust the wind obeys,\n                   And in the rapid eddy plays;\n\n\n=Frog.=\n\n                 The frog has changed his yellow vest,\n                 And in a russet coat is dressed.\n\n\n=Air.=\n\nThough June, the air is cold and still,\n\n\n=Blackbird.=\n\nThe mellow blackbird\u2019s voice is shrill;\n\n\n=Dog.=\n\n                 My dog, so altered in his taste,\n                 Quits mutton-bones on grass to feast;\n\n\n=Rooks.=\n\n        And see yon rooks, how odd their flight,\n        They imitate the gliding kite,\n        And seem precipitate to fall\n        As if they felt the piercing ball.\n        \u2019Twill surely rain; I see, with sorrow,\n        Our jaunt must be put off to-morrow.\n                                                  (Dr. Janner.)\n\n\n=Wind.=\n\nEre the rising winds begin to roar,\n\n\n=Sea.=\n\nThe working seas advance to wash the shore;\n\n\n=Trees.=\n\nSoft whispers run along the leafy woods,\n\n\n=Mountains.=\n\nAnd mountains whistle to the murmuring floods.\n\n\n=Waves.=\n\n             E\u2019en then the doubtful billows scarce abstain\n             From the tossed vessel on the troubled main\n\n\n=Cormorants.=\n\n             When crying cormorants forsake the sea\n             And, stretching, to the covert wing their way;\n\n\n=Coots.=\n\nWhen sportful coots run skimming o\u2019er the strand;\n\n\n=Herons.=\n\n            When watchful herons leave their watery strand,\n            And mounting upwards, with erected flight,\n            Gain on the skies and soar above the sight;\n\n\n=Meteors.=\n\n           And oft before tempestuous winds arise\n           The seeming stars fall headlong from the skies,\n           And, shooting through the darkness, gild the night\n           With sweeping glories and long trains of light;\n\n\n=Chaff.=\n\nAnd chaff with eddy winds is whirled around,\n\n\n=Leaves.=\n\nAnd dancing leaves are lifted from the ground,\n\n\n=Feathers.=\n\nAnd floating feathers on the waters play;\n\n\n=Thunder.=\n\n            But when the winged thunder takes his way\n            From the cold north, and east and west engage,\n            And at their frontiers meet with equal rage,\n            The clouds are crushed; a glut of gathered rain\n            The hollow ditches fills and floats the plain,\n            And sailors furl their dripping sheets amain.\n\n\n=Rain.=\n\n            Wet weather seldom hurts the most unwise\u2014\n            So plain the signs, such prophets are the skies;\n\n\n=Crane.=\n\n              The wary crane foresees it first, and sails\n              Above the storm and leaves the lowly vales;\n\n\n=Cow.=\n\n            The cow looks up, and from afar can find\n            The change of heaven, and snuffs it in the wind;\n\n\n=Swallow.=\n\n               The swallow skims the river\u2019s watery face;\n\n\n=Frogs.=\n\n          The frogs renew the croaks of their loquacious race;\n\n\n=Ant.=\n\n              The careful ant her secret cell forsakes,\n              And drags her eggs along the narrow tracks.\n\nRainbow.\n\n              At either horn the rainbow drinks the flood.\n\n\n=Rooks.=\n\n            Huge flocks of rising rooks forsake their food,\n            And, crying, seek the shelter of the wood.\n\n\n=Water-fowl.=\n\n            Besides the several sorts of watery fowls\n            That swim the seas or haunt the standing pools,\n\n\n=Swans.=\n\n          The swans that sail along the silvery floods,\n          And dive with stretching necks to search their food,\n          Then lave their backs with sprinkling dews in vain,\n          And stem the stream to meet the promised rain;\n\n\n=Crow.=\n\n          The crow, with clamorous cries, the shower demands,\n          And single stalks along the desert sands;\n\n\n=Stars.=\n\n              The stars shine smarter, and the moon adorns\n\n\n=Moon.=\n\n             As with inborrowed beams her sharpened horns;\n\n\n=Gossamer.=\n\n                 The filmy gossamer now flits no more,\n\n\n=Halcyons.=\n\n              Nor halcyons bask on the short sunny shore;\n\n\n=Swine.=\n\n              Their litter is not tossed by sows unclean,\n\n\n=Mist.=\n\n           But a blue, droughty mist descends upon the plain,\n\n\n=Owls.=\n\n               And owls that mark the setting sun declare\n               A starlight evening and a morning fair.\n\n\n=Hawk and Lark.=\n\n           Towering aloft, avenging Nisus flies,\n           While dared below the guilty Scylla lies;\n           Wherever frightened Scylla flies away\n           Swift Nisus follows and pursues his prey;\n           Where injured Nisus takes his airy course,\n           Then trembling Scylla flies and shuns his course.\n           This punishment pursues the unhappy maid,\n           And thus the purple hair is dearly paid.\n\n\n=Ravens.=\n\n           Then thrice the ravens rend the liquid air,\n           And croaking notes proclaim the settled fair;\n           Then \u2019round their airy palaces they fly\n           To greet the sun; and, seized with secret joy,\n           When storms are overblown, with food repair\n           To their forsaken nests and callow care.\n           Not that I think their breasts with heavenly souls\n           Inspired, as man who destiny controls;\n           But, with the changeful temper of the skies,\n           As rains condense and sunshine rarefies,\n           So turn the species in their altered minds,\n           Composed by calms and discomposed by winds.\n\n\n=Birds.=\n\n            From hence proceeds the bird\u2019s harmonious voice,\n\n\n=Cows and Lambs.=\n\n         From hence the cows exult and frisking lambs rejoice.\n\n                               (Virgil.)\n\n\n=Goose-bone.=\n\nWhen the goose-bone exposed to air turns blue, it indicates rain.\n\nWhen the goose-bone exposed to air retains its color, expect clear\nweather.\n\n\n=Gossamer.=\n\nIn crossing the channel from Calais to Dover, I have observed that\ncaptains of vessels have sometimes foreboded fine settled weather from\nthe settling on the masts and rigging of a certain sort of web which we\ntake to be the woof of some spider, though we have observed it to alight\non the ships when some way out at sea. (Forster.)\n\n\n=Guitar Strings.=\n\nGuitar strings shorten before rain.\n\n\n=Headaches.=\n\nHeadaches often indicate a change of weather in persons subject to such\ncomplaints. Indeed, most periodical disorders seem to be connected with\nsome atmospheric changes. And it is very remarkable that they should so\noften have their worst paroxysms and the crisis of their terms about the\ntime of the conjunction and the opposition of the moon. (Forster.)\n\n\n=Hills.=\n\nDistant hills appear to be near just before rain.\n\n\n=Horses.=\n\nHorses sweating in the stable is a sign of rain.\n\n\n=Human Hair.=\n\nHuman hair (red) curls and kinks at the approach of a storm and\nrestraightens after the storm.\n\n\n=Indications of Clouds.=\n\nAfter fine weather the first signs in the sky of a coming change are\nusually light streaks, curls, wisps, or mottled patches of white distant\nclouds, which increase and are followed by an overcasting or murky vapor\nthat grows into cloudiness.\n\n\n=Lamp Wicks.=\n\nLamp wicks crackle, candles burn dim, soot falls down, smoke descends,\nwalls and pavements are damp, and disagreeable odors arise from ditches\nand gutters before rain.\n\nExcrescence forming about wicks of lamps and candles, which consume\ntheir fuel slowly, indicate rain.\n\n         The nightly virgin while her wheel she plies\n         Foresees the storm impending in the skies\n         When sparkling lamps their sputtering lights advance,\n         And in their sockets oily bubbles dance.\n\nLamps, from the manner in which they burn, forebode weather. Before rain\nthey burn less bright, the flame snaps and crackles, and a sort of\nfungous excrescence grows from the wicks, which Virgil was mindful to\nput among his prognostics of rain and wind. From this indicatorial\nproperty of the burning lights arose many superstitions relating to\nthem, as the blue color of the flame being a sign of ghost and death,\nand so on, of which the following explanation is already offered in the\nPerennial Calendar:\n\n\u201cNumerous were the omens attached by credulous persons in former days to\nthe manner in which candles burnt, and particularly to their flames.\nWhen they burned blue, it was accounted ill luck, or else that some\nghostly apparition was announced. Now when the brain and nervous system\nare in a certain state peculiarly favorable to spectral illusions, the\nimagination may easily color the flame of a candle, without its really\nchanging its tint; just as, in fevers, people see spots of color on the\nwall, or imagine insects on the bedclothes. For the same morbid\ncondition of the animal system which may cause persons to see the\nspectral prognostic, would in this case cause them to behold the\nsubsequent phantom, and thus the omen and its awful consequence would be\nviewed together to the support of superstition. Besides this, the\nparticular mode of burning observed in the wicks of lamps and candles is\nreally found to be caused by atmospherical peculiarities, and is a sure\nsign of rain.\u201d (Forster\u2019s Encyclop\u00e6dia of Natural Phenomena.)\n\n\n=Light.=\n\nRefractions of light of any remarkable kind frequently forebode rain,\nsometimes storms; at sea the knowledge of this is very useful. Circles\naround the sun and moon, mock suns, and other phenomena of this kind,\ntogether with the unusual elevation of distant coasts, masts of ships,\n&c., particularly when the refracted images are inverted, are known to\nbe frequent foreboders of stormy weather.\n\n\n=Long Island.=\n\nWhen Long Island comes up the harbor, expect a storm. (Connecticut.)\n\n\n=Lumen Lambens.=\n\nLumen Lambens is an electric light seen about plants of a summer\nevening, of which the particular indications as to the coming weather\nhave not been yet accurately discovered.\n\n\n=Matting.=\n\nThe matting on the floor is shrinking, dry weather may be expected. When\nmatting expands, expect wet weather.\n\n\n=Marigold.=\n\nWhen the marigold remains closed after 7 p. m., expect rain.\n\n\n=Night Clearing.=\n\nAfter a wet day the whole sky often clears at night. This is not a\ncertain sign of fair weather. The clouds may, and often do, form just as\nheavily after sunrise next morning.\n\n\n=Oak Trees.=\n\nWhen oak trees bend in January, good crops may be expected.\n\n\n=Ocean.=\n\nThere are various prognostics deducible from the appearance of the\nocean. When the surface of the sea is rough without any wind blowing at\nthe time, expect a gale before long; for the wind already blowing in\nsome distant part of the ocean is the cause of the swell imparted to the\nsea.\n\n\n=Pavements.=\n\nIf pavements appear rusty or if stoves or iron or steel rust during the\nnight, rain may be expected soon.\n\n\n=Pipes.=\n\nPipes for smoking tobacco become indicative of the state of the air.\nWhen the scent is longer retained than usual, and seems denser and more\npowerful, it often forebodes rain and wind.\n\n\n=Rain.=\n\nThe greater distinctness of distant objects indicates rain. The air\ngrows clear and distant objects are seen more clearly just before rain.\n\n\n=Rigging Rope.=\n\nThe rigging rope on vessels and clothes lines grows slack before rain.\n\n\n=Rheumatic.=\n\nRheumatic pains indicate bad weather.\n\n\n=Rocks.=\n\nRocks sweat before rain.\n\n\n=Ropes.=\n\nRopes difficult to untwist indicate bad weather.\n\n\n=Salt.=\n\nSaline impregnations deliquesce before rain. Salts become damp before\nrain.\n\n\n=Shifts of Wind.=\n\nThe most dangerous shifts of wind or the heaviest northerly gales happen\nsoon after the barometer first rises from a very low point, or, if the\nwind veers gradually, at some time afterwards.\n\n\n=Smoke.=\n\nSmoke frequently indicates the state of the air. A person being\naccustomed to take his pipe early in the morning will have occasion to\nobserve that when the smoke hangs a long while in the air, and scents\nthe place around where he has been smoking, a good hunting day always\nfollows. (Forster.)\n\nSmoke falling to the ground indicates rain.\n\nSmoke ascending indicates clear weather.\n\nWhen smoke rises from the bottom lands and goes to the mountain, expect\nan early winter. (Apache Indians.)\n\nWhen the sun presses the smoke out of chimneys, foul weather follows.\n\nWhen the smoke in clear weather rises vertically from the chimney, the\nweather will remain clear.\n\n\n=Snow.=\n\nIf snow falls in flakes which increase in size, expect a thaw.\n\n\n=Soap.=\n\nSoap covered with moisture indicates bad weather.\n\n\n=Soot.=\n\nWhen in cold weather the soot falls from the chimney, the weather will\nchange.\n\nFalling soot indicates bad weather.\n\nSoot burning on back of chimney indicates storms.\n\nWhen the soot on pots over the fire sparkles, rain follows.\n\n\n=Sound.=\n\n                     Sound travelling far and wide\n                     A stormy day will betide.\n\nWhen on calm days the sound is carried far, rain follows.\n\n\n=Sounds.=\n\nDistant sounds heard with distinctness during the day indicate rain.\n\n\n=Stones.=\n\nQuarries of stone and slate indicate rain by a moist exudation from the\nstones. This seems analogous to the dampness on stones, stone steps, and\nornaments, both of stone and of metal, before rain and in damp weather.\n\nStones sweating in the afternoon, the springs running flusher (commonly\ncalled earth sweat), such are atmospheric indications of rain.\n\n\n=Stringed Instruments.=\n\nStringed instruments giving forth clear, ringing sounds indicate fair\nweather.\n\n\n=Storm.=\n\nIt moderates to storm.\n\n\n=Stomach.=\n\nThis organ in persons of weak and irritable constitutions is often\nderanged at the change of the weather, and its digestive powers are more\nunder atmospherical influence than people are commonly aware of. Before\nstorms it is particularly liable to uneasy sensations.\n\n\n=Sweating Stones.=\n\nA sweating stone indicates rain.\n\n\n=Sweating Wall.=\n\nA sweating wall indicates rain.\n\n\n=Tables and Chairs.=\n\nThe cracking of tables and chairs indicates rain or frost.\n\n\n=Thunder.=\n\nAbundance depends upon sour milk; meaning that thunder-storms aid crops.\n\nThunder-storms almost always occur when the weather is hot for the\nseason; they are generally caused by a cold wind coming over a place\nwhere the air is much heated. They do not cool the air; it is the wind\nthat brings them which makes the weather cooler. If a thunder-storm\ncomes up from the east, the weather will not be cooler after it. This\nwill not happen till another storm comes up from the west.\nThunder-storms are more violent the greater the difference of\ntemperature between the two currents of wind which produce them.\n\n\n=Toothache.=\n\nToothache is often a forerunner of some change of weather, like other\npains, and particularly that species which depends on inflammation of a\ndiseased socket or gum. In certain kinds of weather, and particularly\nbefore rain or showers, decayed teeth and diseased gums are very uneasy,\nand the pain often ceases when the rain begins to fall. The periods of\nthat sort of toothache which depends on the exposure of the nerve in the\ncavity of the tooth seem to exist independently of any particular\nweather, and occur most frequently during the night, when the patient\nfirst gets warm in bed. The progress of this sort of toothache is often\nas follows: The pain after awhile becomes continuous instead of being\nperiodical, and by degrees subsides, but the socket then and ultimately\nthe gum become diseased, and are thence liable to be affected by the\nstate of the weather above described. (Forster\u2019s Encyclop\u00e6dia of Natural\nPhenomena.)\n\n\n=Tortoises.=\n\nTortoises creep deep into the ground so as to completely conceal\nthemselves from view when a severe winter is to follow. When a mild\nwinter is to follow they go down just far enough to protect the opening\nof their shells.\n\n\n=Trees.=\n\nTrees snapping and cracking in the fall indicates cold weather.\n\n\n=Vernal Equinox.=\n\nIf the wind is northeast at vernal equinox, it will be a good season for\nwheat and a poor one for corn; but if south or southwest, it will be\ngood for corn and bad for wheat.\n\n\n=Walls.=\n\nWhen in cold weather the walls begin to show dampness, the weather\nchanges.\n\n\n=Water Bubbles.=\n\nWhen water bubbles from the ground, expect rain on the following day.\n\n\n=Wells.=\n\nWater rising in wells and springs indicates approaching rain.\n\n\n=Wet and Dry.=\n\nDust in the wheat and dab in the oats\u2014that is, sow wheat in dry weather\nand sow oats at any time, even in wind.\n\n\n=Wheat and Corn.=\n\nIf the spring is dry, sow wheat; if it is wet, plant corn.\n\n\n=Wind.=\n\n                   The whirling wind the dust obeys,\n                   And in the rapid eddy plays.\n\n\n=Winter Storms.=\n\nIn winter, after the prevalence of easterly winds, if the barometer\nbegins to fall and the thermometer to rise, a gale which commences to\nblow from the southeast will veer to southwest, while the barometer\nfalls constantly. As soon as the wind passes the southwest point the\nbarometer begins to rise, a heavy shower of rain falls, and a strong\nwest-northwest or northwest wind may follow, after which the sky clears\nand the weather becomes colder.\n\n\n=Winter Storm.=\n\nIf in winter the barometer rises very high, and a thick fog sets in, it\nis a sure sign that the southwest and northeast winds are \u201cfighting each\nother.\u201d Neither of them can make head against the other, and there is a\ncalm, but there is a great danger of such a state or things being\nfollowed by a bad gale.\n\n\n=Winter.=\n\nSix weeks from the time snow is seen on Mount Mansfield, winter comes to\nstay.\n\n\n=Wood Fire.=\n\nWood-fire coals frequently snuffing during the winter months foretell\nsnow.\n\n\n                   269 WEST ELEVENTH STREET,\n                   _New York City, October 16, 1882_.\n\n                   Sergeant NEWLIN, _U. S. S. Office_,\n                   _Cleveland, Ohio_:\n\n  DEAR SIR: I send with this two selections, taken as stated. Although,\n  perhaps, not quite what you seek, there may be enough in them to\n  warrant your perusing. As to their fitness for the purposes you demand\n  I leave to you.\n\n  Trusting they may not be unacceptable, I am, very respectfully,\n\n                          Your obedient servant,\n\n                          CHAS. WARD RAYMOND.\n\n\nThe following poems are, perhaps, more curious than interesting. They\nafford, however, some idea of the superstitious dread with which the\nadvent of Christmas day must have been regarded in these early times,\nnot merely by the vulgar, but by all classes of our forefathers, for the\nFrancis Moores and Raphaels of the fifteenth century found even kings\nwilling believers in their extravagant predictions. From the allusions\nin each verse of the first poem to the risks that those who steal\nsubject themselves to, one would almost suppose thieving to have been\nthe fashionable vice of the age, practiced alike by both rich and poor,\nand that there was great need of such injunctions against it.\n\nBoth of these poems are from the same Harleian MS. in the British Museum\n(No. 2252, fols. 153\u20134). Christmas with the poets. London. David Bogue,\n86 Fleet street. 1855.\n\nI.\n\n               Lordlings, all of you I warn:\n               If the day that Christ was born\n               Fall upon a Sunday,\n               The winter shall be good I say,\n               But great winds aloft shall be;\n               The summer shall be fair and dry.\n               By kind skill and without loss,\n               Through all lands there shall be peace,\n               Good time for all things to be done,\n               But he that stealeth shall be found soon;\n               What child that day born may be,\n               A great lord he shall live to be.\n\n               If Christmas day on Monday be,\n               A great winter that year you\u2019ll see.\n               And full of winds, both loud and shrill,\n               But in the summer, truth to tell,\n               Stern winds shall there be and strong,\n               Full of tempests lasting long;\n               While battles they shall multiply,\n               And great plenty of beasts shall die.\n               They that be born that day I mean,\n               They shall be strong each one and keen.\n               He shall be found that stealeth ought,\n               Though thou be sick thou dieth not.\n\n               If Christmas day on Tuesday be,\n               That year shall many women die,\n               And that winter grow great marvels;\n               Ships shall be in great perils.\n               That year shall kings and lords be slain,\n               And many other people near them;\n               A dry summer that year shall be,\n               As all that are born therein may see;\n               They shall be strong and covetous.\n               If thou steal aught, thou losest thy life,\n               For thou shalt die through sword or knife\n               But if thou fall sick \u2019tis certain\n               Thou shalt turn to life again.\n\n               If Christmas day, the truth to say,\n               Fall upon a Wednesday,\n               There shall be a hard winter and strong,\n               With many hideous winds among.\n               The summer merry and good shall be,\n               And that year wheat in great plenty;\n               Young folks shall die that year, also,\n               And ships at sea shall have great woe.\n               Whatever child that day born is,\n               He shall be doughty and gay, I wis,\n               And wise and crafty also of deed,\n               And find many in clothes and bread.\n\n               If Christmas day on Thursday be\n               A windy winter you shall see;\n               Windy weather in each week,\n               And hard tempests strong and thick.\n               The summer shall be good and dry,\n               Corn and beasts shall multiply;\n               That year is good lands for to till;\n               Kings and princes shall die by skill.\n               If a child that day born should be,\n               It shall happen right well for thee;\n               Of deeds he shall be good and stable,\n               Wise of speech and reasonable.\n               Whoso that day goes thieving about,\n               He shall be punished without doubt;\n               And if sickness that day betide\n               It shall quickly from thee glide.\n\n               If Christmas day on Friday be,\n               The first of winter hard shall be;\n               With frost and snow, and with great flood,\n               But the end thereof it shall be good.\n               Again, the summer shall be good also;\n               Folk in their eyes shall have great woe;\n               Women with child, beasts, and corn,\n               Shall multiply and be lost none.\n               The child that is born on that day,\n               Shall live long and lecherous be alway.\n               Who stealeth ought shall be found out;\n               If thou be sick it lasteth not.\n\n               If Christmas day on Saturday fall,\n               That winter\u2019s to be dreaded by all;\n               It shall be so full of great tempest,\n               That it shall slay both man and beast;\n               Great store shall fail of fruit and corn,\n               And old folk die many a one.\n               What woman that day of child doth travail,\n               She shall give birth in great peril;\n               And children born that day by faith,\n               In half a year shall meet with death.\n               The summer shall be wet and ill;\n               Thou shalt suffer if aught thou steal;\n               Thou diest of sickness do thee take.\n\nII.\n\n              If Christmas day on the Sunday be,\n              A troublous winter ye shall see,\n                  Mingled with waters strong;\n              Good there shall be without fable,\n              For the summer shall be reasonable,\n                  With storms at times among.\n\n              Wines that year shall all be good,\n              The harvest shall be wet with flood,\n                  Pestilence shall fall on many a country;\n              Ere that sickness shall have past,\n              And while great tempests last,\n                  Many young people dead shall be.\n\n              Princes that year with iron shall die,\n              There shall be changing of many lords high,\n                  Amongst knights great debate,\n              Many tidings shall come to men,\n              Many wives shall be weeping then,\n                  Both of poor and great estate.\n\n              The faith shall then be hurt truly,\n              For divers points of heresy\n                  That shall then appear,\n              Through the tempting of the fiend;\n              And divers matters unkind,\n                  Shall bring great danger near.\n\n              Cattle shall thrive one and the other,\n              Save oxen, they shall kill each other;\n                  And some beasts they shall die;\n              Both fruit and corn will not be good,\n              Apples will be scarce for food,\n                  And ships shall suffer on the sea.\n\n              That year on Monday, without fearing\n              All things well thou mayst begin,\n                  They shall be profitable;\n              Children that on this day are born,\n              I\u2019 faith shall mighty be and strong,\n                  Of wit full reasonable.\n\n\n=East Wind.=\n\nA change of wind, particularly a change from any other quarter to east,\nmakes most people feel uncomfortable, and produces headaches in persons\nwho are subject to them. Similar changes have the most violent effects\nwhen they happen about the new or full moon. It is difficult to\nascertain in what degree the directions and changes of wind are under\nthe influence of electricity, but there are many circumstances which\nwould incline one to believe that these changes are dependent on some\nsimilar principle to that which causes atmospheric diseases in the human\nbody, for certain winds, as well as certain changes of wind, are known\nto produce epidemics in many countries where violent atmospherical\ncomplaints prevail; and in every country of the world I believe the east\nwind is almost proverbially unhealthy. Casual changes to east produce\nheadache and nervous complaints, and a long-continued wind from that\nquarter produces an unwholesome season. Another curious thing is, that\nwith east winds good astronomical observations cannot be made, the\nluminous objects seeming to dance or wave about in the field of the\ntelescope. (Atmospheric Phenomena\u2014Forster.)\n\n\n=Shooting Stars a Prognostic of Bad Weather.=\n\nThe connection between shooting stars and bad weather, mentioned by many\nancient writers, will appear probable if we consider certain facts\nestablished in the domain of modern science. Of all the various theories\nadvanced to explain this startling phenomenon (termed meteor, fire-ball,\nshooting-star, moon-stone, sun-stone), that seems to be the most\nprobable which considers them planetary bodies of very small size,\ncirculating in an orbit round the sun, as our earth, and getting into\nthat of the latter, entangled by her attraction, which occasionally\nbrings down some of them upon her surface. Numerous planetary bodies,\ncalled Ceres, Pallas, &c., exist between Mars and Jupiter, and similar\nbodies of smaller dimensions may exist between the earth and its\nneighbors in the solar system.\n\nPeriodicy is a great fact in cosmical arrangements, and this phenomenon\nof shooting stars, &c., is strikingly periodical. Induced, apparently,\nby certain popular weather maxims among the French, M. C. St. Claire\nDeville has investigated the subject, and his conclusions are positive\nas to the \u201cperturbations of the earth\u2019s temperature,\u201d coincident with\nthe phenomenon as noticed from time immemorial in about the first\nfortnight of February, May, August, and November. M. Deville even\nventures upon general conclusions from the fact. He says: \u201cDo not all\nthese considerations almost necessarily lead us to infer the influence\nof these critical periods, by their sudden variations of temperature,\nnot only on the health of the vegetable creation, but that of the human\nrace? Should we not examine the registers of hospitals, to see if\ncertain diseases are not more frequent on certain days of certain years?\nCan we not even go back to the past and see, in the history and\nchronicles of past ages, if there are some traces of periodicy in\ncertain great perturbations in the health of nations like the two\ninvasions of cholera, which perhaps by chance occurred in 1832 and in\n1849, about the center of the two critical periods, and which came from\nthe north like the aurora borealis, since it seems, also, that it is\nthese great atmospheric waves that propagate the perturbations of\ntemperature?\u201d In confirmation of this view we may notice the cattle\nplague, and the cholera still hovering over us and likely to recommence\nits ravages.\n\nProfessor Erman, of Berlin, writing to Arago, in 1840, said that \u201cthe\ntwo swarms or currents of asteroids (planetary bodies) which the earth\nmeets on the ecliptic, respectively, about the 10th of August and the\n13th of November, annually intervene between the earth and the sun, the\nfirst in the days between the 5th and 11th of February, the second from\nthe 10th to 15th of May. Each of these conjunctions annually causes at\nthose dates a very remarkable extinction of the heating ray of the sun,\nand thereby lowers the temperature at all points of the surface of the\nglobe.\u201d\n\nWith respect to the November display of the phenomenon, it appears that\nits maximum was in 1799 and in 1833. Since then it has almost entirely\nceased, but according to the prediction of Olbers it will resume the\nascendant in 1867. Humboldt and others have reported on these displays,\nbut that of the night of the 12th and 13th of November, 1833, in the\nUnited States, as described by Olmstead, needs only to be mentioned for\nour present purpose. No less than 300,000 masses, forming parts of the\nsolar system, passed through that part of our terrestrial atmosphere\nwhich was visible at Boston, Mass.\n\n\u201cIt was supposed that they were only stopped in the atmosphere and\nprevented from reaching the earth by transferring their motion to\ncolumns of air, large volumes of which they would suddenly and violently\ndisplace.\n\n\u201cIt was remarked that the state of the weather and the condition of the\nseasons following this meteoric shower were just such as might have been\nanticipated from these disturbing circumstances of the atmospheric\nequilibrium.\u201d\n\nM. C. Gravier believes that meteors show the direction of the coming\nwind; that their slow motion foretells a calm to ensue, or to continue\nif it exists; in fact, he says they are our weather-cocks and\nanemometers in the upper regions of the sky. He predicts that the rest\nof the present year (1866) will be more dry than wet, and the\ntemperature above the average.\n\nOur object in this article is merely to draw attention to the critical\nperiods. It is obvious that if the passage of these meteors take place\nby day we cannot see them, so that their non-appearance is no reason why\nwe should not be on our guard. From a list of storms obligingly given us\nby the meteorologic office as having in past years occurred at or about\nsome of the periods we have named, and from our own investigations, we\nbelieve that the subject is worthy of attention, suggestive of caution\nat those critical periods, and altogether deserving a more lengthy\nconsideration than we can give it in our limited space on this occasion.\n\nDuring the great Barbadoes hurricane, August 10, 1831, fiery meteors\nfell perpendicularly from a vast height. The correspondence of the date,\nAugust 10th, is striking, and all are familiar with the great \u201cNovember\nAtmospheric Wave,\u201d and its storms, especially the great Crimean\nhurricane of disastrous memory (November 14, 1855). (Manual of\nWeathercasts, by Andrew Steinmetz.)\n\nThe following interesting report relative to weather prognostics of the\nZu\u00f1i Indians was furnished by Mr. G. H. Cushing, assistant ethnologist\nof the Smithsonian Institution:\n\n\n             ZU\u00d1I, NEW MEXICO,\n             _September 29, 1882_.\n\n             D. D. GRAHAM, Esq.,\n             _Acting subagent of the Zu\u00f1i Pueblo Indians_:\n\nDEAR SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith a few hastily-prepared\nstatements from my notes relative to the weather prognostics, proverbs,\n&c., of the Zu\u00f1i Indians:\n\nWith these Indians the study of weather, both from practical and\nsuperstitious standpoints, has been the result of necessity, the growth\nof generations. It is therefore no matter of surprise that the\naccompanying questions penetrate a rich domain with them of research.\n\nIndeed, nothing short of a moderately lengthy treatise would do the\nsubject, which is withal popularly a most interesting one, justice.\n\nZu\u00f1i worship, like that of the ancient Greeks, relates principally to\nthis life.\n\nTo this life water is considered the greatest of necessities and\nblessings. Hence, rain, the clouds, springs, and all beings, things, and\nphenomena related to them, are regarded as sacred. A better\nunderstanding of this may be gleaned from the fact that in Zu\u00f1i\nmythology the sky and the celestial bodies, many terrestrial objects,\nand all phenomena of either, are regarded not less than all organized\nbeings as animate and conscious existences, the whole, including man,\nbeing denominated _\u00e1 h\u00e2 i_, or, The Beings. The greater number of the\nlatter are included under two great classes:\n\n           1. Kia-pin = \u00e1-h\u00e2-i; and\n           2. Ki\u00e4-sh\u00ebm = \u00e1-h\u00e2-i; the former signifying\u2014\n           1. Beings (belonging) _to_ water, and the latter,\n           2. Beings of the water.\n\nThese _beings_, as above explained, include all _phenomena_ or _objects_\nconnected with water, are supposed to control greatly the weather, &c.;\nhence the sayings relative to them and their influence are legion.\n\nI have selected only a few of the principal of these, illustrative\nmerely of the questions which I find in General Hazen\u2019s blank,\nregretting that lack of time does not permit of a more exhaustive\ntreatment of his subject.\n\nIn order that a few examples of the original Zu\u00f1i may be given with the\nEnglish renditions, I have answered the questions on a separate piece of\npaper, indicating them by their number, as given in General Hazen\u2019s\nblank.\n\n\n=1. The Sun.=\n\n\u201cY\u00e4 to k\u2019ia ki\u00e1 kwap, i lo na kia n\u00e1, thli to n\u00ec \u00e4 hi ha.\u201d (When the sun\nis in his house (i. e., in a halo or circle) cloud it will, rain will\ncome soon.)\n\n\u201cY\u00e4 to k\u2019ia kwa k\u2019ets a nam hortil k wa t\u00e2p, i tchi tin g\u00e4 mu k\u2019ia ni\nha, thli te kwa ni k\u2019ia n\u00e1.\u201d (When the sun sets unhappily (with a\nhaze-veiled face) then will the morning be angry with wind, storm, and\nsand.)\n\n\n=2. The Moon.=\n\nThe moon, being a deity of the lives of men, does not belong to the\n\u201c_k\u2019i\u00e4 she ma h\u00e2i_;\u201d hence the proverbs relative to her, the legion,\nhave little connection with weather prognostics. Two, however, are very\noften repeated: Y\u00e4 o non kia kwop, \u00ed lo na kia n\u00e1, thli to kiaw i a ni\nha; meaning, the moon, if in house be, cloud it will, rain soon will\ncome. Y\u00e4 o non an no pon i shi la a kiap (the moon, her face, if red\nbe), ki\u00e4 sh\u00eb ma an te peie \u00e1 (of water speaks she). The changes in the\nmoon indicate rather changes in the affairs of men than in weather.\n\n\n=3. The Stars.=\n\nWith the exception of six of the stars, viz: of the north, of the west,\nof the south, of the morning, of the evening, of the zenith, and of the\nlower regions (or horizon), the smaller celestial bodies relate also\nmore to the affairs of men than to the weather. These six are spoken of\nas are the sun and moon. There is, however, one proverb which differs\nfrom those of the latter: Morg\u00e4 tchu we in sha na \u00ed mup, a li hortel t\u00e9\nk\u2019ia na. The stars sit still if they do (the times) to be pleasant are.\n(When the stars sit still the times are to be pleasant).\n\n\n=4. The Rainbow.=\n\nA mi to lan u ha \u00ed ton illi; thli to i peyu \u00e1. (The rainbow has but a\nbad character: she ever commands the rains to cease.)\n\n\n=5. The Fogs.=\n\nShi wai a horthl y\u00ebil la ke\u2019a \u00e1 pei ni up, t\u00e9 ts\u00ef ti i h\u00e1. (When the\nmist rolls down from the mountains, cold will it be.)\n\n\n=6. The Dew.=\n\n\u201cWhen the dew is seen shining on the leaves, So ho! the mist rolled down\nfrom the mountains last night, &c.\u201d (See proverbs relating to fog.)\n\n\n=7. The Clouds.=\n\n\u201cWhen the clouds rise in terraces of white, soon will the country of the\ncorn-priests be pierced with the arrows of rain.\u201d\n\n\u201cWhen the clouds rise in balls of blue mist from the horizon, snow will\nsoon whiten the country of the corn-priests.\u201d\n\n\n=8. The Frost.=\n\nWith the coming of the frost grows the corn old.\n\n\n=9. The Snow.=\n\n\u201cIf much snow be spread on the mountains in winter, the season of\nplanting will be made blue with verdure.\u201d\n\n\n=10. The Rain.=\n\n\u201cWith the north rain leaves the harvest.\u201d\n\nThe west rain, it comes from the world of waters to moisten the home of\nthe Shi wi (Zu\u00f1i).\n\nThe south rain brings with it the beautiful odors of the hand of\neverlasting summer and brightens the leaves of growing things.\n\n\u201cWith the rain of the northeast comes the ice fruit (hail).\u201d\n\n\n=11. The Thunder.=\n\n\u201cThe distant thunder speaks of coming rain.\u201d\n\nWith the first thunder the Beloved (gods of rain) open their portals.\n\nIt first thunders in the north: Aha! the bear has stretched his left leg\nin his winter bed.\n\nIt first thunders in the west: Aha! the bear has stretched his left arm\nin his winter bed.\n\nIt first thunders in the south: Aha! the bear has stretched his right\nleg in his winter bed.\n\nIt first thunders in the east: Aha! the bear has stretched his right\narm, and comes forth, and then winter is over.\n\n\n=12. The Winds.=\n\nWind from the north, cold and snow.\n\nWind from the western rim of the northland, snow.\n\nWind from the world of waters, clouds.\n\nWind from the southern rim of the world of waters, rain.\n\nWind from the land of the beautiful red, lovely odors, and rain.\n\nWind from the wooded ca\u00f1ons, rain and mist-clouds.\n\nWind from the land of day it is the breath of health, and brings the\ndays of long life.\n\nWinds from the lands of cold, the rain before which flees the harvest.\nWinds from the lands of cold, the fruit of ice.\n\nWinds from the right hand of the west is the breath of the god of\nsand-clouds.\n\n\n=13. Zoothistic Prognostics.=\n\nI am compelled to leave this department, from want of detailed notes,\nalmost untouched, although there is scarcely an action of the animals\nwithout its interpretation, either relative to weather or to the affairs\nof men.\n\n\n=14. Bats.=\n\nBats who speak flying, tell of rain for to-morrow.\n\n\n=15. Birds.=\n\nWhen chimney swallows circle and call, they speak of rain.\n\nWhen the bluebirds twitter and sing, they call to one another of rain.\n\nWhen the summer birds take their flight, goes the summer with them.\n\n\n=16. Frogs.=\n\nWhen the frogs warble, they herald the rain.\n\n\n=17. Butterfly.=\n\nWhen the butterfly comes, comes also the summer.\n\nWhen the flowers dry up, the birds of summer flee. See also proverbs\nrelative to summer birds (15).\n\nWhen the world is damp, spring the seeds of the beloved (mushrooms and\nother apparently spontaneous growths).\n\n18. \u201cWhen the locks of the Navajos grow damp in the scalp-house, surely\nit will rain.\u201d\n\nThe seasons in Zu\u00f1i are only three\u2014spring, summer, and winter. They are\nsupposed to result from the change of weather and the will of the sun;\nhence are themselves prognosticated.\n\nThe months are lunar, and there are no days of the Christian week, save\nSunday, when the Indians cannot trade, and which for this reason they\nknow of.\n\nRelative to proverbs of the months and seasons, I can only say there are\nmany, but, as in the case with other matters above alluded to, they are\nrather relative to the affairs of life (mostly sacred obligations and\nobservances) than to weather and agricultural operations.\n\n                        Very respectfully,\n\n                        G. H. CUSHING,\n                        _Assistant Ethnologist_.\n\n\n\n\n                                PART II.\n\n\nINSTRUMENTAL AND OTHER LOCAL INDICATIONS OF APPROACHING STORMS.\n\n[Compiled from reports made to the Chief Signal Officer by observers of\nthe Signal Service, U. S. A.]\n\n\n=Albany, N. Y.=\n\nStorms set in with southerly winds, and are always preceded by falling\nbarometer, and usually by falling temperature, with nimbus or\ncumulo-stratus clouds.\n\n\n=Alpena, Mich.=\n\nCirrus, cirro-cumulus or cirro-stratus clouds in upper, and a dull haze\nin lower atmosphere. Lower winds from westerly direction, falling\nbarometer and rising temperature.\n\n\n=Atlantic City, N. J.=\n\nCoronas and halos; prevalent haziness in lower atmosphere; cirro-stratus\nclouds; unusual amount of humidity; stationary barometer occurring after\neither a considerable rise or fall of the mercury; backing winds.\n\n\n=Augusta, Ga.=\n\nSlowly falling barometer, with rising temperature, and wind from the\neast or southeast, usually indicates rain, which continues until wind\nveers to the west or northwest; cirro-stratus clouds precede wind and\nrain, and are frequently noted from one to three days in advance.\n\n\n=Baltimore, Md.=\n\nGeneral storms by very high barometer, dense haze, light, variable winds\nfrom east or northeast.\n\nSoutheast and southwest storms preceded by high temperature, low\nbarometer, and brisk northwest winds.\n\nLocal storms preceded by unusually high temperature, cumulus clouds, and\nrapidly falling barometer.\n\n\n=Fort Benton, Montana Ter.=\n\nWind storms, preceded by low barometer, low humidity, cirrus or cumulus\nclouds, with wind from west or southwest, generally the latter.\n\nRain, preceded by cumulo-stratus clouds, with wind from west to north\nand northeast, barometer moderately low, remaining stationary during\nstorm.\n\nSnow-storm, same condition as rain, except that barometer falls and\nstratus clouds prevail.\n\n\n=Bismarck, Dak.=\n\nRapidly falling barometer, rising temperature, and light southerly winds\nindicate rain or snow, according to season of year.\n\nFalling barometer, rising temperature, with wind from northeast or east,\nindicate snow.\n\nFine cirrus and cirro-stratus, floating low, presage wind.\n\nHaze in night or early morning, or cumulus clouds, sharp and well\ndefined, moving from west or southwest, indicate fair weather.\n\nWhen snow is falling, and the wind backs from east to north, with\ndecreasing velocity, clear weather may be expected.\n\n\n=Breckenridge, Minn.=\n\nSudden movement of barometer in either direction, rising temperature,\nlight cumulus clouds, with northwest wind, precede wind-storms.\n\nSudden depression of barometer, rising temperature, cumulus or\ncumulo-stratus clouds, with southeast wind, precede rain or snow storms.\n\nAn approaching storm is indicated by unusual clearness of the\natmosphere, and frequently by lunar halos.\n\n\n=Buffalo, N. Y.=\n\nRising barometer, with comparatively clear sky, mild temperature and\nlight to fresh winds from west to southwest.\n\nLight cirrus or cirro-stratus clouds move from the west, apparently very\nhigh in the atmosphere; humidity and wind decrease, and occasionally a\ncalm ensues. This is followed by light winds from northeast, east, or\nsoutheast. Barometer begins to fall, and temperature to rise slowly;\nhumidity increases steadily; cumulus clouds appear, moving slowly from\nwest or southwest, and are soon followed by cumulo-stratus; wind\nincreases in velocity, and shortly before precipitation occurs a dense\nwhite vapor, resembling haze, and moving with the surface current,\ngradually covers the whole sky.\n\nWind-storms are preceded by unusually rapid barometric depression,\nincrease in temperature and humidity, stratus or cumulo-stratus clouds,\nwith southwest winds. Water at the head of Lake Erie rises in advance of\nthe storm.\n\n\n=Burlington, Vt.=\n\nRapidly falling barometer, rising temperature, and cumulo-stratus or\nstratus clouds, with wind from south or southwest.\n\n\n=Cairo, Ill.=\n\nFalling barometer, rising temperature, stratus or cumulo-stratus, with\nwind from the south or southwest, precede rain; wind-storms are preceded\nby rising barometer, falling temperature, and cirro-stratus clouds, with\nbrisk wind from west or northwest. Well-defined lunar halos are followed\nby rain.\n\n\n=Cape Henry, Va.=\n\nNortheast storms are preceded by rapidly rising barometer and upper\nclouds (usually cirrus), moving rapidly from northeast in long white\nsheets changing to stratus in short time, and covering the whole sky.\n\nSoutheast storms are preceded by rapidly falling barometer, unusually\nlow humidity and variable southwest winds. Heavy ocean-swell in advance\nof storm and from same direction in which storm is advancing.\n\n\n=Cape Hatteras, N. C.=\n\nWinter rain storms preceded by rapidly falling barometer and heavy\ncirro-stratus clouds, with wind from southeast or southwest.\n\nUpper clouds moving from southwest indicate rain, but if from west or\nnorthwest, fair weather.\n\nHeavy ocean-swell from southeast indicates rain from that direction.\nWind storms preceded by dense haze, rapidly falling barometer, and\nrising temperature with southerly winds and with northerly winds, rising\nbarometer, and falling temperature with low humidity.\n\n\n=Cape May, N. J.=\n\nEasterly storms are generally preceded from twelve to twenty-four hours\nby an unusually clear atmosphere, with high barometer and temperature.\nLight winds prevail and mirage in various forms, but more particularly\nthe variety known as \u201cloom,\u201d which enlarges distant objects in such a\nmanner as to render distance very deceptive. The sea comes in with a\nlong, heavy, easterly, ground swell, and a decided increase occurs in\nthe rise of the tides. An unusual twinkling of stars is observed, and a\nlarger number of them are visible, extending nearly to the horizon. The\nfirst clouds are generally cirrus, from the west or southwest, followed\noften by haze, which gradually thickens and lowers into a stratus,\nforming a heavy bank in the southwest, which gradually extends over and\ninto the northeast, the whole mass deepening and lowering until nimbus\nclouds form and appear moving with the wind. Storms of the greatest\nseverity and duration are generally with the wind from north-northeast\nto east-northeast, and rapidly increase in violence. They are attended\nwith, or preceded by, a rapid depression of the barometer. Temperature\nrises for a veering, and falls for a backing, wind.\n\nEasterly storms, slowly forming, are attended by moderate winds.\n\nStorms from the southeast are often violent, but of short duration,\nlasting only from six to twelve hours, and shifting suddenly to the\nopposite direction.\n\n\n=Charleston, S. C.=\n\nDuring the months of April, May, June, July, August, and September,\nstorms are preceded by slowly diminishing pressure, rising temperature,\nincreasing humidity, and cumulus clouds, with wind from the west and\nnorthwest.\n\nWinter storms come from the northeast and southeast. Those from the\nnortheast are preceded, for several days, by brisk wind from that\ndirection, rapidly rising barometer, slowly falling temperature,\nincreasing humidity, with stratus clouds moving slowly from the\nnortheast until the whole sky is covered and a dense mist begins to\nfall, which soon becomes rain as the clouds approach the earth. Storms\nfrom the southeast are the most dangerous. They are preceded by light\nand variable southeast winds, falling barometer, and rising temperature.\nThe day immediately preceding the storm is generally a fine one, with a\nfew cirrus or cirro-stratus clouds, increasing humidity, wind variable,\nand rising slowly.\n\n\n=Cheyenne, W. T.=\n\nRain storms are preceded by a low barometer from twenty-four to\nforty-eight hours before their arrival, with wind from southeast, east,\nnortheast, and north.\n\nSnow-storms strike the station from southwest, northwest, or north, all\nstorms of magnitude coming from the latter direction.\n\nWind-storms are preceded by a low barometer, with much briefer warning\nthan in the case of rain and snow storms, often occurring within two or\nthree hours after the first instrumental premonition. Temperature rises\nand humidity increases; cirrus clouds move from west to northwest.\n\n\n=Cincinnati, Ohio.=\n\nOrdinary rain storms, preceded by falling barometer, increased\ntemperature, hazy atmosphere, cirrus clouds, and northeast wind.\n\n\n=Corsicana, Tex.=\n\nApproach of norther indicated by bank of clouds in north or northwest\nwhen the balance of sky is clear.\n\nGentle or brisk east wind precedes rain. Southwest or west wind\nindicates the approach of clear, dry weather.\n\n\n=Davenport, Iowa.=\n\nRain storms generally preceded by an east, southeast, or south wind.\n\nWind storms preceded by steadily falling barometer, with light wind from\nsouthwest.\n\n\n=Denver, Colo.=\n\nFalling barometer, rising temperature, cirro-stratus clouds, with\nwesterly winds. Most reliable indications of storms are seen to the\nnorth and west on the mountains. A cap of clouds on the high peaks, or\nlow cumuli below the summits, presage rain or snow. For wind, a black\nwall of cloud generally forms between high peaks and the foot-hills,\ncompletely hiding the peaks and extending only five or ten degrees above\nthe horizon.\n\n\n=Detroit, Mich.=\n\nFalling barometer from twelve to twenty-four hours in advance of storm,\nwith wind from southeast or northeast.\n\n\n=Dodge City, Kans.=\n\nFalling barometer, with light southeast wind, hazy atmosphere, cirrus\nclouds, and low humidity.\n\n\n=Dubuque, Iowa.=\n\nWind storms preceded by rapid fall of barometer, with cirro-stratus and\nstratus clouds moving from the west; wind changeable, backing from\nsoutheast to west.\n\nRain storms preceded by slowly falling barometer and large masses of\ncirrus and cirro-cumulus moving from southeast. Surface winds southwest,\nsouth, and southeast.\n\n\n=Duluth, Minn.=\n\nNortheast storms, preceded by hazy atmosphere and fog over the lake, the\nformer turning to stratus and the latter to nimbus cloud as storm\napproaches. Falling barometer, increasing humidity, and falling\ntemperature.\n\nNorthwest storms by low and falling barometer, rising temperature, high\nand increasing humidity, with cumulus and cumulo-stratus clouds. This\nclass of storms most frequent in winter and spring.\n\nNorthern storms by falling barometer, falling temperature, increasing\nhumidity, and cumulus clouds; most frequent in winter, and accompanied\nby snow.\n\nSouthern storms by falling barometer, rising temperature, increasing\nhumidity, with hazy atmosphere.\n\nEastern storms by high and rising barometer, rising temperature,\nincreasing humidity, with stratus clouds.\n\nWestern storms by falling barometer, high or rising temperature, and\nhumidity, with heavy banks of stratus clouds in western sky. Occur at\nall seasons of year.\n\nFogs are usually followed by rain within twenty-four hours.\n\n\n=Eastport, Me.=\n\nNortheast storms are preceded by slowly falling barometer, falling\ntemperature, stratus clouds in the east, which spread over the entire\nsky.\n\nSoutheast storms are preceded by heavy fall of barometer, falling\ntemperature, increasing humidity, stratus clouds, and detached \u201cscud,\u201d\nwith wind shifting from east to southeast.\n\nIn summer a continuance of southeast wind is followed by rain. Sea-gulls\ngather together in flocks near the shore, uttering a peculiar cry.\n\n\n=Erie, Pa.=\n\nStorms from north, northwest, and west are preceded by falling\nbarometer, brisk to high southerly winds, rising temperature, and\nincreasing humidity.\n\nStorms from the southwest to southeast are preceded by slowly falling\nbarometer, rising temperature. With steady south wind at any season of\nthe year rain is probable within twelve hours.\n\n\n=Fort Gibson, Indian Ter.=\n\nFalling barometer, rising temperature and low humidity, the latter\nforming an important element. If wind veers suddenly from southwest to\nwest, rain follows; if this change occurs slowly, wind follows.\n\nCirro stratus changing to cumulo-stratus twenty-four to forty-eight\nhours in advance of storm.\n\n\n=Fort Sully, Dak.=\n\nRapidly rising and very high barometer, low temperature, cirrus or cirro\nstratus clouds moving from the north or northwest, with surface wind\nfrom southeast, backing to north and northwest. High summer temperature,\nusually followed by brisk and high south and southeast wind.\n\n\n=Galveston, Tex.=\n\n\u201cNorthers,\u201d preceded by slowly falling barometer, decreasing humidity,\nwind south or southeast, veering to north, with cirrus or cirro-cumulus\nclouds moving from west or northwest.\n\n\n=Indianapolis, Ind.=\n\nSudden storms, by sudden fall of barometer, increase of temperature,\nhigh humidity, with haze in lower and cirrus clouds in upper atmosphere,\nmoving from the west.\n\nWinter storms, by high and rising barometer, rising temperature, low\nhumidity, cirrus and cirro-stratus clouds moving from the west. These\nfollowed by falling barometer, with wind veering to east and southeast,\nand stratus clouds.\n\n\n=Indianola, Tex.=\n\n\u201cNorthers\u201d are preceded by protracted southeast winds, rapid rise of\nbarometer from four to six hours in advance of storm, high humidity,\nwith cirrus clouds moving from the west.\n\n\n=Jacksonville, Fla.=\n\nFalling barometer and rising temperature from four to six days in\nadvance of storm. Hazy atmosphere, wind north to northeast, cirrus\nclouds moving from west and southwest; wind veering to east, southeast,\nand southwest.\n\n\n=Keokuk, Iowa.=\n\nFalling barometer and cirrus clouds, with fresh easterly wind, precede\nrain or snow, according to season.\n\n\n=Key West, Fla.=\n\n\u201cNorthers,\u201d from October to May, preceded by hazy atmosphere, easterly\nwinds veering to southerly, cirrus, cirro-stratus, and cirro-cumulus\nclouds, moving slowly from the southwest and west, and finally a bank of\nstratus clouds in the western horizon, apparently stationary. Falling\nbarometer, high and rising temperature and humidity.\n\nCyclones from July to November are preceded by northerly and easterly\nfresh and brisk winds, drizzling rains at intervals, for several days,\nlow and nearly stationary barometer, steady, high temperature, dark scud\nflying low, with surface wind, and cirrus, cirro-stratus, and\ncirro-cumulus clouds above, moving slowly from the south and west. The\nheight and action of barometer and state of weather are the most notable\nsigns.\n\nRain storms prevail from May to November, are preceded by hazy, close\natmosphere, average low barometer, high temperature, rising of \u201cthunder\nheads\u201d in the horizon in the direction from which rain is to be\nexpected, with an almost imperceptible motion and an appreciable fall of\nbarometer, several hours before storm approaches.\n\n\n=Knoxville, Tenn.=\n\nBarometer moves rapidly for a storm of short duration, temperature\nrises, wind from east-southeast, south and southwest, from eight to\ntwenty-four hours previously, with upper clouds moving from the west,\nwind stronger and of greater duration, with rising rather than falling\nbarometer. Rapid movement of cirro-stratus clouds indicates wind, but is\nseldom observed.\n\n\n=La Crosse, Wis.=\n\nBarometer falls steadily for twenty-four hours, with rising temperature,\nincreased humidity, and cirro-stratus clouds before rain. Wind storms\nsame as above, with addition of cirrus of great elevation moving in\nopposite direction to surface wind, and apparently highly electrified.\nWinter storms are preceded by gentle south or southwest wind, veering to\nnorth or northeast.\n\n\n=Leavenworth, Kans.=\n\nRain storms are preceded from twelve to forty-eight hours by barometer\nfalling steadily, increasing humidity, high temperature, with wind east\nor south, cirro-stratus clouds in southern or western horizon, and\neastern horizon obscured by haze.\n\nRed sky at sunrise indicates strong winds; if humidity is much below the\nmean, the color is usually a brilliant scarlet; if humidity is high, the\ncolor is more crimson, with a purple tinge and rain follows. When wind\nbacks from northwest to southwest, clear weather follows.\n\n\n=Lexington, Ky.=\n\nLocal storms are preceded by falling barometer, unusually high\ntemperature, low humidity, and cumulus clouds; northwest storms, by\nfalling barometer, cirrus clouds and wind veering to east; southwest\nstorms, by falling barometer, unusually high temperature with wind\nbacking to east and northeast.\n\n\n=Louisville, Ky.=\n\nBarometer falling slowly for forty-eight hours, unusually high\ntemperature and humidity, cirro-stratus clouds in morning for two or\nthree days in advance of storm, and light south wind.\n\nWinter storms are generally from the northwest, with falling barometer\nfor twenty-four hours in advance.\n\n\n=Long Branch, N. J.=\n\nFor northeast storm, falling barometer, rising temperature,\ncirro-cumulus or cirro-stratus clouds, moving from west or southwest\nwith lower atmosphere hazy. If wind backs to northeast from southwest,\nprecipitation is greater than when it veers to the same quarter. For\neastern storms same conditions, except, that upper clouds move from the\nwestward. For northwestern storms the fall of barometer is most rapid.\n\n\n=Lynchburg, Va.=\n\nLong-continued rain storms are preceded from six to twelve hours by\nrising barometer, cirrus clouds moving from the southwest, with surface\nwind for the northeast.\n\nHazy and smoky atmosphere indicates rain. Before rain, especially when\nwind is in the south, the leaves of the maple, aspen, poplar, and willow\ntrees curl up so as to show their under side. When cumulus clouds drift\nover low enough to cast perceptible shadows, rain generally follows\nwithin forty-eight hours.\n\n\n=Marquette, Mich.=\n\nFalling barometer for twenty-four or forty-eight hours, rising\ntemperature, southerly wind, with cirro-stratus clouds moving from a\nwesterly or southwesterly direction.\n\n\n=Memphis, Tenn.=\n\nNorthwest storms are preceded by slow fall of barometer at first,\nfollowed by a more rapid fall as storm approaches; fresh southwest\nwinds, backing to southeast, rising temperature and humidity, with slow\nformation of stratus clouds.\n\nGreatest rainfall occurs with southeasterly winds.\n\nSouthwest and west storms are preceded by winds from the northeast and\neast, with same instrumental indications as for northwest storms.\n\n\n=Mobile, Ala.=\n\nBarometer falls slowly ten or twelve hours, and more rapidly two or\nthree hours before storm; stratus clouds with southeast wind.\n\n\n=Morgantown, W. Va.=\n\nFalling barometer, rising temperature and humidity, with southwest or\nwest winds, and cirrus clouds moving from the westward.\n\nIn winter a storm usually follows a falling barometer, with south wind.\nIf barometer falls one-tenth of an inch between 7 a. m. and 12 m., bad\nweather follows within thirty hours. In winter, high temperatures are\ngenerally followed by bad weather, especially if accompanied by winds\nvarying from northwest to northeast.\n\nIncrease of humidity between 12 m. and 3 p. m. is usually followed by\nrain before night on same day.\n\nBacking of wind to southward, with falling barometer, nearly always\nfollowed by bad weather.\n\nAll wavy forms of cirro-stratus are sure signs of an approaching storm.\nIn summer, when cirrus moves from northwest or north, a storm follows\nwithin thirty-eight hours.\n\n\n=Mount Washington, N. H.=\n\nFalling barometer, falling temperature, and cirro-stratus clouds moving\nfrom a northerly direction. When in small quantities these clouds\nindicate wind, and when in large quantities rain.\n\n\n=Nashville, Tenn.=\n\nBarometer falling slowly from twelve to forty-eight hours, increasing\ntemperature and humidity, cirro-stratus clouds moving from southwest,\nwith easterly surface wind from one to three days in advance of storm.\n\nCrimson sky in morning is generally followed by rain within twelve\nhours.\n\n\n=New Haven, Conn. (Furnished by Prof. E. Loomis.)=\n\nGreat storms are frequently preceded by an unusually pleasant day, so\nthat a very transparent atmosphere may, perhaps, be regarded as an\nindication that a storm may be looked for within twenty-four hours.\n\nOne of the first indications that we are on the edge of a great storm\nconsists in a slight turbidness of the atmosphere which would scarcely\nattract the attention of an ordinary observer, but which is sufficient\nto cause solar halos during the day and lunar halos during the night, if\nthere is a moon. During the colder months of the year, our great storms\nare usually preceded by a rise of the barometer above the mean and a\nveering of the wind to the northeast. If the barometer rises\nconsiderably above the mean, and is accompanied by a fresh wind from the\nnortheast, a storm is pretty sure to follow within twelve hours.\n\nA considerable fall of snow is very frequently preceded for several\nhours by the same signs (high barometer and northeast wind), together\nwith a feeling of extreme chilliness, much greater than is usually\nexperienced with the existing state of the thermometer.\n\nDuring the warmer months a strong breeze from the south, accompanied by\ntowering cumulus clouds, is pretty sure to be followed by rain within a\nfew hours, generally a thunder-storm. The phenomenon which is most\ndecidedly local in New Haven is the direction of the prevalent wind,\ntogether with the diurnal change in the wind\u2019s direction. During the six\ncolder months of the year the prevalent wind is from the\nnorth-northwest, and the diurnal change in the wind\u2019s direction is\nslight. During the six summer months the wind in the morning usually\nblows from the north or northwest, but by noon, and sometimes by 10 a.\nm., it veers to the south or southwest, and continues thus for the\nremainder of the day. This peculiarity is supposed to be due to the\ndifference of temperature between the land and the neighboring water,\nand it modifies, very sensibly, the direction of the New Haven wind in\nthe neighborhood of the storm centre. During the passage of a great\nstorm the wind at New Haven is much more northerly than is experienced\nat interior stations similarly situated with reference to a storm\ncentre.\n\n\n=New London, Conn.=\n\nFalling barometer, rising temperature, cirrus and cirro-stratus clouds\nmoving from the westward, light scud over the sea horizon moving with\nthe surface wind, which is usually from the southwest. Humidity\nincreases, and tides are of unusual height.\n\n\n=New Orleans, La.=\n\nRapid movement of upper clouds, with little or no wind at surface.\nFalling barometer for several days in advance of storm, with rising\ntemperature. Southerly winds precede rain, with cirro-stratus clouds\nmoving from the westward.\n\n\n=New York, N. Y.=\n\nRain storms, preceded by falling barometer, rising temperature,\nincreasing humidity, cirrus clouds in upper with stratus in lower\natmosphere, spreading gradually over the whole sky from the eastward.\n\nWind storms from an easterly direction, preceded by rapidly falling\nbarometer, with frequent oscillations, rising temperature, increasing\nhumidity moving rapidly at a great height.\n\nWesterly storms, by rapidly rising barometer, free from oscillations,\nfalling temperature, increasing humidity, changeable winds, with cirrus\nclouds in upper and stratus in lower atmosphere.\n\n\n=Norfolk, Va.=\n\nHigh and rapidly falling barometer, rising temperature, low humidity,\nunusually clear atmosphere, with southeast and east winds.\n\n\n=North Platte, Nebr.=\n\nLow followed by rising barometer, cumulus and cumulo-stratus clouds\nmoving rapidly from northwest and west.\n\nAll storms approach from the northwest without reference to direction in\nwhich wind may blow previously.\n\nRain storms are preceded by north or northeast wind.\n\n\n=Omaha, Nebr.=\n\nFalling barometer, rising temperature, high and increasing humidity, and\neasterly winds.\n\n\n=Oswego, N. Y.=\n\nWind storms are preceded by rapid fall of barometer, with wind veering\nfrom southeast to southwest, west, and northwest.\n\nRain storms, by oscillating barometer, with downward tendency, hazy\natmosphere, gradually changing to cirro-stratus or cirro-cumulus clouds\nmoving from the westward.\n\nNortheast storms, by high barometer and low temperature.\n\nLocal storms, by sudden fall of barometer, rising temperature, low\nhumidity, cumulo-stratus clouds in west or southwest.\n\n\n=Pembina, Dak.=\n\nFalling barometer, rising temperature, with wind from south, southeast,\nor southwest.\n\n\n=Philadelphia, Pa.=\n\nFalling barometer, rising temperature, easterly wind, haziness in upper\natmosphere, followed by cirro-stratus clouds moving from the northwest.\n\n\n=Peck\u2019s Beach, N. J.=\n\nRising barometer for two or three days, followed by sudden fall with\nheavy ocean-swell from the eastward, six or eight hours in advance of\nstorm.\n\n\n=Pittsburgh, Pa.=\n\nFalling barometer fifteen to thirty hours in advance, rising\ntemperature, variable easterly to southerly wind, with cirro-stratus\nclouds moving from southwest or west. A dense fog or haze indicates rain\nwithin twenty-four hours.\n\n\n=Port Huron, Mich.=\n\nThick heavy haze or clouds in northwest, with southeast wind, indicates\nrain. Low and falling barometer, with wind from the west-northwest or\neast-northeast, indicates wind.\n\n\n=Portland, Me.=\n\nRain storms are preceded by falling barometer, falling temperature, and\nsouthwest wind.\n\nWind storms by falling barometer, northwest wind veering to southeast,\ncirro-stratus and cumulo-stratus clouds moving from the southeast.\nSoutheast storms are often preceded by hazy atmosphere in southeast.\n\n\n=Punta Rassa, Fla.=\n\nFalling barometer, west or southwest wind, cirrus clouds changing to\ncirro-stratus with high humidity.\n\nIf the change to cirro-stratus occurs rapidly, rain will probably follow\nwithin twenty-four hours.\n\nHalos seen on successive nights indicate rain within twenty-four hours.\nBirds fly about wildly a few hours before a storm occurs, and men-of-war\nhawks, usually high fliers in clear weather, fly low in contracted\ncircles. Cyclones and tornadoes, are preceded by hazy, slaty, and\nominous appearance of sky, atmosphere sultry, wind variable, and\ngenerally from east or southeast, clouds bank up in the east, stratus\nclouds float unusually low and move swiftly, detached inky-looking scuds\nstill lower and swifter.\n\n\n=Rochester, N. Y.=\n\nFalling barometer, rising temperature, east or southeast wind, low\nhumidity, and clouds moving from the southwest. A northeast wind backing\nto northwest or west, or veering to southwest in winter, indicates rain\nor snow.\n\n\n=Sandy Hook, N. J.=\n\nLow and falling barometer, high and rising temperature, hazy atmosphere,\nwith cumulo-stratus clouds moving from the west and southwest, and\nroaring sea.\n\n\n=San Diego, Cal.=\n\nWind storms are of rare occurrence, and are preceded by warm east wind,\nwith upper clouds moving from the west; oscillating barometer, with\ndownward tendency, several days in advance of disturbance.\n\n\n=San Francisco, Cal.=\n\nRain storms are preceded by falling barometer, low but rising\ntemperature, and west wind. During the rainy season if wind veers to\nsoutheast rain follows.\n\n\n=Santa F\u00e9, N. Mex.=\n\nSlight fall of barometer and rise of temperature, with cirrus clouds in\ntheir various formations, moving from the southwest.\n\n\n=Savannah, Ga.=\n\nBarometer above mean and rising slowly for twenty-four hours, remaining\nnearly stationary for six or eight hours, and then falling slowly,\ntemperature opposite to movement of barometer, cirrus clouds forming\nnear zenith, and moving to northeast.\n\n\n=Shreveport, La.=\n\nHigh and falling barometer, low humidity, and cirrus clouds calm or\nmoving from the west.\n\n\n=Saint Louis, Mo.=\n\nWinter storms are preceded by falling barometer, southeast wind,\ncirro-stratus clouds and haze if temperature is high, and by stratus\nclouds if it is low. Summer storms, by stationary barometer, temperature\nabove the mean, with cumulus and cirro-stratus clouds, the former in\nlarge masses.\n\n\n=Saint Mark\u2019s, Fla.=\n\nBarometer rises twenty-four hours before storm, with hazy atmosphere and\nsouth wind, the barometer beginning about six hours before storm to fall\nrapidly with rising temperature, and formation of cumulo-stratus clouds.\n\nThe tide rises rapidly.\n\n\n=Saint Paul, Minn.=\n\nFalling barometer, rising temperature, low humidity, southeast wind,\nwith cirrus and cirro-stratus clouds.\n\n\n=Squan Beach, N. J.=\n\nFalling barometer, rising temperature, and dense haze; cirro-stratus\nclouds indicate wind and rain.\n\n\n=Toledo, Ohio.=\n\nBarometer falling rapidly, rising temperature, low humidity, easterly\nwinds, cirrus clouds in western horizon moving eastward, followed by\nstratus until sky is obscured.\n\n\n=Tybee Island, Ga.=\n\nNortheast storms are preceded by rising barometer, falling temperature,\nlow humidity, light cirrus clouds in bands from northwest to southeast,\nand moving from north or west, with light to fresh surface wind from the\nsouth, and heavy sea swell from the northeast.\n\nSouthern storms by falling barometer, rising temperature, high humidity,\nheavy masses of cumulo-stratus clouds, moving from the southwest, smoky\nsky, heavy rolling surf, and gentle, variable, and shifting north to\neast winds.\n\nWhen the wind backs from northeast to west a gale generally follows.\n\n\n=Vicksburg, Miss.=\n\nSlowly falling barometer, high and rising temperature, sky of dull,\nwhitish appearance, resembling haze near horizon; cirrus clouds followed\nby dense masses of cumulus; wind in light puffs from an easterly\ndirection.\n\n\n=Virginia City, Mont.=\n\nWinter storms are preceded by low barometer, falling temperature winds\nshifting suddenly from some westerly quarter to an easterly one.\n\nSummer storms by falling barometer and temperature, with westerly winds\nand dense stratus clouds.\n\n\n=Wilmington, N. C.=\n\nSoutheast storms are preceded by rapidly falling barometer, rising\ntemperature, increasing cloudiness and humidity, wind backing to an\neasterly direction from the southwest or west, and cirro-stratus clouds\nmoving from the west or northwest.\n\nNortheast storms by high and rising barometer, falling temperature,\nincreasing haziness, cirro-stratus clouds moving from the southwest,\nwith light winds veering to the northward and variable.\n\nSouthwest storms by falling barometer, high temperature, and fair\nweather. Thunder-storms by low or falling barometer, unusually high\ntemperature, cumulus clouds in western horizon, wind shifting suddenly\nfrom south or southwest to the northward.\n\n\n                           GENERAL PHENOMENA.\n\n1. Sky becoming overcast with cirro-stratus clouds moving from the\nsouthwest, west, or northwest.\n\n2. Increasing haziness, especially in the upper atmosphere after a spell\nof fair weather.\n\n3. Halos and corona.\n\n4. Variable light wind veering and backing frequently, with a tendency\nto an easterly direction.\n\n5. Sun setting red among threatening clouds or giving the horizon a\ngreenish tinge.\n\n6. Heavy dews in summer.\n\n7. Driving scud, with increasing humidity.\n\n\n=Wood\u2019s Holl, Mass.=\n\nEasterly storms are preceded by rapidly rising barometer and\ntemperature, cirrus clouds in early morning moving slowly from the\nnorthwest twelve or fourteen hours before approach of storm, and\nunusually high tides.\n\nSoutherly storms by rapidly falling barometer, rising temperature,\nclouds moving rapidly from the southwest, heavy ocean-swell, and tides\nrunning stronger, but not as high as before easterly storms.\n\nWesterly storms by falling barometer, clouds moving in all directions,\nocean greatly agitated, with low tides.\n\nSea birds come into harbor six or eight hours before storm arrives, and\nremain until it is over.\n\n\n=Wytheville, Va.=\n\nSlowly falling barometer, rising temperature, east to southeast winds\nveering to west.\n\nIn winter snow storms are preceded by northeast winds, rising\ntemperature, and slow fall of barometer.\n\nWell-defined cirro-cumulus moving from any direction indicate rain.\n\n\n=Yankton, Dak.=\n\nWind storms are preceded by falling barometer, sudden rise of\ntemperature, clouds moving rapidly from the northwest, with southeast\nsurface wind.\n\nIf a calm, with high temperature, occurs after a brisk northerly wind\nfor twenty-four or forty-eight hours, a northwest gale may be expected.\n\nRain storms are preceded by barometric fluctuations, a hazy,\nragged-edged, dark cloud, and wind from east to northeast.\n\n\n  The following tables contain the information heretofore published in\n  pamphlet form under the title of \u201cRain and Dry Winds,\u201d computed for\n  geographical districts.\n\n  Table I. Shows the quadrant from which the winds are most likely to be\n  followed by rain or snow.\n\n  Table II. Shows the quadrant from which the winds are least likely to\n  be followed by rain or snow.\n\n  These tables are computed from all the observations made by this\n  bureau since its establishment to January 1, 1882.\n\n  The districts herein referred to are those adopted by this office as\n  shown by the \u201cDistrict Map.\u201d For convenience of reference they are\n  herein described at the foot of each table.\n\n\n    TABLE NO. I.\u2014_Winds most likely to be followed by rain or snow._\n\n                        1871 to 1881, INCLUSIVE.\n\n \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n Geographical \u2502 January. \u2502February. \u2502  March.  \u2502  April.  \u2502   May.   \u2502  June.\n   district.  \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n Eastern Gulf \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Key West and \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE\n   Punta Rassa\u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Lower Lake   \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Lower        \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE\n   Mississippi\u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE\n   Atlantic   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  S to E\n   Eastern    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Rocky      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Mountain   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Slope      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE\n   Pacific    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Coast      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NE to NW\n   Plateau    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   District   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Missouri     \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n New England  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Northern     \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 SE to NE\n   Rocky      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Mountain   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Slope      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n North Pacific\u2502 SW to SE \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S\n   Coast      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Northern     \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  W to S  \u2502 NW to SW\n   Plateau    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   District   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Ohio Valley  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE\n Rio Grande   \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  S to E\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n South        \u2502  E to N  \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SW to SE\n   Atlantic   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Southeastern \u2502  E to N  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E\n   Rocky      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Mountain   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Slope      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n South Pacific\u2502  S to E  \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE\n   Coast      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Southern     \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  S to E\n   Plateau    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   District   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Tennessee    \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  W to S\n Upper Lake   \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SW to SE\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Upper        \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SW to SE\n   Mississippi\u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Western Gulf \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u256a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u256a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u256a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u256a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u256a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u256a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n Geographical \u2502  July.   \u2502 August.  \u2502September.\u2502 October. \u2502November. \u2502December.\n   district.  \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n Eastern Gulf \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Key West and \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE\n   Punta Rassa\u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Lower Lake   \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Lower        \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SE to NE\n   Mississippi\u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE\n   Atlantic   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N\n   Eastern    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Rocky      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Mountain   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Slope      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE\n   Pacific    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Coast      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502  N to W  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE\n   Plateau    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   District   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Missouri     \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n New England  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 NE to NW\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Northern     \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NE to NW\n   Rocky      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Mountain   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Slope      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n North Pacific\u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  S to E\n   Coast      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Northern     \u2502  W to S  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE\n   Plateau    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   District   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Ohio Valley  \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE\n Rio Grande   \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  E to N  \u2502 SE to NE\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n South        \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  E to N  \u2502 SW to SE\n   Atlantic   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Southeastern \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N\n   Rocky      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Mountain   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Slope      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n South Pacific\u2502  W to S  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W  \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502  S to E\n   Coast      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Southern     \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  S to E  \u2502  W to S\n   Plateau    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   District   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Tennessee    \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  W to S\n Upper Lake   \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Upper        \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E\n   Mississippi\u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Western Gulf \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n\n\n                                 NOTES.\n\n_Eastern Gulf States._\u2014Eastern Mississippi, Alabama, and Northwestern\nFlorida.\n\n_Lower Lake Region._\u2014Lake Erie and Ontario, with adjacent territory.\n\n_Lower Mississippi Valley._\u2014A belt of country, 200 miles broad, from\nCairo to Vicksburg. Below Vicksburg the character of the country so\nchanges that it is no longer described as a valley.\n\n_Middle Atlantic States._\u2014New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,\nMaryland, District of Columbia, and Virginia as the Middle States, and\nthat part of those States lying east of the Alleghanies as the Middle\nAtlantic States.\n\n_Middle Eastern Rocky Mountain Slope._\u2014Eastern Colorado, Southern\nNebraska, Kansas, northwestern portion of Indian Territory, portion of\nNorthern Texas, also a portion of Northeastern New Mexico.\n\n_Middle Pacific Coast Region._\u2014Those portions of California west of the\nSierra Nevadas and north of the 37th parallel of latitude.\n\n_Middle Plateau District._\u2014Western Colorado, Utah, Nevada, southwestern\ncorner of Wyoming, and the portions of California lying east of the\nSierra Nevadas.\n\n_Missouri Valley._\u2014A belt of country 200 miles broad, from Fort Sully,\nDak., to Jefferson City, Mo.\n\n_New England States._\u2014Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,\nConnecticut, and Rhode Island.\n\n_Northern Rocky Mountain Slope._\u2014Those portions of Montana and Wyoming\nlying east of the Rocky Mountains, Southwestern Dakota, and Northwestern\nNebraska.\n\n_North Pacific Region._\u2014Those portions of Oregon and Washington\nTerritory lying west of the Cascade range.\n\n_Northern Plateau District._\u2014Portion of Western Wyoming, Western\nMontana, Idaho, and the portions of Oregon and Washington Territory\nlying east of the Cascade range.\n\n_Ohio Valley._\u2014The belt of country, about 200 miles broad, from\nPittsburgh, Pa., to Cairo, Ill.\n\n_Rio Grande Valley._\u2014Southwestern Texas below the junction of the Rio\nPecos with the Rio Grande.\n\n_South Atlantic States._\u2014North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and\nNorthern and Eastern Florida.\n\n_Southeastern Rocky Mountain Slope._\u2014Southeastern New Mexico, Central\nand Western Texas.\n\n_South Pacific Coast Region._\u2014Those portions of California west of the\nSierra Nevadas and south of the 37th parallel of latitude.\n\n_Southern Plateau District._\u2014Western New Mexico, Arizona, and\nSoutheastern California.\n\n_Upper Lake Region._\u2014Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan, with adjacent\ncountry.\n\n_Upper Mississippi Valley._\u2014The belt of country, about 200 miles broad,\nfrom Saint Paul to Cairo. 0 _Western Gulf States._\u2014Western Louisiana,\nWestern Arkansas, Eastern Texas, Southern Missouri, and southeastern\nportion of Indian Territory.\n\n\n   TABLE NO. II.\u2014_Winds least likely to be followed by rain or snow._\n\n                        1871 to 1881, INCLUSIVE.\n\n \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n Geographical \u2502 January. \u2502February. \u2502  March.  \u2502  April.  \u2502   May.   \u2502  June.\n   district.  \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n Eastern Gulf \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NE to NW\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Key West and \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W\n   Punta Rassa\u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Lower Lake   \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  N to W  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Lower        \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N\n   Mississippi\u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NE to NW\n   Atlantic   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW\n   Eastern    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Rocky      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Mountain   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Slope      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502 NE to NW\n   Pacific    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Coast      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502  E to N  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  W to S\n   Plateau    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   District   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Missouri     \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n New England  \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Northern     \u2502  S to E  \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S  \u2502 NW to SW\n   Rocky      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Mountain   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Slope      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n North Pacific\u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE\n   Coast      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Northern     \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N  \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N\n   Plateau    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   District   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Ohio Valley  \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N\n Rio Grande   \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n South        \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NE to NW\n   Atlantic   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Southeastern \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W\n   Rocky      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Mountain   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Slope      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n South Pacific\u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N\n   Coast      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Southern     \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  N to W\n   Plateau    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   District   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Tennessee    \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NE to NW\n Upper Lake   \u2502  E to N  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Upper        \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NE to NW\n   Mississippi\u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Western Gulf \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u256a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u256a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u256a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u256a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u256a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u256a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n Geographical \u2502  July.   \u2502 August.  \u2502September.\u2502 October. \u2502November. \u2502December.\n   district.  \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n Eastern Gulf \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Key West and \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W\n   Punta Rassa\u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Lower Lake   \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Lower        \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W\n   Mississippi\u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502  E to N  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W\n   Atlantic   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  W to S  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  W to S\n   Eastern    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Rocky      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Mountain   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Slope      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  E to N\n   Pacific    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Coast      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Middle       \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N\n   Plateau    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   District   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Missouri     \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n New England  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NW to SW\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Northern     \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SW to SE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  W to S\n   Rocky      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Mountain   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Slope      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n North Pacific\u2502 SE to NE \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502 NE to NW\n   Coast      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Northern     \u2502 SE to NE \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502 NE to NW\n   Plateau    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   District   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Ohio Valley  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W\n Rio Grande   \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  W to S  \u2502  W to S\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n South        \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502  N to W\n   Atlantic   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Southeastern \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW\n   Rocky      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Mountain   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Slope      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n South Pacific\u2502  E to N  \u2502  S to E  \u2502  S to E  \u2502 SE to NE \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW\n   Coast      \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Southern     \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N\n   Plateau    \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   District   \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Tennessee    \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W\n Upper Lake   \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  N to W  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N  \u2502  E to N\n   Region     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Upper        \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  E to N  \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW\n   Mississippi\u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n   Valley     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n Western Gulf \u2502 NE to NW \u2502  N to W  \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW \u2502 NW to SW\n   States     \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502          \u2502\n \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n\n\n                                 NOTES.\n\n_Eastern Gulf States._\u2014Eastern Mississippi, Alabama, and Northwestern\nFlorida.\n\n_Lower Lake Region._\u2014Lakes Erie and Ontario with adjacent territory.\n\n_Lower Mississippi Valley._\u2014A belt of country 200 miles broad, from\nCairo to Vicksburg. Below Vicksburg the character of the country so\nchanges that it is no longer described as a valley.\n\n_Middle Atlantic States._\u2014New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,\nMaryland, District of Columbia, and Virginia as the Middle States, and\nthat part of those States lying east of the Alleghanies as the Middle\nAtlantic States.\n\n_Middle Eastern Rocky Mountain Slope._\u2014Eastern Colorado, Southern\nNebraska, Kansas, northwestern portion of Indian Territory, portion of\nnorthern Texas, also a portion of Northeastern New Mexico.\n\n_Middle Pacific Coast Region._\u2014Those portions of California west of the\nSierra Nevadas and north of the 37th parallel of latitude.\n\n_Middle Plateau District._\u2014Western Colorado, Utah, Nevada, southwestern\ncorner of Wyoming, and the portions of California lying east of the\nSierra Nevadas.\n\n_Missouri Valley._\u2014A belt of country 200 miles broad, from Fort Sully,\nDak., to Jefferson City, Mo.\n\n_New England States._\u2014Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,\nConnecticut, and Rhode Island.\n\n_Northern Rocky Mountain Slope._\u2014Those portions of Montana and Wyoming\nlying east of the Rocky Mountains, Southwestern Dakota, and Northwestern\nNebraska.\n\n_North Pacific Region._\u2014Those portions of Oregon and Washington\nTerritory lying west of the Cascade range.\n\n_Northern Plateau District._\u2014Portion of Western Wyoming, Western\nMontana, Idaho, and the portions of Oregon and Washington Territory\nlying east of the Cascade range.\n\n_Ohio Valley._\u2014The belt of country, about 200 miles broad, from\nPittsburg, Pa., to Cairo, Ill.\n\n_Rio Grande Valley._\u2014Southwestern Texas below the junction of the Rio\nPecos with the Rio Grande.\n\n_South Atlantic States._\u2014North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and\nNorthern and Eastern Florida.\n\n_Southeastern Rocky Mountain Slope._\u2014Southeastern New Mexico, Central\nand Western Texas.\n\n_South Pacific Coast Region._\u2014Those portions of California west of the\nSierra Nevadas and south of the 37th parallel of latitude.\n\n_Southern Plateau District._\u2014Western New Mexico, Arizona, and\nSoutheastern California.\n\n_Upper Lake Region._\u2014Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan with adjacent\ncountry.\n\n_Upper Mississippi Valley._\u2014The belt of country, about 200 miles broad,\nfrom Saint Paul to Cairo.\n\n_Western Gulf States._\u2014Western Louisiana, Western Arkansas, Eastern\nTexas, Southern Missouri, and southeastern portion of Indian Territory.\n\n\n                         LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.\n\n  Adams, John, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Alden, T. E., Rising Sun, Ohio County, Indiana.\n\n  Ambler, Private T. M., Fort Washakie.\n\n  Adams, Kate A., Portland, Pa.\n\n  Anderson, J. C., Eagle Rock, Oneida County, Idaho Territory.\n\n  Ayers, John, Santa F\u00e9, Santa F\u00e9 County, New Mexico.\n\n  Alderson, A. K., Signal Corps, London Bridge, Va.\n\n  Baker, Dr. H. B., Lansing, Ingham County, Michigan.\n\n  Beaser, D., treasurer Excelsior Silver Mining Company, Ontonagon,\n    Mich.\n\n  Burrus, Z. G., Hatteras, Dare County, North Carolina.\n\n  Buell, M. G. L., West Las Animas, Bent County, Colorado.\n\n  Burlew, J. M., Pomeroy, W. T.\n\n  Blundon, B. A., Sandy Hook, Monmouth County, New Jersey.\n\n  Barnes, F. D., Erie, Erie County, Pennsylvania.\n\n  Bartley, R., Elizabeth, Harrison County, Indiana.\n\n  Brown, Miss E. B., Merrill School, Memphis, Tenn.\n\n  Boddie, Mora, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Berry, Mary, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Brown, Ella, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Brown, Martha, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Beaver, Daniel, Ontonagon, Ontonagon County, Michigan.\n\n  Blake, Dr. James, San Francisco and Calistoga, Napa County,\n    California.\n\n  Bartley, Reuben, Elizabeth, Harrison County, Indiana.\n\n  Beebe, Levi, South Lea, Mass.\n\n  Browne, A. W., Leavenworth, Leavenworth County, Kansas.\n\n  Bessant, Sergt. H., Moorhead, Minn.\n\n  Bailey, Sergt. W. O., Port Huron, Mich.\n\n  Buell, Allen, signal service, Toledo, Ohio.\n\n  Brown, W. J., Brooklyn, N. Y.\n\n  Beall, S. W., Oswego, Oswego County, New York.\n\n  Barco, I. M., Bronson, Levy County, Florida.\n\n  Brady, Private E. F., North Platte, Nebr.\n\n  Belanga, Abel, Sand Bridge, Princess Anne County, Virginia.\n\n  Barco, B. T., Sand Bridge, Princess Anne County, Virginia.\n\n  Boles, Thomas, Fort Smith, Sebastian, Ark.\n\n  Carter, D. D., manager Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation Company,\n    Detroit, Mich.\n\n  Craig, Isaac, Allegheny, Pa.\n\n  Cannon, F. J., signal office, Bangor, Me.\n\n  Craig, Sergt. John, Salt Lake City, Utah.\n\n  Cooper, G., Williamsport, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania.\n\n  Crawford, R. M., Hatteras, Dare County, North Carolina.\n\n  Cutting, H. A., Lunenburg, Essex County, Vermont.\n\n  Curtiss, G. G., Fallston, Hartford County, Maryland.\n\n  Cuthbertson, Sergt. D., signal office, Columbus, Ohio.\n\n  Chambers, W. F., Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio.\n\n  Chaffee, F. P., Fort Macon, Carteret County, North Carolina.\n\n  Cole, Sergt. O. B., Boston, Mass.\n\n  Corbin, C. C., Duck Creek, Onslow County, North Carolina.\n\n  Coburn, Private F. S., Portsmouth, N. C.\n\n  Conway, Miss., Ladies\u2019 Seminary, Memphis, Tenn.\n\n  Crockett, Mrs. E. J., High School, Memphis, Tenn.\n\n  Cochran, E., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Chism, Maggie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Cooper, Delilah, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Clayton, A. Georgia, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Cassells, Clinton A., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Christian, Susey, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Cramer, Cyrus, Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota Territory.\n\n  Carroll, E. C., superintendent Mississippi and Yazoo River Packet\n    Company, Vicksburg, Miss.\n\n  Couch, E. J., Dana, Green County, Iowa.\n\n  Cushing, G. H., Zuni, Pueblo Indians, New Mexico.\n\n  Chassell, John, Houghton, Houghton County, Michigan.\n\n  Conger, Sergt. B., Duluth, Saint Louis County, Minnesota.\n\n  Chapman, A., Fort Lapwai, Idaho.\n\n  Daly, Private John, Umatilla, Umatilla County, Oregon.\n\n  Day, F. R., Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County, Michigan.\n\n  Davis, Annie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Dodds, Emma, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Davis, Sergt.-maj. R. L., Twenty-fourth Infantry, Fort Supply, Ind. T.\n\n  Delano, Private W. S., Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona.\n\n  Dunne, L., New Orleans, Orleans County, Louisiana.\n\n  Dobbins, Sergt. A. C., San Diego, Cal.\n\n  Davis, William, Norfolk, Norfolk County, Virginia.\n\n  De Lano, \u2014\u2014, Oxford, Oakland County, Michigan.\n\n  Eichelberger, W. W., Signal Corps, Portland, Me.\n\n  Eiker, J. B., Block Island, Rhode Island.\n\n  Emery, Sergt. S. C., La Crosse, La Crosse County, Wisconsin.\n\n  Evans, Sergt. W. J., Punta Rassa, Monroe County, Florida.\n\n  Ellis, Ida, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Ellis, Gertrude, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Ewing, Bertie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Ellis, C. H., Wessington, Dak.\n\n  Ennelt, Lieut. W. H., navy-yard, Washington, D. C.\n\n  Finegan, Thomas J., Bangor, Me.\n\n  Ford, Sergt. H. W., Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia.\n\n  Flannery, D. L., Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee.\n\n  Forrest, Mary, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Fisher, Annie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Fleming, J. H., Winslow, Apache County, Arizona.\n\n  Foster, H. S., first lieutenant Twentieth Infantry, Fort Dodge,\n    Kansas.\n\n  Fletcher, Lieut. R. H., San Diego, Barracks, Cal.\n\n  Grant, E. A., Louisville, Jefferson County, Kentucky.\n\n  Garst, Lieut. C. E., Fifteenth Infantry, Fort Lyon, Bent County,\n    Colorado.\n\n  Guthrie, O., 3347 Michigan avenue, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois.\n\n  Glenn, Sergt. S. W., Signal Corps, Huron, Dak.\n\n  Gosewich, Sergt. F. Z., Signal Corps, Keokuk, Iowa.\n\n  Grover, Pvt. John, Winnemucca, Humboldt County, Nevada.\n\n  Gray, F. R., Yates Centre, Woodson County, Kansas.\n\n  Green, Lulia, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Granberry, Lizzie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Green, Johnnie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Givens, Johnie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Gibbs, L. R., Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina.\n\n  Gorom, Nelson, San Francisco, San Francisco County, California.\n\n  Goulding, Sergt. B. L., Chattanooga, Tenn.\n\n  Gates, W. B., Burlington, Chittenden County, Vermont.\n\n  Hawn, F., Leavenworth, Leavenworth County, Kansas.\n\n  Hicks, E. D., Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee.\n\n  Hunter, O., Chicago, Ill.\n\n  Hough, Sergt. B. F., Williamsport, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania.\n\n  Hill, George A., Barnegat, Ocean County, New Jersey.\n\n  Henderson, C. C., Shreveport, La.\n\n  Healy, John, Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia.\n\n  Hicks, James, Wrightsville, Johnson County, Georgia.\n\n  Hawkins, Mattie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Haughton, Fannie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Houch, Maggie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Hemstead, Henrietta, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Hume, Lillie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Harris, Minnie R., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Harris, Mamie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Hare, Eddie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Hunter, Samuel, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Horks, J. A., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Harvey, Charles, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Hayes, Fillis, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Herron, Maggie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Hunt, G. M., N. Argyle, N. Y.\n\n  Hearne, Sergt. M. L., Portland, Oreg.\n\n  Hagan, Thomas R., Portsmouth, R. I.\n\n  Henderson, C. C., Shreveport, La.\n\n  Humphreys, E. J., Leavenworth, Kans.\n\n  Imlay, Edwin C., Uvalde, Uvalde County, Texas.\n\n  Jungerman, E., Fort Supply, Ind. T.\n\n  Jaques, John, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah.\n\n  Jessing, Rev. I., Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio.\n\n  James, John W., Marengo, McHenry County, Illinois.\n\n  Johnson, Minnie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Johnson, Anna, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Jennings, N. B., Springfield, Sangamon County, Illinois.\n\n  Jones, Annie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Jackson, Bell, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Jackson, William, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Jackson, Francis, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Jesunofsky, Sergt. L. N., Nashville, Tenn.\n\n  Jorgenson, James, Dennis, Barnstable County, Massachusetts.\n\n  Jones, Sergt. H., Santa F\u00e9, Santa F\u00e9 County, New Mexico.\n\n  Judson, W. P., U. S. Engineer\u2019s office, Oswego, N. Y.\n\n  Jurney, N. M., D. D., Beaufort, Carteret County, North Carolina.\n\n  Kent, James C., Phillipsburg, N. J.\n\n  Keimanns, Lizzie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Kitchell, Sergt. Charles N., Pioche, Nev.\n\n  Ludwig, Dr. M., 272 Ledgwick, Chicago, Ill.\n\n  Lynch, Sergt. John B., New London, New London County, Connecticut.\n\n  Lyon, Lilu, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Lee, Ida, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Laverty, Chaplain J. C., Fort Supply, Ind. T.\n\n  Line, William, Milwaukee, Wis.\n\n  Liebermann, Sergt. G., Rockport, Essex County, Massachusetts.\n\n  Lockwood, R. T., Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona.\n\n  Lyons, P. F., signal station, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, Minnesota.\n\n  Lindsay, R. H., Shreveport, Caddo Parish, Louisiana.\n\n  Llewelyn, William H. H., South Fork, Lincoln County, New Mexico.\n\n  Lewis, J. J. H., Cape Mendocino, Humboldt County, California.\n\n  Langenberg, H., Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa.\n\n  McMillan, Thomas, Pensacola, Escambia County, Florida.\n\n  Mell, P. H., jr., Auburn, Lee County, Alabama.\n\n  Mussey, General R. D., 508 Fifth street, Washington, D. C.\n\n  Marbury, J. B., Springfield, Greene County, Missouri.\n\n  Morton, G., U. S. Navy, Essex, Chittenden County, Vermont.\n\n  Merrill, J. B., Signal Corps, New York City.\n\n  Morris, Rev. John, Morristown, Dak.\n\n  Muk, W. E., civil engineer, Table Rock, El Paso, Colo.\n\n  McGovern, Sergt. E., Signal Corps, Cheyenne, Wyo.\n\n  Meekins, E. N., Shreveport, Caddo Parish, Louisiana.\n\n  McLaughlin, Corp. J. B., Montgomery, Ala.\n\n  Maxwell, C. W., Fernandina, Nassau County, Florida.\n\n  Mueller, Dr. Rudolph, New Riegal, Seneca County, Ohio.\n\n  Murray, Boatswain P., U. S. Navy, Erie, Erie County, Pennsylvania.\n\n  Melbourne, L. M., Fort Smith, Sebastian County, Arkansas.\n\n  Masher, M. O., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Moyers, Fannie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Mugan, M. D., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Maven, Martha A., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Mennel, Dr. John, Laguna, Valencia County, New Mexico.\n\n  Morrison, Lieut. J. F., Fort Wallace, Kans.\n\n  McCarthy, Morris, Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas.\n\n  Murray, J. W., Bartlett, Shelby County, Tennessee.\n\n  Martin, Robert R., Davenport, Scott County, Iowa.\n\n  Mitchell, Sergt. J., Signal Corps, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois.\n\n  Morgan, Pvt. Thomas, Deer Lodge, Mont.\n\n  McGillivry, Sergt. William, Newport, R. I.\n\n  McGann, Sergt. E. W., Rochester, N. Y.\n\n  Mikesell, Thomas, Wauseon, Fulton County, Ohio.\n\n  Nipher, F. E., Saint Louis, Saint Louis County, Missouri.\n\n  Newlin, Sergt. James B., Cleveland, Ohio.\n\n  Noll, Arthur B., Somerville, Somerset County, New Jersey.\n\n  Naury, J. J., Roseburg, Douglas County, Oregon.\n\n  Neal, F. M., Denver, Arapahoe County, Colorado.\n\n  Norton, Lizzie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Narse, Charles, Littleton, Grafton County, New Hampshire.\n\n  Outram, Pvt. T. S., Springfield.\n\n  Penrod, G. H., Tuckerton, Burlington County, New Jersey.\n\n  Post-office Missoula, Missoula County, Montana Territory.\n\n  Pratz, F. C., Ocean City, Worcester County, Maryland.\n\n  Phillips, G. W., West Las Animas, Bent County, Colorado.\n\n  Parker, Sergt. O., Smithville, Brunswick County, North Carolina.\n\n  Pindell, L. M., Palestine, Anderson County, Texas.\n\n  Price, Carrie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Pollak, Alexander, signal office, Omaha, Nebr.\n\n  Paxton, Pvt. R. H., Key West, Fla.\n\n  Pope, L. W., Hyde Park, Lamoille County, Vermont.\n\n  Pfaff, Charles J., Grand Haven, Ottawa County, Michigan.\n\n  Quinlin, Maggie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Rogers, J. S., lieutenant Twentieth Infantry, Fort Reno, Ind. T.\n\n  Runge, C., New Ulm, Austin County, Texas.\n\n  Robinson, Thomas, Portsmouth, Carteret County, North Carolina.\n\n  Reed, Sergt. J. A., Indianola, Calhoun County, Texas.\n\n  Reid, J. A., Grand Haven, Ottawa County, Michigan.\n\n  Roberts, J. B., Portsmouth, Carteret County, North Carolina.\n\n  Ramson, R., Amboy, Ashtabula County, Ohio.\n\n  Rosenbant, Rosa, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Reed, Sallie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Rooks, Martha D., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Richardson, A., Eagle Rock, Oneida County, Idaho.\n\n  Read, Charles A., Signal Corps, Mobile, Ala.\n\n  Straight, Walla Walla, Walla Walla County, Washington Territory.\n\n  Smith, J. H., Dubuque, Dubuque County, Iowa.\n\n  Stephens, J. H., Hillman, Montmorency County, Michigan.\n\n  Shriver, Howard, Wytheville, Va.\n\n  Sheldon, H. L., Middlebury, Addison County, Vermont.\n\n  Schlichter, H., Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio.\n\n  Shaw, C. A., Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin.\n\n  Smith, Sergt. J. H., Signal Corps, Charleston, S. C.\n\n  Smith, Sergt. J. W., Jacksonville, Duval County, Florida.\n\n  Stagg, Lizzie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Statton, Mette, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Sampson, Prof. B. K., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Smith, George, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Stephenson, May, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Sanborn, Dr. J. E., Rockport, Essex County, Massachusetts.\n\n  Sherman, J. H., New Haven, New Haven County, Connecticut.\n\n  Smith, W. E., Cape May Point, Cape May, N. J.\n\n  Starr, Charles A., Port Jervis, N. Y.\n\n  Shields, J. M., Jemes, Bernalillo County, New Mexico.\n\n  Sanders, W. A., Sanders, Fresno County, California.\n\n  Skinner, Mrs. E. C., Orwell, Ashtabula County, Ohio.\n\n  Schonfeld, H., Omaha, Nebr.\n\n  Trotter, Capt. F. E., Fourteenth Infantry, Baggs, Carbon County,\n    Wyoming Territory.\n\n  Townsend, T. S., Delaware Breakwater, Del.\n\n  Tovel, Miss A., Leath School, Memphis, Tenn.\n\n  Thomson, A. M., Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Truesdell, S. E., La Crosse, La Crosse County, Wisconsin.\n\n  Turner, Ernest, Point Pleasant, Tensas Parish, Louisiana.\n\n  Thomas, Pvt. W. W., Beaufort, Carteret County, North Carolina.\n\n  Thomas, Benjamin M., Indian agent, Santa F\u00e9, N. Mex.\n\n  Ukkerd, Sergt. J. B., Company A, Twenty-fourth Infantry, Camp Supply,\n    Ind. T.\n\n  Wolfe, John H., Wellington, Sumner County, Kansas.\n\n  Whiteside, J. L., Tucson, Pima County, Arizona.\n\n  Williams, S. W., Little Rock, Ark.\n\n  Watson, Sergt. J. M., Atlantic City, Atlantic County, New Jersey.\n\n  Watkins, R. B., Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio.\n\n  Walkee, G. R., Winnemucca, Humboldt County, Nevada.\n\n  Welford, Jeannie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Waters, George, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  White, Clara, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Wells, Eddie, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Wright, George, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Wright, Ella, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Winston, Irene, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Washington, Lucy, Memphis, Tenn., care observer sergeant.\n\n  Walter, J. E., Leavenworth, Kans.\n\n  Wagg, G. M. D., Clay Centre, Clay County, Kansas.\n\n  White, Arthur L., Life-Saving Station No. 6, North Carolina.\n\n  Weber, George W., Chicago, Ill., No. 287 Orchard street.\n\n  Wilkinson, E. W., California, Hamilton County, Ohio.\n\n  Williams, Rev. C. F., Hoffman, Maury County, Tennessee.\n\n  Waite, Lieut. H. De H., Fort Washakie, Wyo.\n\n  Yates, T. P., Factoryville, Tioga County, New York.\n\n  Young, A., Troutdale, Grayson County, Virginia.\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\n\n                          TRANSCRIBER\u2019S NOTES\n\n\n Page           Changed from                      Changed to\n\n   45 The mackerel clouds always       The mackerel clouds always\n      indicate storm if the first      indicate storm if they first\n      appear                           appear\n\n   75 Fast Snow                        Last Snow\n\n  114 crisis of their terms about the  crisis of their terms about the\n      time of the conjunction and the  time of the conjunction and the\n      apposition                       opposition\n\n \u25cf Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.\n \u25cf Used numbers for footnotes.\n \u25cf Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.","title":"Weather proverbs","tradition":"folklore-oral-tradition","translated_text":null,"word_count":54592}