{"collection":"scripture-revelation","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_75254/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_75254","id":"gutenberg_75254","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/75254","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Philosophy & Ethics","Category: Religion/Spirituality","God -- Attributes -- Early works to 1800","Natural history -- Pre-Linnean works","Natural theology -- Early works to 1800","Sermons, English -- 18th century"],"text":"PHYSICO-THEOLOGY\n\n=Transcriber\u2019s Note:= Due to the age of this book, spelling, grammar,\nhyphenation, capitalization etc do not conform to modern standards,\nand in many cases are not even consistent within the text itself.\nText has been retained as printed. Exceptions were made for a few\nextremely obvious printer\u2019s errors (such as RAEDER for READER in the\nheading TO THE READER, and confusion between similar-looking Hebrew\nletters).\n\nItalic text is denoted _like this_; upright text within italic passages\n~like this~; bold text =like this=.\n\n\n\n\n _PHYSICO-THEOLOGY_:\n OR, A\n DEMONSTRATION\n OF THE\n BEING and ATTRIBUTES of GOD,\n FROM HIS\n _Works_ of _Creation_.\n\n Being the Substance of\n Sixteen SERMONS\n Preached in St. _Mary-le-Bow-Church, London_;\n At the Honourable Mr. _BOYLE_\u2019s LECTURES,\n in the Years 1711, and 1712.\n\n With large NOTES, and many curious OBSERVATIONS.\n\n By W: DERHAM, Canon of _Windsor_, Rector\n of _Upminster_ in _Essex_, and F. R. S.\n\n _Mala & impia consuetudo est contra Deos disputare, sive animo id\n fit, sive simulat\u00e8._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. L. 2. fine.\n\n _The FIFTH EDITION, more Correct than any of the former._\n\n [Illustration]\n\n _LONDON_: Printed for W. and J. INNYS, at the\n _Prince\u2019~s~-Arms_ the West End of St. _Paul_\u2019s. 1720.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nTO THE\n\nMost Reverend Father in GOD,\n\n_THOMAS_,\n\nLord Archbishop of CANTERBURY.\n\nPrimate of all _ENGLAND_, &c.\n\nThe Surviving TRUSTEE of the Honourable Mr. _BOYLE_\u2019s LECTURES.\n\n\n_May it please Your Grace_,\n\nI may justly put these LECTURES under your Graces Patronage, their\nPublication being wholly owing to You: For having the Honour to be a\nMember of the ROYAL SOCIETY, as well as a _Divine_, I was minded to try\nwhat I could do towards the Improvement of _Philosophical_ Matters to\n_Theological_ Uses; and accordingly laid a Scheme of what I have here\npublished a Part of, and when I had little else to do, I drew up what\nI had to say, making it rather the diverting Exercises of my _Leisure\nHours_, than more serious _Theological Studies_. This Work, (although\nI made a considerable Progress in it at first, whilst a Novelty, yet)\nhaving no Thoughts of Publishing, I laid aside, until your Grace,\nbeing informed of my Design by some of my Learned Friends, both of the\nClergy and Laity, was pleased to call me to the unexpected Honour of\nPreaching Mr. _Boyle_\u2019s LECTURES: An Honour I was little aware of in my\nCountry-Privacy, and not much acquainted with Persons in high Stations,\nand not at all, particularly, with your Grace. So that therefore as it\npleased your Grace, not only to confer an unsought profitable Honour upon\nme (a Stranger) but also to continue it for Two Years, out of Your good\nOpinion of my Performance, in some measure, answering Mr. _Boyle_\u2019s End;\nso I can do no less than make this publick, grateful Acknowledgment of\nyour Grace\u2019s great and unexpected Favour.\n\nBut it is not my self alone; but the whole LECTURE also is beholden to\nyour _Grace_\u2019s kind and pious Endeavours. It was You that encouraged this\nnoble Charity, and assisted in the Settlement of it, in the Honourable\n_Founder_\u2019s Life-time; and since his Death, it was You that procured a\nmore certain Salary for the LECTURERS, paid more constantly and duly\nthan it was before[a].\n\nThese Benefits as I my self have been a Sharer of, so I should be very\nungrateful should I not duly acknowledge, and repay with my repeated\nThanks and good Wishes And that the infinite Rewarder of well-doing may\ngive Your _Grace_ a plentiful Reward of these, and Your many other, both\nPublick and Private Benefactions, is the hearty Wish of,\n\n _Your GRACE\u2019s\n Most Humble and Thankful\n Son and Servant_,\n\n W. DERHAM.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] It may not only gratify the Reader\u2019s Curiosity, but also be of Use\nfor preventing Encroachments in Time to come, to give the following\nAccount of Mr. _Boyle_\u2019s Lectures.\n\nMr. _Boyle_, by a Codicil, dated _July 28. 1691._ and annexed to\nhis Will, charged his Messuage or Dwelling-House in St. _Michael_\u2019s\n_Crooked-Lane, London_, with the Payment of the clear Yearly Rents and\nProfits thereof, to some Learned Divine in _London_, or within the Bills\nof Mortality, to be Elected for a Term not exceeding Three Years, by his\nGrace the present _Lord Archbishop_ of _Canterbury_ (then Dr. _Tenison_),\nSir _Henry Ashurst_, Sir _John Rotheram_, and _John Evelyn_, Esq; The\nBusiness he appointed those Lectures for, was, among others, _to be\nready to satisfie real Scruples, and to answer such new Objections and\nDifficulties, as might be started: to which good Answers had not been\nmade_. And also, _To Preach Eight Sermons in the Year, the first ~Monday~\nof ~January~, ~February~, ~March~, ~April~ and ~May~, and of ~September~,\n~October~ and ~November~._ The Subject of these Sermons was to be, _The\nProof of the Christian Religion against notorious Infidels, ~viz.~\nAtheists, Theists, Pagans, Jews, and Mahometans, not descending lower to\nany Controversies that are among Christians themselves_. But by Reason\nthe Lecturers were seldom continued above a Year, and that the House\nsometimes stood empty, and Tenants brake, or failed in due Payment of\ntheir Rent, therefore the Salary sometimes remained long unpaid, or could\nnot be gotten without some Difficulty: To remedy which Inconvenience, his\npresent _Grace_ of _Canterbury_ procured a Yearly Stipend of 50_l._ to be\npaid Quarterly for ever, charged upon a Farm in the Parish of _Brill_, in\nthe County of _Bucks_: Which Stipend is accordingly very duly paid when\ndemanded, without Fee or Reward.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nTO THE READER.\n\n\n[Sidenote: _Vid. Bp. ~Burnet~\u2019s Funeral Serm. p. 24._]\n\n_As the noble ~Founder~ of the LECTURES I have had the Honour of\nPreaching, was a great Improver ~of Natural Knowledge~, so, in all\nProbability, he did it out of a pious End, as well as in Pursuit of his\n~Genius~. For it was his settled Opinion, that nothing tended more to\ncultivate true Religion and Piety in a Man\u2019s Mind, than a thorough Skill\nin Philosophy. And such Effect it manifestly had in him, as is evident\nfrom divers of his published Pieces; from his constant Deportment in\n~never mentioning the Name of GOD without a Pause, and visible Stop in\nhis Discourse~; and from the noble Foundation of his Lectures for the\nHonour of GOD, and the generous Stipend he allowed for the same._\n\n[Sidenote: _Vid. Mr. ~Boyle~\u2019s Will._]\n\n_And forasmuch as his Lectures were appointed by him for the ~Proof of\nthe Christian Religion against Atheists and other notorious Infidels~,\nI thought, when I had the Honour to be made his Lecturer, that I could\nnot better come up to his Intent, than to attempt a Demonstration of\nthe ~Being~ and ~Attributes of GOD~, in what I may call Mr. ~Boyle~\u2019s\nown, that is a ~Physico-Theological~, Way. And, besides that it was\nfor this very Service that I was called to this Honour, I was the\nmore induced to follow this Method, by reason none of my learned and\ningenious Predecessors in these Lectures, have done it on purpose, but\nonly casually, in a transient, piece-meal manner; they having made it\ntheir Business to prove the great Points of Christianity in another\nWay, which they have accordingly admirably done. But considering what\nour ~Honourable Founder~\u2019s Opinion was of ~Natural Knowledge~, and that\nhis Intent was, that those Matters by passing through divers Hands, and\nby being treated of in different Methods, should take in most of what\ncould be said upon the Subject, I hope my Performance may be acceptable,\nalthough one of the meanest._\n\n_As for others, who have before me done something of this kind; as\n~Mersenne~ on ~Genesis~; Dr. ~Cockburne~ in his ~Essays~; Mr. ~Ray~\nin his ~Wisdom of God~, &c. and I may add the first of Mr. ~Boyle~\u2019s\n~Lecturers~, the most learned Dr. ~Bently~ in his ~Boyle~\u2019s ~Lectures~,\nthe eloquent Arch-Bishop of ~Cambray~, (and I hear, the ingenious Mons.\n~Perault~ hath something of this kind, but never saw it:) I say, as to\nthese learned and ingenious Authors, as the Creation is an ample Subject,\nso I industriously endeavour\u2019d to avoid doing over what they before had\ndone; and for that Reason did not, for many Years, read their Books until\nI had finish\u2019d my own. But when I came to compare what each of us had\ndone, I found my self in many Things to have been anticipated by some or\nother of them, especially by my Friend, the late great Mr. ~Ray~. And\ntherefore in some Places I shorten\u2019d my Discourse, and referr\u2019d to them;\nand in a few others, where the Thread of my Discourse would have been\ninterrupted, I have made use of their Authority, as the best Judges; as\nof Mr. ~Ray~\u2019s, for Instance, with Relation to the Mountains and their\nPlants, and other Products. If then the Reader should meet with any\nThing mention\u2019d before by others, and not accordingly acknowledged by\nme, I hope he will candidly think me no Plagiary, because I can assure\nhim I have along, (where I was aware of it,) cited my Authors with their\ndue Praise. And it is scarce possible, when Men write on the same, or\na Subject near a-kin, and the Observations are obvious, but that they\nmust often hit upon the same Thing: And frequently this may happen from\nPersons making Observations about one, and the same Thing, without\nknowing what each other hath done; which indeed, when the first Edition\nof my Book was nearly printed off, I found to be my own Case, having\n(for want of Dr. ~Hook~\u2019s ~Micrography~ being at hand, it being a very\nscarce Book, and many Years since I read it,) given Descriptions of two\nor three Things, which I thought had not been tolerably well observ\u2019d\nbefore, but are describ\u2019d well by that curious Gentleman._\n\n_One is a ~Feather~, the Mechanism of which we in the main agree in,\nexcept in his Representation in ~Fig. 1. Scheme 22.~ which is somewhat\ndifferent from what I have represented in my ~Fig. 18, &c.~ But I can\nstand by the Truth, though not the Elegance of my Figures. But as to\nthe other Differences, they are accidental, occasion\u2019d by our taking\nthe Parts in a different View, or in a different Part of a Vane; and\nto say the Truth, (not flattering my self, or detracting from the\nadmirable Observations of that great Man,) I have hit upon a few Things\nthat escap\u2019d him, being enabled to do so, not only by the Help of such\nMicroscopes as he made use of; but also by those made by Mr. ~Wilson~,\nwhich exceed all I ever saw, whether of ~English~, ~Dutch~, or ~Italian~\nmake; several of which Sorts I have seen and examined._\n\n_The other Thing we have both of us figur\u2019d and describ\u2019d, is, ~The\nSting of a Bee or Wasp~; in which we differ more than in the last.\nBut by a careful Re-examination, I find, that although Dr. ~Hook~\u2019s\nObservations are more critical than any were before, yet they are not so\ntrue as mine. For as to the ~Scabbard~, (as he calls it,) I could never\ndiscover any Beards thereon; and I dare be confident there are none, but\nwhat are on the two Spears. And as to the Point of the ~Scabbard~, he\nhath represented it as tubular, or bluntish at the Top; but it really\nterminates in a sharp Point, and the two Spears and the Poyson come out\nat a Slit, or longish Hole, a little below the Top or Point. And as to\nthe Spears, he makes them to be but one, and that the Point thereof lies\nalways out of the Scabbard. But by a strict Examination, they will be\nfound to be two, as I have said, and that they always lie within the\nScabbard, except in stinging; as I have represented them, in ~Fig. 21.~\nfrom the transparent Sting of a Wasp. And as to the Spear being made of\nJoynts, and parted into two, as his ~Fig. 2. Scheme 16.~ represents, I\ncould never upon a Review, discover it to be so, but imagine, that by\nseeing the Beards lying upon, or behind the Spears, he might take them\nfor Joynts, and by seeing the Point of one Spear lie before the other, he\nmight think the Spear was parted in two. But lest the Reader should think\nhimself imposed upon both by Dr. ~Hook~ and my ~Self~, it is necessary\nto be observ\u2019d, that the ~Beards~ (or ~Tenterhooks~ as Dr. ~Hook~ calls\nthem) lie only on one Side of each Spear, not all round them; and are\ntherefore not to be seen, unless they are laid in a due Posture in the\nMicroscope, ~viz.~ sideways, not under, or atop the Spear._\n\n_The last Thing (which scarce deserves mention) is the Mechanism of the\n~Hair~, which Dr. ~Hook~ found to be solid, like a long Piece of Horn,\nnot hollow, as ~Malpighi~ found it in some Animals. And I have found\nboth those great Men to be in some Measure in the Right, the Hair of\nsome Animals, or in some Parts of the Body being very little, if at all\ntubular; and in others, particularly ~Mice~, ~Rats~ and ~Cats~, to be as\nI have represented in my ~Fig. 14.~ &c._\n\n_And now if my Inadvertency in other Things hath no worse Effect than\nit hath had in these, namely, to confirm, correct, or clear others\nObservations, I hope the Reader will excuse it, if he meets with any\nmore of the like kind. But not being conscious of any such Thing\n(although probably there may be many such) I am more sollicitous to\nbeg the Reader\u2019s Candour and Favour, with Relation both to the ~Text~\nand ~Notes~: In the former of which, I fear he will think I have much\nunder-done, as in the latter over-done the Matter: But for my Excuse,\nI desire it may be consider\u2019d, that the textual Part being Sermons, to\nbe deliver\u2019d in the Pulpit, it was necessary to insist but briefly upon\nmany of the Works of GOD, and to leave out many Things that might have\nbeen admitted in a more free Discourse. So that I wish it may not be\nthought I have said too much rather than too little for such an Occasion\nand Place. And indeed, I had no small Trouble in expunging some Things,\naltering many, and softening the most, and, in a word, giving in some\nmeasure the Whole a different Dress than what I had at first drawn it up\nin, and what it now appears in._\n\n_And as for the ~Notes~, which may be thought too large, I confess I\nmight have shorten\u2019d them, and had Thoughts of doing it, by casting some\nof them into the Text, as an ingenious, learned Friend advis\u2019d. But when\nI began to do this, I found it was in a Manner to new-make all, and\nthat I should be necessitated to transcribe the greatest Part of the\nBook, which (having no Assistant) would have been too tedious for me,\nbeing pretty well fatigu\u2019d with it before. I then thought it best to\npare off from some, and to leave out others, and accordingly did so in\nmany Places, and would have done it in more, particularly, in many of\nthe ~Citations~ out of the ~Ancients~, both ~Poets~ and others, as also\nin many of the ~anatomical Observations~, and many of my own and others\nObservations: But then I consider\u2019d as to the First, that those Citations\ndo (many of them at least) shew the Sense of Mankind about God\u2019s Works,\nand that the most of them may be acceptable to young Gentlemen at the\nUniversities, for whose Service these Lectures are greatly intended.\nAnd as to the anatomical Notes, and some others of the like Nature,\nmost of them serve either to the Confirmation, or the Illustration, or\nExplication of the Text, if not to the learned, yet to the unskilful,\nless learned Reader; for whose sake, if I had added more, I believe he\nwould forgive me. And lastly, as to the Observations of my self and some\nothers, where it happens that they are long, it is commonly where a\nNecessity lay upon me of fully expressing the Author\u2019s Sense, or my own,\nor where the Thing was new, and never before Publish\u2019d; in which Case, it\nwas necessary to be more Express and Particular, than in Matters better\nknown, or where the Author may be referr\u2019d unto._\n\n_In the former Editions I promised ~another Part I~ Had ~relating to\nthe Heavens~, if I was thereunto encouraged. And two large Impressions\nof this Book, having been sold off, so as to admit of a Third before\nthe Year was gone about; and hearing that it is translated into two, if\nnot three Languages; but especially being importuned by divers learned\nPersons, both known and unknown, I have thought my self sufficiently\nengaged to perform that Promise; and have accordingly published that\nPart._\n\n_So that I have now carry\u2019d my ~Survey~ through most Parts of the visible\nCreation, except the ~Waters~, which are for the most Part omitted; and\nthe ~Vegetables~, which, for want of Time, I was forced to treat of in a\nperfunctory Manner. And to the Undertaking of the former of these, having\nreceiv\u2019d divers Sollicitations from Persons unknown as well as known,\nI think my self bound in Civility to own their Favour, and to return\nthem my hearty Thanks for the kind Opinion they have shewn of my other\nPerformances, that they have encourag\u2019d me to undertake this other Task.\nAnd accordingly I have begun it, and (as far as my Affairs will permit)\nhave made some Progress in it: But Age and Avocations growing upon me,\nI begin to fear I shall scarce be able to finish it as I would, and\ntherefore must recommend that ample and noble Subject to others, who have\nmore leisure, and would do it better than I._\n\n_As to ~Additions~, I have been much sollicited thereto by divers curious\nand learned Persons, who would have had me to insert some of their\nObservations, and many more of my own: But in a Work of this Nature, this\nwould have been endless; and although the Book would thereby be render\u2019d\nmuch better, and more compleat, yet I could by no Means excuse so great\nan Injustice to the Purchasers of the former Editions. And therefore\n(except in the second Edition, where it was not easy to be avoided) few\nAdditions or Alterations have been made, besides what were Typographical,\nor of small Consideration. Only in the third Edition I amended the first\nParagraph of ~Note (a). Chap. 5. Book 1.~ concerning ~Gravity~; and in\nthe Fourth, ~Page 16.~ and ~18.~ I inserted two Passages out of ~Seneca~,\nthat were inadvertently left out, and corrected many Things, that upon a\ncareful Review, seem\u2019d to want amendment._\n\n_And lastly, as to the following ~Analysis~, it was added at the Request\nof some of my learned and ingenious Friends; and although it might have\nbeen contracted, they would not suffer it to be so._\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nAN\n\nANALYSIS\n\nOF THE\n\nFollowing BOOK.\n\n\nThe Works of the Creation relating to our Terraqueous Globe, are such as\nare visible in the\n\n Outworks or Appendages of the Globe, _viz._ these three:\n 1. The Atmosphere\n Composed of Air and Vapours, _Page_ 4.\n Useful to\n Respiration and Animal Life 5.\n Vegetation of Plants 9.\n Conveyance of\n The winged Tribes.\n Sound 11.\n The Functions of Nature.\n Reflecting and Refracting Light 12.\n Containing the\n Winds, which are of great Use and Necessity\n To the Salubrity and Pleasure of the Air 14.\n In various Engines 18.\n In Navigation.\n Clouds and Rain: Of great Use to the\n Refreshment of the Earth and the things therein 20.\n Origine of Fountains, according to some 23.\n 2. Light. Its\n Fountain 26.\n Wonderful Necessity and Use.\n Improvement by Glasses 28.\n Velocity.\n Expansion 29.\n 3. Gravity.\n Its great Benefit 33.\n Cause of _Levity_, which is of great Use in the World 35.\n\n Terraqueous Globe it self. Of which I take a View in General of.\n Its Spherical Figure, which is the most commodious in regard of,\n Light 40.\n Heat.\n Lodgment of the Waters.\n The Winds 41.\n Its Bulk 43.\n Its Motion _ibid._\n Annual.\n Diurnal.\n Its Place and Distance from the Sun, and other heavenly Bodies 46.\n Its Distribution, so as to cause all the Parts of the Globe to\n Balance each other 48.\n Be helpful to one another.\n The great Variety and Quantity of all things serving for Food,\n Physick, Building, and every Use and Occasion of all Ages,\n Places, and Creatures 53.\n An Objection answered 55.\n\n Particular of the Earth: of its Constituent Parts, _viz._ Its\n Soils and Moulds, necessary to the\n Growth of various Vegetables 61.\n Various Occasions of Man, and other Animals 62.\n Various Strata or Beds, affording Materials for\n Tools.\n Firing.\n Building.\n Dying, and thousands of other things 64.\n Conveyance of the sweet Fountain-Waters 65.\n Subterraneous Caverns and Vulcano\u2019s; of great Use to the\n Countries where they are 67.\n Mountains and Valleys, which are not rude Ruins, but Works of\n Design, inasmuch as this Structure of the Earth is\n The most beautiful and pleasant.\n The most Salubrious: to some Constitutions, the Hills; to some,\n the Valleys 71.\n Best to skreen us, and other things 72.\n Beneficial to the\n Production of various Vegetables.\n Harbour and Maintenance of various Animals 73.\n Generation of Minerals and Metals 75.\n Absolutely necessary to the Conveyance of the Rivers; and in\n all probability to the Origine of Fountains _ibid._\n Conclusion against blaming GOD 81.\n\n Its Inhabitants; which are either _Sensitive_ or _Insensitive_.\n\n Concerning the Sensitive, some things are\n Common to all the Tribes, particularly these Ten:\n I. The five Senses and their Organs; the 85.\n Eye, an admirable Piece of Mechanism in regard of its\n Form, for the most part Spherical, which is best for\n The Reception of Objects.\n Motion of the Eye 90.\n Situation in the most commodious part of the Body of every\n Creature.\n Motion, in some Animals,\n Every way.\n Fixed; and the excellent Provision in that case 91.\n Size: which is in\n All Creatures, according to their Occasions.\n Such as live abroad in the Light; larger.\n Such as live under ground, less.\n Number, in some Animals:\n Two 94.\n More: Together with the wise Provision to prevent double\n Vision.\n Parts; some of which are viewed\n Transiently, the Arteries, Veins, and some of the Muscles\n and Tunicks.\n More strictly some of the\n Muscles, and the excellent Provision made for their\n peculiar Uses, Equilibration, _&c._ 96.\n Tunicks: Among which the various Apertures, Forms, and\n Positions of the Pupil are particularly noted 99.\n Humours, especially the prodigious Finery and\n Composition of the Crystalline, according to\n Mr. _Lewenhoeck_.\n Nerves 105.\n Optick.\n Motory.\n Guard and Security, provided for by\n The Reparation of the Aqueous Humour.\n Covering of the Eye Lids.\n Strong and curious Bones.\n Hard and firm Tunicks.\n Withdrawing them into their Heads 109.\n Of erect Vision 111.\n Hearing. Its\n Organ, the Ear, 113.\n Double, enabling us to hear every way, and a good Provision\n for the Loss or Hurt of one.\n Situated in the very best place for Information, Security,\n and near the Eye and Brain.\n The Fabrick of the Outward Ear, which is in\n All Creatures formed, guarded, placed, and every way\n accoutered according to their various Places and\n Occasion 115.\n Man suitable to his erect Posture; and all its Parts,\n the _Helix_, _Tragus_, _Concha_, &c. admirably suited\n to the Reception and Melioration of Sounds, and the\n Security of the Part.\n Inward Ear: In which I take a View of the 121.\n Auditory Passage, curiously tunnelled, tortuous and\n smooth and being always open, is lined with the\n nauseous Ear-wax for a Guard.\n Tuba Eustachiana 122.\n Bone, particularly hard and context for Guard, and\n to assist the Sound.\n Tympanum, and its Membrane, Muscles, and four little\n Bones to correspond to all kinds of Sound.\n Labyrinth, Semicircular Canals, Cochlea; all made with\n the utmost Art 127.\n Auditory Nerves, one of which is ramified to the Eye,\n Tongue, Muscles of the Ear, and to the Heart;\n whence a great Sympathy between those Parts 128.\n Object, Sound. Under which I consider,\n The Improvements thereof by the Wit of Man 129.\n Its great Necessity, and excellent Uses 132.\n Its Pleasure, and the Power of Musick 134.\n Smelling. In which sense these things are remarkable; the\n Nostrils, always open, cartilaginous, and endowed with\n Muscles 137.\n Lamin\u00e6, serving for\n A Guard against noxious Things 138.\n The spreading of the Olfactory Nerves.\n Prodigious Use of it in all, especially some of the\n Irrationals 139.\n Taste. The Things most remarkable in which Sense are, the\n Nerves spread about the Tongue and Mouth, with their Guard.\n The Papill\u00e6, neatly made 140.\n Situation thereof to be a Centinel to the Stomach and Food.\n Consent thereof with the other Senses, by some Branches of\n the fifth Pair 141.\n Feeling. 142.\n Whose Organ is the Nerves 143.\n Which is dispersed through every Part of the Body, and the\n admirable Benefit thereof.\n II. Respiration the grand Act of Animal Life 145.\n Ministering to the Circulation of the Blood and Diastole of\n the Heart.\n The Parts concerned therein are\n The Larynx, with its great Variety of Muscles, _&c._ for\n Respiration, and forming the Voice 148.\n Trachea and Epiglottis, exquisitely contriv\u2019d and made.\n Bronchi and Lungs, with their curious Arteries, Veins and\n Nerves 150.\n Ribs, Diaphragm, and the several Muscles concerned.\n Its Defects in the\n F\u0153tus in the Womb 153.\n Amphibious Creatures 157.\n Some Animals in Winter.\n III. The Motion of Animals: Concerning which I consider\n Transiently the\n Muscles, and their Structure, their Size, Fastening to the\n Joynts, Motions, _&c._ 158.\n Bones, and their curious Make.\n Joynts, with their Form, Bandage and Lubricity 161.\n Nerves, and their Origine, Ramifications and Inosculations.\n More particularly the Loco-Motive Act it self, which is\n Swift or slow, with Wings, Legs many or few, or none at all,\n according to the various Occasions and Ways of Animals\n Lives. As particularly in\n Reptiles, whose Food and Habitation is near at hand.\n Man and Quadrupeds, whose Occasions require a larger Range,\n and therefore a swifter Motion 164.\n Birds, and Insects, whose Food, Habitation and Safety\n require yet a larger Range, and have accordingly a yet\n swifter Motion and direct Conveyance.\n Geometrically and neatly performed by the nicest Rules.\n Well provided for by the\n Due Equipoise of the Body 165.\n Motive Parts being accurately placed with regard to the\n Center of the Body\u2019s Gravity, and to undergo their\n due Proportion of Weight and Exercise.\n IV. The _Place_ allotted to the several Tribes of Animals to\n live and act in. Concerning which I observe that\n Their Organs are adapted to their Place 167.\n All Places habitable are duly stocked.\n Various Animals have their various Places; and the Wisdom\n thereof 168.\n V. The Balance of Animals Numbers, so that the World is not\n Overstocked by their Increase.\n Depopulated by their Death.\n Which is effected in\n The several Tribes of Animals by a due Proportion in the\n Length of their Life 169.\n Number of their Young, in\n Useful Creatures being many.\n Pernicious few.\n Man very remarkably by the\n Different Length of his Life.\n Soon after the Creation 171.\n When the World was more, but not fully peopled 171.\n When it was sufficiently stocked, down to the present\n time.\n Due Proportions of Marriages, Births and Burials 174.\n Balance of Males and Females 175.\n VI. The Food of Animals. In which the Divine Management and\n Providence appears in the 179.\n Maintaining such large Numbers of all kinds of Animals on\n the Land, in the Seas, and divers Places too unlikely\n to afford sufficient Food.\n Adjustment of the Quantity of Food to the Number of Devourers,\n so that\n There is not too much, so as to rot, and annoy the World 181.\n The most useful is most plentiful, and easiest propagated _ibid._\n Delight which the various Tribes of Animals have to the\n Varieties of Food, so that what is grateful to one, is\n nauseous to another: Which is a wise means to cause\n All Creatures to be sufficiently supplied.\n All sorts of Food to be consumed.\n The World to be kept sweet and clean by those means 183.\n Peculiar Food, that particular Places afford to the Creatures\n residing therein 184.\n Curious Apparatus in all Animals for Gathering, and Digestion\n of their Food, _viz._ the\n Mouth, nicely shaped for Food, _&c._ In\n Some, little and narrow 189.\n Some, with a large deep Incisure.\n Insects very notable to catch, hold and devour Prey; to\n carry Burdens, to bore and build their Habitations 190.\n Birds as notable, Horned in all. In some\n Hooked for Rapine, climbing, _&c._ 192.\n Sharp and strong to pierce Trees, _&c._\n Long and slender to grope.\n Long and broad to quaffer.\n Thick and sharp edged to husk Grain.\n Compressed to raise Limpets, _&c._\n Teeth, which are peculiarly hard, firmly inserted in the\n Jaws, variously shaped in the same, and different\n Animals, deficient young Creatures, _&c._ 194.\n Salival Glands, commodiously placed for Mastication and\n Deglutition 196.\n Muscles and Tendons, serving to Mastication, strong and\n well lodged.\n Gullet, sized according to the Food; with curious Fibres,\n _&c._ 196.\n Stomach; 197.\n Which hath a curious Mechanism of Fibres, Tunicks, Glands,\n Nerves, Arteries and Veins.\n Whose Faculty of Digestion by such seeming weak Menstruums\n is admirable.\n Whose Size and Strength is conformable to the Nature of\n the Food, or Occasions of Animals.\n Which is in\n Tame Animals but one.\n Ruminants, Birds, _&c._ more.\n Guts, whose Tunicks, Glands, Fibres, Valves, and Peristaltick\n Motion deserve Admiration 201.\n Lacteals, together with the Impregnations from the\n Pancreas, Gall, Glands, and Lymph\u00e6ducts.\n Sagacity of all Animals in finding out, and providing Food. In\n Man less remarkable for the sake of his Understanding 202.\n Inferiour Creatures. In such as are\n Come to mature Age, and are able to help themselves, by their\n Accurate Smell 203.\n Natural Craft.\n Hunting and groping out of Sight.\n Seeing and Smelling at great Distances 205.\n Climbing; the strong Tendons and Muscles acting therein.\n Seeing in the dark.\n Helpless. As 207.\n Young Creatures.\n Man, born the most helpless of any, the Parents Reason,\n Hands and Affection sufficing.\n Irrationals: For whose Young the Creator hath made a\n sufficient Provision partly by the\n Parent-Animal\u2019s own\n \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f74, and Diligence in Nursing and Defending them 207.\n Sagacity and Care in repositing their Eggs and Young,\n where Food and all Necessaries are to be found 209.\n Ability of the Young themselves to shift for, and help\n themselves, with the little Helps of their Dams 210.\n Creatures destitute of Food at some Seasons, or likely to\n want it, who\n Are able to live long without Food 211.\n Lay up Food before-hand.\n VII. The Cloathing of Animals, which is 214.\n Suited to the Place and Occasions of all. In\n Man, it is left to his own Reason and Art, joined with\n sufficient Materials: Which is best for him,\n Because he may sute his Cloathing to his Quality and\n Business 218.\n For Perspiration and Health sake.\n To exercise his Art and Industry.\n To excite his Diligence in keeping himself sweet and clean.\n In being the Parent of divers Callings 219.\n Irrationals: Who are either\n Ready furnished with proper Cloathing.\n On the dry Land with Hair, Fleeces, Furrs, Shells, hard\n Skins, _&c._ 220.\n In the Air with Feathers, light, strong and warm.\n In the Waters with Scales, hard for Guard; smooth for\n Passage; or with strong Shells to guard such as move\n more slowly 223.\n Provide for themselves by their Textrine, or Architechtonick\n Art. Of which under the next Branch.\n Well garnished, being all Workman-like, compleat, in its kind\n beautiful, being 224.\n Adorned with gay, various and elegant Colours.\n If sordid, yet with exact Symmetry, and full of curious\n Mechanism.\n VIII. The Houses and Habitations of\n Man, who is abundantly furnished with\n Contrivance and Art to build and garnish his Habitations 226.\n Materials of all sorts to effect his Works.\n Irrationals, whose marvellous Instinct is manifested by the\n Convenience of their Nests and Habitations for the\n Hatching and Education of their Young 228.\n Guard and Defence of themselves and their Young.\n Fabrick of their Nests, scarce imitable by Man, and shewn by\n their Contrivance and Make, being exactly suitable to\n their Occasions, and made by\n Putting only a few ugly Sticks, Moss, Dirt, _&c._ together 231.\n Building Combs according to the best Rules of Mathematicks.\n Weaving Webs, and making Cases. For which Service the Parts\n of their Bodies, and Materials afforded by them are very\n considerable.\n IX. Animals Self-Preservation. For which there is always a Guard\n in proportion to the Dangers and Occasions of their State.\n Which is observable in\n Man, whose Reason and Art supplies the Defect of Natural\n Armature.\n Irrational Creatures; who\n As they are on one Hand sufficiently guarded by their\n Shells, Horns, Claws, Stings, _&c._ 239.\n Changing their Colours.\n Wings, Feet, and Swiftness.\n Diving in, and tinging the Waters.\n Ejecting Juices out of their Body.\n Accurate Smell, Sight and Hearing.\n Natural Craft 243.\n Uncouth Noise, ugly Gesticulations, and horrid Aspect.\n Horrible Stink and Excrements.\n So on the other Hand can by their Strength, Sagacity,\n or natural Artifices entrap and captivate, what is\n necessary for their Food and other Occasions.\n X. Animal\u2019s Generation.\n Equivocal, is denied 244.\n Univocal, Which of\n Man, is \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f15\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1, passed wholly by\n Irrational Creatures, which is remarkable for their\n Sagacity in chusing the fittest Place for their Eggs\n and Young: Where it is observable what a\n Compleat Order they observe.\n Neat Apparatus their Bodies are provided with for this\n purpose 248.\n Natural Venom they inject with their Eggs into Vegetables\n to pervert Nature, and produce Balls, and Cases 250.\n Making use of the fittest Seasons, either\n All Seasons 251.\n When Provisions are most plentiful and easiest had.\n Due Number of Young 252.\n Diligence and Concern for their Young, in point of\n Incubation 253.\n Safety and Defence 254.\n Faculty of Nursing their Young, by\n Suckling them. In which it is observable\n How suitable this Food is.\n How willingly parted with by all, even the most savage.\n What a compleat Apparatus in all Creatures of Dugs, _&c._\n Putting Food in their Mouths, with their proper Parts\n for catching and conveying Food 255.\n Neither way, but by laying in Provisions before-hand 256.\n\n Having in the Fourth Book thus dispatched the Decad of Things in\n common to the _Sensitive Creatures_, I take a view of their\n particular Tribes, _viz._ of\n _Man_; whom I consider with relation to his\n Soul. Concerning which having cursorily mentioned divers things,\n I insist upon two as shewing an especial divine Management,\n the\n Various Genii, or Inclinations of Men, which is a wise\n Provision for the Dispatch for all the World\u2019s Affairs,\n and that they may be performed with Pleasure 263.\n Inventive Faculty, In which it is remarkable that\n Its Compass is so large, extending to all things of Use, and\n occasioning so many several Callings.\n Things of greatest Necessity and Use were soon and easily\n found out; but things less useful later, and dangerous\n things not yet. Here of divers particular Inventions,\n with an Exhortation to exercise and improve our Gifts.\n Body. In which the things particularly remarked upon are the\n Erect Posture 282.\n The most convenient for a Rational Being.\n Manifestly intended, as appears from the Structure\n of some particular Parts mentioned 285.\n Nice Structure of the Parts ministring thereto.\n Equilibration of all the Parts 286.\n Figure and Shape of Man\u2019s Body most agreeable to his Place\n and Business 287.\n Stature and Size, which is much the best for Man\u2019s State 288.\n Structure of the Parts, which are\n Without Botches and Blunders.\n Of due Strength.\n Of the best Form.\n Most accurately accommodated to their proper Offices.\n Lodgment of the Parts, as the\n Five Senses 297.\n Hand.\n Legs and Feet,\n Heart.\n Viscera.\n Several Bones and Muscles, _&c._ 298.\n Covering of all with the Skin.\n Provision in Man\u2019s Body to\n Prevent Evils by the\n Situation of the Eyes, Ears, Tongue and Hand 300.\n Guard afforded all, especially the principal Parts.\n Duplication of some Parts.\n Cure Evils by means of\n Proper Emunctories 301.\n Diseases themselves making Discharges of things more\n dangerous 303.\n Pain giving Warning, and exciting our Endeavours.\n Consent of the Parts, effected by the Nerves, a Sample\n whereof is given in the Fifth Pair, branched to the\n Eye, Ear, _&c._\n Political, sociable State. For the Preservation and Security\n of which the Creator hath taken by variety of Mens.\n Faces 308.\n Voices.\n Hand-writing.\n _Quadrupeds._ Of which I take no notice, but wherein they differ\n from Man, _viz._\n Prone Posture, which is considerable for\n The Parts ministering to it, especially the Legs and Feet,\n sized and made in some for\n Strength and slow Motion 315.\n Agility and Swiftness.\n Walking and Running.\n Walking and Swimming.\n Walking and Flying.\n Walking and Digging.\n Traversing the Plains.\n Traversing Ice, Mountains, &c.\n Its Usefulness to\n Gather Food 317.\n Catch Prey.\n Climb, Leap and Swim.\n Guard themselves.\n Carry Burdens, Till the Ground, and other Uses of Man.\n Parts differing from those of Man.\n Head, wherein I consider\n Its Shape, commonly agreeable to the Animal\u2019s Motion 319.\n The Brain, which is,\n Lesser than in Man 319.\n Placed lower than the Cerebellum.\n The Nictitating Membrane 321.\n Carotid Arteries, and Rete Mirabile.\n Nates.\n Neck.\n Answering the Length of the Legs 322.\n Strengthened by the Whitleather.\n Stomach, 324.\n Corresponding to the several Species.\n Suited to their Proper Food, whether Flesh, Grain, &c.\n Heart: Its\n Ventricles in some\n One only 325.\n Two.\n Three, as some think.\n Situation nearer the midst of the Body, than in Man.\n Want of the Fattening of the Pericardium to the Midriff 327.\n Nervous kinds. A Sample of which is given in the different\n Correspondence between the Head and Heart of Man and Beast\n by the means of the Nerves. 329.\n _Birds._ Concerning which I take a View of their\n Body and Motion; where I consider\n The Parts concerned in their Motion 333.\n The Shape of the Body, made exactly for swimming in, and\n passing through the Air.\n Feathers, which are\n Most exactly made for Lightness and Strength.\n All well placed in every Part, for the Covering and\n Motion of the Body.\n Preened and dressed 334.\n Wings, which are\n Made of the very best Materials, _viz._ of _Bones_\n light and strong; _Joynts_ exactly opening, shutting,\n and moving, as the Occasions of Flight require; and\n the _Pectoral Muscles_, of the greatest Strength of\n any in the whole Body.\n Placed in the nicest point of the Body of every Species,\n according to the Occasions of Flight, Swimming or\n Diving.\n Tail, which is well made, and placed to keep the Body\n steady, and assist in its Ascents and Descents 337.\n Legs and Feet, which are made light for Flight, and\n incomparably accoutred for their proper Occasions of\n Swimming 338.\n Walking.\n Catching Prey.\n Roosting.\n Hanging.\n Wading and Searching the Waters.\n Lifting them upon their Wings.\n Motion it self.\n Performed by the nicest Laws of Mechanicks.\n Answering every Purpose and Occasion.\n Other Parts of the Body, _viz._ the\n Head, remarkable for the commodious\n Shape of it self 341.\n Forms of the Bill.\n Site of the Eye and Ear.\n Position of the Brain.\n Structure of the\n Larynx.\n Tongue.\n Inner Ear.\n Provision by Nerves in the Bill for tasting and\n distinguishing Food 344.\n Stomachs, one to\n Macerate and prepare 345.\n Grind and digest\n Lungs incomparably made for\n Respiration 346.\n Making the Body buoyant.\n Neck, which is made\n In due Proportion to the Legs.\n To search in the Waters, and\n To counterpoise the Body in Flight.\n State. Of which I take notice of three Things, _viz._ their\n Migration remarkable for\n The Knowledge Birds have of\n Their Times of Passage 348.\n The Places proper for them.\n Their Accommodation for long Flights by long or else\n strong Wings.\n Incubation, which is considerable for\n The Egg, and its parts 351.\n Act itself; that these Creatures should betake themselves\n to it, know this to be the Way to produce their Young,\n and with delight and Patience fit such a due Number\n of Days.\n The Neglect of it in any, as the Ostrich, and the wonderful\n Provision for the Young in that Case 354.\n Nidification. Of which before.\n _Insects._ Which, altho\u2019 a despised Tribe, doth in some Respects\n more set forth the infinite Power and Wisdom of the Creator,\n than the larger Animals.\n The things in this Tribe remarked upon are their\n Body 359.\n Shaped, not so much for long Flights, as for their Food,\n and Condition of Life.\n Built not with Bones, but with what serves both for Bones\n and Covering too.\n Eyes, reticulated to see all ways at once 360.\n Antenn\u00e6, and their Use 361.\n Legs and Feet made for\n Creeping 363.\n Swimming and Walking.\n Hanging on smooth Surfaces.\n Leaping.\n Digging.\n Spinning and Weaving Webs and Cases.\n Wings, which are\n Nicely distended with Bones 365.\n Some incomparably adorned with Feathers and elegant\n Colours.\n Some joynted and folded up in their Elytra, and distended\n again at pleasure.\n In Number either\n Two, with Poises.\n Four, without Poises.\n Surprizing Minuteness of some of those Animals themselves,\n especially of their Parts, which are as numerous and\n various as in other Animal Bodies 367.\n State: which sets forth a particular Concurrence of the\n Divine Providence, in the wise and careful Provision\n that is made for their\n Security against Winter, by their\n Subsisting in a different, _viz._ their Nympha or Aurelia\n state 369.\n Living in Torpitude, without any Waste of Body or Spirits 370.\n Laying up Provision before-hand.\n Preservation of their Species by their\n Chusing proper Places, to lay up their Eggs and Sperm, so\n that the\n Eggs may have due Incubation 373.\n Young sufficient Food.\n Care and Curiosity in repositing their Eggs in neat Order,\n and with the proper Part uppermost 382.\n Incomparable Art of Nidification, by being endow\u2019d with\n Parts proper for, and agreeable to the several Ways of\n Nidification, and the Materials they use in it.\n Architectonick Sagacity to build and weave their Cells,\n or to make even Nature herself their Hand-maid 384.\n _Reptiles._ Which agreeing with other Animals in something\n or other before treated of, I consider only their\n Motion, which is very remarkable, whether we consider the\n Manner of it, as\n Vermicular 394.\n Sinuous.\n Snail-like.\n Catterpillar-like.\n Multipedous.\n Parts ministring to it.\n Poison, which serves to\n Scourge Man\u2019s Wickedness 398.\n Their easy Capture and Mastery of their Prey.\n Their Digestion.\n Watery Inhabitants considerable for their\n Great Variety 401.\n Prodigious Multitudes.\n Vast bulk of some, and surprizing minuteness of others 403.\n Incomparable Contrivance and Structure of their Bodies.\n Supplies of Food.\n Respiration.\n Adjustment of their Organs of Vision to their Element.\n Poise and Motion of the Body every Way 402.\n\n Insensitive Inhabitants. Among which having mentioned Fossils\n and others, I insist only upon _Vegetables_, and that in a\n cursory manner upon their\n Great Variety for the several Uses of the World 404.\n Anatomy.\n Leaves 407.\n Flowers and their admirable Gaiety.\n Seed, remarkable for its\n Generation.\n Make.\n Containing in it a compleat Plant 408.\n Preservation and Safety in the Gems, Fruit, Earth, &c.\n Sowing, which is provided for by Down, Wings, Springy Cases,\n carried about by Birds, sown by the Husbandman, &c. 412.\n Growing and Standing: Some by\n Their own Strength 417.\n The Help of others, by clasping about, or hanging upon them.\n Remarkable Use, especially of some which seem to be provided\n for the Good of\n All Places 420.\n Some particular Places, to\n Heal some Local Distempers.\n Supply some Local Wants.\n\n Practical Inferences upon the whole are these Six, viz. That\n GOD\u2019s Works.\n 1. Are great and excellent 425.\n 2. Ought to be enquired into, with a Commendation of such as\n do so 427.\n 3. Are manifest to all, and therefore Atheism unreasonable 428.\n 4. Ought to excite Fear and Obedience 431.\n 5. Ought to excite Thankfulness 432.\n 6. Should move us to pay God his due Homages and Worship,\n particularly that of the Lord\u2019s Day: which is an\n Appointment\n The most ancient 438.\n Wisely contrived for Dispatch of Business, and to prevent\n Carnality.\n Whose proper Business is, to cease from Worldly, and to\n follow Spiritual Employments; the chief of which is\n the Publick Worship of GOD.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nA\n\nSURVEY\n\nOF THE\n\nTerraqueous Globe.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\n_INTRODUCTION._\n\n\nIn _Psal._ cxi. 2. The Psalmist asserts, That _the[a] Works of the Lord\nare great; sought out of all them that have Pleasure therein_. This is\ntrue of all _God\u2019s Works_, particularly of his _Works of Creation_:\nWhich, when _sought out_, or, as the _Hebrew_ Word [b] signifieth, when\n_heedfully_ and _deeply pried into, solicitously observ\u2019d and enquir\u2019d\nout_, especially when clearly discovered to us; in this Case, I say, we\nfind those Works of GOD abundantly to deserve the Psalmist\u2019s Character\nof being _Great_ and Noble; inasmuch as they are made with the most\nexquisite Art, [c] contrived with the utmost Sagacity, and ordered\nwith plain wise Design, and ministring to admirable Ends. For which\nreason St. _Paul_ might well affirm of those \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 of God, [d] That\nthe _invisible Things of God, even his eternal Power and Godhead, are\nunderstood by them_. And indeed they are the most easy, and intelligible\nDemonstrations of the _Being_ and _Attributes_ of God;[e] especially\nto such as are unacquainted with the Subtilties of Reasoning and\nArgumentation; as the greatest part of Mankind are.\n\nIt may not therefore be unsuitable to the Nature and Design of\nLectures[f] founded by one of the greatest Vertuoso\u2019s of the last Age,\nand instituted too on purpose for the Proof of the Christian Religion\nagainst Atheists and other Infidels, to improve this occasion in the\nDemonstration of the _Being_ and _Attributes_ of an infinitely wise and\npowerful Creator, from a Cursory Survey of the Works of _Creation_, or\n(as often called) of _Nature_.\n\nWhich Works belong either to our _Terraqueous Globe_, or the _Heavens_.\n\nI shall begin with our _own Globe_, being nearest, and falling most under\nour Senses. Which being a Subject very various and copious, for the more\nmethodical and orderly proceeding upon it, I shall distribute the Works\ntherein:\n\nI. Into such as are not properly Parts, but _Appendages_ or _Out-works_\nof the Globe.\n\nII. The _Globe_ it self.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] It is not unlikely that the Psalmist might mean, at least have an Eye\nto, _the Works of the Creation_ in this Text, the Word \u200e\u200f\u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d4\u200f\u200e being the\nsame that in _Psal._ 19. 1. is translated _God\u2019s Handy-work_, which is\nmanifestly applied to the Works of _Creation_, and properly signifieth\n_Factum_, _Opus_, _Opisicium_, from \u200e\u200f\u05e2\u05e9\u05d4\u200f\u200e _Fecit_, _Paravit_,\n_Aptavit_. And saith _Kircher_, _significat talem affectionem, qu\u00e2\naliquid existit vel realiter, vel ornat\u00e8, velut non sit in pristino statu\nquo fuit._ Concord, p. 2. col. 931.\n\n[b] \u200e\u200f\u05d3\u05e8\u05e9\u200f\u200e _Quasivit_, _perquisivit_, _sciscitatus est_, Buxtor. in\nverb. _Et simul importat curam, & solicitudinem._ Conrad. Kirch. ib. p.\n1. col. 1174.\n\n[c] _Quod si omnes mundi partes ita constitute sunt, ut neque ad usum\nmeliores potuerint esse, neque ad speciem pulchriores; videamus utr\u00f9m ea\nfortuita sint, an eo statu, quo coh\u00e6rere nullo modo potuerint, nisi sensu\nmoderante divin\u00e2que providentia. Si ergo meliora sunt ea qu\u00e6 Natur\u00e2,\nqu\u00e0m illa, qu\u00e6 Arte perfecta sunt, nec Ars efficit quid sine ratione; ne\nNatura quidem rationis expers est habenda. Qui igitur convenit, signum,\naut tabulam pictam c\u00f9m adspexeris, scire adhibitam esse artem; cumque\nprocul cursum navigii videris, non dubitare, quin id ratione atque arte\nmoveatur: aut c\u00f9m Solarium, &c. Mundum autem, qui & has ipsas artes,\n& earum artifices, & cuncta complectatur, consilii & rationis esse\nexpertem putare? Quod si in Scythiam, aut in Britanniam, Sph\u00e6ram aliquis\ntulerit hanc, quam nuper familiaris noster effecit Posidonius, cujus\nsingul\u00e6 conversiones idem efficiunt in Sole, &c.\u2014\u2014quod efficitur in c\u0153lo\nsingulis diebus & noctibus; quis in ill\u00e2 barbarie dubitet, quin ea Sph\u00e6ra\nsit perfecta Ratione? Hi autem dubitant de Mundo, ex quo & oriuntur, &\nfiunt omnia, casune ipse sit effectus,\u2014an Ratione, an Mente divin\u00e2? Et\nArchimedem arbitrantur plus valuisse in imitandis Sph\u00e6r\u00e6 conversionibus,\nqu\u00e0m Naturam in efficiendis, pr\u00e6sertim c\u00f9m multis partibus sint illa\nperfecta, quam h\u00e6c simulata, solertius, ~&c.~_ Cic. de Nat. l. 2. c. 34,\n35.\n\n[d] And a little before he saith of _Nature_ it self, _Omnem ergo regit\nNaturam ipse ~[Deus]~ &c._\n\n[e] _Mundus codex est Dei, in quo jugiter legere debemus_, Bernard. Serm.\n\n_Arbitror nullam gentem, neque Hominum societatem, apud quos ulla Deorum\nest religio, quidquam habere sacris Eleusiniis aut Samothraciis simile:\nEa tamen obscur\u00e8 docent qu\u00e6 profitentur: Natura ver\u00f2 opera in omnibus\nanimantibus sunt perspicua._ Galen. de Us. Part. l. 17. c. 1.\n\n[f] _Philosophia est Catechismus ad Fidem._ Cyril. 1. contr. Jul.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK I.\n\n_Of the Out-works of the Terraqueous Globe; the Atmosphere, Light, and\nGravity._\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. I.\n\n_Of the Atmosphere in general._\n\n\nThe Atmosphere, or Mass of Air, Vapours and Clouds, which surrounds our\nGlobe, will appear to be a matter of Design, and the infinitely wise\nCreator\u2019s Work, if we consider its _Nature_ and _Make_[a], and its _Use_\nto the World[b].\n\n1. Its Nature and Make, a Mass of Air, of subtile penetrating Matter, fit\nto pervade other Bodies, to penetrate into the inmost Recesses of Nature,\nto excite, animate, and spiritualize; and in short, to be the very Soul\nof this lower World. A thing consequently\n\n2. Of greatest Use to the World, useful to the Life, the Health, the\nComfort, the Pleasure, and Business of the whole Globe. It is the Air\nthe whole Animal World breatheth, and liveth by; not only the Animals\ninhabiting the Earth[c] and\n\nAir[d], but those of the Waters[e] too. Without it most Animals live\nscarce half a Minute[f]; and others, that are the most accustomed to the\nwant of it, live not without it many Days.\n\nAnd not only Animals themselves, but even Trees and Plants, and the whole\nvegetable Race, owe their Vegetation and Life to this useful Element;\nas will appear when I come to speak of them, and is manifest from their\nGlory and Verdure in a free Air, and their becoming Pale and Sickly, and\nLanguishing and Dying, when by any means excluded from it[g].\n\nThus useful, thus necessary, is the Air to the Life of the animated\nCreatures; and no less is it to the Motion and Conveyance of many of\nthem. All the winged Tribes owe their Flight and Buoyancy[h] to it,\nas shall be shewn in proper place: And even the watery Inhabitants\nthemselves cannot ascend and descend into their Element, well without\nit[i].\n\nBut it would be tedious to descend too far into Particulars, to reckon\nup the many Benefits of this noble Appendage of our Globe in many useful\nEngines[k]; in many of the Functions and Operations of Nature[l] in the\nConveyance of Sounds; and a Thousand Things besides. And I shall but\njust mention the admirable use of our Atmosphere in ministring to the\nenlightening of the World, by its reflecting the Light of the heavenly\nBodies to us[m]; and refracting the Sun-beams to our Eye, before it\never surmounteth our Horizon[n]; by which means the Day is protracted\nthroughout the whole Globe; and the long and dismal Nights are shorten\u2019d\nin the frigid Zones, and Day sooner approacheth them; yea the Sun itself\nriseth in Appearance (when really it is absent from them) to the great\nComfort of those forlorn Places[o].\n\nBut passing by all these Things with only a bare mention, and wholly\nomitting others that might have been named, I shall only insist upon the\nexcellent Use of this noble circumambient Companion of our Globe, in\nrespect of two of its Meteors, the Winds, and the Clouds and Rain[p].\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Mundi pars est Aer, & quidem necessaria: Hic est enim qui c\u0153lum\nterramque connectit, ~&c.~_ Senec. Nat. Qu. l. 2. c. 4.\n\n[b] _Ipse Aer nobiscum videt, nobiscum audit, nobiscum sonat; nihil enim\neorum sine eo fieri potest, ~&c.~_ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 33.\n\n[c] As the Air is of absolute Necessity to Animal Life, so it is\nnecessary that it should be of a due Temperament or Consistence; not\nfoul, by reason that suffocateth: not too rare and thin, because that\nsufficeth not; with Examples of each of which, I shall a little entertain\nthe Reader. In one of Mr. _Hawksbee_\u2019s Compressing Engines, I closely\nshut up a _Sparrow_ without forcing any Air in; and in less than an Hour\nthe Bird began to pant, and be concerned; and in less than an Hour and\nhalf to be sick, vomit, and more out of Breath; and in two Hours time was\nnearly expiring.\n\nAnother I put in and compressed the Air, but the Engine leaking, I\nfrequently renewed the Compressure; by which means, (although the\nBird panted a little after the first Hour,) yet after such frequent\nCompressures, and Immission of fresh Air, it was very little concerned,\nand taken out seemingly unhurt after three Hours.\n\nAfter this I made two other Experiments in compressed Air, with the\nWeight of two Atmospheres injected, the Engine holding tight and well;\nthe one with the _Great Titmouse_, the other with a _Sparrow_. For near\nan Hour they seemed but little concerned; but after that grew fainter,\nand in two Hours time sick, and in three Hours time died. Another thing\nI took notice of, was, that when the Birds were sick and very restless,\nI fancied they were somewhat relieved for a short space, with the Motion\nof the Air, caused by their fluttering and shaking their Wings, (a thing\nworth trying in the _Diving-Bell_). I shall leave the ingenious Reader to\njudge what the cause was of both the Birds living longer in compressed,\nthan uncompressed Air; whether a less quantity of Air was not sooner\nfouled and rendred unfit for Respiration, than a greater.\n\nFrom these Experiments two Things are manifested; one is, that Air,\nin some measure compressed, or rather heavy, is necessary to Animal\nLife: Of which by and by. The other, that fresh Air is also necessary:\nFor pent up Air, when overcharged with the Vapours emitted our of the\nAnimal\u2019s Body, becomes unfit for Respiration. For which Reason, in the\n_Diving-Bell_, after some time of stay under Water, they are forced to\ncome up and take in fresh Air, or by some such means recruit it. But\nthe famous _Cornelius Drebell_ contrived not only a Vessel to be rowed\nunder Water, but also a Liquor to be carried in that Vessel, that would\nsupply the want of fresh Air. The Vessel was made for King _James_ I.\nIt carried twelve Rowers, besides the Passengers. It was tried in the\nRiver of _Thames_; and one of the Persons that was in that submarine\nNavigation was then alive, and told it one, who related the Matter to\nour famous Founder, the Honourable, and most Ingenious Mr. _Boyl_. As to\nthe Liquor, Mr. _Boyl_ saith, he discovered by a Doctor of Physick, who\nmarried _Drebell_\u2019s Daughter, that it was used from time to time when\nthe Air in the submarine Boat was clogged by the Breath of the Company,\nand thereby made unfit for Respiration; at which time, by unstopping a\nVessel full of this Liquor, he could speedily restore to the troubled Air\nsuch a proportion of vital Parts, as would make it again for a good while\nfit for Respiration. The Secret of this Liquor _Drebell_ would never\ndisclose to above one Person, who himself assured Mr. _Boyl_ what it was.\n_Vid._ _Boyl. Exp. Phys. Mech. of the Spring of the Air, Exp. 41._ in\nthe _Digres_. This Story I have related from Mr. _Boyl_, but at the same\ntime much question whether the Virtues of the Liquor were so effectual as\nreported.\n\nAnd as too gross, so too rare an Air is unfit for Respiration. Not to\nmention the forced Rarefactions made by the Air-Pump, in the following\nNote; it is found, that even the extraordinary natural Rarefactions, upon\nthe tops of very high Hills, much affect Respiration. An Ecclesiastical\nPerson, who had visited the high Mountains of _Armenia_, (on which some\nfancy the Ark rested) told Mr. _Boyl_, that whilst he was on the upper\npart of them, he was forced to fetch his Breath oftner than he was wont.\nAnd taking notice of it when he came down, the People told him, that it\nwas what happen\u2019d to them when they were so high above the Plane, and\nthat it was a common Observation among them. The like Observation the\nsame Ecclesiastick made upon the top of a Mountain in the _Cevennes_. So\na learned Traveller, and curious Person, on one of the highest Ridges\nof the _Pyrenees_, call\u2019d _Pic de Midi_, found the Air not so fit for\nRespiration, as the common Air, but he and his Company were fain to\nbreath shorter and oftner than in the lower Air. _Vid._ _Phil. Transact._\nNo. 63, or _Lowthorp\u2019s Abridg._ Vol. 2. p. 226.\n\nSuch another Relation the learned _Joseph Acosta_ gives of himself and\nhis Company, that, when they passed the high Mountains of _Peru_, which\nthey call _Periacaca_, (to which he saith, _the Alps themselves seemed\nto them but as ordinary Houses, in regard of high Towers,) He and his\nCompanions were surprized with such extreme Pangs of Straining and\nVomiting, (not without casting up of Blood too,) and with so violent a\nDistemper, that he concludes he should undoubtedly have died; but that\nthis lasted not above three or four Hours, before they came into a more\nconvenient and natural Temperature of the Air._ All which he concludes\nproceeded from the too great Subtilty and Delicacy of the Air, which is\nnot proportionable to humane Respiration, which requires a more gross and\ntemperate Air, _Vid._ _Boyl_, _ubi supra_.\n\nThus it appears, that an Air too Subtile, Rare and Light, is unfit for\nRespiration: But the Cause is not the Subtilty or too great Delicacy, as\nMr. Boyl thinks, but the too great Lightness thereof, which renders it\nunable to be a Counterbalance, or an Antagonist to the Heart, and all the\nMuscles ministring to _Respiration_, and the _Diastole_ of the Heart. Of\nwhich see _Book 4. Chap. 7. Note 1._\n\nAnd as our Inability to live in too rare and light an Air may discourage\nthose vain Attempts of Flying and Whimsies of passing to the Moon, &c.\nso our being able to bear an heavier State of the Air is an excellent\nProvision for Mens Occasions in Mines, and other great Depths of the\nEarth; and those other greater Pressures made upon the Air, in the\n_Diving-Bell_, when we descend into great Depths of the Waters.\n\n[d] That the Inhabitants of the Air, (Birds and Insects,) need the Air\nas well as Man and other Animals, is manifest from their speedy dying in\ntoo feculent, or too much rarefied Air; of which see the preceding and\nfollowing _Note (f)._ But yet Birds and Insects (some Birds at least)\ncan live in a rarer Air than Man. Thus Eagles, Kites, Herons, and divers\nother Birds, that delight in high Flights, are not affected with the\nRarity of the Medium, as those Persons were in the preceding Note. So\nInsects bear the Air-Pump long, as in the following _Note (f)._\n\n[e] Creatures inhabiting the Waters need the Air, as well as other\nAnimals, yea, and fresh Air too. The _Hydrocanthari_ of all Sorts, the\n_Nymph\u00e6_ of _Gnats_, and many other Water-Insects, have a singular\nFaculty, and an admirable Apparatus, to raise their back Parts to the top\nof the Waters, and take in fresh Air. It is pretty to see, for Instance,\nthe _Hydrocanthari_ come and thrust their Tails out of the Water, and\ntake in a Bubble of Air, at the tip of their _Vagin\u00e6_ and Tails, and then\nnimbly carry it down with them into the Waters; and, when that is spent,\nor fouled, to ascend again and recruit it.\n\nSo Fishes also are well known to use Respiration, by passing the Water\nthrough their Mouths and Gills. But _Carps_ will live out of the Water,\nonly in the Air; as is manifest by the Experiment of their way of Fatting\nthem in _Holland_, and which hath been practised herein _England_, _viz._\nthey hang them up in a Cellar, or some cool Place, in wet Moss in a small\nNet, with their Heads out, and feed them with white Bread soaked in Milk\nfor many Days. This was told me by a Person very curious, and of great\nHonour and Eminence, whose Word (if I had leave to name him) no Body\nwould question: And it being an Instance of the Respiration of Fishes\nvery singular, and somewhat out of the way, I have for the Reader\u2019s\nDiversion taken notice of it.\n\n[f] By Experiments I made my self in the Air Pump, in _September_\nand _October_, 1704; I observed that Animals whose Hearts have two\n_Ventricles_, and no _Foramen Ovale_, as Birds, Dogs, Cats, Rats, Mice,\n_&c._ die in less than half a Minute counting from the very first\nExsuction; especially in a small Receiver.\n\nA _Mole_ (which I suspected might have born more than other Quadrupeds)\ndied in one Minute (without Recovery) in a large Receiver; and doubtless\nwould hardly have survived half a Minute in a small Receiver. A _Bat_\n(although wounded) sustained the Pump two Minutes, and revived upon the\nre-admission of the Air. After that, he remained four Minutes and a half\nand revived. Lastly, After he had been five Minutes, he continued gasping\nfor a time, and after twenty Minutes I re-admitted the Air, but the _Bat_\nnever revived.\n\nAs for _Insects_: _Wasps_, _Bats_, _Hornets_, _Grashoppers_, and\n_Lady-Cows_ seemed dead in appearance in two Minutes, but revived in the\nopen Air in two or three Hours time, notwithstanding they had been in\n_Vacuo_ twenty four Hours.\n\nThe _Ear-wig_, the great _Staphylinus_, the great black lowsy _Beetle_,\nand some other Insects would seem unconcerned at the _Vacuum_ a good\nwhile, and lie as dead; but revive in the Air, although some had lain\nsixteen Hours in the exhausted Receiver.\n\n_Snails_ bear the Air Pump prodigiously, especially those in Shells; two\nof which lay above twenty four Hours, and seemed not much affected. The\nsame Snails I left in twenty eight Hours more after a second Exhaustion,\nand found one of them quite dead, but the other revived.\n\n_Frogs_ and _Toads_ bear the Pump long, especially the former. A large\nToad, found in the House, died irrecoverably in less than six Hours.\nAnother Toad and Frog I put in together, and the Toad was seemingly dead\nin two Hours, but the Frog just alive. After they had remained there\neleven Hours, and seemingly dead, the Frog recovered in the open Air,\nonly weak, but the Toad was quite dead. The same Frog being put in again\nfor twenty seven Hours, then quite died.\n\nThe Animalcules in _Pepper-Water_ remained in _Vacuo_ twenty four Hours.\nAnd after they had been exposed a Day or two to the open Air, I found\nsome of them dead, some alive.\n\n[g] That the Air is the principal Cause of the Vegetation of Plants,\n_Borelli_ proves in his excellent Book _De Mot. Animal._ Vol. 2. Prop.\n181. And in the next Proposition, he assureth, _In Plantis quoque peragi\nAeris respirationem quandam imperfectam, \u00e0 qu\u00e2 earum vita pendet, &\nconservatur._ But of this more when I come to survey Vegetables.\n\n_Some Lettice-Seed being sown upon some Earth in the open Air, and some\nof the same Seed at the same time upon other Earth in a Glass-Receiver of\nthe Pneumatick Engine, afterwards exhausted of Air: The Seed exposed to\nthe Air was grown up an Inch and half high within Eight Days; but that in\nthe exhausted Receiver not at all. And Air being again admitted into the\nsame emptied Receiver, to see whether any of the Seed would then come up,\nit was found, that in the Space of one Week it was grown up to the Height\nof two or three Inches._ Vid. Phil. Trans. No. 23. Lowth. Abridg. Vol. 2.\np. 206.\n\n[h] _In volucribus pulmones perforati aerem inspiratum in totam ventris\ncavitatem admittunt. Hujus ratio, ut propter corporis truncum Aere\nrepletum & quasi extensum, ipsa magis volatilia evadant, faciliusque\nab aere externo, proper intimi penum, sustententur. Equidem pisces,\nqu\u00f2 levi\u00f9s in aquis natent, in Abdomine vesicas Aere inflatas gestant:\npariter & volucres, propter corporis truncum Aere impletum & quasi\ninflatum, nudo Aeri incumbentes, minus gravantur, proindeque levius &\nexpediti\u00f9s volant._ Willis de Anim. Brut. p. 1. c. 3.\n\n[i] _Fishes by reason of the Bladder of Air within them, can sustain, or\nkeep themselves in any Depth of Water: For the Air in that Bladder being\nmore or less compressed, according to the Depth the Fish swims at, takes\nup more or less Space; and consequently, the Body of the Fish, part of\nwhose Bulk this Bladder is, is greater or less according to the several\nDepths, and yet retains the same Weight. Now the Rule ~de Insidentibus\nhumido~ is, that a Body, that is heavier than so much Water, as is equal\nin Quantity to the Bulk of it, will sink, a Body that is lighter will\nswim; a Body of equal Weight will rest in any part of the Water. By\nthis Rule, if the Fish, in the middle Region of the Water, be of equal\nWeight to the Water, that is commensurate to the Bulk of it, the Fish\nwill rest there, without any Tendency upwards or downwards: And if the\nFish be deeper in the Water, the Bulk of the Fish becoming less by the\nCompression of the Bladder, and yet retaining the same Weight, it will\nsink, and rest at the Bottom. And on the other side, if the Fish be\nhigher than the middle Region, the Air dilating it self, and the Bulk\nof the Fish consequently increasing, but not the Weight, the Fish will\nrise upwards and rest at the top of the Water. Perhaps the Fish by some\nAction can emit Air out of its Bladder\u2014\u2014, and, when not enough, take in\nAir,\u2014\u2014and then it will not be wondred, that there should be always a fit\nProportion of Air in all Fishes to serve their Use, ~&c.~_ Then follows\na Method of Mr. _Boyl_ to experiment the Truth of this. After which, in\nMr. _Lowthorp_\u2019s Abridgment, follow Mr. _Ray_\u2019s Observations. _I think\nthat\u2014\u2014hath hit upon the true Use of the Swimming-Bladders in Fishes.\nFor, 1. It hath been observed, that if the Swimming-Bladder of any Fish\nbe pricked or broken, such a Fish sinks presently to the Bottom, and\ncan neither support or raise it self up in the Water. 2. Flat Fishes,\nas Soles, Plaise, &c. which lie always grovelling at the Bottom, have\nno Swimming-Bladders that ever I could find. 3. In most Fishes there is\na manifest Chanel leading from the Gullet\u2014\u2014to the said Bladder, which\nwithout doubt serves for the conveying Air thereunto.\u2014\u2014In the Coat of\nthis Bladder is a musculous Power to contract it when the Fish lifts._\nSee more very curious Observations relating to this Matter, of the late\ngreat Mr. _Ray_, as also of the curious anonymous Gentleman in the\ningenious Mr. _Lowthorp_\u2019s Abridgment, before cited, _p. 845._ from\n_Phil. Trans. N._ 114, 115.\n\n[k] Among the Engines in which the Air is useful, Pumps may be\naccounted not contemptible ones, and divers other Hydraulical Engines,\nwhich need not to be particularly insisted on. In these the Water was\nimagined to rise by the power of Suction, to avoid _a Vacuum_, and such\nunintelligible Stuff; but the justly famous Mr. _Boyl_ was the first that\nsolved these Ph\u00e6nomena by the Weight of the Atmosphere. His ingenious and\ncurious Observations and Experiments relating hereto, may be seen in his\nlittle Tract, _Of the Cause of Attraction by Suction_, and divers others\nof his Tracts.\n\n[l] It would be endless to specify the Uses of the Air in Nature\u2019s\nOperations: I shall therefore, for a Sample only, name its great Use to\nthe World in conserving animated Bodies, whether endowed with animal or\nvegetative Life, and its contrary Quality of dissolving other Bodies;\nby which means many Bodies that would prove Nuisances to the World,\nare put out of the Way, by being reduced into their first Principles,\n(as we say), and so embodied with the Earth again. Of its Faculty as a\nMenstruum, or its Power to dissolve Bodies; I may instance in Crystal\nGlasses, which, with long keeping, especially if not used, will in Time\nbe reduced to a Powder, as I have seen. So divers Minerals, Earths,\nStones, Fossil-Shells, Wood, _&c._ which from _Noah_\u2019s Flood, at least\nfor many Ages, have lain under Ground, so secure from Corruption, that,\non the contrary, they have been thereby made much the stronger, have in\nthe open Air soon mouldered away. Of which last, Mr. _Boyl_ gives an\nInstance (from the _Dissertation de admirandis Hungar. Aquis_) of a great\nOak, like a huge Beam, dug out of a Salt Mine in _Transylvania_, _so\nhard, that it would not easily be wrought upon by Iron Tools, yet, being\nexposed to the Air out of the Mine, it became so rotten that in four Days\nit was easy to be broken, and crumbled between one\u2019s Fingers_. Boyl\u2019s\nSuspic. about some hid. Qual. in the Air, p. 28. So the Trees turned out\nof the Earth by the Breaches at _West-Thurrock_ and _Dagenham_, near\nme, although probably no other than _Alder_, and interred many Ages ago\nin a rotten oazy Mold, were so exceedingly tough, hard, and found at\nfirst, that I could make but little Impressions on them with the Strokes\nof an Ax; but being exposed to the Air and Water, soon became so rotten\nas to be crumbled between the Fingers. See my Observations in _Philos.\nTransact._ N\u1d52. 335.\n\n[m] _By reflecting the Light of the heavenly Bodies to us_, I mean that\nWhiteness or Lightness which is in the Air in the Day-time, caused by the\nRays of Light striking upon the Particles of the Atmosphere, as well as\nupon the Clouds above, and the other Objects beneath upon the Earth. To\nthe same Cause also we owe the Twilight, _viz._ to the Sun-beams touching\nthe uppermost Particles of our Atmosphere, which they do when the Sun is\nabout eighteen Degrees beneath the Horizon. And as the Beams reach more\nand more of the airy Particles, so Darkness goes off, and Day light comes\non and encreaseth. For an Exemplification of this, the Experiment may\nserve of transmitting a few Rays of the Sun through a small Hole into\na dark Room: By which means the Rays which meet with Dust, and other\nParticles flying in the Air, are render\u2019d visible; or (which amounts to\nthe same) those swimming small Bodies are rendered visible, by their\nreflecting the Light of the Sun-beams to the Eye, which, without such\nReflection, would it self be invisible.\n\nThe Azure Colour of the Sky Sir _Isaac Newton_ attributes to Vapours\nbeginning to condense, and that are not able to reflect the other\nColours. _V._ _Optic._ l. 2. _Par. 3. Prop. 7._\n\n[n] By the Refractive Power of the Air, the Sun, and the other heavenly\nBodies seem higher than really they are, especially near the Horizon.\nWhat the Refractions amount unto, what Variations they have, and what\nAlterations in time they cause, may be briefly seen in a little Book\ncalled, _The Artificial Clock-Maker_, Chap. 11.\n\n_Although this inflective Quality of the Air be a great Incumbrance and\nConfusion of Astronomical Observations;\u2014\u2014yet it is not without some\nconsiderable Benefit to Navigation; and indeed in some Cases, the Benefit\nthereby obtained is much greater than would be the Benefit of having the\nRay proceed in an exact straight Line._ [Then he mentions the Benefit\nhereof to the Polar Parts of the World.] _But this by the by_ (saith he.)\n_The great Advantage I consider therein, is the first Discovery of Land\nupon the Sea; for by means hereof, the tops of Hills and Lands are raised\nup into the Air, so as to be discoverable several Leagues farther off on\nthe Sea than they would be, were there no such Refraction, which is of\ngreat Benefit to Navigation for steering their Course in the Night, when\nthey approach near Land; and likewise for directing them in the Day-time,\nmuch more certainly than the most exact Celestial Observations could do\nby the Help of an uninflected Ray, especially in such Places as they\nhave no Soundings._ [Then he proposes a Method to find by these means\nthe Distance of Objects at Sea.] V. Dr. _Hook_\u2019s _Post. Works_. Lect. of\nNavig. p. 466.\n\n[o] _Cum Belg\u00e6 in nov\u00e2 Zembl\u00e2 hybernarent, Sol illis apparuit 16 diebus\nciti\u00f9s, qu\u00e0m revera in Horizonte existeret, hoc est, c\u00f9m adhuc infra\nHorizontem depressus esset quatuor circiter gradibus, & quidem aere\nsereno._ Varen. Geog. c. 19. Prop. 22.\n\n_~[These Hollanders]~ found, that the Night in that place shortened no\nless than a whole Month; which must needs be a very great Comfort to all\nsuch Places as live very far towards the North and South Poles, where\nlength of Night, and want of seeing the Sun, cannot chuse but be very\ntedious and irksome._ Hook Ibid.\n\n_~[By means of the Refractions]~ we found the Sun to rise twenty Minutes\nbefore it should; and in the Evening to remain above the Horizon twenty\nMinutes (or thereabouts) longer than it should._ Captain _James_\u2019s Journ.\nin _Boyl_ of Cold. Tit. 18. p. 190.\n\n[p] _Aer\u2014in Nubes cogitur: humoremque colligens terram auget imbribus:\ntum effluens huc & illuc, ventos efficit. Idem annuas frigorum & calorum\nfacit varietates: idemque & volatus Alitum sustinet, & spiritu ductus\nalit & sustentas animantes._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 39.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. II.\n\n_Of the Winds[a]._\n\n\nTo pass by other Considerations, whereby I might demonstrate the Winds\nto be the infinite Creator\u2019s Contrivance, I shall insist only upon their\ngreat usefulness to the World. And so great is their Use, and of such\nabsolute Necessity are they to the Salubrity of the Atmosphere, that all\nthe World would be poisoned without those Agitations thereof. We find\nhow putrid, fetid, and unfit for Respiration, as well as Health and\nPleasure, a stagnating, confined, pent up Air is. And if the whole Mass\nof Air and Vapours was always at Rest, and without Motion, instead of\nrefreshing and animating, it would suffocate and poison all the World:\nBut the perpetual Commotions it receives from the Gales and Storms, keep\nit pure and healthful[b].\n\nNeither are those Ventilations beneficial only to the Health, but to the\nPleasure also of the Inhabitants of the Terraqueous Globe; witness the\nGales which fan us in the heat of Summer; without which, even in this\nour temperate Zone, Men are scarce able to perform the Labours of their\nCalling, or not without Danger of Health and Life[c]. But especially,\nwitness the perpetual Gales which throughout the whole Year do fan the\nTorrid Zone, and make that Climate an healthful and pleasant Habitation,\nwhich would otherwise be scarce habitable.\n\nTo these I might add many other great Conveniencies of the Winds in\nvarious Engines, and various Businesses. I might particularly insist\nupon its great Use to transport Men to the farthest distant Regions of\nthe World[d] and I might particularly speak of the general and coasting\nTrade-Winds, the Sea, and the Land-Breezes;[e] the one serving to carry\nthe Mariner in long Voyages from East to West; the other serving to waft\nhim to particular Places; the one serving to carry him into his Harbour,\nthe other to bring him out. But I should go too far to take notice of all\nParticulars[f]. Leaving therefore the Winds, I proceed in the next Place\nto the Clouds and Rain.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Ventus est aer fluens_, is _Seneca_\u2019s Definition, _Na. Qu. l. 5._\nAnd as Wind is a Current of the Air, so that which excites or alters its\nCurrents may be justly said to be the Cause of the Winds. An \u00c6quipoise of\nthe Atmosphere produceth a Calm; but if that \u00c6quipoise be more or less\ntaken off, a Stream of Air, or Wind, is thereby accordingly produced\neither stronger or weaker, swifter or slower. And divers things there\nare that may make such Alterations in the \u00c6quipoise or Balance of the\nAtmosphere, _viz._ Eruptions of Vapours from Sea or Land; Rarefactions\nand Condensations in one Place more than another; the falling of Rain,\npressure of the Clouds, _&c._ _Pliny_, l. 2. c. 45. tells us of a certain\n_Cavern_ in _Dalmatia_, called _Senta_, _in quem_, saith he, _dejecto\nlevi pondere, quamvis tranquillo die, turbini similis emicat procella_.\nBut as to Caves it is observed, that they often emit Winds more or less.\nDr. _Connor_, taking notice of this matter, specifies these, _In regno\nNeapolitano ex immani Cuman\u00e6 Sibyll\u00e6 antro tenuem ventum effluentem\npercepi_. The like he observed at the Caves at _Bai\u00e6_, and in some of the\nMines of _Germany_, and in the large Salt-Mines of _Cracow_ in _Poland_.\n_Ubi_, saith he, _opifices, & ipse fodin\u00e6 dominus Andreas Morstin, Nob.\nPolonus, mihi asseruerunt, qu\u00f2d tanta aliquando Ventorum tempestas ex\nambagiosis hujus fodin\u00e6 recessibus surgere solebat, quod laborantes\nfossores humi prosternebat, nec non portas & domicili\u00e6 (qu\u00e6 sibi in h\u00e2c\nfodin\u00e2 artifices exstruunt) penit\u00f9s evertebat_. Bern. Connor. Dissert.\nMed. Phys. p. 33. Artic. 3.\n\nAnd as great Caves, so great Lakes sometimes send forth Winds. So\n_Gassendus_ saith the _Lacus Legnius_ doth, _E quo dum exoritur fumus,\nnubes haud dubi\u00ea creanda est, qu\u00e6 sit brevi in tempestatem s\u00e6vissimam\nexoneranda_. Gassend. Vit. Peiresk. l. 5. P. 417.\n\nBut the most universal and constant Alterations of the Balance of the\nAtmosphere are from Heat and Cold. This is manifest in the General\nTrade-Winds, blowing all the Year between the Tropicks from East to\nWest: if the Cause thereof be (as some ingenious Men imagine) the Sun\u2019s\ndaily Progress round that part of the Globe, and by his Heat rarefying\none part of the Air, whilst the cooler and heavier Air behind presseth\nafter. So the Sea and Land Breezes in _Note (d)._ And so in our Climate,\nthe Northerly and Southerly Winds (commonly esteemed the Causes of cold\nand warm Weather), are really the Effects of the Cold or Warmth of the\nAtmosphere: Of which I have had so many Confirmations, that I have no\ndoubt of it. As for Instance, it is not uncommon to see a warm Southerly\nWind, suddenly changed to the North, by the fall of Snow or Hail; to see\nthe Wind in a frosty, cold Morning North, and when the Sun hath well\nwarmed the Earth and Air, you may observe it to wheel about towards\nthe Southerly Quarters; and again to turn Northerly or Easterly in the\ncold Evening. It is from hence also, that in Thunder-Showers the Wind\nand Clouds are oftentimes contrary to one another, (especially if Hail\nfalls) the sultry Weather below directing the Wind one way; and the Cold\nabove the Clouds another way. I took Notice upon _March_ the 10\u1d57\u02b0 1710/1,\n(and divers such like Instances I have had before and since) that the\nMorning was warm, and what Wind stirred was West-South-West, but the\nClouds were thick and black (as generally they are when Snow ensues): A\nlittle before Noon the Wind veered about to North by West, and sometimes\nto other Points, the Clouds at the same time flying some North by West,\nsome South-West: About one of the Clock it rained apace, the Clouds\nflying sometimes North-East, then North, and at last both Wind and Clouds\nsettled North by West; At which time Sleet fell plentifully, and it grew\nvery cold. From all which I observe, 1. That although our Region below\nwas warm, the Region of the Clouds was cold, as the black, snowy Clouds\nshewed. 2. That the struggle between the warmth of ours, and the cold of\nthe cloudy Region, stopped the airy Currents of both Regions. 3. That the\nfalling of the Snow through our warmer Air melted into Rain at first; but\nthat it became Sleet after the superiour Cold had conquered the inferiour\nWarmth. 4. That, as that Cold prevailed by Degrees, so by Degrees it\nwheeled about both the Winds and Clouds from the Northwards towards the\nSouth.\n\n_Hippocrates_, l. 2. _De Vict. Orat._ _Omnes Ventos vel \u00e0 nive, glacie,\nvehementi gelu, fluminibus, ~&c.~ spirare necesse judicat_, Bartholin. de\nusu Nivis, c. 1.\n\n[b] _It is well observed in my Lord ~Howard~s Voyage to ~Constantinople~,\nthat at ~Vienna~ they have frequent Winds, which if they cease long in\nSummer, the Plague often ensues: So that it is now grown into a Proverb,\nthat if ~Austria~ be not windy, it is subject to Contagion._ Bohun of\nWind, _p. 213._\n\nFrom some such Commotions of the Air I imagine it is, that at _Grand\nCairo_ the Plague immediately ceases, as soon as the _Nile_ begins to\noverflow; although Mr. _Boyl_ attributes it to nitrous Corpuscles.\n_Determ. Nat. of Effluv._ Chap. 4.\n\n_Nulla enim propemodum regio est, qu\u00e6 non habeat aliquem flatum ex se\nnascentem, & circa se cadentem._\n\n_Inter c\u00e6tera itaq; Providenti\u00e6 opera, hoc quoq; aliquis, ut dignum\nadmiratione suspexerit. Non enim ex un\u00e2 caus\u00e2 Ventos aut invenit, aut\nper diversa disposuit: sed primum ut aera non sinerent pigrescere, sed\nassidu\u00e2 vexatione utilem redderens, vitaiemq; tracturis._ Sen. Nat.\nQu\u00e6st. l. 5. c. 17, 18.\n\nAll this is more evident, from the Cause assigned to malignant epidemical\nDiseases, particularly the Plague, by my ingenious, learned Friend, Dr.\n_Mead_; and that is, an hot and moist Temperament of the Air, which\nis observed by _Hippocrates_, _Galen_, and the general Histories of\nEpidemical Diseases, to attend those Distempers. _Vid._ _Mead of Poisons,\nEssay 5._ p. 161. But indeed, whether the Cause be this, or poisonous,\nmalignant Exhalations or Animalcules, as others think, the Winds are\nhowever very salutiferous in such Cases, in cooling the Air, and\ndispersing and driving away the moist or pestiferous Vapours.\n\n[c] _July 8. 1707_, (called for some time after the _Hot Tuesday_,)\nwas so excessively hot and suffocating, by reason there was no Wind\nstirring, that divers Persons died, or were in great Danger of Death, in\ntheir Harvest-Work. Particularly one who had formerly been my Servant, a\nhealthy, lusty, young Man, was killed by the Heat: And several Horses on\nthe Road dropped down and died the same Day.\n\nIn the foregoing Notes, having Notice of some Things relating to Heat,\nalthough it be somewhat out of the way, I hope the Reader will excuse me,\nif I entertain him with some Observations I made about the Heat of the\nAir under the Line, compared with the Heat of our Bodies. _J. Patrick_,\nwho, as he is very accurate in making Barometrical and Thermometrical\nInstruments, had the Curiosity for the nicer adjusting his Thermometers,\nto send two abroad under the Care of two very sensible, ingenious\nMen; one to the Northern Lat. of 81; the other to the Parts under the\n\u00c6quinoctial: In these two different Climates, the Places were marked\nwhere the Spirits stood at the severest Cold and greatest Heat. And\naccording to these Observations he graduates his Thermometers. With his\nStandard I compared my Standard Thermometer, from all the Degrees of\nCold, I could make with _Sal Armoniack_, &c. to the greatest Degrees of\nHeat our Thermometers would reach to. And with the same Thermometer (of\nmine) I experimented the greatest Heat of my Body, in _July 1709_. First\nin an hot Day without Exercise, by patting the Ball of my Thermometer\nunder my Armpits, and other hottest Parts of my Body. By which means the\nSpirits were raised 284 Tenths of an Inch above the Ball. After that, in\na much hotter Day, and indeed nearly as hot as any Day with us, and after\nI had heated my self with strong Exercise too, as much as I could well\nbear, I again tried the same Experiment, but could not get the Spirits\nabove 288 Tenths; which I thought an inconsiderable Difference, for so\nseemingly a very different Heat of my Body. But from some Experiments\nI have made (altho\u2019 I have unfortunately forgotten them) in very cold\nWeather, I imagine the Heat of an healthy Body to be always much the same\nin the warmest Parts thereof, both in Summer and Winter. Now between\nthose very Degrees of 284 and 288, the Point of the equatorial Heat\nfalleth. From which Observation it appears, that there is pretty nearly\nan equal Contemperament of the Warmth of our Bodies, to that of the\nhottest Part of the Atmosphere inhabited by us.\n\nIf the Proportion of the Degrees of Heat be desired from the\nFreezing-Point, to the Winter, Spring, and Summer Air, the Heat of Man\u2019s\nBody, of heated Water, melted Metals, and so to actual Fire; an Account\nmay be met with of it, by my most ingenious Friend, the great Sir _Isaac\nNewton_, in _Phil. Transact._ N\u1d52. 270.\n\n[d] _In hoc ~Providentia~ ac ~Dispositor~ ille Mundi ~Deus~, aera\nventis exercendum dedit,\u2014\u2014non ut nos classes partem freti occupaturas\ncompleremus milite armato, ~&c.~ Dedit ille ventos ad custodiendam\nc\u0153li terrarumq; temperiem, ad evocandas supprimend\u00e1sq; aquas, ad\nalendos satorum atq; arborum fructus; quos ad maturitatem cum aliis\ncausis adducit ipsa jactatio, attrahens cibum in summa, & ne torpeat,\npromovens. Dedit ventos ad ulteriora noscenda: fuisset enim imperitum\nanimal, & fine magn\u00e2 experienti\u00e2 rerum Homo, si circumscriberetur natalis\nsoli fine. Dedit ventos ut commoda cujusq; regionis fierent communia;\nnon ut legiones equitemq; gestarent, nec ut perniciosa gentibus arma\ntransveherent._ Seneca, ibid.\n\n[e] _~Sea-Breezes~ commonly rise in the Morning about nine a Clock.\u2014\u2014They\nfirst approach the Shore gently, as if they were afraid to come near\nit.\u2014\u2014It comes in a fine, small, black Curle upon the Water, whereas all\nthe Sea between it and the Shore (not yet reached by it) is as smooth\nand even as Glass in Comparison. In half an Hours time after it has\nreached the Shore, it fans pretty briskly, and so encreaseth gradually\ntill twelve a Clock; then it is commonly strongest, and lasts so till two\nor three, a very brisk Gale.\u2014\u2014After three it begins to die away again,\nand gradually withdraws its force till all is spent; and about five a\nClock\u2014\u2014it is lulled asleep, and comes no more till next morning._\n\n_And as the Sea Breezes do blow in the Day, and rest in the Night; so on\nthe contrary ~[The Land-Breezes]~ blow in the Night, and rest in the Day,\nalternately succeeding each other.\u2014\u2014They spring up between six and twelve\nat Night, and last till six, eight, or ten in the Morning._ Dampier\u2019s\nDisc. of Winds, _ch._ 4.\n\n[f] One Thing more I believe some of my Friends will expect from me is,\nthat I shew the Result of comparing my own Observations of the Winds,\nwith others they know I have from _Ireland_, _Switzerland_, _Italy_,\n_France_, _New-England_, and some of our Parts of _England_. But the\nObservations being some of them but of one Year, and most of the rest of\nbut a few Years, I have not been able to determine any great Matters.\nThe chief of what I have observed is, that the Winds in all these Places\nseldom agree, but when they most certainly do so, it is commonly when\nthe Winds are strong, and of long continuance in the same Quarter: And\nmore I think in the Northerly and Easterly, than other Points. Also a\nstrong Wind in one Place, is oftentimes a weak one in another Place,\nor moderate, according as Places have been nearer or farther distant.\n_Vid._ _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 297, and 321. But to give a good and tolerable\nAccount of this or any other of the Weather, it is necessary to have good\nHistories thereof from all Parts; which, as yet we have but few of, and\nthey imperfect, for want of longer and sufficient Observations.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. III.\n\n_Of the Clouds and Rain._\n\n\nThe Clouds and Rain[a] we shall find to be no less useful Meteors than\nthe last mentioned; as is manifest in the refreshing pleasant Shades\nwhich the Clouds afford, and the fertile Dews and Showers which they\npour down on the Trees and Plants, which would languish and die with\nperpetual Drought, but are hereby made Verdant and Flourishing, Gay and\nOrnamental; so that (as the Psalmist saith, _Psal._ lxv. 12, 13.) _The\nlittle Hills rejoice on every side, and the Valleys shout for Joy, they\nalso sing._\n\nAnd, if to these Uses, we should add the Origine of Fountains and\nRivers, to Vapours and the Rains, as some of the most eminent modern\nPhilosophers[b] have done, we should have another Instance of the great\nUse and Benefit of that Meteor.\n\nAnd now, if we reflect upon this necessary Appendage of the Terraqueous\nGlobe, the _Atmosphere_; and consider the absolute Necessity thereof to\nmany Uses of our Globe, and its great Convenience to the whole: And in\na Word, that it answereth all the Ends and Purposes that we can suppose\nthere can be for such an Appendage: Who can but own this to be the\nContrivance, the Work of the great Creator? Who would ever say or imagine\nsuch a Body, so different from the Globe it serves, could be made by\nChance, or be adapted so exactly to all those forementioned grand Ends,\nby any other Efficient than by the Power and Wisdom of the infinite God!\nWho would not rather, from so noble a Work, readily acknowledge the\nWorkman[c] and as easily conclude the Atmosphere to be made by GOD, as an\nInstrument wrought by its Power, any Pneumatick Engine, to be contrived\nand made by Man!\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] Clouds and Rain are made of Vapours raised from Water, or Moisture\nonly. So that I utterly exclude the Notion of Dry, Terrene Exhalations,\nor Fumes, talked much of by most Philosophers; Fumes being really no\nother than the humid Parts of Bodies respectively Dry.\n\nThese Vapours are demonstratively no other than small Bubbles, or\nVesicul\u00e6 detached from the Waters by the Power of the Solar, or\nSubterraneous Heat, or both. Of which see _Book 2. Chap. 5. Note (b)._\nAnd being lighter than the Atmosphere, are buoyed up thereby, until they\nbecome of an equal Weight therewith, in some of its Regions aloft in the\nAir, or nearer the Earth; in which those Vapours are formed into Clouds,\nRain, Snow, Hail, Lightning, Dew, Mists, and other Meteors.\n\nIn this Formation of Meteors the grand Agent is Cold, which commonly, if\nnot always, occupies the superior Regions of the Air; as is manifest from\nthose Mountains which exalt their lofty Tops into the upper and middle\nRegions, and are always covered with Snow and Ice.\n\nThis Cold, if it approaches near the Earth, presently precipitates the\nVapours, either in _Dews_; or if the Vapours more copiously ascend, and\nsoon meet the Cold, they are then condensed into _Misting_, or else into\nShowers of _small Rain_, falling in numerous, thick, small Drops: But if\nthose Vapours are not only copious, but also as heavy as our lower Air it\nself, (by means their Bladders are thick and fuller of Water,) in this\nCase they become visible, swim but a little Height above the Earth, and\nmake what we call a _Mist_ or _Fog_. But if they are a Degree lighter, so\nas to mount higher, but not any great Height, as also meet not with Cold\nenough to condense them, nor Wind to dissipate them, they then form an\nheavy, thick, _dark Sky_, lasting oftentimes for several Weeks without\neither Sun or Rain. And in this Case, I have scarce ever known it to\nRain, till it hath been _first Fair, and then Foul_. And Mr. _Clarke_,\n(an ingenious Clergyman of _Norfolk_, who in his Life-time, long before\nme, took notice of it, and kept a Register of the Weather for thirty\nYears, which his learned Grandson, Dr. _Samuel Clarke_ put into my Hands,\nhe, I say) saith, he scarce ever observed the Rule to fail in all that\nTime; only he adds, _If the Wind be in some of the easterly Points_. But\nI have observed the same to happen, be the Wind where it will. And from\nwhat hath been said, the Case is easily accounted for, _viz._ whilst\nthe Vapours remain in the same State, the Weather doth so too. And such\nWeather is generally attended with moderate Warmth, and with little or no\nWind to disturb the Vapours, and an heavy Atmosphere to support them, the\nBarometer being commonly high then. But when the Cold approacheth, and\nby condensing drives the Vapours into Clouds or Drops, then is way made\nfor the Sun-beams, till the same Vapours, being by further Condensation\nformed into Rain, fall down in Drops.\n\nThe Cold\u2019s approaching the Vapours, and consequently the Alteration of\nsuch dark Weather I have beforehand perceived, by some few small Drops\nof Rain, Hail, or Snow, now and then falling, before any Alteration hath\nbeen in the Weather; which I take to be from the Cold meeting some of the\nstraggling Vapours, or the uppermost of them, and condensing them into\nDrops, before it arrives unto, and exerts it self upon the main Body of\nVapours below.\n\nI have more largely than ordinary insisted upon this part of the Weather,\npartly, as being somewhat out of the way; but chiefly, because it gives\nLight to many other _Ph\u00e6nomena_ of the Weather. Particularly we may\nhence discover the Original of Clouds, Rain, Hail and Snow; that they\nare Vapours carried aloft by the Gravity of the Air, which meeting\ntogether so as to make a Fog above, they thereby form a _Cloud_. If the\nCold condenseth them into Drops, they then fall in _Rain_, if the Cold\nbe not intense enough to freeze them: But if the Cold freezeth them in\nthe Clouds, or in their Fall through the Air, they then become _Hail_ or\n_Snow_.\n\nAs to _Lightning_, and other enkindled Vapours, I need say little in this\nPlace, and shall therefore only observe, that they owe also their Rise\nto Vapours; but such Vapours as are detached from mineral Juices, or at\nleast that are mingled with them, and are fired by Fermentation.\n\nAnother _Ph\u00e6nomenon_ resolvable from what hath been said is, why a\n_cold_, is always a _wet_ Summer, _viz._ because the Vapours rising\nplentifully then, are by the Cold soon collected into Rain. A remarkable\nInstance of this we had in the Summer of 1708, part of which, especially\nabout the _Solstice_, was much colder than usually. On _June 12_, it\nwas so cold, that my Thermometer was near the Point of hoar Frost, and\nin some Places I heard there was an hoar Frost; and during all the cool\nWeather of that Month, we had frequent and large Rains, so that the\nwhole Month\u2019s Rain amounted to above two Inches Depth, which is a large\nQuantity for _Upminster_, even in the wettest Months. And not only with\nus at _Upminster_, but in other Places, particularly at _Zurich_ in\n_Switzerland_, they seem to have had as unseasonable Cold and Wet as we.\n_Fuit hic mensis\u2014\u2014pr\u00e6ter modum humidus, & magno quidem vegetabilibus\nhominibusque damno. Multum computruit F\u0153num, ~&c.~_ complains the\nindustrious and learned Dr. _J. J. Scheuchzer_: Of which, and other\nParticulars, I have given a larger Account in _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 321.\n\nIn which _Transaction_ I have observed farther, that about the Equinoxes\nwe (at _Upminster_ at least) have oftentimes more Rain than at other\nSeasons. The Reason of which is manifest from what hath been said,\n_viz._ in Spring, when the Earth and Waters are loosed from the brumal\nConstipations, the Vapours arise in great Plenty: And the like they do in\nAutumn, when the Summer Heats, that both dissipated them, and warmed the\nsuperior Regions, are abated; and then the Cold of the superior Regions\nmeeting them, condenseth them into Showers, more plentifully than at\nother Seasons, when either the Vapours are fewer, or the Cold that is to\ncondense them is less.\n\nThe manner how Vapours are precipitated by the Cold, or reduced into\nDrops, I conceive to be thus: Vapours being, as I said, no other than\ninflated _Vesicul\u00e6_ of Water; when they meet with a colder Air than what\nis contained in them, the contained Air is reduced into a less Space, and\nthe watery Shell or Case rendered thicker by that means, so as to become\nheavier than the Air, by which they are buoyed up, and consequently must\nneeds fall down. Also many of those thickned _Vesicul\u00e6_ run into one, and\nso form Drops, greater or smaller, according to the Quantity of Vapours\ncollected together.\n\nAs to the Rain of different Places, I have in some of our _Transactions_\nassigned the Quantities; particularly in the last cited _Transaction_, I\nhave assigned these, _viz._ the Depth of the Rain one Year with another,\nin _English_ Measure, if it was to stagnate on the Earth, would amount\nunto, at _Townely_ in _Lancashire_, 42\u00bd Inches; at _Upminster_ in _Essex_\n19\u00bc Inches; at _Zurich_ in _Switzerland_ 32\u00bc Inches; at _Pisa_ in\n_Italy_ 43\u00bc Inches; at _Paris_ in _France_ 19 Inches; and at _Lisle_ in\n_Flanders_ 24 Inches.\n\nIt would be endless to reckon up the _bloody_ and other _prodigious\nRains_ taken notice of by Historians, and other Authors, as pr\u00e6ternatural\nand ominous Accidents; but, if strictly pried into, will be found owing\nto natural Causes: Of which, for the Reader\u2019s Satisfaction, I will\ngive an Instance or two. A bloody Rain was imagined to have fallen in\n_France_, which put the Country People into so great a Fright, that\nthey left their Work in the Fields, and in great haste flew to the\nNeighbouring Houses. _Peirise_ (then in the Neighbourhood) strictly\nenquiring into the Cause, found it to be only red Drops coming from a\nsort of Butterfly that flew about in great Numbers at that Time, as\nhe concluded from seeing such red Drops come from them; and because\nthese Drops were laid, _Non supra \u00e6dificia, non in devexis lapidum\nsuperficiebus, uti debuerat contingere, si \u00e8 c\u0153lo sanguine pluisset;\nsed in subcavis potius & in foraminibus.\u2014\u2014Accessit, qu\u00f2d parietes iis\ntingebantur, non qui in mediis oppidis, sed qui agrorum vicini erant,\nneque secundum partes elatiores, sed ad mediocrem sol\u00f9m altitudinem,\nquantam volitare Papiliones solent._ Gassend in vit. Peiresk. L. 2. p.\n156.\n\nSo Dr. _Merret_ saith also, _Pluvia Sanguinis qu\u00e0m certissim\u00e8 constat\nesse tant\u00f9m Insectorum excrementa: Pluvia Tritici qu\u00e0m nihil aliud esse\nqu\u00e0m Heder\u00e6 baccifer\u00e6 grana \u00e0 Sturnis devorata excretaque comparanti\nliquidissim\u00e8 patet_. Pinax rerum, _&c._ _p. 220._\n\nThe curious _Worm_ tells of the raining of Brimstone, _An. 1646. Maii\n16._ _Hic Hafni\u00e6 c\u00f9m ingenti pluvi\u00e2 tota urbs, omnesque ita inundarentur\nplate\u00e6, ut gressus hominum impediret, Sulphureoque odore a\u00ebrem inficeret,\ndilapsis aliquantulum aquis, quibusdam in locis colligere licuit\nSulphureum pulverem, cujus portionem servo, colore, odore, & aliis verum\nSulphur ferentem._ Mus. Worm. L. 1. c. 11. Sect. 1.\n\nTogether with the Rain we might take notice of other Meteors,\nparticularly _Snow_; which although an irksome Guest, yet hath its\ngreat Uses, if all be true that the famous _T. Bartholin_ saith of\nit, who wrote a Book _de Nivis usu Medico_. In which he shews of what\ngreat Use Snow is in fructifying the Earth, preserving from the Plague,\ncuring Fevers, Colicks, Head-Aches, Tooth-Aches, Sore Eyes, Pleurisies,\n(for which Use he saith his Country-Women of _Denmark_ keep Snow-Water\ngathered in _March_), also in prolonging Life, (of which he instanceth in\nthe _Alpine_ Inhabitants, that live to a great Age,) and preserving dead\nBodies; Instances of which he gives in Persons buried under the Snow in\npassing the _Alps_, which are found uncorrupted in the Summer, when the\nSnow is melted; which sad Spectacle he himself was an Eye-Witness of. And\nat _Spitzberg_ in _Greenland_, dead Bodies remain entire and uncorrupted\nfor thirty Years. And lastly, concerning such as are so preserv\u2019d when\nslain, he saith they remain in the same Posture and Figure: Of which\nhe gives this odd Example, _Visum id extra urbem nostram ~[Hafniam]~\nquum, 11 Feb. 1659. oppugnantes hostes repellerentur, magn\u00e2que strage\noccumberent; alii enim rigidi iratum vultum ostendebant, alii oculos\nelatos, alii ore diducto ringentes, alii brachiis extensis Gladium\nminari, alii alio situ prostrati jacebant_. Barthol. de usu Niv. c. 12.\n\nBut although Snow be attended with the Effects here named, and others\nspecified by the learned _Bartholin_; yet this is not to be attributed to\nany peculiar Virtue in the Snow, but some other Cause. Thus when it is\nsaid to _fructify the Earth_, it doth so by guarding the Corn or other\nVegetables against the intenser cold of the Air, especially the cold\npiercing Winds; which the Husbandmen observe to be the most injurious to\ntheir Corn of all Weathers. So for _Conserving dead Bodies_, it doth it\nby constipating such Bodies, and preventing all such Fermentations or\ninternal Conflicts of their Particles, as would produce Corruption.\n\nSuch an Example as the preceding is said to have happened some Years\nago at _Paris_, in digging in a Cellar for supposed hidden Treasure;\nin which, after digging some Hours, the Maid going to call her Master,\nfound them all in their digging Postures, but dead. This being noised\nabroad, brought in not only the People, but Magistrates also, who found\nthem accordingly; _Ille qui ligone terram effoderat, & socius qui pal\u00e2\neffossam terram removerat, ambo pedibus stabant, quasi sua quisque\noper\u00e2 affixus incubuisset; uxor unius quasi ab opere defessa in scamno,\nsolicito quodam vultu, sedebat, inclinato in palmam man\u00fbs genibus\ninnitentis capite; puerulus laxatis braccis in margine excavat\u00e6 fove\u00e6\ndefixis in terram oculis alvum exonerabat; omnes in naturali situ, carne\u00e6\ntanquam statu\u00e6 rigidi, apertis oculis & vultu vitam quasi respirante,\nexanimes stabant._ Dr. Bern. Connor, Dissert. Med. Phys. _p. 15._\n\nThe Doctor attributes all this to Cold; but I scarce think there could\nbe Cold enough to do all this at _Paris_, and in a Cellar too. Bur his\nfollowing Stories are not improbable, of Men and Cattle killed with Cold,\nthat remained in the very same Posture in which they died; of which he\ngives, from a _Spanish_ Captain, this Instance, that happened two Years\nbefore, of a Soldier who unfortunately straggled from his Company that\nwere foraging, and was killed with the Cold, but was thought to have\nfallen into the Enemies Hands. But soon after their return to their\nQuarters, they saw their Comrade returning, sitting on Horseback, and\ncoming to congratulate him, found him dead, and that he had been brought\nthither in the same Posture on Horseback, notwithstanding the jolting of\nthe Horse. _Ibid. p._ 18.\n\n[b] Of this Opinion was my late most ingenious and learned Friend, Mr.\n_Ray_, whose Reasons see in his _Physico-Theolog. Discourses_, Disc. 2.\nch. 2. p. 89, _&c_. So also my no less learned and ingenious Friends,\nDr. _Halley_, and the late Dr. _Hook_, many of the _French_ Vertuoso\u2019s\nalso, and divers other very considerable Men before them, too many to be\nspecified here.\n\n[c] _An Polycletum quidem admirabimur propter partium\nStatu\u00e6\u2014convenientiam ac proportionem? Naturam autem non mod\u00f2 non\nlaudabimus, sed omni etiam arte privabimus, qu\u00e6 partium proportionem non\nsol\u00f9m extrinsecus more Statuariorum, sed in profundo etiam servavit?\nNonne & Polycletus ipse Natur\u00e6 est imitator, in quibus saltem eam\npotuit imitari? Potuit autem in solis externis partibus in quibus artem\nconsideravit._ With much more to the like Purpose, _Galen. de Us. Part.\nl. 17. c. 1._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. IV.\n\n_Of Light._\n\n\nThus much for the first Thing ministring to the Terraqueous Globe, the\nAtmosphere and its Meteors; the next Appendage is _Light_.[a] Concerning\nwhich I have in my Survey of the Heavens[b] shewed what admirable\nContrivances the infinitely wise Creator hath for the affording this\nnoble, glorious and comfortable Benefit to other Globes, as well as\nours; the Provision he hath made by Moons, as well as by the Sun, for the\nCommunication of it.\n\nAnd now let us briefly consider the great Necessity and Use thereof to\nall our Animal World. And this we shall find to be little less than the\nvery Life and Pleasure of all those Creatures. For what Benefit would\nLife be of, what Pleasure, what Comfort would it be for us to live\nin perpetual Darkness? How could we provide ourselves with Food and\nNecessaries? How could we go about the least Business, correspond with\none another, or be of any Use in the World, or any Creatures be the same\nto us, without Light, and those admirable Organs of the Body, which the\ngreat _Creator_ hath adapted to the Perception of that great Benefit?\n\nBut now by the help of this admirable, this first-made[c], because most\nnecessary, Creature of God, by this, I say, all the Animal World is\nenabled to go here and there, as their Occasions call; they can transact\ntheir Business by Day, and refresh and recruit themselves by Night,\nwith Rest and Sleep. They can with Admiration and Pleasure, behold the\nglorious Works of God; they can view the Glories of the Heavens, and\nsee the Beauties of the flowry Fields, the gay Attire of the feathered\nTribe, the exquisite Garniture of many Quadrupeds, Insects, and other\nCreatures; they can take in the delightsome Landskips of divers Countries\nand Places; they can with Admiration see the great Creator\u2019s wonderful\nArt and Contrivance in the Parts of Animals and Vegetables: And in a\nword, behold the Harmony of this lower World, and of the Globes above,\nand survey God\u2019s exquisite Workmanship in every Creature.\n\nTo all which I might add the Improvements which the Sagacity of Men hath\nmade of this noble Creature of God, by the Refractions and Reflections of\nGlasses. But it would be endless to enumerate all its particular Uses and\nBenefits to our World.\n\nBut before I leave this Point, there are two Things concerning Light,\nwhich will deserve an especial Remark; and that is, its swift and almost\ninstantaneous Motion, and its vast Extension.\n\n1. It is a very great Act of the Providence of God, that so great a\nBenefit as Light is, is not long in its Passage from Place to Place. For\nwas the Motion thereof no swifter than the Motion of the swiftest Bodies\non Earth, such as of a Bullet out of a great Gun, or even of a Sound[d]\n(which is the swiftest Motion we have next Light), in this Case Light\nwould take up, in its Progress from the Sun to us above thirty two Years\nat the rate of the first, and above seventeen Years at the rate of the\nlatter Motion.\n\nThe Inconveniencies of which would be, its Energy and Vigour would\nbe greatly cooled and abated; its Rays would be less penetrant; and\nDarkness would with greater Difficulty and much Sluggishness, be\ndissipated, especially by the fainter Lights of our sublunary, luminous\nBodies. But passing with such prodigious Velocity, with nearly the\ninstantaneous Swiftness of almost Two hundred thousand _English_ Miles in\none Second of Time,[e] or (which is the same Thing) being but about seven\nor eight Minutes of an Hour in coming from the Sun to us, therefore with\nall Security and Speed, we receive the kindly Effects and Influences of\nthat noble and useful Creature of God.\n\n2. Another Thing of great Consideration about Light is, its vast\nExpansion, it\u2019s almost incomprehensible, and inconceivable Extension,\nwhich as a late ingenious Author[f] saith, \u201cIs as boundless and\nunlimited as the Universe it self, or the Expansum of all material\nBeings: The vastness of which is so great, that it exceeds the\nComprehensions of Man\u2019s Understanding. Insomuch that very many have\nasserted it absolutely infinite, and without any Limits or Bounds.\u201d\n\nAnd that this noble Creature of God is of this Extent,[g] is manifest\nfrom our seeing some of the farthest distant Objects, the heavenly\nBodies, some with our naked Eye, some with the help of Optical\nInstruments, and others in all Probability farther and farther, with\nbetter and better Instruments: And had we Instruments of Power equivalent\nto the Extent of Light, the luminous Bodies of the utmost Parts of the\nUniverse, would for the same Reason be visible too.\n\nNow as Light is of greatest Use to impower us to see Objects at all, so\nthe Extension thereof is no less useful to enable us to see Objects afar\noff. By which means we are afforded a Ken of those many glorious Works\nof the infinite Creator, visible in the Heavens, and can improve them to\nsome of the noblest Sciences, and most excellent Uses of our own Globe.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] It is not worth while to enumerate the Opinions of the\n_Aristotelians_, _Cartesians_, and others, about the Nature of Light,\n_Aristotle_ making it a Quality; _Cartes_ a Pulsion, or Motion of the\nGlobules of the second Element, _Vid._ _Cartes Princip._ p. 3. \u00a7. 55,\n_&c._ But with the Moderns, I take _Light_ to consist of material\nParticles, propagated from the Sun, and other luminous Bodies, not\ninstantaneously, but in time, according to the Notes following in this\nChapter. But not to insist upon other Arguments for the Proof of it, our\nnoble Founder hath proved the Materiality of Light and Heat, from actual\nExperiments on Silver, Copper, Tin, Lead, Spelter, Iron, Tutenage, and\nother Bodies, exposed (both naked and closely shut up) to the Fire: All\nwhich were constantly found to receive an Increment of Weight. I wish he\ncould have met with a favourable Season to have tried his Experiments\nwith the Sun-beams as he intended. _Vid._ _Boyl Exp. to make Fire and\nFlame ponderable_.\n\n[b] Astro-Theol. Book 7.\n\n[c] Gen. i. 3. _And God said, Let there be Light, and there was Light._\n\n[d] It may not be ungrateful to the Curious, to take notice of the\nVelocity of these two Things.\n\nAccording to the Observations of _Mersennus_, a Bullet-shot out of\na great Gun, flies 92 Fathom in a Second of Time, (_Vid._ _Mersen.\nBalist._) which is equal to 589\u00bd Feet _English_, and according to the\nComputation of Mr. _Huygens_, it would be 25 years in passing from the\nEarth to the Sun. But according to my own Observations made with one\nof her Majesty\u2019s _Sakers_, and a very accurate Pendulum-Chronometer, a\nBullet, at its first Discharge, flies 510 Yards in five half Seconds,\nwhich is a Mile in a little above 17 half Seconds. And allowing the Sun\u2019s\nDistance to be, as in the next Note, a Bullet would be 32\u00bd Years in\nflying with its utmost Velocity to the Sun.\n\nAs to the Velocity of Sound, see _Book 4. Chap. 3. Note 28._ according\nto which rate there mentioned, a Sound would be near 17\u00bd Years in flying\nas far as the distance is from the Earth to the Sun. Confer here the\nExperiments of the _Acad. del Ciment._ p. 140, _&c._\n\n[e] Mr. _Romer_\u2019s ingenious Hypothesis about the Velocity of Light, hath\nbeen established by the _Royal Academy_, and in the _Observatory_ for\neight Years, as our _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 136. observe from the _Journ.\ndes Scavans_; our most eminent Astronomers also in _England_ admit\nit: But Dr. _Hook_ thinks with Monsieur _Cartes_, the Motion of Light\nInstantaneous, _Hook Post. Works, pag. 77._ And this he endeavours to\nexplain, _pag. 130_, &c.\n\nWhat Mr. _Romer_\u2019s Hypothesis is, may be seen in the _Phil. Transact._\nbefore-cited: As also in the before commended Sir _Isaac Newton_\u2019s\n_Opticks_: _Light is propagated from luminous Bodies in time, and spends\nabout seven or eight Minutes of an Hour in passing from the Sun to the\nEarth. This was first observed by ~Romer~, and then by others, by means\nof the Eclipses of the Satellites of ~Jupiter~. For these Eclipses, when\nthe Earth is between the Sun and ~Jupiter~, happen about seven or eight\nMinutes sooner than they ought to do by the Tables; and when the Earth is\nbeyond the \u2609, they happen about seven or eight Minutes later than they\nought to do: The reason being, that the Light of the Satellites hath\nfarther to go in the latter Case than in the former, by the Diameter of\nthe Earth\u2019s Orbit._ Newt. Opt. L. 2. Part. 3. Prop. 11.\n\nNow forasmuch as the Distance between the Sun and the Earth (according\nto the Computations in my _Astro-Theology_, _B. 1. ch. 3. Note 2._) is\n86051398 _English_ Miles; therefore, at the rate of 7\u00bd Minutes, or 450\nSeconds in passing from the Sun, Light will be found to fly above 191225\nMiles in one Second of Time.\n\n[f] Dr. _Hook_ Post. Works. Lect. of Light, _pag. 76._\n\n[g] For the proof of this vast Extent of Light, I shall take the\nComputation of the same great Man, _pag. 77_. _If_, saith he, _we\nconsider first the vast Distance between us and the Sun, which from the\nbest and latest Observations in Astronomy, is judged to be about 10000\nDiameters of the Earth, each of which It about 7925 ~English~ Miles;\ntherefore the Sun\u2019s distance is 7925000 Miles; and if we consider that\naccording to the Observations, which I published to prove the Motion of\nthe Earth, ~[which were Observations of the Parallax of some of the fixt\nStars in the Head of _Draco_, made in 1699]~ the whole Diameter of the\nOrb, ~viz.~ 20000, made the Subtense but of one Minute to one of the fixt\nStars, which cannot therefore be less distant than 3438 Diameters of this\ngreat Orb, and consequently 68760000 Diameters of the Earth: And if this\nStar be one of the nearest, and that the Stars that are of one Degree\nlesser in Magnitude (I mean not of the Second Magnitude, because there\nmay be many Degrees between the first and second) be as much farther;\nand another sort yet smaller be three times as far; and a fourth four\ntimes as far, and so onward, possibly to some 100 Degrees of Magnitude,\nsuch as may be discovered by longer and longer Telescopes, that they may\nbe 100 times as far; then certainly this material Expansion, a part of\nwhich we are, must be so great, that \u2019twill infinitely exceed our shallow\nConception to imagine. Now, by what I last mentioned, it is evident that\nLight extends it self to the utmost imaginable Parts, and by the help\nof Telescopes we collect the Rays, and make them sensible to the Eye,\nwhich are emitted from some of the almost inconceivably remote Objects,\n~&c.~\u2014\u2014Nor is it only the great Body of the Sun, or the vast Bodies of\nthe fixt Stars, that are thus able to disperse their Light through the\nvast Expansum of the Universe; but the smallest Spark of a lucid Body\nwill do the very same Thing, even the smallest Globule struck from a\nSteel by a Flint, ~&c.~_\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. V.\n\n_Of Gravity._\n\n\nThe last Thing subservient to our Globe, that I shall take notice of, is\n_Gravity_[a], or that Tendency which Bodies have to the Centre of the\nEarth.\n\nIn my _Astro-Theology_, _Book 6. Ch. 2._ I have shewn of what absolute\nNecessity, and what a noble Contrivance this of Gravity is, for keeping\nthe several Globes of the Universe from shattering to Pieces, as they\nevidently must do in a little Time by their swift Rotation round their\nown Axes[b]. The Terraqueous Globe particularly, which circumvolves at\nthe rate of above 1000 Miles an Hour[c], would by the centrifugal force\nof that Motion, be soon dissipated and spirtled into the circumambient\nSpace, was it not kept together by this noble Contrivance of the Creator,\nthis natural inherent Power, namely, the Power of Attraction or Gravity.\n\nAnd as by this Power our Globe is defended against Dissipation, so all\nits Parts are kept in their proper Place and Order. All material Things\ndo naturally gravitate thereto, and unite themselves therewith, and so\npreserve its Bulk intire[d]. And the fleeting Waters, the most unruly\nof all its Parts, do by this means keep their constant \u00e6quipoise in the\nGlobe[e], and remain in _that Place which_, the Psalmist saith, _God had\nfounded for them; a bound he had set, which they might not pass; that\nthey turn not again to cover the Earth_, Psal. civ. 8, 9. So, that even\nin a natural Way, by virtue of this excellent Contrivance of the Creator,\nthe Observation of the Psalmist is perpetually fulfilled, _Psal._ lxxxix.\n9. _Thou rulest the raging of the Sea; when the Waves thereof arise, thou\nstillest them._\n\nTo these, and an hundred other Uses of Gravity that I might have\nnamed, I shall only just mention another Thing owing to it, and that\nis _Levity_[f], that, whereby what we call light Bodies swim, a Thing\nno less useful to the World than its opposite, _Gravity_, is in many\nRespects, to divers Tribes of Animals, but particularly serviceable to\nthe raising up of Vapours[g], and to their Conveyance about the World.\n\nAnd now from this transient View of no other than the Out-works, than\nthe bare Appendages of the Terraqueous Globe, we have so manifest a\nSample of the Wisdom, Power, and Goodness of the infinite Creator, that\nit is easy to imagine the whole Fabrick is of a Piece, the Work of at\nleast a skilful Artist. A Man that should meet with a Palace[h], beset\nwith pleasant Gardens, adorned with stately Avenues, furnished with\nwell-contrived Aqueducts, Cascades, and all other Appendages conducing\nto Convenience or Pleasure, would easily imagine, that proportionable\nArchitecture and Magnificence were within: But we should conclude the\nMan was out of his Wits that should assert and plead that all was the\nWork of Chance, or other than of some wise and skilful Hand. And so when\nwe survey the bare Out-works of this our Globe, when we see so vast a\nBody, accouter\u2019d with so noble a Furniture of Air, Light and Gravity;\nwith every Thing, in short, that is necessary to the Preservation and\nSecurity of the Globe it self, or that conduceth to the Life, Health, and\nHappiness, to the Propagation and Increase of all the prodigious Variety\nof Creatures the Globe is stocked with; when we see nothing wanting,\nnothing redundant or frivolous, nothing botching or ill-made, but that\nevery thing, even in the very Appendages alone, exactly answereth all\nits Ends and Occasions: What else can be concluded, but that all was\nmade with manifest Design, and that all the whole Structure is the Work\nof some intelligent Being; some Artist, of Power and Skill equivalent to\nsuch a Work?\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] That there is such a Thing as _Gravity_, is manifest from its Effects\nhere upon Earth; and that the Heavenly Bodies attract or gravitate to\none another, when placed at due Distances, is made highly probable by\nSir _Isaac Newton_. This attractive or gravitating Power, I take to be\ncongenial to Matter, and imprinted on all the Matter of the Universe\nby the Creator\u2019s _Fiat_ at the Creation. What the _Cause_ of it is,\nthe _Newtonian Philosophy_ doth not pretend to determine for want of\nPh\u00e6nomena, upon which Foundation it is that that Philosophy is grounded,\nand not upon chimerical and uncertain Hypotheses: But whatever the Cause\nis, that _Cause penetrates even to the Centers of the Sun and Planets,\nwithout any Diminution of its Virtue; and it acteth not according to the\nSuperficies of Bodies (as Mechanical Causes do) but in proportion to\nthe Quantity of their solid Matter; ~and lastly~, it acteth all round\nit at immense Distances, decreasing in duplicate proportion to those\nDistances_, as Sir _Isaac Newton_ saith, _Princip._ pag. ult. What useful\nDeductions, and what a rational Philosophy have been drawn from hence,\nmay be seen in the same Book.\n\nThis Attraction, or Gravity, as its Force is in a certain proportion, so\nmakes the Descent of Bodies to be at a certain rate. And was it not for\nthe Resistence of the Medium, all Bodies would descend to the Earth at\nthe same rate; the lightest Down, as swiftly as the heaviest Mineral: As\nis manifest in the _Air-Pump_, in which the lightest Feather, Dust, _&c._\nand a piece of Lead, drop down seemingly in the same Time, from the top\nto the bottom of a tall exhausted Receiver.\n\nThe rate of the Descent of heavy Bodies, according to _Galileo_, Mr.\n_Huygens_, and Dr. _Halley_ (after them) is 16 Feet one Inch in one\nSecond of Time; and in more Seconds, as the Squares of those Times.\nBut in some accurate Experiments made in St. _Paul_\u2019s _Dome_, June 9.\n1710, at the Height of 220 Feet, the Descent was scarcely 14 Feet in\nthe first Second. The Experiments were made in the Presence of some\nvery considerable Members of the Royal Society, by Mr. _Hawksbee_,\ntheir Operator, with glass, hollow Balls, some empty, some filled with\nQuick-silver, the Barometer at 297, the Thermometer 60 Degrees above\nFreezing. The Weight of the Balls, their Diameters, and Time of the\nDescent is in this Table.\n\n +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+\n | Balls filled with \u263f. | Empty Balls. |\n +---------+-------------+----------+---------+--------------+----------+\n | Weight. | Diameter. | Time. | Weight. | Diameter. | Time. |\n +---------+-------------+----------+---------+------+-------+----------+\n | Grains. | Tenth inch. | \u00bd Sec\u1d48\u02e2. | Grains. | Inch.| Tenth.| \u00bd Sec\u1d48\u02e2. |\n +---------+-------------+----------+---------+------+-------+----------+\n | 908 | 8 | 8 | 510 | 5 | 1 | 17 |\n | | | | | | | |\n | 993 | 8 | 8 less. | 642 | 5 | 2 | 16 |\n | | | | | | | |\n | 866 | 8 | 8 | 599 | 5 | 1 | 16 |\n | | | | | | | |\n | 747 | 7\u00bd | 8 more. | 515 | 5 nearly | 16\u00bd |\n | | | | | | | |\n | 808 | 7\u00bd | 8 | 483 | 5 nearly | 17 |\n | | | | | | | |\n | 784 | 7\u00bd | 8 more. | 641 | 5 | 2 | 16 |\n +---------+-------------+----------+---------+------+-------+----------+\n\nThe Reason why the heavy, full Balls fell in half the Time of the hollow\nones, was the Resistence of the Air: Which Resistence is very ingeniously\nand accurately assigned by Dr. _Wallis_, in _Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52. 186. And\nthe cause of the Resistence of all Fluids, (as Sir _Isaac Newton_, _Opt._\nQ. 20.) is partly from the _Friction_ of the Parts of the Fluid, partly\nfrom the _Inertia_ thereof. The Resistence a spherical Body meets with\nfrom Friction, is as the right Angle under the Diameter, and the Velocity\nof the moving Body: And the Resistence from the _Vis Inertia_, is as the\nSquare of that Product.\n\nFor a farther Account of the Properties and Proportions, _&c._ of Gravity\nin the Fall or Projection of Bodies, I shall refer to the larger Accounts\nof _Galil\u00e6us_, _Torricellius_, _Huygens_, Sir _Isaac Newton_, &c. or to\nthe shorter Accounts of Dr. _Halley_ in Philos. Trans. abridged by Mr.\n_Lowthorp_, Vol. I. p. 561. or Dr. _Clarke_ in his Notes on _Rohault_,\n_Phys._ 2. c. 28. \u00a7. 13, 16. And for the Resistence of Fluids, I refer to\nDr. _Wallis_ before-cited, and the _Act. Erudit. Lips._ May 1693. where\nthere is a way to find the Force of Mediums upon Bodies of different\nFigures.\n\n[b] That the heavenly Bodies move round their own Axes, is, beyond all\ndoubt, manifest to our Eye, in some of them, from the Spots visible on\nthem. The Spots on the Sun (easily visible with an ordinary Glass) do\nmanifest him to revolve round his own Axis in about 25\u00bc Days. The Spots\non \u2643 and \u2642 prove those two Planets to revolve also from East to West, as\nDr. _Hook_ discover\u2019d in 1664, and 1665. And \u2640 also (although near the\nstrong Rays of the Sun) hath, from some Spots, been discovered by Mr.\n_Cassini_, in 1666, and 1667, to have a manifest Rotation. _V._ _Lowth.\nAbridg._ Vol. 1. p. 382, and 423, 425. And such Uniformity hath the\n_Creator_ observ\u2019d in the Works of Nature, that what is observable in\none, is generally to be found in all others of the same kind. So that\nsince \u2019tis manifest the Sun, and three of his Planets whirl round, it is\nvery reasonable to conclude all the rest do so too, yea, every Globe of\nthe Universe.\n\n[c] The Earth\u2019s Circumference being 25031\u00bd Miles, (according to _Book II.\nChap. 2. Note (a)._) if we divide that into 24 Hours, we shall find the\nMotion of the Earth to be nearly 1043 Miles in an Hour. Which, by the by,\nis a far more reasonable and less rapid Rate, than that of the Sun would\nbe, if we suppose the Earth to stand still, and the Sun to move round the\nEarth. For according to the Proportions in _Note (e)_, of the preceding\nChapter, the Circumference of the _Magnus Orbis_ is 540686225 _English_\nMiles, which divided by 24 Hours, gives 22528364 Miles in an Hour. But\nwhat is this to the Rapidity of the fixt Stars, if we suppose them; not\nthe Earth, to move? Which is a good Argument for the Earth\u2019s Motion.\n\n[d] _Nihil majus, qu\u00e0m qu\u00f2d ita stabilis est Mundus, atque ita coh\u00e6ret\nad permanendum, ut nihil n\u00e8 excogitari quidem possit aptius. Omnes\nenim partes ejus undique medium locum capessentes, nituntur \u00e6qualiter:\nmaxim\u00e8 autem corpora inter se juncta permanent, cum quodam quasi vinculo\ncircumdata colligantur: quod facit ea natura, qu\u00e6 per omnem mundum omnia\nMente, & Ratione conficiens, funditur, & ad medium rapit, & convertit\nextrema_, Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 45.\n\n[e] _E\u00e2dem ratione Mare, c\u00f9m supra terram sit, medium tamen terr\u00e6 locum\nexpetens, conglobatur undique \u00e6qualiter, neque redundat unquam, neque\neffunditur._ Id. paulo post.\n\n[f] That there is no such Thing as _positive Levity_, but that Levity is\nonly a less Gravity, is abundantly manifested by the acute _Seig. Alph.\nBorelli de Mot. \u00e0 Grav. pend._ cap. 4. See also the Annotations of the\nlearned and ingenious Dr. Clark on _Rohaulti Phys._ p. 1. c. 16. Note 3.\nAlso the Exper. of the _Acad. del Cimento_, p. 118, &c. Dr. _Wallis_\u2019s\n_Disc. of Gravity and Gravitation before the Royal Society_, Nov. 12.\n1674. p. 28, _&c._\n\n[g] I have before in _Note (a), Chap. 3._ shewn what _Vapours_ are, and\nhow they are rais\u2019d. That which I shall here note, is their Quantity:\nConcerning which the before-commended Dr. _Halley_ hath given us some\ncurious Experiments in our _Phil. Transact._ which may be met with\ntogether in Mr. _Lowthorp_\u2019s _Abridg._ Vol. II. _p. 108._ and _126._ Mr.\n_Sedileau_ also at _Paris_ observed it for near three Years. By all their\nObservations it appears, that in the Winter Months the Evaporations are\nleast, and greatest in Summer, and most of all in windy Weather. And by\n_Monsieur Sedileau_\u2019s Observations it appears, that what is raised in\nVapours, exceeds that which falleth in Rain. In the seven last Months of\nthe Year 1688, the Evaporations amounted to 22 Inches 5 Lines; but the\nRain only to Inches 6\u2153 Lines: In 1689, the Evaporations were 32 Inches\n10\u00bd Lines; but the Rain 18 Inches 1 Line: In 1690, the Evaporations 30\nInches 11 Lines; the Rain 21 Inches \u2153 of a Line. _Vid._ _Mem. de Math.\nPhys. Ann. 1692._ p. 25.\n\nIf it be demanded, What becomes of the Overplus of Exhalations that\ndescend not in Rain? I answer, They are partly tumbled down and spent by\nthe Winds, and partly descend in Dews, which amount to a greater quantity\nthan is commonly imagined. Dr. _Halley_ found the descent of Vapours in\nDews so prodigious at St. _Helena_, that he makes no doubt to attribute\nthe Origine of Fountains thereto. And I my self have seen in a still,\ncool Evening, large thick Clouds hanging, without any Motion in the Air,\nwhich in two or three Hours Time have been melted down by Degrees, by the\ncold of the Evening, so that not any the least Remains of them have been\nleft.\n\n[h] See _Book II. Chap. 3. Note (c)._\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK II.\n\n_Of the Terraqueous Globe it self in general._\n\n\nIn the foregoing Book having dispatch\u2019d the Out-works, let us take a\nSurvey of the Principal Fabrick, _viz._ the _Terraqueous Globe_ it self;\na most stupendious Work in every particular of it, which doth no less\naggrandize its Maker[a], than every curious, complete Work, doth its\nWorkman. Let us cast our Eyes here and there, let us ransack all the\nGlobe, let us with the greatest Accuracy inspect every part thereof,\nsearch out the inmost Secrets of any of the Creatures; let us examine\nthem with all our Gauges, measure them with our nicest Rules, pry into\nthem with our Microscopes, and most exquisite Instruments[b] still we\nfind them to bear Testimony to their infinite Workman; and that they\nexceed all humane Skill so far, as that the most exquisite Copies and\nImitations of the best Artists, are no other than rude bungling Pieces\nto them. And so far are we from being able to espy any Defect or Fault\nin them, that the better we know them, the more we admire them; and the\nfarther we see into them, the more exquisite we find them to be.\n\nAnd for a Demonstration of this; I shall,\n\nI. Take a general Prospect of the Terraqueous Globe.\n\nII. Survey its Particulars.\n\nI. The Things which will fall under a general Prospect of the Globe, will\nbe its _Figure_, _Bulk_, _Motion_, _Place_, _Distribution_ into Earth and\nWaters, and the great _Variety_ of all Things upon it and in it.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Licet\u2014\u2014oculis quodammodo contemplari pulchritudinem earum rerum,\nquas Divin\u00e2 Providenti\u00e2 dicimus constitutas. Ac principio Terra universa\ncernatur, locata in media mundi sede, solida, & globosa\u2014\u2014vestita\nfloribus, herbis, arboribus, frugibus. Quorum omnium incredibilis\nmultitudo, insatiabili varietate distinguitur. Adde huc Fontium gelidas\nperennitates, liquores perlucidos Amnium, Riparum vestitus viridissimos,\nSpeluncarum concavas altitudines, Saxorum asperitates, impendentium\nMontium altitudines, immensitatesque Camporum: Adde etiam reconditas\nAuri\u2014\u2014venas\u2014\u2014Qua ver\u00f2, & qu\u00e0m varia genera Bestiarum?\u2014\u2014Qui Volucrum\nlapsus, atque cantus? Qui Pecudum pastus?\u2014\u2014Quid de Hominum genere dicam?\nQui quasi cultores terra constituti, ~&c.~\u2014\u2014Qua si, ut animis, sic\noculis videre possemus, nemo cunctam intuens terram, de Divin\u00e2 Ratione\ndubitaret._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 39.\n\n[b] _I cannot here omit the Observations that have been made in\nthese later Times, since we have had the Use and Improvement of the\n~Microscope~, concerning the great Difference, which by the help of\nthat, doth appear betwixt ~Natural~ and ~Artificial~ Things. Whatever is\nNatural, doth by that appear adorned with all imaginable Elegance and\nBeauty.\u2014\u2014Whereas the most curious Works of Art, the sharpest, finest\nNeedle doth appear as a blunt, rough Bar of Iron, coming from the Furnace\nor the Forge. The most accurate Engravings or Embossments seem such rude,\nbungling, deformed Works, as if they had been done with a Mattock, or a\nTrowel. So vast a Difference is there betwixt the Skill of Nature, and\nthe Rudeness and Imperfection of ~Art~._ _Bp._ Wilk. Nat. Rel. L. 1. Ch.\n6.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. I.\n\n_Of the Figure of the Terraqueous Globe._\n\n\nThis I suppose I may take for granted to be Spherical, or nearly so[a].\nAnd this must be allowed to be the most commodious, apt Figure for a\nWorld on many Accounts; as it is most capacious, as its Surface is\nequi-distant from the Center, not only of the Globe, but at least\n(nearly) of Gravity and Motion too, and as some have thought, of the\ncentral Heat and Waters. But these, and divers other Things I shall pass\nover, and insist only upon two or three other Benefits of this globous\nFigure of the Earth and Waters.\n\n1. This Figure is the most commodious in regard of Heat, and I may add of\nLight also in some measure. For by this means, those two great Benefits\nare uniformly and equally imparted to the World: They come harmoniously\nand gradually on, and as gradually go off again. So that the daily and\nyearly Returns of Light and Darkness, Cold and Heat, Moist and Dry,\nare Regular and Workman-like, (we may say,) which they would not be,\nespecially the former, if the Mass of Earth and Waters were (as some\nfancied[b] it) a large Plain; or as others, like a large Hill in the\nmidst of the Ocean; or of a multangular Figure; or such like.\n\n2. This Figure is admirably adapted to the commodious and equal\nDistribution of the Waters in the Globe. For since, by the Laws of\nGravity, the Waters will possess the lowest Place; therefore, if the\nMass of the Earth was cubick, prismatick, or any other angular Figure,\nit would follow, that one (too vast a Part) would be drowned; and\nanother be too dry. But being thus orbicular, the Waters are equally\nand commodiously distributed here and there, according as the Divine\nProvidence saw most fit; of which I shall take notice by and by.\n\n3. The orbicular Figure of our Globe, is far the most beneficial to\nthe Winds and Motions of the Atmosphere. It is not to be doubted, if\nthe Earth was of some other, or indeed any other Figure, but that the\nCurrents of Air would be much retarded, if not wholly stopped. We find\nby Experience what Influence large and high Mountains, Bays, Capes, and\nHead-lands have upon the Winds; how they stop some, retard many, and\ndivert and change (near the Shores) even the _general_ and _constant\nWinds_[c], that blow round the Globe in the Torrid Zone. And therefore,\nsince this is the effect of such little Excrescences, which have but\nlittle Proportion to our Globe, what would be the Consequences of much\nvaster Angles, which would equal a Quarter, Tenth, or but an Hundredth\nPart of the Globe\u2019s Radius? Certainly these must be such a Barricade,\nas would greatly annoy, or rather absolutely stop the Currents of the\nAtmosphere, and thereby deprive the World of those salutiferous Gales\nthat I have said keep it sweet and clean.\n\nThus the Figure of our Globe doth manifest it to be a Work of\nContrivance, inasmuch as it is of the most commodious Figure; and all\nothers would be liable to great and evident Inconveniences.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] Although the Terraqueous Globe be of an orbicular Figure, yet it is\nnot strictly so, 1. On account of its Hills and Vallies. But there are\ninconsiderable to the Earth\u2019s Semidiameter; for they are but as the Dust\nupon a common Globe. But, 2. Our modern Astronomers assign a much greater\nVariation from a globous Form, namely, that of a prolate Sph\u00e6roid, making\nthe Polar about 34 Miles shorter than the Equatorial Diameter. The Cause\nof which they make to be the centrifugal Force of the diurnal Rotation of\nthe Globe.\n\nThis Figure they imagine is in _Jupiter_, his Polar being to his\nEquatorial Diameter, as 39\u2157 to 40\u2157. But whether it be so or no, I confess\nI could never perceive, although I have often viewed that Planet through\nvery good, and long Glasses, particularly a tolerable good one of 72 Feet\nin my Hands: And although by Reason of cloudy Weather, and (at present)\n_Jupiter_\u2019s Proximity to the Sun, I have not been of late able to take a\nreview of that Planet; yet _Saturn_ (so far as his Ring would permit,)\nand _Mars_ appear perfectly round thro\u2019 Mr. _Huygens_\u2019s long Glass of\n126 Feet, which by Will he bequeathed, with its whole Apparatus, to our\n_R. S._ by whose Favour it is now in my Hands. And moreover, I believe\nit difficult, next to impossible, to measure the two Diameters to a 40\u1d57\u02b0\nPart, by reason of the smallness of _Jupiter_\u2019s apparent Diameter, and by\nreason he is moving all the time of measuring him.\n\nAs to what is alledged from lengthening the Pendulums of Clocks, to make\nthem keep the same Time under the Equator, as they do in our Climes; I\nhave shewn from the like Variations in the Air-Pump, that this may arise\nfrom the rarity of the Air there, more than here. _V._ _Phil. Trans._\nN\u1d52. 294. But if the Degrees of a Meridian grow larger, the more we go\ntowards the Line, (as Mr. _Cassini_ affirms they do, by an 800\u1d57\u02b0 Part in\nevery Degree, in _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 278.) then there is great reason to\nconclude in behalf of this Sph\u00e6roidal Form.\n\nThe natural Cause of this Sphericity of our Globe, is (according to\nSir _Isaac Newton_\u2019s Principles) that _Attraction_, which the infinite\nCreator hath stamp\u2019d on all the Matter of the Universe, whereby all\nBodies, and all the Parts of Bodies mutually attract themselves and one\nanother. By which means, as all the Parts of Bodies tend naturally to\ntheir Center, so they all betake themselves to a globous Figure, unless\nsome other more prevalent Cause interpose. Thus Drops of Quick-silver put\non a spherical Form, the Parts thereof strongly attracting one another.\nSo Drops of Water have the same Form, when falling in the Air; but are\nHemispherical only when they lie on a hard Body, by reason their Gravity\ndoth so far over-power their self-attracting Power, as to take off one\nhalf of their Sphericity. This Figure is commonly attributed to the\nPressure of the circumambient Air: But that this can\u2019t be the cause, is\nmanifest from the Air-Pump; the case being the very same in an exhausted\nReceiver, as in the open Air, and not any the least Alteration of the\nFigure that I could perceive, in all the Trials I have made.\n\n[b] It would be frivolous as well as endless to reckon up the various\nOpinions of the Ancients about the Figure of the Terraqueous Globe; some\nof them may be seen in _Varen. Geogr._ l. 1. _c. 3. init._ or _Johnston\u2019s\nThaumat. c. 1. Artic. 3._ But among the variety of Opinions, one of the\nprincipal was, That the visible Horizon was the Bounds of the Earth, and\nthe Ocean the Bounds of the Horizon, that the Heavens and Earth above\nthis Ocean, was the whole visible Universe; and that all beneath the\nOcean was _Hades_, or the _invisible World_. Hence, when the Sun set, he\nwas said _tingere se Oceano_; and when any went to _Hades_, they must\nfirst pass the Ocean. Of this Opinion were not only the ancient Poets,\nand others among the Heathens, but some of the Christian Fathers too,\nparticularly _Lactantius_, St. _Augustine_, and others, who thought their\nOpinion was favoured by the Psalmist, in _Psal._ xxiv. 2. and cxxxvi. 6.\nSee _Bp. Usher\u2019s Ans. to a Jes. Chall._ p. 366. _&c._\n\n[c] _Neither do these constant ~Trade-Winds~ usually blow near the Shore,\nbut only on the Ocean, at least 30 or 40 Leagues off at Sea, clear from\nany Land; especially on the West Coast, or Side of any Continent: For\nindeed on the East Side, the Easterly Wind being the true Trade-Wind,\nblows almost home to the Shore, so near as to receive a check from the\nLand-Wind._ Dampier\u2019s Winds, Ch. 1.\n\nAnd not only the _general Trade-Winds_, but also the _constant coasting\nTrade-Winds_, are in like manner affected by the Lands. Thus, for\nInstance, on the Coast of _Angola_ and _Peru_. But this, saith the\ncurious Captain _Dampier_, the Reader must take notice of, _That the\nTrade-Winds that blow on any Coast, except the North Coast of ~Africa~,\nwhether they are constant, and blow all the Year, or whether they are\nshifting Winds, do never blow right in on the Shore, nor right along\nShore, but go slanting, snaking an acute Angle of about 22 Degrees.\nTherefore, as the Land tends more East or West, from North or South on\nthe Coast; so the Winds do alter accordingly._ Ibid. Ch. 2.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. II.\n\n_Of the Bulk of the Terraqueous Globe._\n\n\nThe next Thing remarkable in the Terraqueous Globe, is the prodigious\nBulk thereof[a]. A Mass of above 260 Thousand Million of Miles solid\nContent. A Work too grand for any thing less than a God to make. To which\nin the next Place we may add,\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] It is not difficult to make a pretty near Computation of the Bulk\nof the Terraqueous Globe, from those accurate Observations of a Degree\nmade by Mr. _Norwood_ in _England_, and Mr. _Picart_, and Mr. _Cassini_\nin _France_. Whose Measures do in a surprizing manner agree. But Mr.\n_Cassini_\u2019s seeming to be the most accurate (as I have shewn in my\n_Astro-Theology_, _B. 1. Ch. 2. Note (a)._) I have there made use of\nhis Determinations. According to which the Diameter of the Earth being\n7967,72 _English_ Miles, its Ambit will be 25031\u00bd Miles; and (supposing\nit to be Spherical) its Surface will be 199444220 Miles; which being\nmultiplied into \u2153 of its Semidiameter, gives the Solid Content, _viz._\n264856000000 Miles.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. III.\n\n_The Motions of the Terraqueous Globe._\n\n\nThe Motions the Terraqueous Globe hath, are round its own Axis, and round\nits Fountain of Light and Heat, the Sun[a]. That so vast a Body as the\nEarth and Waters should be moved at all[b], that it should undergo two\nsuch different Motions, as the Diurnal and Annual are, and that these\nMotions should be so constantly and regularly[c] performed for near 6000\nYears, without any the least Alteration ever heard of (except some Hours\nwhich we read of in _Josh._ x. 12, 13. and in _Hezekiah_\u2019s Time, which,\nif they cannot be accounted for some other way, do greatly encrease\nthe Wonder[d]; these Things, I say,) do manifestly argue some divine\ninfinite Power to be concerned therein[e]: But especially, if to all\nthis we add the wonderful Convenience, yea absolute Necessity of these\nCircumvolutions to the Inhabitants, yea all the Products of the Earth\nand Waters. For to one of these we owe the comfortable Changes of Day\nand Night; the one for Business, the other for Repose;[f] the one for\nMan, and most other Animals to gather and provide Food, Habitation,\nand other Necessaries of Life; the other to rest, refresh, and recruit\ntheir Spirits[g], wasted with the Labours of the Day. To the other of\nthose Motions we owe the Seasons of Summer and Winter, Spring and Autumn,\ntogether with the beneficial Instances and Effects which these have on\nthe Bodies and State of Animals, Vegetables, and all other Things, both\nin the Torrid, Temperate, and Frigid Zones.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] With the _Copernicans_, I take it here for granted, that the Diurnal\nand Annual Revolutions are the Motions of the Terraqueous Globe, not of\nthe Sun, _&c._ but for the Proof thereof I shall refer the Reader to the\nPreface of my _Astro-Theology_, and _B. 4. Chap. 3._\n\n[b] _Every thing that is moved, must of Necessity be moved by something\nelse; and that thing is moved by something that is moved either by\nanother Thing, or not by another Thing. If it be moved by that which is\nmoved by another, we must of Necessity come to some ~prime Mover~, that\nis not moved by another. For it is impossible, that what moveth, and is\nmoved by another, should proceed_ in infinitum. Aristot. Phys. l. 8. c. 5.\n\n_Solum quod seipsum movet, quia nunquam deseritur \u00e0 se, nunquam ne moveri\nquidem definit; quinetiam c\u00e6teris qu\u00e6 moventur, hic fons: hoc principium\nest movendi. Principii autem nulla est origo: nam ex principio oriuntur\nomnia; ipsum autem null\u00e2 ex re ali\u00e2 nasciepotest: nec enim esset id\nprincipium, quod gigneretur aliunde._ Cicer. Tusc. Quest. l. 1. c. 23.\n\n_Cogitemus qui fieri possit, ut tanta magnitudo, ab aliqu\u00e2 possit natur\u00e2,\ntanto tempore circumferri? Ego igitur assero Deum causam esse, nec aliter\nposse fieri._ Plato in Epinom.\n\n[c] Among the Causes which _Cleanthes_ is said in _Tully_ to assign for\nMen\u2019s Belief of a Deity, one of the chief is, _\u00c6quabilitatem mot\u00fbs,\nconversionem C\u0153li, Solis, Lun\u00e6, Siderumque omnium distinctionem,\nvarietatem, pulchritudinem, ordinem: quarum rerum aspectus ipse satis\nindicaret, non esse ea fortuita. Ut siquis in domum aliquam, aut in\ngymnasium, aut in forum venerit; c\u00f9m videat omnium rerum rationem, modum,\ndisciplinam, non possit ea sine caus\u00e2 fieri judicare, sed esse aliquem\nintelligat, qui pr\u00e6sit, & cui pareatur: multo magis in tantis motibus,\ntantisque vicissitudinibus, tam multarum rerum atque tanrarum ordinibus,\nin quibus nihil unquam immmensa & infinita vetustas mentita sit, statuat\nnecesse est ab aliqu\u00e2 Mente tantos natur\u00e6 motus gubernari._ Cir. de Nat.\nDeor. l. 1. c. 5.\n\n_Homines c\u0153perunt Deum agnoscere, c\u00f9m viderent Stellas, tantam\nconcinnitatem efficere; ac dies, noctesque, \u00e6state, & hyeme, suos servare\nstatos ortus, atque obitus._ Plutarch de placit. l. 1. c. 6.\n\n[d] We need not be sollicitous to elude the History of these Miracles,\nas if they were only poetical Strains, as _Maimonides_, and some others\nfancy _Joshua_\u2019s Day to have been, _viz._ only an ordinary Summer\u2019s\nDay; but such as had the Work of many Days done in it; and therefore\nby a poetical Stretch made, as if the Day had been lengthened by the\nSun standing still. But in the History they are seriously related, as\nreal Matters of Fact, and with such Circumstances as manifest them to\nhave been miraculous Works of the Almighty; And the Prophet _Habakkuk_,\niii. 11. mentions that of _Joshua_ as such. And therefore taking\nthem to be miraculous Perversions of the Course of Nature, instead\nof being Objections, they are great Arguments of the Power of God:\nFor in _Hezekiah_\u2019s Case, to wheel the Earth it self backward, or by\nsome extraordinary Refractions, to bring the Sun\u2019s Shadow backward 10\nDegrees: Or in _Joshua_\u2019s Case, to stop the diurnal Course of the Globe\nfor some Hours, and then again give it the same Motion; to do, I say,\nthere Things, required the same infinite Power which at first gave the\nTerraqueous Globe its Motions.\n\n[e]\n\n _Nam c\u00f9m dispositi quasissem f\u0153dera Mundi,_\n _Pr\u00e6scriptosque Maris fines, Annique meatus,_\n _Et Lucis, Noctisque vices: tunc omnia rebar_\n _Consilio firmata Dei, qui lege moveri_\n _Sidera, qui fruges diverso tempore nasci,_\n _Qui variam Ph\u0153ben alieno jusserit igne_\n _Compleri, Solemque suo; porrexerit undis_\n _Littora; Tellurem medio libraverat axe._\n\n Claudian in Rufin. L. 1. initio.\n\n[f] _Diei noctisque vicissitudo conservat animantes, tribuens aliud\nagendi tempus, aliud quiescendi. Sic undique omni ratione concluditur,\nMente, Consilioque divino omnia in hoc mundo ad salutem omnium,\nconservationemque admirabiliter administrari._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. l. 2.\nc. 53.\n\n[g] The acute Dr. _Cheyne_, in his ingenious _Philos. Princ. of Natural\nReligion_, among other uses of Day and Night, saith, the Night is most\nproper for Sleep; because when the Sun is above the Horizon, Sleep is\nprejudicial, by reason the Perspirations are then too great. Also that\nNutrition is mostly, if not altogether, performed in Time of Rest; the\nBlood having too quick a Motion in the Day: For which Reason, weak\nPersons, Children, _&c._ are nourished most, and recruit best by Sleep.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. IV.\n\n_Of the Place and Situation of the Terraqueous Globe, in respect of the\nHeavenly Bodies._\n\n\nAnother Thing very considerable in our Globe, is its Place and Situation\nat a due Distance from the Sun[a], its Fountain of Light and Heat; and\nfrom its neighbouring Planets of the solar System, and from the fixt\nStars. But these Things I have spoken more largely of in my Survey of the\nHeavens[b], and therefore only barely mention them now; to insist more\nlargely upon,\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] It is a manifest Sign of the Creator\u2019s Management and Care, in\nplacing the Terraqueous Globe at that very Distance it is from the Sun,\nand contempering our own Bodies and all other Things so duly to that\nDistance. For was the Earth farther from the Sun, the World would be\nstarved and frozen with Cold: And was it nigher we should be burnt, at\nleast the most combustible Things would be so, and the World would be\nvexed with perpetual Conflagrations. For we see that a few of the Rays of\nthe Sun, even no more than what fall within the Compass of half an Inch\nor an Inch in a Burning-Glass, will fire combustible Bodies, even in our\nown Climate.\n\n[b] _Astro-Theology_, Book vii. Chap. 7.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. V.\n\n_The Distribution of the Earth and Waters._\n\n\nThe Distribution of the Waters and the dry Land, although it may seem\nrude and undesigned to a careless View, and is by some taxed as such[a],\nyet is admirably well adjusted to the Uses and Conveniences of our World.\n\nFor in the first Place, the Distribution is so well made, the Earth and\nWaters so handsomely, so Workman-like laid, every where all the World\nover, that there is a just \u00e6quipoise of the whole Globe. The _Northern_\nbalanceth the _Southern Ocean_, the _Atlantick_ the _Pacifick Sea_. The\n_American dry Land_, is a Counterpoise to the _European_, _Asiatick_ and\n_African_.\n\nIn the next Place, the Earth and the Waters are so admirably well placed\nabout in the Globe, as to be helpful to one another, to minister to one\nanother\u2019s Uses. The great Oceans, and the lesser Seas and Lakes, are\nso admirably well distributed throughout the Globe[b], as to afford\nsufficient Vapours[c] for Clouds and Rains, to temperate the Cold[c] of\nthe Northern frozen Air, to cool and mitigate the Heats[d] of the Torrid\nZone, and to refresh the Earth with fertile Showers; yea, in some measure\nto minister fresh Waters to the Fountains and Rivers. Nay, so abundant\nis this great Blessing, which the most indulgent Creator hath afforded\nus by means of this Distribution of the Waters I am speaking of, that\nthere is more than a scanty, bare Provision, or mere Sufficiency; even a\nPlenty, a Surplusage of this useful Creature of God, (the fresh Waters)\nafforded to the World; and they so well ordered, as not to drown the\nNations of the Earth, nor to stagnate, stink, and poison, or annoy them;\nbut to be gently carried through convenient Chanels back again to their\ngrand Fountain[e] the Sea; and many of them through such large Tracts\nof Land, and to such prodigious Distances, that it is a great Wonder\nthe Fountains should be high enough[f], or the Seas low enough, ever\nto afford so long a Conveyance. Witness the _Danube_[g] and _Wolga_ of\n_Europe_, the _Nile_[h] and the _Niger_[i] of _Africk_, the _Ganges_[k]\nand _Euphrates_ of _Asia_, and the _Amazons River_[l] and _Rio de la\nPlata_ of _America_, and many others which might be named; some of which\nare said to run above 5000 Miles, and some no less than 6000 from their\nFountains to the Sea. And indeed such prodigious Conveyances of the\nWaters make it manifest, that no accidental Currents and Alterations of\nthe Waters themselves, no Art or Power of Man, nothing less than the\n_Fiat_ of the Almighty, could ever have made, or found, so long and\ncommodious Declivities, and Chanels for the Passage of the Waters.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] The most eminent Author I have met with, that finds fault with the\nDistribution of the Earth and Waters, and indeed with the whole present\nStructure of the Globe, is the learned and eloquent Theorist, Dr.\n_Burnet_, who frequently exclaims on this Point, _Tellus nostra, si totam\nsimul complectamur, non est ordinata & venusta rerum compages\u2014\u2014sed moles\naggesta vario, incertoque situ partium, null\u00e2 ordinis aut venustatis\nhabit\u00e2 ratione._ Theor. Sacr. l. 1. c. 7. _Ecquis autem \u00e0 Deo h\u00e6c ita\nfacta? ~&c.~_ ib. _Quo autem Herculeo labore opus effet ad excavandum\nterram in tantum hiatum?\u2014\u2014Si immediat\u00e8 \u00e0 caus\u00e2 prim\u00e2 effectus fuisset\nhic alveus, aliquem saltem ordinem, mensuram, & proportionem notare\nvoluisset in ipsius form\u00e2, & partium dispositione;\u2014\u2014sed confusa omnia,\n~&c.~_ ib. c. 8. _Tellus nostra c\u00f9m exigua sit, est etiam rudis: Et in\nill\u00e2 exiguitate multa sunt superflua, multa inelegantia. Dimidiam terr\u00e6\nsuperficiem inundat Oceanus; magn\u00e2 ex parte, ut mihi videtur, inutilis._\nAnd then he goes on to shew how this Part of the Creation might be\nmended, _ib._ c. 10. All this is to me surprizing from an Author of\ngreat Ingenuity, who seems in his Book to have a just Opinion of, and\ndue Veneration for God. But certainly such Notions are very inconsistent\nwith the Belief of God\u2019s creating, especially his governing and ordering\nthe World. But suppose the Terraqueous Globe was such a rude, confused,\ninconvenient Mass, as he pretends, yet it is well enough for a sinful\nWorld. But besides, what others have long ago abundantly answered, the\nfollowing Survey, will, I hope, sufficiently manifest it to be the Work\nof a wise and beneficent, as well as omnipotent Creator.\n\n[b] Some have objected against the Distribution of the Earth and Waters,\nas if the Waters occupied too large a part of the Globe, which they\nthink would be of greater Use, if it was dry Land. But then they do not\nconsider that this would deprive the World of a due Quantity of Vapours\nand Rain. For if the Cavities which contain the Sea, and other Waters,\nwere deeper, although the Waters were no less in Quantity, only their\nSurfaces narrower and lesser, the Evaporations would be so much the\nless, inasmuch as those Evaporations are made from the Surface, and are,\nconsequently, in proportion to the Surface, not the Depth or Quantity of\nWater.\n\n[c] I took notice before in _Book I. Chap. 3. Note (a)._ That the Vapours\nconstituting Clouds and Rain, are _Vesicul\u00e6_ of Water detached by Heat.\nThe manner of which I conceive to be thus; Heat being of an agile Nature,\nor the lightest of all Bodies, easily breaks loose from them; and if they\nare humid, in its Passage, carries along with it Particles, or little\nCases of the Water; which being lighter than Air, are buoyed up thereby,\nand swim in it; until by knocking against one another, or being thickened\nby the Cold, (as in the Note before-cited,) they are reduced into Clouds\nand Drops.\n\nHaving mentioned the manner how Vapours are raised, and there being more\nroom here than in the Note before-cited, I shall, for the Illustration of\nNatures Process, take notice of three Things observable to our purpose,\nin Water over the Fire. 1. That the Evaporations are proportional to the\nHeat ascending out of the Water. A small Heat throws off but few Vapours,\nscarce visible: A greater Heat, and ascending in greater Quantities,\ncarries off grosser, larger, and more numerous _Vesicul\u00e6_, which we call\na _Steam_: And if the Heat breaks through the Water with such a Fury, as\nto lacerate and lift up great Quantities or Bubbles of Water, too heavy\nfor the Air to carry or buoy up, it causeth what we call _Boyling_. And\nthe Particles of Water thus mounted up by the Heat, are visible Sph\u00e6rules\nof Water, if viewed with a Microscope, as they swim about in a Ray of\nthe Sun let into a dark Room, with warm Water underneath; where some of\nthe Vapours appear large, some smaller Sph\u00e6rules, according (no doubt)\nto the larger and lesser Quantities of Heat blowing them up and carrying\nthem off. 2. If these Vapours be intercepted in their Ascent by any\nContext, especially cold Body, as Glass, Marble, _&c._ they are thereby\nreduced into Drops, and Masses of Water, like those of Rain, _&c._ 3.\nThese Vapours in their Ascent from the Water, may be observed, in cold\nfrosty Weather, either to rise but a little above the Water, and there\nto hang, or to glide on a little above its Surface: Or if the Weather be\nvery cold, after a little ascent, they may be seen to fall back again\ninto the Water; in their Ascent and Descent describing a Curve somewhat\nlike that of an Arrow from a Bow. But in a warmer Air, and still, the\nVapours ascend more nimbly and copiously, mounting up aloft, till they\nare out of Sight. But if the Air be warm and windy too, the Vapours are\nsooner carried out of Sight, and make way for others. And accordingly\nI have often observed, that hot Liquors, if not set too thin, and not\nfrequently stirred, cool slower in the greatest Frosts, than in temperate\nWeather, especially if windy. And it is manifest by good Experiments,\nthat the Evaporations are less at those times than these; less by far in\nthe Winter than the warmer Months.\n\n[c] As our Northern Islands are observed to be more temperate than our\nContinents, (of which we had a notable Instance in the great Frost in\n1708/9, which _Ireland_ and _Scotland_ felt less of, than most Parts\nof _Europe_ besides; of which see _Book IV. Chap. 12. Note (c)._) so\nthis Temperature is owing to the warm Vapours afforded chiefly by the\nSea, which by the preceding Note must necessarily be warm, as they are\nVapours, or Water inflated by Heat.\n\nThe Cause of this Heat I take to be partly that of the Sun, and partly\nSubterraneous. That it is not wholly that of the Sun, is manifest from\nVapours, being as, or more copiously raised when the Sun Beams are\nweakest, as when strongest, there being greater Rains and Winds at the\none time than the other. And that there is such a thing as _Subterraneous\nHeat_, (whether Central, or from the meeting of Mineral Juices; or\nsuch as is Congenial or Connatural to our Globe, I have not Time to\nenquire; but I say, that such a Thing is,) is evident not only from the\nHot-Baths, many fiery Erruptions and Explosions, _&c._ but also from the\nordinary Warmth of Cellars and Places under Ground, which are not barely\ncomparatively warm, but of sufficient Heat to raise Vapours also: As is\nmanifest from the smoking of perennial Fountains in frosty Weather, and\nWater drawn out of Pumps and open Wells at such a Time. Yea, even Animals\nthemselves are sensible of it, as particularly _Moles_, who dig before\na Thaw, and against some other Alterations of the Weather; excited, no\ndoubt, thereunto by the same warm Vapours arising in the Earth, which\nanimate them, as well as produce the succeeding Changes of the Weather.\n\n[d] Besides the _Trade-Winds_, which serve to mitigate the excessive\nHeats in the Torrid Zone; the Clouds are a good Screen against the\nscorching Sun-Beams, especially when the Sun passeth their Zenith; at\nwhich Time is their Winter, or coolest Season, by reason they have then\nmost Clouds and Rain. For which Service, that which _Varene_ takes notice\nof, is a great Providence of God, _viz._ _Pleraque loca Zon\u00e6 Torrid\u00e6\nvicinum habent mare, ut India, Insul\u00e6 Indic\u00e6, Lingua Afric\u00e6, Guinea,\nBrasilia, Peruvia, Mexicana, Hispania: Pauca loca Zon\u00e6 Torrid\u00e6 sunt\nMediterranea._ Varenii. Geogr. l. 2. c. 26. Prop. 10. \u00a7. 7.\n\n[e] That Springs have their Origine from the Sea, and not from Rains and\nVapours, among many other strong Reasons, I conclude from the Perennity\nof divers Springs, which always afford the same quantity of Water. Of\nthis sort there are many to be found every where. But I shall, for an\nInstance, single out one in the Parish of _Upminster_, where I live,\nas being very proper for my purpose, and one that I have had better\nOpportunities of making Remarks upon above twenty Years. This in the\ngreatest Droughts is little, if at all diminished, that I could perceive\nby my Eye, although the Ponds all over the Country, and an adjoining\nBrook have been dry for many Months together; as particularly in the dry\nSummer Months of the Year 1705. And in the wettest Seasons, such as the\nSummer and other Months were, preceding the violent Storm in _November_\n1703. (_Vid._ _Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52. 289.) I say, in such wet Seasons I\nhave not observed any Increment of its Stream, excepting only for violent\nRains falling therein, or running down from the higher Land into it;\nwhich discoloureth the Waters oftentimes, and makes an increase of only\na Day\u2019s, or sometimes but a few Hours Continuance. But now, if this\nSpring had its Origine from Rain and Vapours, there would be an increase\nand decrease of the one, as there should happen to be of the other: As\nactually it is in such temporary Springs as have undoubtedly their Source\nfrom Rain and Vapours.\n\nBut besides this, another considerable Thing in this _Upminster_ Spring\n(and Thousands of others) is, that it breaks out of so inconsiderable\nan Hillock, or Eminence of Ground, that can have no more Influence in\nthe Condensation of the Vapours, or stopping the Clouds, (which the\nMaintainers of this Hypothesis suppose) than the lower Lands about it\nhave. By some Critical Observations I made with a very nice portable\nBarometer, I found that my House stands between 80 and 90 Feet higher\nthan the Low-Water Mark in the River of _Thames_, nearest me; and that\npart of the River being scarce thirty Miles from the Sea, I guess, (and\nam more confirmed from some later Experiments I made nearer the Sea)\nthat we cannot be much above 100 Feet above the Sea. The Spring I judge\nnearly level with, or but little higher than where my House stands; and\nthe Lands from whence it immediately issues, I guess about 15 or 20 Feet\nhigher than the Spring: and the Lands above that, of no very remarkable\nHeight. And indeed, by actual Measure, one of the highest Hills I have\nmet with in _Essex_, is but 363 Feet high; (_Vid._ _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52.\n313. _p. 16._) and I guess by some very late Experiments I made, neither\nthat, nor any other Land in _Essex_, to be above 400 Feet above the Sea.\nNow what is so inconsiderable a rise of Land to a perennial Condensation\nof Vapours, fit to maintain even so inconsiderable a Fountain, as what I\nhave mentioned is? Or indeed the High-lands of the whole large County of\n_Essex_, to the maintaining of all its Fountains and Rivulets?\n\nBut I shall no farther prosecute this Argument, but refer to the late\nlearned, curious and industrious Dr. _Plot_\u2019s _Tentamen Phil. de Orig.\nFont._ in which he hath fully discussed this Matter.\n\nAs to the manner how the Waters are raised up into the Mountains and\nHigher Lands, an easy and natural Representation may be made of it, by\nputting a little Heap of Sand, Ashes, or a little Loaf of Bread, _&c._\nin a Bason of Water; where the Sand will represent the dry Land, or an\nIsland, and the Bason of Water the Sea about it. And as the Water in the\nBason riseth to, or near the top of the Heap in it, so doth the Waters\nof the Sea, Lakes, _&c._ rise in the Hills. Which case I take to be the\nsame with the ascent of Liquids in capillary Tubes, or between contiguous\nPlanes, or in a Tube filled with Ashes: Of which the industrious and\ncompleat Artificer in Air-Pumps, Mr. _Hawksbee_, hath given us some, not\ncontemptible Experiments, in his _Phys. Mech. Exp._ pag. 139.\n\nAmong the many Causes assigned for this ascent of Liquors, there are two\nthat bid the fairest for it, _viz._ _the Pressure of the Atmosphere_,\nand the _Newtonian Attraction_. That it is not the former, appears from\nthe Experiments succeeding, as well, or better in _Vacuo_, than in the\nopen Air, the ascent being rather swifter in _Vacuo_. This then being not\nthe Cause, I shall suppose the other is; but for the Proof thereof, I\nshall refer to some of our late _English_ Authors, especially some very\nlate Experiments made before our most famous _R. S._ which will be so\nwell improved by some of that illustrious Body, as to go near to put the\nMatter out of doubt.\n\n[f] See _Book III. Chap. 4._\n\n[g] _The ~Danube~ in a sober Account, performs a Course of above 1500\nMiles, ~(_i.e._ in a strait Line)~ from its Rise to its Fall._ Bohun\u2019s\nGeogr. Dict.\n\n[h] _Tractus_ sc. _Longitudo ~[Nili]~ est milliarium circiter 630 Germ.\nsive Ital. 2520, pro quibus ponere licet 3000 propter curvaturas._ Varen.\nGeogr. l. 1. c. 16. p. 27.\n\n[i] _Varene_ reckons the Course of the _Niger_, at a middle Computation,\n600 _German_ Miles, that is 2400 _Italian_.\n\n[k] That of the _Ganges_ he computes at 300 _German_ Miles. But if we add\nthe Curvatures to these Rivers, their Chanels are of a prodigious Length.\n\n[l] _Oritur, flumen (quod plerumque Amazonum, ~&c.~) haud procul Quito\nin montibus\u2014\u2014C\u00f9m per leucas Hispanicas 1356. cursum ab occidente in\norientem continu\u00e2rit, ostio 84 leucas lato\u2014\u2014in Oceanum pr\u00e6cipitatur._\nChr. D\u2019Acugna Relatio de flumine Amaz. in Act. Erud. Aug. 1683.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. VI.\n\n_The great Variety and Quantity of all Things upon, and in the\nTerraqueous Globe, provided for the Uses of the World._\n\n\nThe last Remark I shall make about the Terraqueous Globe in general is,\nthe great Variety of Kinds, or Tribes, as well as prodigious Number of\nIndividuals of each various Tribe, there is of all Creatures[a]. There\nare so many Beasts, so many Birds, so many Insects, so many Reptiles, so\nmany Trees, so many Plants upon the Land; so many Fishes, Sea-Plants, and\nother Creatures in the Waters; so many Minerals, Metals, and Fossiles in\nthe Subterraneous Regions; so many _Species_ of these _Genera_, so many\n_Individuals_ of those _Species_, that there is nothing wanting to the\nUse of Man, or any other Creature of this lower World. If every Age doth\nchange its Food, its way of Cloathing, its way of Building; if every\nAge[b] hath its Variety of Diseases; nay, if Man, or any other Animal,\nwas minded to change these Things every Day, still the Creation would\nnot be exhausted, still nothing would be wanting for Food, nothing for\nPhysick, nothing for Building and Habitation, nothing for Cleanliness and\nRefreshment, yea, even for Recreation and Pleasure. But the Munificence\nof the Creator is such, that there is abundantly enough to supply the\nWants, the Conveniencies, yea, almost the Extravagancies of all the\nCreatures, in all Places, all Ages, and upon all Occasions.\n\nAnd this may serve to answer an Objection against the Excellency of, and\nWisdom shewed in the Creation; namely, What need of so many Creatures[c]?\nParticularly of so many Insects, so many Plants, and so many other\nThings? And especially of some of them, that are so far from being\nuseful, that they are very noxious; some by their Ferity, and others by\ntheir poisonous Nature, _&c._?\n\nTo which I might answer, that in greater Variety, the greater Art is\nseen; that the fierce, poisonous, and noxious Creatures serve as Rods and\nScourges to chastise us[d], as means to excite our Wisdom, Care, and\nIndustry, with more to the same purpose. But these Things have been fully\nurged by others; and it is sufficient to say, that this great Variety is\na most wise Provision for all the Uses of the World in all Ages and all\nPlaces. Some for Food, some for Physick[e], some for Habitation, some for\nUtensils, some for Tools and Instruments of Work, and some for Recreation\nand Pleasure, either to Man, or to some of the inferior Creatures\nthemselves; even for which inferior Creatures, the liberal Creator hath\nprovided all Things necessary, or any ways conducing to their happy,\ncomfortable living in this World, as well as for Man.\n\nAnd it is manifest, that all the Creatures of God, Beasts, Birds,\nInsects, Plants, and every other _Genus_ have, or may have, their\nseveral Uses even among Men. For although in one Place many Things may\nlie neglected, and out of Use, yet in other Places they may be of great\nUse. So what hath seemed useless in one Age, hath been received in\nanother; as all the new Discoveries in Physick, and all the Alterations\nin Diet do sufficiently witness. Many Things also there are which in one\nForm may be pernicious to Man; but in another, of great Use. There are\nmany Plants[f], many Animals, many Minerals, which in one Form destroy,\nin another heal. The _Cassada Plant_ unprepared poisoneth, but prepared,\nis the very Bread of the _West-Indies_[g]. _Vipers_ and _Scorpions_, and\nmany Minerals, as destructive as they are to Man, yet afford him some of\nhis best Medicines.\n\nOr if there be many Things of little, immediate Use to Man, in this, or\nany other Age; yet to other Creatures they may afford Food or Physick,\nor be of some necessary Use. How many Trees and Plants, nay, even the\nvery Carcases of Animals, yea, the very Dust of the Earth[h], and the\nmost refuse, contemptible Things to be met with; I say, how many such\nThings are either Food, or probably Medicine to many Creatures, afford\nthem Retreat, are Places of Habitation, or Matrixes for their Generation,\nas shall be shewed in proper Place? The prodigious Swarms of Insects in\nthe Air, and in the Waters, (many of which may be perhaps at present of\nno great Use to Man) yet are Food to Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, Insects\nthemselves, and other Creatures[i], for whose happy and comfortable\nSubsistence, I have said the bountiful Creator hath liberally provided,\nas well as for that of Man.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Non dat Deus beneficia? Unde erg\u00f2 ista qua possides?\u2014\u2014Unde h\u00e6c\ninnumerabilia, oculos, aures & animum mulcentia? Unde illa luxuriam\nquoque instruens copia? Neque enim necessitatibus tantummod\u00f2 nostris\nprovisum est: usque in delicias amamur. Tot arbusta, non uno modo\nfrugifera, tot herba salutares, tot varietates ciborum, per totum annum\ndigest\u00e6, ut inerti quoque fortuita terr\u00e6 alimenta pr\u00e6berent. Jam animalia\nomnis generis, alia in sicco, ~&c.~\u2014\u2014ut omnis rerum natur\u00e6 pars tributum\naliquod nobis conferret._ Senec. de Benef. l. 4. c. 5. ubi plura vide.\n\n_Hic, ubi habitamus non intermittit suo tempore C\u0153lum nitescere, arbores\nfrondescere\u2014\u2014cum multitudinem pecudum partim ad vescendum, partim\nad cultus agrorum, partim ad vehendum, partim ad corpora vestienda;\nhominemque ipsum quasi contemplatorem c\u0153li ad deorum, ipsorumque\ncultorem.\u2014\u2014H\u00e6c igitur, & alia innumerabilia c\u00f9m cernimus, possumusne\ndubitare, quin his pr\u00e6sit aliquis vel Effector, si h\u00e6c nata sunt, ut\nPlatoni videtur: vel si semper fuerint, ut Aristoteli placet, Moderator\ntanti operis & muneris?_ Cicer. Tusc. Qu\u00e6st. l. 1. c. 28, 29.\n\n[b] _Sunt & gentium differenti\u00e6 non mediocres\u2014\u2014qu\u00e6 contemplatio aufert\nrursus nos ad ipsorum animalium naturas, ingenitasque iis vel certiores\nmorborum omnium medicinas. Enim ver\u00f2 rerum omnium Parens, nullum animal\nad hoc tantum ut pasceretur, aut alia satiaret nasci voluit: artesque\nsalutares iis inseruerit._ Plin. N. H. l. 27. c. 13.\n\n[c] This was no very easy Question to be answered by such as held,\nthat _all Things were made for Man_, as most of the Ancients did; as\n_Aristotle_, _Seneca_, _Cicero_ and _Pliny_, (to name only some of the\nchief). And _Cicero_ cites it as the celebrated _Chrysippus_\u2019s Opinion,\n_Pr\u00e6clare enim Chrysippus, C\u00e6tera nata esse Hominum Caus\u00e2, & Deorum._\n_De fin. bon. & mal. l. 3._ And in his _De Nat. Deor. l. 2. fin._ he\nseriously proves the World it self to have been made for the Gods and\nMan, and all Things in the World to have been made and contrived for the\nBenefit of Man (_parata & inventa ad fructum Hominum_, are his Words).\nSo _Pliny_ in his Preface to his 7\u1d57\u02b0 Book saith, Nature made all Things\nfor Man; but then he makes a doubt, whether she shewed her self a more\nindulgent Parent, or cruel Step-Mother, as in _Book IV. Chap. 12. Note\n(b)._ But since the Works of God have been more discovered, and the\nLimits of the Universe have been found to be of infinitely greater Extent\nthan the Ancients supposed them; this narrow Opinion hath been exploded.\nAnd the Answer will be found easy to these Questions, Why so many useless\nCreatures? In the Heavens, Why so many fixt Stars, and the greatest part\nof them scarce visible? Why such Systems of Planets, as in _Jupiter_,\n_Saturn_, &c. (See my _Astro-Theology_.) In the Earth and Waters, Why so\nmany Creatures of no use to Man?\n\n[d] _Nec min\u00f9s clara exitii documenta sunt etiam ex contemnendis\nanimalibus. M. Varro author est, \u00e0 cuniculis suffossum in Hispani\u00e2\nopidum, \u00e0 talpis in Thessali\u00e2: ab ranis civitatem in Galli\u00e2 pulsam, ab\nlocustis in Afric\u00e2: ex Gyaro, Cycladum insul\u00e2, incolas \u00e0 muribus fugatos;\nIn Itali\u00e2 Amyclas \u00e0 serpentibus delatas. Citra Cynamolgos \u00c6thiopas\nlat\u00e8 deserta regio est, \u00e0 scorpionibus & solpugis gente sublat\u00e2: & \u00e0\nscolopendris abactos Trerienses, author est Theophrastus._ Plin. Nat.\nHist. l. 8. c. 29.\n\nTo these Instances may be added, the Plague they sometimes suffer from a\nkind of Mice (they call _Leming_, _Leminger_, _Lemmus_, &c.) in _Norway_,\nwhich eat up every green Thing. They come in such prodigious Numbers,\nthat they fancy them to fall from the Clouds; but _Ol. Magnus_, rather\nthinks they come from some of the Islands. _Hist. l. 8. c. 2._ If the\nReader hath a mind to see a large Account of them, with a Dispute about\ntheir Generation, a handsome Cut of them, with the Prayers, and an\nExorcism against them used in the Church of _Rome_, I shall refer him,\n(it being too tedious to recite in these Notes) to _Mus\u00e6um Wormian._ l.\n3. c. 23.\n\n_Quare patimur multa mala \u00e0 creatur\u00e2 quam fecit Deus, nisi quia\noffendimus Deum?\u2014\u2014De p\u0153n\u00e2 tu\u00e2 peccatum tuum accusa, non judicem. Nam\npropter Superbiam instituit Deus creaturam istam minimam & abjectissimam,\nut ipsa nos torqueret, ut c\u00f9m superbus fuerit homo, & se jactaverit\nadversus Deum,\u2014\u2014c\u00f9m se erexerit, Pulicibus subdatur. Quid est, qu\u00f2d te\ninflas human\u00e2 superbi\u00e2?\u2014\u2014Pulicibus resiste, ut dormias. Cognosce qui sis.\nNam propter superbiam nostram domandam\u2014\u2014creata illa qu\u00e6 molesta sunt:\npopulum Pharaonis superbum potuit Deus domare de Ursis, de ~&c.~ Muscas &\nRanas illis immisit, ut rebus vilissimis superbia domaretur. Omnia ergo\nper ipsum\u2014\u2014facta sunt; & fine ipso factum est nihil._ August. Tract. 1.\nin S. Johan.\n\nBut although the infinitely wise Creator hath put it in the Power of\nsuch vile Animals to chastise us, yet hath he shewed no less Wisdom and\nKindness in ordering many, if not most of them so, as that it shall be in\nthe Power of Man, and other Creatures to obviate or escape their Evils.\nFor, besides the noble Antidotes afforded by Minerals, Vegetables, _&c._\nmany, if not most of our _European_ venemous Animals carry their Cure,\nas well as Poison, in their own Bodies. The Oil, and I doubt not, the\nBody of _Scorpions_ too, is a certain Remedy against its Stroke. A _Bee_,\n_Wasp_, or _Hornet_ crushed and rubbed, and bound upon the Place, I have\nalways found to be a certain Cure for the Sting of those Creatures. And\nI question not, but the Flesh, especially the Head of _Vipers_, would be\nfound a Remedy for their Bites.\n\n_Our Viper-Catchers have a Remedy in which they place so great\nConfidence, as to be no more afraid of the Bite ~[of a Viper]~, than\nof a common Puncture, immediately curing themselves by the Application\nof their Specifick. This though they keep a great Secret, I have upon\nstrict Enquiry found to be no other than ~Axungia Viperina~, presently\nrubbed into the Wound._ This Remedy the learned Doctor tried himself with\ngood Success in a young Dog that was bitten in the Nose. _Vid._ _Mead of\nPoisons_, p. 29.\n\nAnd as to the means to escape the Mischief of such noxious Animals,\nbesides what may be effected by the Care, Industry and Sagacity of Man;\nsome of them are so contrived and made, as to give Warning or Time to\nCreatures in danger from them. Thus, for Instance, the _Rattle-Snake_,\nthe most poisonous of any Serpent, who darts its poisonous Vapours to\nsome distance, and in all Probability was the _Basilisk_ of the Ancients,\nsaid to kill with its Eyes, this involuntarily gives warning by the\nRattle in its Tail. So the _Shark_, the most rapacious Animal of the\nWaters, is forced to turn himself on his Back, (and thereby gives an\nOpportunity of Escape) before he can catch his Prey.\n\n[e] _H\u00e6c sola Natur\u00e6 placuerat esse remedia parata vulgo, inventu\nfacilia, ac sine impendio, ex quibus vivimus. Poste\u00e0 fraudes hominum &\ningeniorum captur\u00e6 officinas invenire istas, in quibus sua cuique homini\nv\u0153nalis promittitur vita. Statim compositiones & mistur\u00e6 inexplicabiles\ndecantantur. Arabia atque India in medio \u00e6stimantur, ulcerique parvo\nmedicina \u00e0 Rubro mari imputatur, c\u00f9m remedia vera quotidie pauperrimus\nquisque c\u0153net._ Plin. l. 24. c. 1.\n\n_Non sponte su\u00e2 ex tellure germinant Herb\u00e6, qu\u00e6 contra quoscunque morbos\naccommod\u00e6 sunt; sed e\u00e6 voluntate Opisicis, ad nostram utilitatem producta\nsunt._ Basil. Ascet. Tom. 2.\n\nConsult here, _Book X. Note (z), (aa), (bb)._\n\n[f] Among poisonous Vegetables, none more famous of old than _Hemlock_,\naccounted at this Day also very dangerous to Man, of which there are some\ndismal Examples in our _Phil. Trans. Wepfer_, &c. But yet this Plant is\nFood for _Goats_, and its Seeds to _Bustards_; and as _Galen_ saith, to\n_Starlings_ also. Neither is this, so pernicious a Plant, only Food, but\nalso Physick to some Animals. An Horse troubled with the _Farcy_, and\ncould not be cured with the most famed Remedies, cured himself of it\nin a short Time, by eating _Hemlock_, of which he eat greedily. _Vid._\n_Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 231. _And a Woman which was cured of the Plague, but\nwanted Sleep, did with very good Effect eat ~Hemlock~ for some time; till\nfalling ill again of a Fever, and having left off the Use of this Remedy,\nhe ~[Nic. Fontanus]~ endeavoured to procure her Rest by repeated Doses\nof ~Opium~, which had no Operation, till the Help of ~Cicuta~ was again\ncalled in with desired Success._ Mead of Pois. p. 144.\n\nAnd not only _Hemlock_, but many other, if not most Plants accounted\npoisonous, may have their great Use in Medicine: Of which take the\nOpinion of an able Judge, my ingenious and learned Friend Dr. _Tancred\nRobinson_, in a Letter I have of his to the late great Mr. _Ray_, of\nNov. 7. 1604, viz. _According to my Promise, I here send you a few\nObservations concerning some Plants, seldom used in Medicine, being\nesteemed poisonous, which if truly corrected, or exactly dosed, may\nperhaps prove the most powerful and effectual Medicines yet known._\nHaving then given an Account of some of their Correctives, he gives\nthese following Examples, _viz._ _1. The Hellebores incorporated with\na Sapo, or Alkaly-Salts alone, are successful Remedies in Epilepsies,\nVertigo\u2019s, Palsies, Lethargies, and Mania\u2019s. Dos. a \u2108j. to \u0292ss. 2. The\nRadic. Assari, Cicut\u00e6, and the Napellus, in Agues and periodical Pains.\nDos. \u2108j. to \u0292ss. 3. The Hyoscyamus in H\u00e6morrhagies, violent Heats and\nPerturbation of the Blood, and also in all great Inflammations. Dos.\n\u2108j. to \u0292ss. 4. The Semen Stramonia is a very good Anodyne, useful in\nVigilia\u2019s, Rheumatisms, Hysterick Cases, in all the Orgasms of the Blood\nor Spirits, and where-ever there is an Indication for a Paregorick. Dos.\n\u2108j. to \u0292ss. 5. Elaterium thus corrected, may be given from gr. x. to xv.\nin Hydropical Cases, without any sensible Evacuation or Disturbance. So\nmay the Soldanella and Gratiola in greater Doses. 6. Opium corrected\nas afore-mentioned, loses its Narcotick Faculty, and may be given\nvery safely in great Doses, and proves more than usually prevalent in\nConvulsive Cases, Fluxes, Catarrhs, and all painful Paroxysms, ~&c.~_\n\n[g] _It is of the most general Use of any Provision all over the\n~West-Indies~, especially in the hotter Parts, and is used to Victual\nShips._ _Dr. ~Sloan~\u2019s_ Nat. Hist. of _Jamaica_, Vol. 1. Chap. 5. \u00a7. 12.\n\n[h] I have shewn in the _Phil. Trans._ that the _Pediculus fatidicus_,\n_Mortisaga_, _Pulsatorius_, or _Death-Watch_ there described, feedeth\nupon Dust; but that this Dust they eat, is powdered Bread, Fruits, or\nsuch like Dust, not powdered Earth; as is manifest from their great\nDiligence and Curiosity in hunting among the Dust. See more in _Phil.\nTrans._ N\u1d52. 291.\n\n[i] _Vid._ _Book IV. Chap. 11._\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK III.\n\n_Of the Terraqueous Globe in particular, more especially the Earth._\n\n\nHaving thus taken a general Prospect of our Terraqueous Globe, I shall\nin this Book come to its Particulars. But here we have such an immense\nVariety presenting it self to our Senses, and such amazing Strokes of\nPower and Wisdom, that it is impossible not to be at a Stand, and very\ndifficult to know where to begin, how to proceed, or where to end. But we\nmust however attempt.\n\nAnd for the more clear and regular proceeding on this copious Subject, I\nshall distribute the Globe into its own grand constituent Parts.\n\nI. The _Earth_ and its Appurtenances.\n\nII. The _Waters_ and Theirs.\n\nThe first of these only, is what at present I shall be able to take into\nthis Survey.\n\nAnd in Surveying the _Earth_, I intend,\n\n1. To consider its constituent Parts, or Things peculiar to its self.\n\n2. The Inhabitants thereof, or the several Kinds of Creatures that have\ntheir Habitation, Growth, or Subsistence thereon.\n\n1. As to the Earth it self, the most remarkable Things that present\nthemselves to our View, are,\n\n1. Its various Moulds and Soils.\n\n2. Its several Strata, or Beds.\n\n3. Its very Subterraneous Passages, Grotto\u2019s and Caverns.\n\n4. Its Mountains and Vallies.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. I.\n\n_Of the Soils and Moulds in the Earth._\n\n\nThe various Soils and Moulds are an admirable and manifest Contrivance\nof the All-wise Creator, in making this Provision for the various\nVegetables[a], and divers other Uses of the Creatures. For, as some\nTrees, some Plants, some Grains dwindle and die in a disagreeable Soil,\nbut thrive and flourish in others; so the All-wise Creator hath amply\nprovided for every Kind a proper Bed.\n\nIf some delight in a warm, some a cold Soil; some in a lax or sandy,\nsome a heavy or clayie Soil; some in a Mixture of both, some in this, and\nthat and the other Mould, some in moist, some in dry Places[b]; still we\nfind Provision enough for all these Purposes: Every Country abounding\nwith its proper Trees and Plants[c], and every Vegetable flourishing and\ngay, somewhere or other about the Globe, and abundantly answering the\nAlmighty Command of the Creator, when the Earth and Waters were ordered\nto their peculiar Place, _Gen._ i. 11. _And God said, Let the Earth bring\nforth Grass, the Herb yielding Seed, and the Tree yielding Fruit after\nhis kind._ All which we actually see is so.\n\nTo this Convenience which the various Soils that coat the Earth are of to\nthe Vegetables, we may add their great Use and Benefit to divers Animals,\nto many Kinds of Quadrupeds, Fowls, Insects, and Reptiles, who make in\nthe Earth their Places of Repose and Rest, their Retreat in Winter, their\nSecurity from their Enemies, and their Nests to repose their Young; some\ndelighting in a lax and pervious Mould, admitting them an easy Passage;\nand others delighting in a firmer and more solid Earth, that will better\nsecure them against Injuries from without.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] It is not to be doubted, that although Vegetables delight in peculiar\nSoils, yet they owe not their Life and Growth to the Earth it self, but\nto some agreeable Juices or Salts, _&c._ residing in the Earth. Of this\nthe great Mr. _Boyl_ hath given us some good Experiments. He ordered his\nGardener to dig up, and dry in an Oven some Earth fit for the Purpose,\nto weigh it, and to set therein some _Squash Seeds_, (a kind of _Indian_\nPompion). The Seeds when sown were watered with Rain or Spring-water\nonly. But although a Plant was produced in one Experiment of near 3 _l._\nand in another of above 14 _l._ yet the Earth when dried, and weighed\nagain, was scarce diminished at all in its Weight.\n\nAnother Experiment he alledges is of _Helmont_\u2019s, who dried 200 _l._ of\nEarth, and therein planted a Willow weighing 5 _l._ which he watered with\nRain or distilled Water: And to secure it from any other Earth getting\nin, he covered it with a perforated Tin Cover. After five Years, weighing\nthe Tree with all the Leaves it had born in that time, he found it to\nweigh 169 _l._ 3 Ounces, but the Earth to be diminished only about 2\nOunces in its weight. _Vid._ _Boyl\u2019s Scept. Chym._ Part 2. _pag. 114._\n\n[b] \u03a4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f40\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03bf\u1f50 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c4\u1f70\u2014\u2014\u03a4\u1ff6\u03bd\n\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, &c. \u03a4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03bd\u03cd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2,\n\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f45\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f40\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72\n\u1f11\u03bb\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.\u2014\u2014\u0396\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f15\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u1fc6, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\n\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u1f70, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd\u1fe4\u1fe5\u03b9\u03b6\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u1fe4\u1fe5\u03b9\u03b6\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70\n\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7\u00b7\u2014\u2014\u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1, \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f45\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f45\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f00\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\n\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u1f96 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1f74 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2. _Theophrast. de Caus.\nPlant._ l. 2. c. 9.\n\n[c]\n\n _Nec ver\u00f2 Terr\u00e6 ferre omnes omnia possunt._\n _Fluminibus Salices, crassisque paludibus Alni_\n _Nascuntur; steriles saxosis montibus Orni:_\n _Littora Myrtetis l\u00e6tissima: denique apertos_\n _Bacchus amat colles: Aquilonem & frigora Taxi._\n _Aspice & extremis domitum cultoribus orbem,_\n _Eoasque domos Arabum, pictosque Gelonos:_\n _Divisa arboribus patri\u00e6, ~&c.~_\n\n Vir. Georg. L. 2\n\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. II.\n\n_Of the various Strata or Beds observable in the Earth._\n\n\nThe various _Strata_ or _Beds_, although but little different from the\nlast, yet will deserve a distinct Consideration.\n\nBy the _Strata_ or _Beds_, I mean those Layers of Minerals[a], Metals[b],\nEarth, and Stone[c], lying under that upper _Stratum_, or Tegument of\nthe Earth last spoken of, all of a prodigious Use to Mankind: Some being\nof great Use for Building; some serving for Ornament; some furnishing\nus with commodious Machines, and Tools to prepare our Food, and for\nVessels and Utensils, and for multitudes of other Uses; some serving\nfor Firing to dress our Food, and to guard us against the Insults of\nCold and Weather; some being of great Use in Physick, in Exchange and\nCommerce, in manuring and fertilizing our Lands, in dying and colouring,\nand ten thousand other Conveniences, too many to be particularly spoken\nof: Only there is one grand Use of one of these Strata or Beds, that\ncannot easily be omitted, and that is, those subterraneous Strata of\nSand, Gravel, and laxer Earth that admit of, and facilitate the Passage\nof the sweet Waters[d], and may probably be the Colanders whereby they\nare sweetened, and then at the same time also convey\u2019d to all Parts of\nthe habitable World, not only through the temperate and torrid Zones, but\neven the farthest Regions of the frozen Poles.\n\nThat these Strata are the _principal Passages_ of the sweet\nFountain-Waters, is, I think not to be doubted, considering that in them\nthe Waters are well known to pass, and in them the Springs are found by\nthose that seek for them. I say, the principal Passages, because there\nare other subterraneous Guts and Chanels, Fissures and Passages, through\nwhich many Times the Waters make their way.\n\nNow that which in a particular manner doth seem to me to manifest a\nspecial Providence of God in the repositing these watery Beds is, that\nthey should be dispersed all the World over, into all Countries, and\nalmost all Tracts of Land: That they should so entirely, or for the\nmost part, consist of lax, incohering Earth, and be so seldom blended\nwith other impervious Moulds, or if they are so, it is commonly but\naccidentally; and that they are interposed between the other impervious\nBeds, and so are as a Prop and Pillar to guard them off, and to prevent\ntheir sinking in and shutting up the Passages of the Waters.\n\nThe Time when those Strata were laid, was doubtless at the Creation, when\n_God said_ (Gen. i. 9.) _Let the Waters under the Heaven be gathered\ntogether unto one Place, and let the dry Land appear_; or else at the\nDeluge, if, with some sagacious Naturalists, we suppose the Globe of\nEarth to have been dissolved by the Flood[e]. At that Time (whatever it\nwas) when the terraqueous Globe was in a chaotick State, and the earthy\nParticles subsided, then those several Beds were in all Probability\nreposited in the Earth, in that commodious Order in which they now are\nfound; and that, as is asserted, according to the Laws[f] of Gravity.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] Altho\u2019 Minerals, Metals and Stones lie in Beds, and have done so\never since _Noah_\u2019s Flood, if not from the Creation; yet it is greatly\nprobable that they have Power of _growing_ in their respective Beds:\nThat as the Beds are robbed and emptied by Miners, so after a while they\nrecruit again. Thus _Vitriol_, Mr. _Boyl_ thinks, will grow by the Help\nof the Air. So _Alum_ doth the same. _We are assured_ (he saith) _by the\nexperienced ~Agricola~, That the Earth or Ore of ~Alum~, being robbed of\nits Salt, will in tract of Time recover it, by being exposed to the Air._\n_~Boyl~\u2019s_ Suspic. about some Hid. Qual. in the Air, p. 18.\n\n[b] As to the Growth of _Metals_, there is great Reason to suspect that\nalso, from what Mr. _Boyl_ hath alledged in his _Observations about the\nGrowth of Metals_: And in his _Scept. Chym. Part 6. pag. 362._ Compare\nalso _Hakewil_\u2019s _Apol. pag. 164._\n\nAnd particularly as to the Growth of _Iron_, to the Instances he gives\nfrom _Pliny_, _Fallopius_, _C\u00e6salpinus_, and others; we may add, what\nis well known in the _Forest of Dean_ in _Gloucestershire_: That the\nbest Iron, and most in Quantity, that is found there, is in the old\nCinders, which they melt over again. This is the Author of the _Additions\nto Gloucestershire in Cambd. Brit._ of the last Edition, _p. 245._\nattributes to the Remissness of the former Melters, in not exhausting\nthe Ore: But in all Probability it is rather to be attributed to the new\nImpregnations of the old Ore, or Cinders, from the Air, or from some\nseminal Principle, or plastick Quality in the Ore it self.\n\n[c] As for the Growth of _Stone_, Mr. _Boyl_ gives two Instances. One\nis that famous Place in _France_, called _Les Caves Goutieres: Where\nthe Water falling from the upper Parts of the Cave to the Ground, doth\npresently there condense into little Stones, of such Figures as the\nDrops, falling either severally, or upon one another, and coagulating\npresently into Stones, chance to exhibit_. Vid. Scept. Chym. pag. 360.\n\nSuch like Caves as these I have my self met with in _England_;\nparticularly on the very Top of _Bredon-Hill_ in _Worcestershire_,\nnear the _Precipice_, facing _Pershore_, in or near the old Fortress,\ncalled _Bembsbury-Camp_; I saw some Years ago such a Cave, which (if I\nmis-remember not) was lined with those _Stalactical Stones_ on the Top\nand Sides. On the Top they hung like Icicles great and small, and many\nlay on the Ground. They seemed manifestly to be made by an Exsudation,\nor Exstillation of some petrifying Juices out of the rocky Earth there.\nOn the Spot, I thought it might be from the Rains soaking through, and\ncarrying with it Impregnations from the Stone, the Hill being there all\nrocky. Hard by the Cave is one or more vast Stones, which (if I mistake\nnot) are incrustated with this Sparry, Stalactical Substance, if not\nwholly made of it. But it is so many Years ago since I was at the Place,\nand not being able to find my Notes about it, I cannot say whether the\nwhole Stone is (in all Probability) Spar, (as I think it is,) or whether\nI found it only cased over with it, notwithstanding I was very nice in\nexamining it then, and have now some of the Fragments by me, consisting,\namong other shining Parts, of some transparent angular ones.\n\nThe other Instance of Mr. _Boyl_, is from _Linschoten_, who saith, that\nin the _East-Indies_, when they have cleared the Diamond Mines of all the\nDiamonds, _In a few Years Time they find in the same Place new Diamonds\nproduced._ Boyl. Ibid.\n\n[d] It is not only agreeable to Reason, but I am told by Persons\nconversant in digging of Wells throughout this County of _Essex_, where\nI live, that the surest Beds in which they find Water, are _Gravel_, and\na coarse, dark coloured _Sand_; which Beds seldom fail to yield Plenty\nof sweet Water: But for _Clay_, they never find Water therein, if it be\na strong, stiff _Clay_; but if it be lax and sandy, sometimes Springs\nare found in it; yet so weak, that they will scarcely serve the Uses\nof the smallest Family. And sometimes they meet with those Beds lying\nnext, under a loose, black Mould, (which, by their Description, I judged\nto be a sort of oazy, or to have the Resemblance of an ancient, rushy\nGround,) and in that Case the Water is always naught, and stinks. And\nlastly, Another sort of Bed they find in _Essex_, in the clayie-Lands,\nparticularly that part called the _Rodings_, which yields Plenty of sweet\nWater, and that is a Bed of white Earth, as though made of Chalk and\nwhite Sand. This they find, after they have dug through forty, or more\nFeet of Clay; and it is so tender and moist, that it will not lie upon\nthe Spade, but they are forced to throw it into their Bucket with their\nHands, or with Bowls; but when it comes up into the Air, it soon becomes\nan hard white Stone.\n\nThus much for the Variety of Beds wherein the Waters are found. That it\nis in these Beds only or chiefly the Springs run, is farther manifest\nfrom the forcible Eruption of the Waters sometimes out of those watery\nBeds. Of which see _Chap. 4. Note (k)._ This Eruption shews, that the\nWaters come from some Eminence or other, lying at a Distance, and being\nclosely pent up within the _watery Stratum_, by the clayie Strata, the\nWaters with force mount up, when the Strata above are opened.\n\n[e] _V._ Dr. _Woodward_\u2019s Essay, Part 2. _Steno_\u2019s Prodr. _&c._\n\n[f] Id. ib. _pag. 28._ and _74._ But Dr. _Leigh_ in his _Nat. History\nof Lancashire_, speaking of the Coal-pits, denies the Strata to lie\naccording to the Laws of Gravitation, saying the Strata are a Bed of\n_Marle_, afterwards _Free-Stone_, next _Iron-Stone_, then _Coal_, or\n_Kennel-Mine_, then some other Strata, and again _Coal_, _&c._\n\nBut upon a stricter Enquiry into the Matter, finding I had reason to\nsuspect that few, if any, actually had tried the Experiment, I was minded\nto bring the Thing to the Test of Experiment my self; and having an\nOpportunity, on _April 11. 1712._ I caused divers Places to be bored,\nlaying the several _Strata_ by themselves; which afterwards I weighed\nwith all Strictness, first in Air, then in Water, taking Care that no\nAir-bubbles, _&c._ might obstruct the Accuracy of the Experiment. The\nResult was, that in my Yard, the Strata were gradually specifically\nheavier and heavier, the lower and lower they went; and the upper which\nwas Clay, was considerably specifically lighter than the lower _Stratum_;\nwhich was first a loose Sand, then a Gravel. In which _Stratum_\nprincipally the Springs run that supply my Well.\n\nBut in my Fields, where three Places were bored (to no great Depth) I\nfound below the upper (superficial _Stratum_) a deep Bed of Sand only,\nwhich was of different Colours and Consistence, which I weighed as\nbefore, together with the Virgin-Mould; but they were all of the same,\nor nearly the same specifick Gravity, both out of the same Hole, and out\nof different Holes, although the Sand was at last so gravelly, that it\nhinder\u2019d our boring any deeper.\n\nUpon this, fearing lest some Error might be in the former Experiments, I\ntry\u2019d them over again; and that with the same Success.\n\nAfter this, I made some Experiments in some deep Chalk-Pits, with the\nFlints, Chalk, _&c._ above and below; but the Success was not so uniform\nas before.\n\nAcquainting our justly renowned _R. S._ with these Experiments, they\nordered their Operator to experiment the _Strata_ of a Coal-Pit; the\nSuccess whereof may be seen in _Philos. Trans. Nr. 336_.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. III.\n\n_Of the Subterraneous Caverns, and the Vulcano\u2019s._\n\n\nI shall take notice of the subterraneous Caverns, Grotto\u2019s and Vulcano\u2019s,\nbecause they are made an Objection[a] against the present Contrivance\nand Structure of the Globe. But, if well considered, they will be found\nto be wise Contrivances of the Creator, serving to great Uses of the\nGlobe, and Ends of God\u2019s Government. Besides many secret, grand Functions\nand Operations of Nature in the Bowels of the Earth, that in all\nProbability these Things may minister unto, they are of great Use to the\nCountries where they are[b]. To instance in the very worst of the Things\nnamed, _viz._ the _Vulcano\u2019s_ and ignivomous Mountains; although they\nare some of the most terrible Shocks of the Globe, and dreadful Scourges\nof the sinful Inhabitants thereof, and may serve them as Emblems, and\nPresages of Hell it self; yet even these have their great Uses too, being\nas Spiracles or Tunnels[c] to the Countries where they are, to vent the\nFire and Vapours that would make dismal Havock, and oftentimes actually\ndo so, by dreadful Succussions and Convulsions of the Earth. Nay, if the\nHypothesis of a central Fire and Waters be true, these Outlets seem to\nbe of greatest Use to the Peace and Quiet of the terraqueous Globe, in\nventing the subterraneous Heat and Vapours; which, if pent up, would make\ndreadful and dangerous Commotions of the Earth and Waters.\n\nIt may be then accounted as a special Favour of the divine Providence,\nas is observed by the Author before praised[d], \u201cThat there are scarcely\nany Countries, that are much annoyed with Earthquakes, that have not one\nof these fiery Vents. And these, (saith he) are constantly all in Flames\nwhenever any Earthquake happens, they disgorging that Fire, which whilst\nunderneath, was the Cause of the Disaster. Indeed, (saith he,) were it\nnot for these _Diverticula_, whereby it thus gaineth an _Exit_, \u2019twould\nrage in the Bowels of the Earth much more furiously, and make greater\nHavock than now it doth. So, that though those Countries, where there are\nsuch _Vulcano_\u2019s, are usually more or less troubled with Earthquakes;\nyet, were these _Vulcano_\u2019s wanting, they would be much more annoyed with\nthem than now they are; yea, in all Probability to that Degree, as to\nrender the Earth, for a vast Space around them, perfectly uninhabitable.\nIn one word, (saith he) so beneficial are these to the Territories where\nthey are, that there do not want Instances of some which have been\nrescued, and wholly delivered from Earthquakes by the breaking forth of\na new _Vulcano_ there; this continually discharging that Matter, which\nbeing till then barricaded up, and imprisoned in the Bowels of the Earth,\nwas the occasion of very great and frequent Calamities\u201d. Thus far that\ningenious Author.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Nemo dixerit terram pulchriorem esse qu\u00f2d cavernosa sit, qu\u00f2d\ndehiscat in multis locis, qu\u00f2d disrupta caveis & spatiis inanibus; iisque\nnullo ordine dispositis, null\u00e2 form\u00e2: nec qu\u00e6 aliud contineant qu\u00e0m\ntenebras & sordes; unde graves & pestifera exhalationes, terr\u00e6 motus,\n~&c.~_ Burnet ubi supr. c. 7.\n\n[b] The _Zirchnitzer_ Sea in _Carniola_, is of great Use to the\nInhabitants of that Country, by affording them Fish, Fowls, Fodder,\nSeeds, Deer, Swine, and other Beasts, Carriage for their Goods, _&c._\n_Vid._ _Phil. Trans. Nr. 191_, &c. or _Lowth. Abridg. Vol. 2. p. 306_,\n&c. where you have put together in one View, what is dispersed in divers\nof the _Transactions_. This Sea or Lake proceeds from some subterraneous\nGrotto, or Lake, as is made highly probable by Mr. _Valvasor_, _Ibid._\n\nThe _Grotto Podpetschio_ may be another Instance, that the very\nsubterraneous Lakes may be of Use, even to the Inhabitants of the\nSurface above: Of which see _Lowth. ubi supr. pag. 317._ _Sturmius_\nalso may be consulted herein his _Philos. Eclect. Exercit. 11. de Terr\u00e6\nmot._ particularly in _Chap. 3._ some of the most eminent Specus\u2019s are\nenumerated, and some of their Uses.\n\n[c] _Crebri specus ~[remedium]~ pr\u00e6bent. Pr\u00e6conceptum enim spiritum\nexhalant: quod in certis notatur oppidis, qu\u00e6 min\u00f9s quatiuntur, crebris\nad eluviem cuniculis cavata._ Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. 2. cap. 82.\n\n[d] _Woodward_\u2019s Essay, _Part 3. Consect. 13._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. IV.\n\n_Of the Mountains and Valleys._\n\n\nThe last Thing I shall take notice of relating to the Earth, shall be the\n_Hills_ and _Valleys_. These the eloquent _Theorist_ owns to \u201ccontain\nsomewhat august and stately in the beholding of them, that inspireth\nthe Mind with great Thoughts and Passions, that we naturally on such\nOccasions think of God and his Greatness\u201d. But then, at the same Time\nhe saith, \u201cThe Hills are the greatest Examples of Ruin and Confusion;\nthat they have neither Form nor Beauty, nor Shape, nor Order, any more\nthan the Clouds in the Air; that they consist not of any proportion of\nParts, referable to any Design, nor have the least Footsteps of Art or\nCounsel\u201d. Consequently one grand Part of this lower Creation, even the\nwhole present Face of our terraqueous Globe, according to this ingenious\nAuthor, is a Work of mere Chance, a Structure in which the Creator did\nnot concern himself.\n\nPart of this Charge I have already briefly answered, and my Survey now\nleads me to shew, that the Mountains are so far from being a Blunder of\nChance, a Work without Design, that they are a noble, useful, yea, a\nnecessary part of our Globe[a].\n\nAnd in the first Place, as to the Business of Ornament, Beauty, and\nPleasure, I may appeal to all Men\u2019s Senses, whether the grateful Variety\nof Hills and Dales, be not more pleasing than the largest continued\nPlanes. Let those who make it their Business to visit the Globe, to\ndivert their Sight with the various Prospects of the Earth; let these, I\nsay, judge whether the far distant Parts of the Earth would be so well\nworth visiting, if the Earth was every where of an even, level, globous\nSurface, or one large Plane of many 1000 Miles; and not rather, as now it\nis, whether it be not far more pleasing to the Eye, to view from the Tops\nof the Mountains the subjacent Vales and Streams, and the far distant\nHills; and again from the Vales to behold the surrounding Mountains. The\nelegant Strains and lofty Flights, both of the ancient and modern Poets\non these Occasions, are Testimonies of the Sense of Mankind on this\nConfiguration of the Earth.\n\nBut be the Case as it will as to Beauty, which is the least valuable\nConsideration, we shall find as to Convenience, this Configuration of the\nEarth far the most commodious on several Accounts.\n\n1. As it is the most salubrious, of great use to the Preservation or\nRestoration of the Health of Man. Some Constitutions are indeed of so\nhappy a Strength, and so confirmed in Health, as to be indifferent to\nalmost any Place or Temperature of the Air: But then others are so weakly\nand feeble, as not to be able to bear one, but can live comfortably in\nanother Place. With some, the finer and more subtile Air of the Hills\ndoth best agree, who are languishing and dying in the feculent and\ngrosser Air of great Towns, or even the warmer, and vaporous Air of the\nValleys and Waters: But contrarywise, others languish on the Hills, and\ngrow lusty and strong in the warmer Air of the Valleys.\n\nSo that this Opportunity of shifting our Abode from the warmer and more\nvaporous Air of the Valleys, to the colder and mote subtile Air of\nthe Hills, or from the Hills to the Vales, is an admirable Easement,\nRefreshment, and great Benefit to the valetudinarian, feeble part\nof Mankind, affording those an easy and comfortable Life, who would\notherwise live miserably, languish and pine away.\n\n2. To this salutary Conformation of the Earth, we may add another great\nConvenience of the Hills, and that is, in affording commodious Places for\nHabitation; serving (as an eminent Author[b] wordeth it) \u201cas Skreens to\nkeep off the cold and nipping Blasts of the northern and easterly Winds,\nand reflecting the benign and cherishing Sun-Beams, and so rendering\nour Habitations both more comfortable and more chearly in Winter; and\npromoting the Growth of Herbs and Fruit-Trees, and the Maturation of the\nFruits in Summer.\u201d\n\n3. Another Benefit of the Hills is, that they serve for the Production\nof great Varieties of Herbs and Trees[c]. And as there was not a better\nJudge of those Matters, so I cannot give a better Account of this\nConvenience, than in the Words of the last cited famous Author, the late\nmost eminent and learned Mr. _Ray_[d], (who hath so fully discussed this\nSubject I am upon, that it is scarce possible to tread out of his Steps\ntherein). His Observation is, \u201cThat the Mountains do especially abound\nwith different Species of Vegetables, because of the great Diversity of\nSoils that are found there, every _Vertex_ or Eminence almost, affording\nnew Kinds. Now these Plants, (saith he,) serve partly for the Food and\nSustenance of such Animals as are proper to the Mountains, partly for\nmedicinal Uses; the chief Physick, Herbs and Roots, and the best in their\nKinds growing there: It being remarkable, that the greatest and most\nluxuriant Species in most Genera of Plants are native of the Mountains.\u201d\n\n4. Another Convenience which my last named learned Friend observes[e]\nis, \u201cThat the Mountains serve for the Harbour, Entertainment, and\nMaintenance of various Animals; Birds, Beasts and Insects, that breed,\nfeed and frequent there. For, (saith he) the highest Tops and Pikes of\nthe _Alps_ themselves are not destitute of their Inhabitants, the _Ibex_\nor _Stein-buck_, the _Rupicapra_ or _Chamois_, among Quadrupeds; the\n_Lagopus_ among Birds. And I my self (saith he) have observed beautiful\n_Papilio_\u2019s, and Store of other Insects upon the Tops of some of the\n_Alpine_ Mountains. Nay, the highest Ridges of many of these Mountains,\nserve for the Maintenance of Cattle, for the Service of the Inhabitants\nof the Valleys.\u201d\n\n5. Another Thing he observes is, \u201cThat those long Ridges and Chains of\nlofty and topping Mountains, which run through whole Continents East and\nWest[f], serve to stop the Evagation of the Vapours to the North and\nSouth in hot Countries, condensing them like Alembick Heads into Water\nand so (according to his Opinion) by a kind of external Distillation\ngiving original to Springs and Rivers; and likewise by amassing, cooling\nand constipating of them, turn them into Rain, by those Means rendring\nthe fervid Regions of the torrid Zone habitable.\u201d\n\nTo these might be added some other Uses and Conveniences[g]; as that the\nHills serve to the Generation of Minerals and Metals[h], and that in\nthem principally are the most useful Fossiles found; or if not found and\ngenerated only in them, yet at least all these subterraneous Treasures\nare most easily come at in them: Also their Use to several Nations of the\nEarth, in being Boundaries and Bullwarks to them. But there is only one\nUse more that I shall insist on, and that is,\n\n6. And lastly, That it is to the Hills that the Fountains owe their Rise,\nand the Rivers their Conveyance. As it is not proper, so neither shall\nI here enter into any Dispute about the Origine of Springs, commonly\nassigned by curious and learned Philosophers. But whether their Origine\nbe from condensed Vapours, as some think[i]; or from Rains falling, as\nothers; or whether they are derived from the Sea by way of Attraction,\nPercolation, or Distillation; or whether all these Causes concur, or only\nsome, still the Hills are the grand Agent in this prodigious Benefit to\nall the Earth: Those vast Masses and Ridges of Earth serving as so many\nhuge _Alembicks_ or _Cola_ in this noble Work of Nature.\n\nBut be the _Modus_, or the Method Nature takes in this great Work as it\nwill, it is sufficient to my Purpose, that the Hills are a grand Agent\nin this so noble and necessary a Work: And consequently, that those vast\nMasses and lofty Piles are not as they are charged, such rude and useless\nExcrescences of our ill-formed Globe; but the admirable Tools of Nature,\ncontrived and ordered by the infinite Creator, to do one of its most\nuseful Works, and to dispense this great Blessing to all Parts of the\nEarth; without which neither Animals could live, nor Vegetables scarcely\ngrow, nor perhaps Minerals, Metals, or Fossiles receive any Increase.\nFor was the Surface of the Earth even and level, and the middle Parts of\nits Islands and Continents, not mountainous and high, (as now it is) it\nis most certain there could be no Descent for the Rivers, no Conveyance\nfor the Waters; but instead of gliding along those gentle Declivities\nwhich the higher Lands now afford them quite down to the Sea, they would\nstagnate, and perhaps stink, and also drown large Tracts of Land.\n\nBut indeed, without Hills, as there could be no Rivers, so neither could\nthere be any Fountains, or Springs about the Earth; because, if we could\nsuppose a Land could be well watered (which I think not possible) without\nthe higher Lands, the Waters could find no Descent, no Passage through\nany commodious Out-lets, by Virtue of their own Gravity; and therefore\ncould not break out into those commodious Passages and Currents, which\nwe every where almost find in, or near the Hills, and seldom, or never\nin large and spacious Planes; and when we do find them in them, it is\ngenerally at great and inconvenient Depths of the Earth; nay, those very\nsubterraneous Waters, that are any where met with by digging in these\nPlanes, are in all Probability owing to the Hills, either near or far\ndistant: As among other Instances may be made out, from the forcible\nEruption of the subterraneous Waters in digging Wells, in the _lower\nAustria_, and the Territories of _Modena_, and _Bologna_ in _Italy_,\nmentioned by my fore-named learned Friend Mr. _Ray_[k]. Or if there be\nany such Place found throughout the Earth, that is devoid of Mountains,\nand yet well watered, as perhaps some small Islands may; yet in this\nvery Case, that whole Mass of Land is no other than as one Mountain\ndescending, (though unperceivedly) gently down from the Mid-land Parts to\nthe Sea, as most other Lands do; as is manifest from the Descent of their\nRivers, the Principal of which in most Countries have generally their\nRise in the more lofty Mid-land Parts.\n\nAnd now considering what hath been said concerning this last Use of the\nHills, there are two or three Acts of the divine Providence observable\ntherein. One is, that all Countries throughout the whole World, should\nenjoy this great Benefit of Mountains, placed here and there, at due and\nproper Distances, to afford these several Nations this excellent and most\nnecessary Element the Waters. For according to Nature\u2019s Tendency, when\nthe Earth and Waters were separated, and order\u2019d to their several Places,\nthe Earth must have been of an even Surface, or nearly so. The several\ncomponent Parts of the Earth, must have subsided according to their\nseveral specifick Gravities, and at last have ended in a large, even,\nspherical Surface, every where equi-distant from the Center of the Globe.\nBut that instead of this Form, so incommodious for the Conveyance of the\nWaters, it should be jetted out every where into Hills and Dales, so\nnecessary for that purpose, is a manifest Sign of an especial Providence\nof the wise Creator.\n\nSo another plain Sign of the same especial Providence of God, in this\nMatter, is, that generally throughout the whole World, the Earth is\nso dispos\u2019d, so order\u2019d, so well laid; I may say, that the Mid-land\nParts, or Parts farther from the Sea, are commonly the highest: Which\nis manifest, I have said, from the Descent of the Rivers. Now this is\nan admirable Provision the wise Creator hath made for the commodious\nPassages of the Rivers, and for draining the several Countries, and\ncarrying off the superfluous Waters from the whole Earth, which would be\nas great an Annoyance, as now they are a Convenience.\n\nAnother providential Benefit of the Hills supplying the Earth with Water,\nis, that they are not only instrumental thereby, to the Fertility of\nthe Valleys, but to their own also[l]; to the Verdure of the Vegetables\nwithout, and to the Increment and Vigour of the Treasures within them.\n\nThus having vindicated the present Form and Fabrick of the Earth, as\ndistributed into Mountains and Valleys, and thereby shewn in some Measure\nthe Use thereof, particularly of the Mountains, which are chiefly found\nfault with: I have, I hope, made it in some Measure evident, that God was\nno idle Spectator[m], nor unconcerned in the ordering of the terraqueous\nGlobe, as the former bold Charges against it do infer; that he did\nnot suffer so grand a Work, as the Earth, to go unfinish\u2019d out of his\nalmighty Hand; or leave it to be ordered by Chance, by natural Gravity,\nby casual Earthquakes, _&c._ but that the noble Strokes, and plain\nRemains of Wisdom and Power therein, do manifest it to be his Work. That\nparticularly the Hills and Vales, though to a peevish weary Traveller,\nthey may seem incommodious and troublesome; yet are a noble Work of the\ngreat Creator, and wisely appointed by him for the Good of our sublunary\nWorld.\n\nAnd so for all the other Parts of our terraqueous Globe, that are\npresumed to be found fault with by some, as if carelessly order\u2019d, and\nmade without any Design or End; particularly the Distribution of the dry\nLand and Waters; the laying the several Strata, or Beds of Earth, Stone,\nand other Layers before spoken of; the Creation of noxious Animals, and\npoisonous Substances, the boisterous Winds; the Vulcano\u2019s, and many other\nThings which some are angry with, and will pretend to amend: I have\nbefore shewn, that an infinitely wise Providence, an almighty Hand was\nconcerned even in them; that they all have their admirable Ends and Uses,\nand are highly instrumental and beneficial to the Being, or Well-being of\nthis our Globe, or to the Creatures residing thereon.\n\nSo also for humane Bodies, it hath been an ancient[n], as well as modern\nComplaint, that our Bodies are not as big as those of other Animals; that\nwe cannot run as swift as Deer, fly like Birds, and that we are out-done\nby many Creatures in the Accuracy of the Senses, with more to the same\nPurpose. But these Objections are well answered by _Seneca_[o], and will\nreceive a fuller Solution from what I shall observe of animal Bodies\nhereafter.\n\nBut indeed, after all, it is only for want of our knowing these Things\nbetter, that we do not admire[p] them enough; it is our own Ignorance,\nDulness or Prejudice, that makes us charge those noble Works of the\nAlmighty, as Defects or Blunders, as ill-contriv\u2019d, or ill-made.\n\nIt is therefore fitter for such finite, weak, ignorant Beings as we, to\nbe humble and meek, and conscious of our Ignorance, and jealous of our\nown Judgment, when it thus confronteth infinite Wisdom. Let us remember\nhow few Things we know, how many we err about, and how many we are\nignorant of: And those, many of them, the most familiar, obvious Things:\nThings that we see and handle at Pleasure; yea, our own very Bodies,\nand that very Part of us whereby we understand at all, our Soul. And\nshould we therefore pretend to censure what God doth! Should we pretend\nto amend his Work! Or to advise infinite Wisdom! Or to know the Ends and\nPurposes of his infinite Will, as if we were of his Council! No, let us\nbear in Mind, that there Objections are the Products, not of Reason,\nbut of Peevishness. They have been incommoded by Storms and Tempests;\nthey have been terrify\u2019d with the burning Mountains, and Earthquakes;\nthey have been annoy\u2019d by the noxious Animals, and fatigu\u2019d by the\nHills; and therefore are angry, and will pretend to amend these Works\nof the Almighty. But in the Words of St. _Paul_[q], we may say, _Nay,\nbut O Man, who art thou that repliest against God? Shall the Thing\nformed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus? Hath not\nthe Potter power over the Clay, of the same Lump to make one Vessel to\nhonour, and another to dishonour?_ If the Almighty Lord of the World,\nhad for his own Pleasure, made this our World more inconvenient for Man,\nit would better become us to sit still, and be quiet; to lament our own\ngreat Infirmities and Failings, which deserve a worse Place, a more\nincommodious Habitation, than we meet with in this elegant, this well\ncontriv\u2019d, well formed World; in which we find every Thing necessary for\nthe Sustentation, Use and Pleasure, both of Man, and every other Creature\nhere below; as well as some Whips, some Rods to scourge us for our\nSins[r]. But yet so admirably well temper\u2019d is our State, such an Accord,\nsuch an Harmony is there throughout the Creation, that if we will but\npursue the Ways of Piety and Virtue, which God hath appointed; if we will\nform our Lives according to the Creator\u2019s Laws, we may escape the Evils\nof this our frail State, and find sufficient Means to make us happy while\nwe are in the Body. The natural Force and Tendency of our Virtue, will\nprevent many of the Harms[s], and the watchful Providence of our Almighty\nBenefactor, will be a Guard against others; and then nothing is wanting\nto make us happy, as long as we are in this World, there being abundantly\nenough to entertain the Minds of the most contemplative; Glories enough\nto please the Eye of the most curious and inquisitive; Harmonies and\nConforts of Nature\u2019s own, as well as Man\u2019s making, sufficient to delight\nthe Ear of the most harmonious and musical; All Sorts of pleasant Gusto\u2019s\nto gratify the Taste and Appetite, even of the most luxurious; And\nfragrant Odours to please the nicest and tenderest Smell: And in a Word,\nenough to make us love and delight in this World, rather too much, than\ntoo little, considering how nearly we are ally\u2019d to another World, as\nwell as this.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Though there are some that think Mountains to be a Deformity to\nthe Earth, ~&c.~ yet if well considered, they will be found as much\nto conduce to the Beauty and Conveniency of the Universe, as any of\nthe other Parts. Nature_ (saith _Pliny_) _purposely framed them for\nmany excellent Uses; partly to tame the Violence of greater Rivers, to\nstrengthen certain Joints within the Veins and Bowels of the Earth,\nso break the Force of the Sea\u2019s Inundation, and for the Safety of the\nEarth\u2019s Inhabitants, whether Beasts or Men. That they make much for the\nProtection of Beasts, the Psalmist testifies, ~The highest Hills are a\nRefuge for the wild Goats, and the Rocks for Conies.~ The Kingly Prophet\nhad likewise learnt the Safety of those by his own Experience, when he\nalso was fain to make a Mountain his Refuge from the Fury of his Master\n~Saul~, who prosecuted him in the Wilderness. True indeed, such Places\nas these keep their Neighbours poor, as being most barren, but yet they\npreserve them safe, at being most strong; witness our unconquered ~Wales~\nand ~Scotland~.\u2014\u2014Wherefore a good Author doth rightly call them ~Natures\nBulwarks~, cast up at God Almighty\u2019s Charges, the Scorns and Curbs of\nvictorious Armies; which made the ~Barbarians~ in ~Curtius~ so confident\nof their own Safety, ~&c.~_ Bishop _Wilkin_\u2019s World in the Moon, _pag.\n114._\n\n[b] _~Ray~\u2019s Wisdom of God, ~&c.~ pag. 251. Dissolution of the World,\npag. 35._\n\n[c] _Theophrastus_ having reckoned up the Trees that delight most in the\nHills, and others in the Valleys, observeth, \u1f0d\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd\n\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03c9 \u03c4\u1fc4 \u1f45\u03c8\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.\n\u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f40\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac. _Theoph. Hist. Pl.\nl. 3. c. 4._ \u1f0d\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f40\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03c9 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\n\u1f10\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u00b7\u2014\u2014\u03a4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u03b1\u03c1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c6\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03bb\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.\u2014\u2014\u03a4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2\n\u1f10\u03c5\u03c4\u03ba\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c5\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. _Ib. l. 4. c. 1._\n\n[d] _Wisdom of God_, p. 252.\n\n[e] _Ubi supra._\n\n[f] Many have taken Notice, that some of the greatest Eminences of the\nWorld run generally East and West, of which take the late ingenious and\nlearned Dr. _Nichols_\u2019s Account, [_Confer. with a Theist_, Part 2. pag.\n191.] _To go no farther than our own Country, all our great Ridges of\nHills in ~England~ run East and West; so do the ~Alps~ in ~Italy~, and in\nsome Measure the ~Pyrenees~; so do the Mountains of the Moon in ~Africk~,\nand so do Mount ~Taurus~ and ~Caucasus~._ This he saith _is a wise\nContrivance to prevent the Vapours, which would all run Northwards, and\nleave no Rains in the ~Mediterranean~ Countries._\n\n[g] That the Generation of many of the Clouds is owing to the Hills,\nappears from the Observations of the ingenious and learned Dr. _Joh. Jam.\nScheuchzer_ of _Zurich_, and Mr. _Joach. Frid. Creitlovius_ cited by\nhim. They observed at Sun-rising, divers Clouds detached by the Heat of\nthe Sun, from some of the Tops of the _Alps_, &c. upon all which their\nObservations, the Conclusion is, _Mirati summam Creatoris sapientiam,\nqui & id quod paul\u00f2 ant\u00e8 nulli nobis usui esse videbatur, maximis rebus\ndestinaverat, ade\u00f3que ex illo tempore dubitare c\u0153pi, num Nubes essent\nfutura, si istiusmodi Montes & Petr\u00e6 non darentur. Hypothesi h\u00e2c stante,\nelucesceret permagna utilitas, im\u00f2 necessitas, quam ~Helvitic\u00e6 Alpes~\nnon nobis tant\u00f9m accolis sed & vicinis aliis regionibus pr\u00e6stant,\ndispensando, quas gignunt Nubes, Ventos, Aquas_. Scheuch. Iter. Alpin. 2.\np. 20.\n\n[h] Let us take here _Ol. Mag._ Observation of his Northern Mountains,\n_Montes excelsi sunt, sed pro majori parte steriles, & aridi; in quibus\nfer\u00e8 nil aliud pro incolarum commoditate & conservatione gignitur,\nqu\u00e0m inexhausta pretiosorum Metallorum ubertas, qu\u00e2 sat\u00ecs opulenti,\nfertilesque sunt in omnibus vit\u00e6 necessariis, forsitan & superfluis\naliunde si libet conquirendis, unanimique robore, ac viribus, ubi vis\ncontra h\u00e6c natur\u00e6 dona intentata fuerit, defendendis. Acre enim genus\nhominum est, ~&c.~_ _Ol. Mag._ Hist. L. 6. Pr\u00e6f. See also Sir _Robert\nSibbald_\u2019s Prodr. Nat. Hist. Scot. p. 47.\n\n[i] See _Book I. Chap. 3. Note (b)._\n\n[k] _Monsieur ~Blundel~, related to the ~Parisian~ Academy, what Device\nthe Inhabitants the lower ~Austria~, (which is encompassed with the\nMountains of ~Stiria~) are wont to use to fill their Wells with Water.\nThey dig in the Earth to the Depth of 25 and 20 Feet, till they come to\nan Argilla ~[clammy Earth]~\u2014\u2014which they bore through so deep, till the\nWaters break forcibly out; which Water it is probable comes from the\nneighbouring Mountains in subterraneous Chanels. And ~Cassinus~ observed,\nthat in many Places of the Territory of ~Modena~ and ~Bologna~ in\n~Italy~, they make themselves Wells by the like Artifice, ~&c.~ By this\nMeans the same ~Seig. Cassini~ made a Fountain at the Castle of ~Urbin~,\nthat cast up the Water five Foot high above the level of the Ground._\n_~Ray~\u2019s_ Disc. 1. pag. 40. _ubi plura_.\n\nUpon Enquiry of some skilful Workmen, whose Business it is to dig Wells,\n_&c._ whether they had ever met with the like Case, as these in this\nNote, they told me they had met with it in _Essex_, where after they had\ndug to 50 Foot Depth, the Man in the Well observed the clayie Bottom to\nswell and begin to send out Water, and stamping with his Foot to stop\nthe Water, he made way for so suddain and forcible a Flux of Water, that\nbefore he could get into his Bucket, he was above his Waste in Water;\nwhich soon ascended to 17 Feet height, and there stayed: And although\nthey often with great Labour endeavoured to empty the Well, in order to\nfinish their Work, yet they could never do it, but were forced to leave\nit as it was.\n\n[l] As the Hills being higher, are naturally disposed to be drier than\nthe Valleys; so kind Nature hath provided the greater Supplies of\nMoisture for them, such at least of them as do not ascend above the\nClouds and Vapours. For, besides the Fountains continually watering them,\nthey have more Dews and Rains commonly than the Valleys. They are more\nfrequently covered with Fogs; and by retarding, stopping, or compressing\nthe Clouds, or by their greater Colds condensing them, they have larger\nQuantities of Rain fall upon them. As I have found by actual Experience,\nin comparing my Observations with those of my late very curious and\ningenious Correspondent, _Richard Townley_, Esq; of _Lancashire_, and\nsome others, to be met with before, _Chap. 2. Note (a)._ From which it\nappears, that above double the Quantity of Rain falleth in _Lancashire_,\nthan doth at _Upminster_. The Reason of which is, because _Lancashire_\nhath more, and much higher Hills than Essex hath. See _Book II. Chap. 5.\nNote (e)._\n\n[m] _Accusandi san\u00e8 me\u00e2 sententi\u00e2 h\u00ecc sunt Sophist\u00e6, qui c\u00f9m nondum\ninvenire, neque exponere opera Natur\u00e6 queant, eam tamen inerti\u00e2 atque\ninsciti\u00e2 condemnant, ~&c.~_ Galen. de Us. Part 1. l. 10. c. 9.\n\n[n] _Vide qu\u00e0m iniqui sint divinorum munerum astimatores, etiam quidam\nprofessi sapientiam. Queruntur qu\u00f2d non magnitudine corporis \u00e6quemus\nElephantes, velocitate Cervos, levitate Aves, impetu Tauros; qu\u00f2d\nsolidior sit cutis Belluis, decentior Damis, densior Ursis, mollior\nFibris; qu\u00f2d sagacitate nos narium Canes vincant, qu\u00f2d acie luminum\nAquil\u00e6, spatio \u00e6tatis Corvi, multa Animalia nandi facilitate. Et c\u00f9m\nqu\u00e6dam n\u00e8 coire quidem in idem Natura patiatur, ut velocitatem corporis\n& vires pares animalibus habeamus; ex diversis & dissidentibus bonis\nHominem non esse compositum, injuriam vocant; & in negligentes nostri\nDeos querimoniam jaciunt, qu\u00f2d non bona valetudo, & vitiis inexpugnabilis\ndata sit, qu\u00f2d non futuri scientia. Vix sibi temperant quin eousque\nimpudenti\u00e6 provehantur, ut Naturam oderint, qu\u00f2d infra Deos sumus, qu\u00f2d\nnon in \u00e6quo illis stetimus._ Seneca de Benef. l. 2. c. 29.\n\n[o] _Quanto sati\u00f9s est ad contemplationem tot tantorumque beneficiorum\nreverti, & agere gratias, qu\u00f2d nos in hoc pulcherrimo domicilio voluerunt\n~(Dii)~ secundos fortiri, qu\u00f2d terrenis pr\u00e6fecerunt._ Then having\nreckoned up many of the Privileges and Benefits, which the Gods, he\nsaith, have conferred upon us, he concludes, _Ita est: carissimos nos\nhabuerunt Dii immortales, habentque. Et qui maximus tribui honos potuit,\nab ipsis proximos collocaverunt. Magna accepimus, majora non cepimus._\nSenec. Ibid.\n\n[p] _Naturam maxim\u00e8 admiraberis, si omnia ejus opera perlustraris._\nGalen. de Us. Part. I. 11. conclus.\n\n[q] Rom. ix. 20, 21.\n\n[r] _Neither are they ~[noxious Creatures]~ of less Use to amend our\nMinds, by teaching us Care and Diligence, and more Wit. And so much the\nmore, the worse the Things are we see, and should avoid. ~Weezels~,\n~Kites~, and other mischievous Animals, induce us to a Watchfulness:\n~Thistles~ and ~Moles~ to good Husbandry; ~Lice~ oblige us to Cleanliness\nin our Bodies; ~Spiders~ in our Houses; and the ~Moth~ in our Clothes.\nThe Deformity and Filthiness of ~Swine~, make them the Beauty-Spot of the\nAnimal Creation, and the Emblems of all Vice\u2014\u2014The truth is, Things are\nhurtful to us only by Accident; that is, not of Necessity, but through\nour own Negligence or Mistake. Houses decay, Corn is blasted, and the\nWeevel breeds in Mault, soonest towards the South. Be it so, it is then\nour own Fault, if we use not the Means which Nature and Art have provided\nagainst these Inconveniencies_. Grew\u2019s Cosmol. c. 2. \u00a7. 49, 50.\n\n[s]\n\n _Non est gemendus, nec gravi urgendus nece,_\n _Virtute quisquis abstulit fatis iter._\n\n Senec. Hercul. Oet. Act. 5. Car. 1833.\n\n _Nunquam Stygias fertur ad umbras_\n _Inclyta virtus._\n\n Id. Ibid. Car. 1982.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK IV.\n\n_Of Animals in general._\n\n\nIn the last BOOK, having survey\u2019d the Earth it self in Particular, I\nshall next take a View of the Inhabitants thereof; or the several Kinds\nof Creatures[a], that have their Habitation, Growth, or Subsistence\nthereon.\n\nThese Creatures are either Sensitive, or Insensitive Creatures.\n\nIn speaking of those endow\u2019d with Sense, I shall consider:\n\nI. Some Things common to them all.\n\nII. Things peculiar to their Tribes.\n\nI. The Things in common, which I intend to take Notice of, are these Ten:\n\n1. The five _Senses_, and their Organs.\n\n2. The great Instrument of Vitality, _Respiration_.\n\n3. The _Motion_, or Loco-motive Faculty of Animals.\n\n4. The _Place_, in which they live and act.\n\n5. The _Balance_ of their Numbers.\n\n6. Their _Food_.\n\n7. Their _Cloathing_.\n\n8. Their _Houses_, _Nests_ or _Habitations_.\n\n9. Their Methods of _Self-Preservation_.\n\n10. Their _Generation_, and _Conservation_ of their Species by that Means.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a]\n\n _Principio c\u0153lum, ac terras, camposque liquentes,_\n _Lucentemque globum Lun\u00e6, Titaniaque astra_\n _Spiritus int\u00f9s alit, totamque infusa per artus_\n _Mens agitat molem, & magno se corpore miscet._\n _Inde hominem, pecudumque genus, vit\u00e6que volantum,_\n _Et qu\u00e6 marmoreo fert monstra sub \u00e6quore pontus._\n _Igneus est illis vigor, & c\u0153lestis origo_\n _Seminibus._\n\n Virgil. \u00c6neid. L. 6. Carm. 724.\n\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. I.\n\n_Of the five Senses in general._\n\n\nThe first Thing to be consider\u2019d, in common to all the Sensitive\nCreatures, is, their Faculty of _Seeing_, _Hearing_, _Smelling_,\n_Tasting_ and _Feeling_; and the _Organs_ ministring to there five\n_Senses_, together with the exact Accommodation of those Senses, and\ntheir Organs, to the State and Make of every Tribe of Animals[a].\nThe Consideration of which Particulars alone, were there no other\nDemonstrations of God, is abundantly sufficient to evince the infinite\nWisdom, Power and Goodness, of the great Creator. For, Who can but stand\namaz\u2019d at the Glories of these Works! At the admirable Artifice of them!\nAnd at their noble Use and Performances! For suppose an Animal, as\nsuch, had Breath and Life, and could move it self hither and thither;\nyet how could it know whither to go, what it was about, where to find\nits Food, how to avoid thousands of Dangers[b], without Sight! How\ncould Man, particularly, view the Glories of the Heavens, survey the\nBeauties of the Fields, and enjoy the Pleasure of beholding the noble\nVariety of diverting objects, that do, above us in the Heavens, and\nhere in this lower World, present themselves to our View every where;\nhow enjoy this, I say, without that admirable Sense of _Sight_[c]! How\ncould also the Animal, without _Smell_ and _Taste_, distinguish its Food,\nand discern between wholsome and unwholsome; besides the Pleasures of\ndelightful Odours, and relishing Gusto\u2019s! How, without that other Sense\nof _Hearing_, could it discern many Dangers that are at a Distance,\nunderstand the Mind of others, perceive the harmonious Sounds of Musick,\nand be delighted with the Melodies of the winged Choir, and all the rest\nof the Harmonies the Creator hath provided for the Delight and Pleasure\nof his Creatures! And lastly, How could Man, or any other Creature\ndistinguish Pleasure from Pain, Health from Sickness, and consequently be\nable to keep their Body sound and entire, without the Sense of _Feeling_!\nHere, therefore, we have a glorious Oeconomy in every Animal, that\ncommandeth Admiration, and deserveth our Contemplation: As will better\nappear by coming to Particulars, and distinctly considering the Provision\nwhich the Creator hath made for each of these Senses.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Ex sensibus ante c\u00e6tera Homini Tactus, deinde Gustatus: reliquis\nsuperatur \u00e0 multis. Aquil\u00e6 clari\u00f9s cernunt: Vultures sagaci\u00f9s ordorantur,\nliquidi\u00f9s audiunt Talp\u00e6 obrut\u00e6 terr\u00e2, tam denso atque surdo natur\u00e6\nelemento._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 69.\n\n[b] _Subjacent Oculi, pars corporis pretiosissima, & qui lucis usu vitam\ndistinguant \u00e0 morte._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37.\n\n[c] _F\u0153min\u00e6 aliqu\u00e6 Megarenses solis oculis discernere valebant inter Ova\nqu\u00e6 ex Gallin\u00e2 nigr\u00e2, & qu\u00e6 ex alb\u00e2 nata sunt_, is what is affirmed (how\ntruly I know not) by _Grimald. de Lumin. & Color. Pr._ 43. \u00a7. 60.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. II.\n\n_Of the Eye._\n\n\nFor our clearer Proceeding in the Consideration of this noble Part[a],\nand understanding its Oeconomy, I shall consider:\n\n1. The _Form_ of the Eye.\n\n2. Its _Situation_ in the Body.\n\n3. Its _Motions_.\n\n4. Its _Size_.\n\n5. Its _Number_.\n\n6. Its _Parts_.\n\n7. The _Guard_ and _Security_ Nature hath provided for this so useful a\nPart.\n\nAs this eminent Part hath not been pretermitted by Authors, that have\nmade it their particular Design and Business to speak of the Works of\nGod; so divers of the aforesaid Particulars have been touched upon by\nthem. And therefore I shall take in as little as possible of what they\nhave said, and as near as I can, mention chiefly what they have omitted.\nAnd,\n\n1. For the _Form_ of the Eye; which is for the most part Globous, or\nsomewhat of the sph\u00e6roidal Form: Which is far the most commodious optical\nForm, as being fittest to contain the Humours within, and to receive the\nImages of Objects from without[b]. Was it a Cube, or of any multangular\nForm, some of its Parts would lie too far off[c], and some too nigh\nthose lenticular Humours, which by their Refractions cause Vision.\nBut by Means of the Form before-mentioned, the Humours of the Eye are\ncommodiously laid together, to perform their Office of Refraction; and\nthe _Retina_, and every other Part of that little darkned Cell, is neatly\nadapted regularly to receive the Images from without, and to convey them\naccordingly to the common Sensory in the Brain.\n\nTo this we may add the aptitude of this Figure to the Motion of the Eye,\nfor it is necessary for the Eye to move this way, and that way, in order\nto adjust it self to the Objects it would view; so by this Figure it is\nwell prepared for such Motions, so that it can with great Facility and\nDexterity direct it self as occasion requires.\n\nAnd as the Figure, so no less commodious is,\n\n2. The _Situation_ of the Eye, namely in the Head[d], the most erect,\neminent Part of the Body, near the most sensible, vital Part, the Brain.\nBy its Eminence in the Body, it is prepar\u2019d to take in the more[e]\nObjects. And by its Situation in the Head, besides its Proximity to the\nBrain, it is in the most convenient Place for Defence and Security.\nIn the Hands, it might indeed (in Man) be render\u2019d more eminent than\nthe Head, and be turned about here and there at pleasure. But then it\nwould be exposed to many Injuries in that active Part, and the Hands[f]\nrender\u2019d a less active and useful Part. And the like may be said to its\nSight, in any other Part of the Body, but where it is. But in the Head,\nboth of Man, and other Animals, it is placed in a Part that seems to be\ncontrived, and made chiefly for the Action of the principal Senses.\n\nAnother Thing observable in the Sight of the Eye, is the Manner of its\nSituation in the Head, in the Fore-part, or Side-part thereof; according\nto the particular Occasions of particular Animals. In Man, and some other\nCreatures, it is placed to look directly forward chiefly; but withal it\nis so order\u2019d, as to take in near the Hemisphere before it. In Birds, and\nsome other Creatures, the Eyes are so seated, as to take in near a whole\nSphere, that they may the better seek their Food, and escape Dangers. And\nin some Creatures they are seated, so as to see best behind them[g], or\non each Side, whereby they are enabled to see their Enemy that pursues\nthem that way, and so make their Escape.\n\nAnd for the Assistance of the Eyes, and some of the other Senses in their\nActions; the Head is generally made to turn here and there, and move as\nOccasion requires. Which leads me to the\n\n3. Thing to be remarked upon, the _Motions_ of the Eye it self. And this\nis generally upwards, downwards, backwards, forwards, and every way[h],\nfor the better, more easy, and distinct Reception of the visual Rays.\n\nBut where Nature any way deviateth from this Method, either by denying\nMotion to the Eyes, or the Head[i], it is a very wonderful Provision\nshe hath made in the Case. Thus for a Remedy of this Inconvenience, in\nsome Creatures their Eyes are set out at a Distance[k] from the Head,\nto be circumvolved here and there, or one this, the other that way,\nat Pleasure. And in Creatures, whose Eyes are without Motion, as in\ndivers Insects; in this Case, either they have more than two Eyes, or\ntheir Eyes are nearly two protuberant Hemispheres, and each Hemisphere\noften consisting of a prodigious number of other little Segments of a\nSphere[l]. By which Means those Creatures are so far from being deny\u2019d\nany Benefit, of that noble and most necessary Sense of Sight, that\nthey have probably more of it than other Creatures, answerable to the\nRapidity of their Flight, and brisk Motion; and to their Inquests after\nFood, Habitation, or Repositories of Generation, or such other Necessity\nof the Animal.\n\n4. Another admirable Provision in the Eye, is, its Size; in some Animals\nlarge, in some little. It would be endless here to enumerate Particulars;\nas thole of Quadrupeds, Birds, Insects, and other terrestrial Animals.\nAnd as for Fishes, they will fall under another Part of my Survey.\n\nI shall therefore only take Notice of its Size in one Creature,\nthe _Mole_[m]. As the Habitation of that uncouth Animal is wholly\nsubterraneous, its Lodging, its Food, its Exercises, nay, even all its\nPastimes and Pleasures, are in those subterraneous Recesses and Passages,\nwhich its own Industry hath made for it self; so it is an admirable\nProvision made in the Size of the Eye of that little Creature, to answer\nall its Occasions, and at the same time to prevent Inconveniences. For\nas a little Light will suffice an Animal living always under Ground; so\nthe smallest Eye will abundantly supply that Occasion. And as a large\nprotuberant Eye, like that of other Animals, would much annoy this\nCreature in its principal Business, of digging for its Food and Passage;\nso it is endow\u2019d with a very small one, commodiously seated in the Head,\nand well fenced and guarded against the Annoyances of the Earth.\n\n5. Another Thing remarkable in this noble Part of Animals, is, its\n_Numbers_; no less than two[n] in any Instance, that I know of; and in\nsome Animals more, as I have already hinted[o].\n\nNow this is an admirable Provision; first, for the Convenience of taking\nin the larger Angle or Space: And in the next Place, the Animal is by\nthis Provision, in some Measure prepar\u2019d for the Misfortune of the Loss\nof one of these noble, and necessary Organs of its Body.\n\nBut then besides all this, there is another Thing considerable in this\nmultiplicate Number of the Eye; and that is, that the Object seen is\nnot multiplied as well as the Organ, and appears but one, though seen\nwith two or more Eyes[p]. A manifest Sign of the infinite Skill of the\nContriver of this so noble a Part, and of the exquisite Art he employed\nin the Formation thereof. But the Design and Skill of the infinite\nWorkman, will best be set forth by\n\n6. Surveying the _Parts_ and _Mechanism_ of this admirable Organ the Eye.\nAnd here indeed we cannot but stand amazed, when we view its admirable\nFabrick, and consider the prodigious Exactness, and the exquisite Skill\nemployed in every part ministring to this noble and necessary Sense.\nTo pass by its Arteries and Veins, and such other Parts common to the\nrest of the Body, let us cast our Eye on its _Muscles_. These we shall\nfind exactly and neatly placed for every Motion of the Eye. Let us view\nits _Tunicks_, and these we shall find so admirably seated, so well\nadapted, and of so firm a Texture, as to fit every Place, to answer\nevery Occasion, and to be Proof against all common Inconveniences and\nAnnoyances. Let us examine its three _Humours_, and these we shall find\nall of exquisite Clearness and Transparency, for an easy Admission of the\nRays; well placed for the refracting of them, and formed (particularly\nthe _Crystalline Humour_) by the nicest Laws of Opticks, to collect the\nwandring Rays into a Point. And to name no more, let us look into its\ndarkned Cell, where those curious Humours lie, and into which the Glories\nof the Heavens and the Earth are brought, and exquisitely pictured; and\nthis Cell we shall find, without, well prepared by Means of its Texture,\nAperture, and Colour, to fence off all the useless or noxious Rays; and\nwithin, as well coated with a dark Tegument, that it may not reflect,\ndissipate, or any way confuse or disturb the beneficial Rays[q].\n\nBut to descend to Particulars, although it would be a great Demonstration\nof the Glory of God, yet would take up too much Time, and hath been in\nsome Measure done by others that have written of God\u2019s Works. Passing\nover therefore what they have observed, I shall under each principal Part\ntake a transient Notice of some Things they have omitted, or but slightly\nspoken of.\n\nAnd my first Remark shall be concerning the _Muscles_ of the Eye, and\ntheir Equilibration. Nothing can be more manifestly an act of Contrivance\nand Design, than the _Muscles_ of the Eye, admirably adapted to move\nit any, and every way; upwards, downwards, to this side or that, or\nhowsoever we please, or there is occasion for, so as to always keep\nthat Parallelism of the Eye, which is necessary to true Vision. For\nthe Performance of which Service, the Form, the Position, and the\ndue Strength of each Muscle is admirable. And here I might Instance\nthe peculiar and artificial Structure of the _Trochlearis_, and the\nAugmentation of its Power by the _Trochlea_[r]; the Magnitude and\nStrength of the _Attollent Muscle_, somewhat exceeding that of its\nAntagonist; the peculiar Muscle, called the _Seventh_, or _Suspensory\nMuscle_[s], given to Brutes, by reason of the prone Posture of their\nBodies, and frequent Occasions to hang down their Heads: And I might\nspeak also of the peculiar Origine and Insertion of the _lower Oblique\nMuscle_[t], which is very notable, and many other Things relating to\nthese Parts; but it would be tedious to descend too much to those\nadmirable Particulars. And therefore to close up these Remarks, all I\nshall farther take Notice of, shall be only the exquisite Equilibration\nof all these _Opposite_ and _Antagonist Muscles_, affected partly by\nthe Equality of the Strength; which is the Case of the _Adducent_ and\n_Abducent Muscles_; partly by their peculiar Origine, or the Addition of\nthe _Trochlea_, which is the Case of the _Oblique Muscles_[u]: and partly\nby the natural Posture of the Body, and the Eye, which is the Case of\nthe _Attollent_ and _Depriment Muscles_. By this so curious and exact\na Libration, not only unseemly Contortions, and incommodious Vagations\nof the Eye are prevented, but also it is able with great Readiness and\nExactness to apply it self to every Object.\n\nAs to the _Tunicks_ of the Eye, many Things might be taken notice of,\nthe prodigious Fineness of the _Arachno\u00efdes_, the acute Sense of the\n_Retina_, the delicate Transparency of the _Cornea_[w], and the firm and\nstrong Texture of that and the _Sclerotica_ too; and each of them, in\nthese and every other respect, in the most accurate manner adapted to\nthe Place in which it is, and the Business it is there to perform. But\nfor a Sample, I shall only take notice of that part of the _Uvea_ which\nmakes the _Pupil_. It hath been observed by others, particularly by our\nHonourable Founder[x], That as we are forced to use various Apertures to\nour Optick Glasses, so Nature hath made a far more compleat Provision in\nthe Eyes of Animals, to shut out too much, and to admit sufficient Light,\nby the Dilatation and Contraction of the Pupil[y]. But it deserveth our\nespecial Remark, that these Pupils are in divers Animals of divers Forms,\naccording to their peculiar Occasions. In some (particularly in Man) it\nis round; that being the most proper Figure for the Position of our Eyes,\nand the Use we make of them both by Day and Night. In some other Animals\nit is of a longish Form; in some Transverse[z], with its Aperture large,\nwhich is an admirable Provision for such Creatures to see the better\nlaterally, and thereby avoid Inconveniencies, as well as help them to\ngather their Food on the Ground, both by Day and Night. In other Animals\nthe Fissure of the Pupil is erect[aa], and also capable of opening\nwide, and shutting up close. The latter of which serveth to exclude the\nbrighter Light of the Day, and the former to take in the more faint Rays\nof the Night, thereby enabling those Nocturnal Animals (in whom generally\nthis erect Form of the Pupil is) to catch their Prey with the greater\nFacility in the dark[bb], to see upwards and downwards, to climb, _&c_.\nThus much for the _Tunicks_.\n\nThe next Thing I shall take notice of, will relate to the _Humours_ of\nthe Eye, and that only concerning the Mechanism of the _Crystalline\nHumour_; not its incomparable Transparency; nor its exact lenticular\nForm; nor its curious araneous Membrane[cc], that constringeth and\ndilateth it, and so varieth its _Focus_, (if any such Variation there\nbe, as some affirm with great Probability,) nor lastly, its admirable\nApproach to or from the _Retina_, by help of the _Ciliar Ligament_[dd],\naccording as Objects are far off or near, because these Things are what\nare usually taken notice of; but that which I shall observe is, the\nprodigious Art and Finery of its constituent Parts, it being, according\nto some late nice Microscopical Observations[ee], composed of divers\nthin Scales, and these made up of one single minutest Thread or Fibre,\nwound round and round, so as not to cross one another in any one Place,\nand yet to meet, some in two, and some in more different Centers; a Web\nnot to be woven, an _Optick Lens_, not to be wrought by any Art less than\ninfinite Wisdom.\n\n_Lastly_, To conclude the Parts of this admirable Organ, I shall make\nonly one Remark more, and that is about its _Nerves_. And here, among\nothers, the admirable Make of the _Optick Nerves_ might deserve to\nbe taken notice of in the first Place, their _Medullary_ Part[ff]\nterminating in the Brain it self, the Teguments propagated from the\n_Meninges_, and terminating in the Coats of the Eye, and their commodious\nInsertions into the Ball of the Eye, in some directly opposite to the\nPupil of the Eye, in others obliquely towards one Side[gg]. But most of\nthese Things have been treated of, and the Convenience hereof set forth\nby others that have written of God\u2019s Works. I shall therefore take notice\nonly of one wise Provision the Creator hath made about the Motion of the\nEye, by uniting into one the _Third Pair_ of Nerves, called the _Motory\nNerves_[hh], each of which sending its Branches into each Muscle of each\nEye, would cause a Distortion in the Eyes; but being united into one,\nnear their Insertion into the Brain, do thereby cause both Eyes to have\nthe same Motion; so that when one Eye is moved this way and that way, to\nthis and that Object, the other Eye is turned the same way also.\n\nThus from this transient and slight View (I may call it) of the Parts of\nthe Eye, it appears what an admirable Artist was the Contriver thereof.\nAnd now in the\n\n_Seventh_ and last Place, Let us consider what Provision this admirable\nArtist hath made for the _Guard_ and _Security_ of this so well formed\nOrgan[ii]. And here we shall find the Guard equivalent to the Use and\nExcellency of the Part. The whole Organ fortified and fenced with strong,\ncompact Bones, lodged in a strong, well made Socket, and the Eye it self\nguarded with a nice made Cover[kk]. Its Humours, and its inward Tunicks,\nare indeed tender, proportionate to their tender, curious Uses; but the\nCoats without, are context and callous, firm and strong. And in some\nAnimals, particularly Birds[ll], some Part of those Tunicles have the\nNature and Hardness of Bone or Horn.\n\nBut for Creatures, whose Eyes, like the rest of their Body, are tender,\nand without the Guard of Bones; there Nature hath provided for this\nnecessary and tender Sense, a wonderful kind of Guard, by endowing the\nCreature with a Faculty of withdrawing its Eyes into its Head[mm], and\nlodging them in the same Safety with the Body.\n\nThus have I survey\u2019d this first Sense of Animals, I may say in a cursory,\nnot accurate, strict manner, considering the prodigious Workmanship\nthereof; but so, as abundantly to demonstrate it to be the Contrivance,\nthe Work of no less a Being than the infinite Wise, Potent, and Indulgent\nCreator[nn]. For none less could compose so admirable an Organ, so adapt\nall its Parts, so adjust it to all Occasions, so nicely provide for every\nUse, and for every Emergency: In a word, none less than GOD, could, I\nsay, thus contrive, order, and provide an Organ, as magnificent and\ncurious as the Sense is useful; a Sense without which, as all the Animal\nWorld would be in perpetual Darkness, so it would labour under perpetual\nInconveniencies, be exposed to perpetual Harms, and suffer perpetual\nWants and Distresses. But now by this admirable Sense, the great GOD, who\nhath placed us in this World, hath as well provided for our comfortable\nResidence in it; enabled us to see and chuse wholsome, yea delicate Food,\nto provide our selves useful, yea gaudy Cloathing, and commodious Places\nof Habitation and Retreat. We can now dispatch our Affairs with Alacrity\nand Pleasure, go here and there as our Occasions call us. We can, if need\nbe, ransack the whole Globe, penetrate into the Bowels of the Earth,\ndescend to the bottom of the Deep, travel to the farthest Regions of this\nWorld, to acquire Wealth, to encrease our Knowledge, or even only to\nplease our Eye and Fancy. We can now look about us, discern and shun the\nPrecipices and Dangers which every where enclose us, and would destroy\nus. And those glorious Objects which fill the Heavens and the Earth,\nthose admirable Works of God which every where surround us, and which\nwould be as nothing to us, without being seen, do by means of this noble\nSense present their Glories to us[oo], and fill us with Admiration and\nPleasure. But I need not expatiate in the Usefulness and Praises of this\nSense, which we receive the Benefit of every Moment, and the want, or any\ndefect of which, we lament among our greatest Misfortunes.\n\nLeaving then this Sense, I shall proceed to the other four, but more\nbriefly treat of them, by reason we have so ample a Sample of the divine\nArt in the last, and may presume that the same is exerted in all as well\nas one. For a Demonstration of which, let us in the next Place carry our\nScrutiny to the Sense of _Hearing_.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _In Dissectionibus anatomicis vix aliquid admirabilius, aut\nartificiosius structur\u00e2 Oculi humani, meo quidem judicio, occurrit: ut\nmerit\u00f2, per excellentiam, Creatoris appelletur Miraculum._ Gul. Fabr.\nHildan. Cent. 2. Observ. 1.\n\nSo likewise that accurate Surveyor of the Eye, Dr. _Briggs_, whose\n_Ophthalmography_ I have met with since my penning this part of my\nSurvey. His Character of this curious piece of God\u2019s Work is, _Inter\npr\u00e6cipuas corporis animati partes, qu\u00e6 magni Conditoris nostri sapientiam\nostendunt, nulla san\u00e8 reperitur, qu\u00e6 majori pomp\u00e2 elucet qu\u00e0m ipse\nOculus, aut qu\u00e6 elegantiori form\u00e2 concinnatur. Deum enim ali\u00e6 partes vel\nminori satellitio stipantur, vel in tantam venustatem haud assurgunt;\nOcelli peculiarem honorem & decus \u00e0 supremo Numine efflatum referunt, &\nnunquam non stupend\u00e6 su\u00e6 Potentia characteres repr\u00e6sentant. Nulla san\u00e8\npars tam divino artificio & ordine, ~&c.~_ Cap. 1. \u00a7. 1.\n\n[b] It is a good Reason _Frier Bacon_ assigns for the Sph\u00e6ricity of the\nEye: _Nam si esset plan\u00e6 figur\u00e6, species rei majoris oculo non posset\ncadere perpendiculariter super eum\u2014\u2014C\u00f9m erg\u00f2 Oculus videt magna corpora,\nut fer\u00e8 quartam c\u0153li uno aspectu, manifestum est, qu\u00f2d non potest esse\nplan\u00e6 figur\u00e6, nec alicujus nisi sph\u00e6ric\u00e6, quoniam super sph\u00e6ram parvam\npossunt cadere perpendiculares infinit\u00e6, qu\u00e6 \u00e0 magno corpore veniunt, &\ntendunt in centrum Sph\u00e6r\u00e6: Et sic magnum corpus potest ab oculo parvo\nvideri._ For the Demonstration of which he hath given us a Figure. _Rog.\nBacon. Perspect. Distinct. 4. Cap. 4._\n\nDr. _Briggs_ saith, _Pars antica, (sive Cornea,) convexior est postic\u00e2:\nh\u00e2c enim ratione radii meli\u00f9s in pupillam detorquentur, & Oculi fundus\nex altar\u00e2 parte in majorem (propter imagines rerum ibidem delineandos)\nexpanditur._ Ibid. \u00a7. 2.\n\n[c] Suppose the Eye had the _Retina_, or back part flat for the Reception\nof the Images, as in _Fig. 1._ ABA: it is manifest, that if the Extremes\nof the Image AA were at a due focal distance, the middle B would be too\nnigh the Crystalline, and consequently appear confused and dim; but all\nParts of the _Retina_ lying at a due focal distance from the Crystalline,\nas at ACA, therefore the Image painted thereon is seen distinct and\nclear. Thus in a dark Room, with a Lens at a Hole in the Window, (which\n_Sturmius_ calls his Artificial Eye, in his _Exercit. Acad._ one of which\nhe had made for his Pupils, to run any where on Wheels). In this Room, I\nsay, if the Paper that receives the Images be too nigh, or too far off\nthe Lens, the Image will be confused and dim; but in the Focus of the\nGlass, distinct, clear, and a pleasant Sight.\n\n[d] _Blemmyis traduntur capita abesse, Ore & Oculis pectori affixis._\nPlin. Nat. Hist. l. 5. c. 8. _Occidentem versus quosdam sine cervice\nOculos in humeris habentes._ Ib. l. 7. c. 2. From these, and other such\nlike Fables, in this last cited Chapter of _Pliny_, no doubt our famous\nRomancer Sir _J. Mandevile_, had his Romnantick Stories related in his\nTravels.\n\n[e] See _Book V. Chap. 2. Note (e)._\n\n[f] _Galen_ deserves to be here consulted, who in his Book _De Usu\nPartium_, from many Considerations of the Hand, such as what is here\nmentioned, as also its Structure, Site and Use, largely proves and\nreflects upon the Wisdom and Providence of the Contriver and Maker of\nthat Part.\n\n[g] Thus in _Hares_ and _Conies_, their Eyes are very protuberant, and\nplaced so much towards the sides of their Head, that their two Eyes take\nin nearly a whole Sphere: Whereas in _Dogs_, (that pursue them) the Eyes\nare set more forward in the Head, to look that way more than backward.\n\n[h] _Sed lubricos Oculos fecit ~[Natura]~ & mobiles, ut & declinarent\nsiquid noceret; & aspectum, quo vellent, facile converterent_. Cicer. de\nNat. Deor. l. 2. c. 57.\n\n[i] _The Eyes of ~Spiders~, ~(in some four, in some six, and in some\neight)~ are placed all in the fore-front of their Head, (which is round,\nand without any Neck) all diaphanous and transparent, like a Locket of\nDiamonds, ~&c.~ neither wonder why Providence should be so anomalous\nin this Animal, more than in any other we know of. For, 1. Since they\nwanting a Neck, cannot move their Head, it is requisite that Defect\nshould be supplied by the multiplicity of Eyes. 2. Since they were to\nlive by catching so nimble a Prey as a Fly is, they ought to see her\nevery way, and to take her ~per saltum~, (as they do) without any Motion\nof the Head to discover her: Which Motion would have scared away so\ntimorous an Insect._ _~Power~\u2019s_ Micros. Observ. pag. 11.\n\n_The Eyes of the ~Cameleon~ resemble a Lens, or Convex Glass, set in\na versatile globular Socket, which she turneth backward, or any way,\nwithout moving her Head; and ordinarily the one a contrary, or quite\ndifferent way from the other._ Dr. _Goddard_ in Phil. Tran. N\u1d52. 137.\n\n_But what is more extraordinary in this Motion ~[of the Cameleon\u2019s Eye]~\nis to see one of the Eyes move, whilst the other remains immoveable; and\nthe one to turn forward, at the same time that the other looketh behind;\nthe one to look up to the Sky, when the other is fixed on the Ground.\nAnd these Motions to be so extreme, that they do carry the ~Pupilla~\nunder the Crest which makes the Eye-brow, and so far into the ~Canthi~,\nor Corners of the Eyes, that the Sight can discern whatever is done\njust behind it, and directly before, without turning the Head, which is\nfastned to the Shoulders._ Mem. for a Nat. Hist. in Anatom. Dissect. at\nParis. Diss. of Camel. pag. 22.\n\n[k] _Snails_ send out their Eyes at a distance, they being contained in\ntheir four Horns, _like atramentous Spots, fitted to the end of their\nHorns, or rather to the ends of those black Filaments or optick Nerves,\nwhich are sheathed in her Horns_, as Dr. _Power_ wordeth it. _Obs. 31.\npag. 36._ So the ingenious Dr. _Lister_. _Exercit. Anat. Cochl. & Limac._\n\n[l] _Vid._ _l. 8. c. 3. Note (a)._\n\n[m] _Severinus_ is of _Aristotle_\u2019s, _Pliny_\u2019s, and _Alb. Magnus_\u2019s\nOpinion, that the _Mole_ hath no Sight; _G. Seger_ denies any Humour to\nbe therein, but thinks they may probably see, because Nature made nothing\nin vain. But _Borrichius_ saith, their Eyes have _appendiculam nerveam in\ncerebrum euntem, cujus beneficio globuli illi ~[the little Eyes]~ extra\npellem facil\u00e8 poterant exseri, retrahique pro arbitrio\u2014\u2014In illis oculorum\nglobulis humor aqueus copiose satis natabat; c\u00e6terorum non nisi tenue\nvestigiem._ Blas. Anat. Anim. c. 35.\n\n_Et quoniam Natura hoc vit\u00e6 genus ipsi destinavit, etiam perqu\u00e0m exiguos\nOculos\u2014\u2014dedit eo concilio, ut ii, pretiosissima corporis pars, \u00e0 terr\u00e6\npulvere n\u00e8 affligerentur. Ii insuper pilis recti, ~&c.~ Humores illis\noculis insunt, & tunica nigra, uvea, se prodit. Ad hos tramite alio\nnervus venit._ Schneider in Blas. ibid.\n\nSome time since I made divers accurate Dissections of the _Eyes_ of\n_Moles_, with the help of Microscopes, having a doubt whether what we\ntake to be Eyes, were such or no. And upon a strict Scrutiny I plainly\ncould distinguish the _Vitreous_ and _Crystalline_ Humours, yea, the\n_Ligamentum Ciliare_, and the atramentaceous _Mucus_. The _Pupil_ I could\nmanifestly discern to be round, and the _Cornea_ copped, or conical: The\nEye is at a great distance from the Brain, the Optick Nerve very slender\nand long, reaching from the Eye through the intermediate Flesh, and so\npasseth to the Brain, along with the pair of Nerves reaching to the Nose,\nwhich are much the largest that are in all the Animal. These Creatures,\nI imagine, have the Faculty of withdrawing their Eyes, if not quite into\nthe Head, (as _Snails_) yet more or less within the Hair, as they have\nmore or less Occasion to use or guard their Eyes.\n\n_Galen_ saith, _Moles_ have Eyes, the _Crystalline_ and _Vitreous_\nHumours, encompassed with _Tunicks_. _De Us. Part. l. 14. c. 6._ So\naccurate an Anatomist was he for his Time.\n\n[n] _Pliny_ tells us of a sort of _Heron_ with but one Eye, but \u2019twas\nonly by hear-say. _Inter Aves Ardeolarum genere, quos Leucos vocant,\naltero oculo carere tradunt._ Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37. So the King of the\n_Nigr\u00e6_ that hath but one Eye, and that in his Forehead, _l. 6. c. 30._\nWhich Fables I take notice of more for the Reader\u2019s Diversion, than any\nTruth in them.\n\n[o] _Supra_, _Note (i)._\n\n[p] The most celebrated Anatomists differ greatly about the Reason why\nwe see not double with two Eyes. This _Galen_, and others after him,\ngenerally thought to be from a Coalition or Decussation of the Optick\nNerves, behind the _Os Spheno\u00efdes_. But whether they decussate, coalesce,\nor only touch one another, they do not well agree. The _Bartholines_\nexpressly assert they are united, _non per simplicem contactum vel\nintersectionem in homine, sed totalem substanti\u00e6 confusionem_, Anat.\nl. 3. c. 2. And whereas _Vesalius_, and some others had found some\nInstances of their being disunited; they say, _sed in plerisque ordinarie\nconfunditur interior substantia, ut accurat\u00e2 disquisitione deprehendi_.\n\nBut our Learned Dr. _Gibson_, (_Anat. l. 3. c. 10._) saith, they _are\nunited by the closest Conjunction, but not Confusion of their Fibres_.\n\nBut others think the Reason is not from any Coalescence, Contact, or\ncrossing of the Optick Nerves, but from a Sympathy between them. Thus\nMonsieur _Cartes_ is of Opinion, that the _Fibrill\u00e6_ constituting the\nmedullary Part of those Nerves, being spread in the _Retina_ of each Eye,\nhave each of them corresponding Parts in the Brain; so that when any of\nthose _Fibrill\u00e6_ are struck by any part of an Image, the corresponding\nParts of the Brain are thereby affected, and the Soul thereby informed,\n_&c._ but see more hereafter under _Note (oo)_, from _Cartes_ himself.\n\nSomewhat like this is the Notion of our judicious Dr. _Briggs_, who\nthinks the Optick Nerves of each Eye consist of _Homologous Fibres_,\nhaving their rise in the _Thalamus Nervorum Opticorum_, and thence\ncontinued to both the _Retin\u00e6_, which are made of them; And farther, that\nthose _Fibrill\u00e6_ have the same Parallelism, Tension, _&c._ in both Eyes;\nand consequently when an Image is painted on the same corresponding,\nsympathizing Parts of each _Retina_, the same Effects are produced, the\nsame Notice or Information is carried to the _Thalamus_, and so imparted\nto the Soul, or judging Faculty. That there is such an \u1f49\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\nbetween the _Retina_, &c. he makes very probable from the ensuing of\ndouble Vision upon the Interruption of the Parallelism of the Eyes; as\nwhen one Eye is depressed with the Finger, or their Symphony interrupted\nby Disease, Drunkenness, _&c._ And lastly, That simple Vision is not\nmade in the former way, _viz._ by a Decussation or Conjunction of the\nOptick Nerves, he proves, because those Nerves are but in few Subjects\ndecussated, and in none conjoined otherwise than by a bare Contact, which\nis particularly manifest in Fishes; and in some Instances it hath been\nfound, that they have been separated without any double Vision ensuing\nthereupon. _Vid._ _Brig. Ophthalmogr._ cap. 11. & 5. and _Nov. Vis.\nTheor._ _passim_.\n\nWhat the Opinion of our justly eminent Sir _Isaac Newton_ is, may be\nseen in his _Opticks_, Qu. 15. _Are not the Species of Objects seen with\nboth Eyes, united where the Optick Nerves meet before they come into the\nBrain, the Fibres on the right side of both Nerves uniting there, ~&c.~\nFor the Optick Nerves of such Animals as look the same way with both\nEyes, (as of Men, Dogs, Sheep, Oxen, ~&c.~) meet before they come into\nthe Brain; but the Optick Nerves of such Animals as do not look the same\nway with both Eyes, (as of Fishes and of the Cameleon) do not meet, if I\nam rightly informed._ Newt. Opt. Q. 15.\n\n[q] _Nigra est ~[Uvea]~ ut radios (ab Oculi fundo ad anteriorem ejus\npartem reflexos) obumbret; n\u00e8 hi (ut ait clar. Cartesius) ad Oculi fundum\nretorti ibidem confusam visionem efficerent. Alia forsan ratio hujus\nnigredinis statuatur, qu\u00f2d radii in visione superflui, qui ab objectis\nlateralibus proveniunt hoc ritu absorbeantur. Ita enim \u00e8 loco obscuro\ninterdiu objecta optim\u00e8 intuemur, quia radii tunc temporis circumfuso\nlumine non diluuntur._ Brigg\u2019s Ophthal. c. 3. \u00a7. 5.\n\n[r] _Admirandum Dei artificium ex diversorum animalium comparatione\nindies evadit manifesti\u00f9s. Mirantur omnes Trochlearem in oculis Hominum\n& Quadrupedum, & quidem jure: sed admirationem omnem superat, qu\u00f2d sine\nTrochle\u00e2 oculum movens in Avibus novum genus Trochle\u00e6 long\u00e8 artificiosi\u00f9s\nNictitandi Membran\u00e6 dederit._ Blas. Anat. Animal. p. 2. c. 4. _ex Stenon._\n\n_~[Musculum Trochlearem]~ per intermedium trochleam traductum, nunquam\nintueor, quin admirabundus mecum, \u1f49 \u0398\u03b5\u1f78\u03c2, exclamem \u1f40\u03c5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76\n\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9._ _I. C. Sturmii Exercit. Acad. 9. de\nVis. Org. & Rat._ c. 3. \u00a7. 4. p. 446.\n\n[s] _Observare est quod Quadrupedes, qui oculos in terram pronos,\nac pendulos gerunt, Musculum peculiarem habent, quo Oculi globus\nsuspenditur\u2014\u2014Hoc Musculo Bos, Equus, Ovis, Lepus, Porcus, &c. pr\u00e6diti\nsunt: hoc etiam Canis instruitur, sed alio modo conformatum habet._\nWillis de An. Brut. p. 1. c. 15.\n\nOf this Opinion also was _Bartholine Anat._ l. 3. c. 8. and divers other\neminent Anatomists.\n\nBut Dr. _Briggs_ is of Opinion that the _Adnata_, and the other Muscles\nsufficiently answer all those Ends ascribed to that Muscle by former\nAnatomists, and thinks _Probabili\u00f9s itaque esse hunc Musculum nervi\nOptici actionem (per vices) confirmare, n\u00e8 \u00e0 prono Brutorum incessu &\ncopioso affluxu humorum debilitetur_, Ophthal. c. 2. \u00a7. 2.\n\nThe _Musculus Suspensorius_ being in the _Porpess_, as well as Brutes,\nDr. _Tyson_ thinks the Use of it is not to suspend the Bulk of the\nEye; but rather by its equal Contraction of the _Sclerotis_, to render\nthe Ball of the Eye more or less Spherical, and so fitter for Vision.\n_Tyson\u2019s Anat. of the Porpess_, p. 39.\n\n[t] _Musculus obliquus inferior oritur \u00e0 peculiari quodam foramine in\nlatere Orbit\u00e6 ocularis facto, (contra quam in c\u00e6teris, ~&c.~) quo fit\nut ex un\u00e2 parte \u00e0 Musculo trochleari, ex alter\u00e2 ver\u00f2 ab hujus Musculi\ncommodissim\u00e2 positione, Oculus in \u00e6quilibrio quodam constitutus,\nirretorto obtutu versus objecta feratur, nec plus justo accedat versus\ninternum externumve canthum; qu\u00e6 quidem Libratio omnino nulla fuisset,\nabsque hujus Musculi peculiari originatione (cujus ratio omnes hucusque\nAnatomicos latuit)._ And so this curious Anatomist goes on to shew\nfarther the stupendous Artifice of the great Creator in this Position of\nthe _Oblique Muscles_. Brigg\u2019s _Nova Vis. Theor._ p. 11. _meo libro_.\n\n[u] Besides those particular Motions which the Eye receives from the\n_Oblique Muscles_, and I may add its Libration also in some Measure, some\nAnatomists ascribe another no less considerable Use to them; namely, to\nlengthen and shorten the Eye (by squeezing and compressing it) to make it\ncorrespond to the Distances of all Objects, according as they are nigh\nor far off. Thus the ingenious Dr. _Keil_; _The Aqueous Humour being the\nthinnest and most liquid, easily changeth its Figure, when either the\n~Ligamentum Ciliate~ contracts, or both the ~Oblique Muscles~ squeeze the\nmiddle of the Ball of the Eye, to render it Oblong when Objects are too\nnear us._ _~Keil~\u2019s Anat. Chap. 4. Sect. 4._ See _Note (y)._\n\n[w] _Quis ver\u00f2 opifex pr\u00e6ter Naturam, qu\u00e2 nihil potest esse callidi\u00f9s,\ntantam solertiam persequi potuisset in Sensibus? qu\u00e6 prim\u00f9m Oculos\nmembranis tenuissimis vestivit, & sepiit; quas primum perlucidas fecit,\nut per eas cerni posset: firmas aurem, ut continerentur._ Cic. de Nat.\nDeor. l. 2. c. 57.\n\n[x] _Boyl_ of _Final Causes._\n\n[y] It is easy to be observed, that the _Pupil_ openeth in dark Places;\nas also when we look at far distant Objects, but contracts by an Increase\nof Light, and when the Objects are nigh. This Motion of the _Pupil_\nsome say, is effected by the circular and strait Fibres of the _Uvea_,\nand some attribute it to the _Ligamentum Ciliare_. Yet I have no great\ndoubt but that they both concur in that Action, and that the _Ligamentum\nCiliare_ doth, at the same time the Pupil opens or shuts, dilate or\ncompress the _Crystalline_, and bring it nigher unto, or carry it farther\noff the _Retina_. For the Structure of the _Ligamentum Ciliare_, and its\ntwo Sorts of Fibres, drawn with the Help of a Microscope, I shall refer\nto Mr. _Cowper\u2019s Anat._ T. 11.\n\n[z] _In Bove, Capr\u00e2, Equo, Ove, & quibusdam aliis elliptica est\n~(Pupilla)~ ut eo magis in hisce forsan animalibus, qu\u00e6 prono incessu\nvictum in agris qu\u00e6ritant, radios laterales ad mala & incommoda utrinque\ndevitanda admittat._ _~Briggs~\u2019s Ophthal._ c. 7. \u00a7. 6.\n\n_Homini erecto, aliisque, ~&c.~ caput erigere, & quaquaversus\ncircumspicere solitis, plurima simul objecta, tum supr\u00e0, tum infr\u00e0, tum \u00e8\nlatere utroque\u2014\u2014visu excipiuntur; quapropter Oculi Pupilla rotunda esse\ndebet.\u2014\u2014Attamen bovi, ~&c.~ caput fer\u00e8 semper pronum\u2014\u2014gerentibus, tant\u00f9m\nqu\u00e6 cor\u00e0m, & paulo \u00e0 latere obversantur, intuitu opus est: quapropter\nPupilla\u2014\u2014oblonga est, ~&c.~_ Willis _de Anim. Brut._ p. 1. c. 15.\n\n[aa] Thus _Cats_ (their Pupils being erect, and the shutting of their\nEye-lids transverse thereunto) can so close their Pupil, as to admit of,\nas it were, one only single Ray of Light; and by throwing all open, they\ncan take in all the faintest Rays. Which is an incomparable Provision for\nthese Animals, that have occasion to watch and way-lay their Prey both by\nDay and Night.\n\n[bb] There is besides this large opening of the Pupil, in some nocturnal\nAnimals, another admirable Provision, enabling them to catch their Prey\nin the Dark; and that is a Radiation of the Eyes: Of which Dr. _Willis_\nthus; _Hujus usus est Oculi Pupillam, quasi jubare insito, illuminare,\nut res noctu, & in tenebris positas conspicere valeat: quare in Fele\nplurim\u00f9m illustris est: at Homini, Avibus, & Piscibus deest._ This\nIllumination he speaks of, is from the _Tapetum_, in the Bottom of the\nEye, or the shining of the _Retina_, round the optick Nerve.\n\nBesides which, he saith, the _Iris_ hath a Faculty also, in some, of\ndarting out Rays of Light, so as to enable them to see in the Dark: Of\nwhich he tells this Story; _Novi quendam cerebro calidiori pr\u00e6ditum,\nqui post uberiorem vini generosi potum in nocte atrat\u00e2, sive tenebris\nprofundis, literas distincte legere potuit. Cujus ratio videtur esse,\nqu\u00f2d spiritus animales velut accensi, ade\u00f2que ab h\u00e2c Iride irradiantes,\njubare infito Medium illuminabant._ Willis Ibid.\n\nSuch another Thing, _Pliny_ tells us, was reported of _Tiberius C\u00e6sar_:\n_Ferunt Tib. C\u00e6s. nec alii genitorum mortalium, fuisse naturam,\nut expergefactus noctu paulisper, haud alio modo quam luce clar\u00e2,\ncontueretur omnia._ Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37.\n\nSo Dr. _Briggs_: _Virum san\u00e8 calid\u00e6 indolis novi in Comitatu Bedfordiensi\ndegentem, qui oculis felineis\u2014\u2014donatus est: ade\u00f2 ut epistolam\u2014\u2014mir\u00e8\nadmod\u00f9m in loco obscuro (ubi eadem mihi vix apparuit) perlegit. Hujus\nver\u00f2 Oculi (nisi quod Pupillas insigniores obsinuere) ab aliorum\nformatione neutiquam discrepabant._ Ophthal. c. 5. \u00a7. 12.\n\n[cc] The _Tunica Aranea_ is taken notice of by _Frier Bacon_, who\ncalls it, _Tela Aranea_, and saith, _in h\u00e2c continetur\u2014\u2014glaciale vel\nCrystallinum_. _~Rog. Bacon~\u2019s Perspect. Distinct. 2. c. 3._ The\nwrinkling of this, and the _Cornea_ (as the Skin is of old Persons)\nhe thinks is the Cause of the Obscurity of the Sight in such Persons.\n_Bacon_ Ib. par. 2. cap. 2. But this _Tunick_ some deny, and others\nallow of: Dr. _A. M._ of _Trinity-College, Dublin_, (in his _Relat. of\nAnat. Obs._ in the Eyes of Animals, in a Letter to Mr. _Boyl_, _Ann.\n1682._ annexed to his _Anat. Account of the Elephant burnt in ~Dublin~_,\np. 57.) affirms the _Tunica Aranea_, and saith, _I have often seen it\nbefore \u2019twas exposed to the Air one Minute, notwithstanding what Dr.\n~Briggs~ saith to the contrary, ~&c.~_ But Dr. _Briggs_ his Opinion is,\n_Humor Crystallinus, nisi aeri diuti\u00f9s expositus, vel lenit\u00e8r coctus\n(instar lactis) cuticulam non acquirit: qu\u00e6 ver\u00f2 impropri\u00e8, Tunica Aranea\ndicitur, c\u00f9m si tant\u00f9m adventitia, ut in Oculo Bovis recens execto\nappareat._ _~Briggs~\u2019s Ophthalm. c. 3._\n\nThe _Crystalline Humour_ being of a double Substance, outwardly like\na Gelly, towards the Center as consistent as hard Suet, upon occasion\nwhereof its Figure may be varied; which Variation may be made by the\n_Ligamentum Ciliare_; Dr. _Grew_ doth, upon these Accounts, not doubt to\nascribe to the _Ligamentum Ciliare_, a Power of making the _Crystalline_\nmore Convex, as well as of moving it to, or from the _Retina_. See\n_Grew_\u2019s _Cosmolog. Sacr._ l. 1. c. 4. Now it is certain by the Laws\nof Opticks, that somewhat of this is absolutely necessary to distinct\nVision, inasmuch as the Rays proceeding from nigh Objects do more\ndiverge, and those from distant Objects less: Which requires either that\nthe _Crystalline Humour_ should be made more Convex, or more flat; or\nelse an Elongation, or shortning of the Eye, or of the Distance between\nthe _Crystalline Humour_ and the _Retina_.\n\nBut although Dr. _Briggs_ (so good a Judge) denies the _Tunica\nCrystallina_, contrary to the Opinion of most former Anatomists; yet\nthere is great Reason to conclude he was in a Mistake, in my Opinion,\nfrom the Observations of the _French Anatomists_, of the _Crystalline_ of\nthe Eye, of the _Gemp_ or _Chamois_, who say, _The Membrana Arachno\u00efdes\nwas very thick, and hard, so that it was easily separated from the\nCrystallinus_, p. 145.\n\nThe same Anatomists also favour the Surmise of Dr. _Grew_, This\n[Contraction of the Fibres of the _Ligamentum Ciliare_ on one side,\nand Dilatation on the other] _would make us think that these Fibres of\nthe ~Ligamentum Ciliare~, are capable of Contraction, and voluntary\nDilatation, like that of the Fibres of the Muscles; and that this Action\nmay augment, or diminish the Convexity of the ~Crystallinus~, according\nas the Need which the Distance of the Objects may make it to have on the\nEye, to see more clearly and distinctly._ Anat. Descrip. of a _Bear_, p.\n49.\n\nSince my penning the foregoing Notes, having as critically as I could,\ndissected many Eyes of Birds, Beasts and Fishes, I manifestly found the\n_Membrana Arachno\u00efdes_, and will undertake to shew it any one, with\ngreat Ease and Certainty. It is indeed so transparent, as not to be seen\ndistinct from the _Crystalline_. But if the _Cornea_ and _Uvea_ be taken\noff before, or the _vitreous Humour_ behind it, and the out-side of the\n_Crystalline_ be gently cut, the _Arachno\u00efdes_ may be seen to open, and\nthe _Crystalline_ will easily leap out, and part from the _Ligamentum\nCiliare_; which otherwise it would not do: For it is by the _Arachno\u00efdes_\nbraced to the _Ligamentum Ciliare_. This Membrane or Tunick, in the Ox,\nis so substantial and strong, though thin, that it yields to, or sinks\nunder the sharpest Lancet, and requires (for so thin and weak a Membrane\nin appearance) a strong Pressure to pierce it.\n\n[dd] As Birds and Fishes are in divers Things conformable, so in some\nsort they are in their Eye; to enable it to correspond to all the\nConvergences, and Divergences of the Rays, which the Variations of each\nof the Mediums may produce. For this Service the _Tunica Choroeides_,\n(in Fishes) hath a musculous Substance at the Bottom of it, lying round\nthe optick Nerve, at a small Distance from it; by which Means I imagine\nthey are able to contract, and dilate the _Choroeides_, and thereby to\nlengthen and shorten the Eye: For the helping in which Service, I imagine\nit is that the _Choroeides_, and _Sclerotica_, are in a great Measure\nparted, that the _Choroeides_ may have the greater Liberty of acting upon\nthe Humours within.\n\nBut in Birds, I have my self found, that although the _Choroeides_ be\nparted from the _Sclerotica_; yet the _Choroeides_ hath no Muscle,\nbut instead thereof, a curious pectinated Work, seated on the optick\nNerve, represented in _Fig. 2._ In which _c.a.e.b.d._ represents the\n_Choroeides_ and _Sclerotica_: _a.b._ the Part of the _optick Nerve_,\nthat is within the Eye: _v.v.v._ the _vitreous Humour_: _a.f.g.b._ the\n_Pecten_: _h.i._ the _Crystalline_. For the Reception of this _Pecten_,\nthe _optick Nerve_ comes farther within the Eye, than in other Creatures.\nThe Structure of this _Pecten_, is very like that of the _Ligamentum\nCiliare_; and in the Eye of a _Magpy_, and some others, I could perceive\nit to be musculous towards the Bottom. This _Pecten_ is so firmly fixed\nunto, or embodied in the _vitreous Humour_, that the _vitreous Humour_\nhangs firmly to it, and is not so easily parted from it. By which\nMeans all the Motions of the _Pecten_ are easily communicated to the\n_vitreous Humour_, and indeed to all contained in the _Choroeides_. And\nforasmuch as the _Crystalline_ is connected to the _vitreous Humour_,\ntherefore also the Alterations in the _vitreous Humour_ affect also the\n_Crystalline_; and the _Crystalline_ is hereby brought nearer unto, or\nfarther from the _Retina_, as occasion is. Besides all which Observables\nin the _Choroeides_, and inner Eye, I have also found this farther\nremarkable in the _Sclerotica_, and outer-part of the Eye of Birds,\n_viz._ That the fore-part of the _Sclerotica_ is horny and hard, the\nmiddle-part thin and flexible, and _Braces_ intervene between the fore\nand hind-part, running between the _Choroeides_ and _Sclerotica_; by\nwhich Means the _Cornea_, and back-part of the Eye, are brought to the\nsame Conformity, that the rest of the Eye hath.\n\nThe great End and Design of this singular and curious _Apparatus_ in\nthe Eyes, both of Birds and Fishes, I take to be, 1. To enable those\nCreatures to see at all Distances, far off, or nigh; which (especially in\nthe Waters) requireth a different Conformation of the Eye. In Birds also,\nthis is of great Use, to enable them to see their Food at their Bill\u2019s\nEnd, or to reach the utmost Distances their high Flights enable them\nto view; as to see over great Tracts of Sea or Land, whither they have\noccasion to fly; or to see their Food or Prey, even small Fishes in the\nWaters, and Birds, Worms, _&c._ on the Earth, when they sit upon Trees,\nhigh Rocks, or are hovering high in the Air. 2. To enable those Animals\nto adapt their Eye to all the various Refractions of their _Medium_.\nEven the Air it self varies the Refractions, according as it is rarer\nor denser, more or less compressed; as is manifest from the learned and\ningenious Mr. _Lowthorp_\u2019s Experiment in _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 257. and some\nother Experiments since of the before-commended Mr. _Hawksbee_, both in\nnatural, rarify\u2019d and compressed Air; in each of which, the Refractions\nconstantly varied in exact Proportion to the Rarity or Density of the\nAir. _Vid._ _Hawksbee_\u2019s _Exp._ pag. 175, _&c._\n\nBesides this Conformity in general, between the Eyes of Birds and Fishes,\n_Du Hamel_ tells us of a singular Conformity in the _Cormorant_\u2019s Eye,\nand that is, that the _Crystalline_ is globous, as in Fishes, to enable\nit to see and pursue its Prey under Water: Which _J. Faber_, in Mr.\n_Willoughby_ saith, they do _with wonderful Swiftness, and for a long\nTime_. Will. Ornithol. p. 329.\n\n[ee] The _Crystalline Humour_, when dry\u2019d, doth manifestly enough appear\nto be made up of many very thin spherical _Lamin\u00e6_, or Scales lying one\nupon another. Mr. _Lewenhock_ reckons there may be 2000 of them in one\n_Crystalline_, from the outermost to the Center. Every one of these\nScales, he saith, he hath discovered to be made up of one single Fibre,\nor finest Thread wound, in a most stupendous Manner, this way, and that\nway, so as to run several Courses, and meet in as many Centers, and yet\nnot to interfere, or cross one another, in any one Place. In _Oxen_,\n_Sheep_, _Hogs_, _Dogs_ and _Cats_, the Thread spreads into three several\nCourses, and makes as many Centers: In _Whales_ five; but in _Hares_ and\n_Rabbets_ only two. In the whole Surface of an _Ox_\u2019s _Crystalline_, he\nreckons there are more than 12000 Fibres juxtaposited. For the right and\nclear Understanding of the Manner of which admirable Piece of Mechanism,\nI shall refer to his Cuts and Descriptions in _Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52. 165.\nand 293. The Truth hereof I have heard some ingenious Men question; but\nit is what I my self have seen, and can shew to any Body, with the Help\nof a good Microscope.\n\n[ff] _S. Malpighi_ observed the Middle of the _optick Nerve_ of the\n_Sword-Fish_, to be nothing else but a large Membrane, folded according\nto its Length in many Doubles, almost like a Fan, and invested by the\n_Dura mater_; whereas in Land-Animals it is a Bundle of Fibres. _V._\n_Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 27.\n\n[gg] _Certissimum est, qu\u00f2d in omnibus Oculis humanis (quos saltem mihi\ndissecare contigit) Nervus opticus Pupill\u00e6 \u00e8 diametro apponitur, ~&c.~\nBriggs_\u2019s Ophthal. c. 3. \u00a7. 15. Ita _Willis de Anim. Brut._ p. 1. c. 15.\n\n_Nervi Optici in nobis, item in Cane, Fele (& in cateris forsan\nanimalibus calidis) ad fundum Oculi delati Pupilla regioni prospiciunt,\ndum interim in aliis Quadrupedibus, uti etiam in Piscibus & Volueribus,\nobliqu\u00e8 semper Tunica Sclerotidi inseruntur. Unde, ~&c.~_ _Willis Ib._ c.\n7. \u00a7. 11.\n\n[hh] _This Pair is united at its Rise; whence is commonly drawn a Reason\nwhy one Eye being mov\u2019d towards an Object, the other is directed also to\nthe same._ Gibson\u2019s Anat. _Book III. Chap. 11._ So _Bartholine Anat._\nLibellus 3. c. 2.\n\n[ii] Among all the other Security the Eye hath, we may reckon the\nReparation of the _aqueous Humour_; by which Means the Eye when\nwounded, and that in all Appearance very dangerously too, doth often\nrecover its Sight: Of which _Bern. Verzascha_ gives divers Examples\nancient and modern. One is from _Galen_, of a Boy so wounded, that the\n_Cornea_ fell, and became flaccid, but yet recovered his Sight. Other\nsuch like Instances also he gives from _Realdus Columbus_, _Rhodius_,\nand _Tulpius_; and one that he cured himself in these Words, _Ego in\nNobilissimi viri filiol\u00e2 similem casum observavi: h\u00e6c dum levibus\nde causis cum fratre altercaret, iste iracundi\u00e2 percitus cultellum\nScriptorium apprehendit, & sororis oculo vulnus infligit, inde humor\naqueus effluxit. Vocatus pr\u00e6sentem Chirurgum jussi sequens collyrium\nanodynum & exsiccans tepid\u00e8 s\u00e6pi\u00f9s admovere. ~\u211e~ aq. Plantag. ~\u2125iv.~\nRosar. Sanicul. Euphras. ~ana~ Trochisc. alb. Rhaf. cum Opio ~\u2108ii.~\nTuti\u00e6 pp. ~\u2108i.~ Croci orient. ~\u2108ss. M.~ Hoc Collyrium inflammationem\ncompescuit, vulnus siccavit & sanavit. Hinc post aliquot menses Humor\naqueus succrevit. Nam visus, sed dibilior, cum summo parentum gaudio\nredivit._ B. Verzasch\u00e6 Observ. Medic\u00e6. Obs. 14.\n\nAnother Cure of this kind, was experimented by Dr. _Daniel Major_, upon a\nGoose, Ann. 1670, the _aqueous Humour_ of both whose Eyes they let out,\nso that the Eyes fell, and the _Goose_ became quite blind: But without\nthe Use of any Medicine, in about two Days Time, Nature repaired the\nwatery Humour again, the Eyes returned to their Former Turgency, and the\n_Goose_ was in a Week after produced seeing before twenty eight or thirty\nSpectators. _Ephem. Germ._ T. 1. Add. ad. Obs. 117.\n\nFrom the same Cause, I doubt not, it was that the Eye of a Gentleman\u2019s\nDaughter, and those of a Cock, when wounded, so that the _Cornea_ sunk,\nwere restored by a _Lithuanian_ Chymist, that passed for a Conjurer, by\nthe Use of a Liquor found in _May_, in the Vesicul\u00e6 of _Elm_. Of which\nsee Mr. _Ray\u2019s Catal. Cantab._ in _Ulmus_ from _Henr. ab Heers_.\n\n[kk] _Palpebr\u00e6, qu\u00e6 sunt tegumenta Oculorum, mollissim\u00e6 tactu, n\u00e8\nlederent aciem, aptissim\u00e6 fact\u00e6, & ad claudendas Pupillas, n\u00e8 quid\nincideret, & ad aperiendas; idque providit, ut identidem fieri posset cum\nmaxim\u00e2 celeritate. Munit\u00e6que sunt Palpebr\u00e6 tanqu\u00e0m vallo pilorum: quibus\n& apertis Oculis, si quid incideret, repelleretur, & somno conniventibus,\nc\u00f9m Oculis ad cernendum non egerimus, ut qui, tanqu\u00e0m involuti,\nqui\u00e8scerent. Latent pr\u00e6tere\u00e0 utiliter, & excelsis undique partibus\nsepiuntur. Prim\u00f9m enim superiora Superciliis obducta sudorem \u00e0 capit\u00e6,\n& fronte destuentem repellunt. Gen\u00e6 deinde ab inferiore parte tutantur\nsubject\u00e6, leviterque eminentes._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 57.\n\n_Tully_, in the Person of a _Stoick_, having so well accounted for\nthe Use of the _Eye-Lids_, I shall for a further Manifestation of the\nCreator\u2019s Contrivance and Structure of them, take notice of two or three\nThings: 1. They consist of a thin and flexible, but strong Skin, by which\nmeans they the better wipe, clean, and guard the _Cornea_. 2. Their Edges\nare fortified with a soft _Cartilage_, by which means they are not only\nenabled the better to do their Office, but also to close and shut the\nbetter. 3. Out of these Cartilages grow a Pallisade of stiff Hairs, of\ngreat Use to warn the Eye of the Invasion of Dangers, to keep off Motes,\nand to shut out too excessive Light, _&c._ and at the same time to admit\nof (through their Intervals) a sufficient Passage for Objects to approach\nthe Eye. And it is remarkable, that these Hairs grow but to a certain,\ncommodious Length, and need no cutting, as many other Hairs of the Body\ndo: Also, that their Points stand out of the way, and in the upper-lid\nbend upwards, as they do downwards in the lower lid, whereby they are\nwell adapted to their Use. From which last Observables, we may learn how\ncritical and nice the great Author of Nature hath been, in even the least\nand most trivial Conveniencies belonging to Animal Bodies; for which\nReason I have added it to _Tully_\u2019s Remarks. And more might have been\nadded too, as particularly concerning the curious Structure and Lodgment\nof the _Right Muscle_, which opens the Eye-Lids; and the _Orbicularis_,\nor _Circular_ one, that shuts them; the nice _Apparatus_ of Glands that\nkeep the Eye moist, and serve for _Tears_; together with the Reason why\nMan alone, who is a social Animal, doth exhibit his social Affections\nby such outward Tokens as _Tears_; the _Nerves_ also, and other Organs\nacting in this Ministry. I might also speak of the Passages for\ndischarging the superfluous Moisture of the Eyes through the Nostrils,\nand much more of the like kind. But it would take up too much Room in\nthese Notes; and therefore it shall suffice to give only such Hints as\nmay create a Suspicion of a noble \u0152conomy and Contrivance in this (I had\nalmost said) least considerable part of the Eye. But for Particulars I\nshall refer to the Anatomists; and for some of these Things, particularly\nto Dr. _Willis_\u2019s _Cereb. Anat._ and _de Anim. Brut._ and Mr. _Cowper_\u2019s\nElegant Cuts in the 11\u1d57\u02b0 _Tab._ of his _Anatomy_.\n\nTo the Eye-Lids we may add another Guard afforded the Eyes of most\nQuadrupeds, Birds, and Fishes, by the _nictitating Membrane_, which Dr.\n_Willis_ gives this Account of, _Plurimis ~[Animalibus]~ quibus Musculus\nsuspensorius adest_ (which Limitation he needed not to have added)\n_etiam alter Membranosus conceditur, qui juxta interiorem oculi canthum\nsitus, quando elevatur, Oculi globum fer\u00e8 totum obtegit. Hujus usus esse\nvidetur, ut c\u00f9m Besti\u00e6 inter gramina, ~&c.~ capita sua propter victum\ncapessendum demergunt, hic Musculus Oculi Pupillam, n\u00e8 \u00e0 stipularum\nincursu seriatur, oculit, munitque._ De Anim. Brut. p. 1. c. 15.\n\nThis Membrane Man hath not, he having little Occasion to thrust his\nHead into such Places of Annoyance, as Beasts and other Animals; or if\nhe hath, he can defend his Eyes with his Hands. But Birds (who frequent\nTrees and Bushes) and Quadrupeds, (Hedges and long Grass) and who have no\npart ready, like the Hand, to fence off Annoyances; these, I say, have\nthis incomparable Provision made for the Safety of their Eyes. And for\nFishes, as they are destitute of Eye-Lids, because in the Waters there is\nno occasion for a Defensative against Dust and Motes, offensive to the\nEyes of Land Animals, nor to moisten and wipe the Eyes, as the Eye-Lids\ndo, so the _Nictitating-Membrane_ is an abundant Provision for all their\nOccasions, without the Addition of the Eye-Lids.\n\nAnd now, if we reflect, are these the Works of any Thing but a wise and\nindulgent Agent?\n\n[ll] Although the Hardness and Firmness of the _Adnata_, or _Sclerotica_\nin Birds, is a good Guard to their Eyes, yet I do not think it is made\nthus, so much for a Defence, as to minister to the lengthning and\nshortning the Eye, mentioned before in _Note (cc)._\n\n[mm] _Cochleis oculorum vicem Cornicula bina pratentu implent._ Plin.\nNat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37. See more of the Eyes of _Snails_ before in _Note\n(k)_; and in _Note (l)_, I said that I suspected _Moles_ also might\nthrust out, or withdraw their Eyes more or less within the Hair or Skin.\n\n[nn] The diligent _Sturmius_ was fully persuaded there could not be any\nspeculative Atheism in any one that should well survey the Eye. _Nobis_,\nsaith he, _fuit persuasissimum. Atheismum, quem vocant speculativum, h.\ne. obsirmatam de Deitate in Universo null\u00e2 persuasionem, habere locum\naut inveniri non posse in eo homine, qui vel unius corporis organici, &\nspeciatim Oculi fabricam attento animo aspexerit._ Sturm. Exerc. Acad. 9.\nDe Vis. Organ. & Rat. in Epilogo.\n\n[oo] The glorious Landskips, and other Objects that present themselves\nto the Eye, are manifestly painted on the _Retina_, and that not erect,\nbut inverted as the Laws of Opticks require; and is manifest to the Eye\nfrom _Monsieur Cartes_\u2019s Experiment, of laying bare the vitreous Humour\non the back part of the Eye, and clapping over it a Bit of white Paper,\nor the Skin of an Egg; and then placing the fore-part of the Eye to the\nHole of the Window of a darkned Room. By which means we have a pretty\nLandskip of the Objects abroad invertedly painted on the Paper, on the\nback of the Eye. But now the Question is, How in this Case the Eye comes\nto see the Objects erect? _Monsieur Cartes_\u2019s Answer is, _Notitia illius\nex null\u00e2 imagine pendet, nec ex ull\u00e2 actione ab objectis veniente, sed ex\nsolo situ exiguarum partium cerebri, \u00e8 quibus Nervi expullulant.\u2014\u2014E.g.\ncogitandum in Oculo\u2014\u2014situm capillamenti nervi optici\u2014\u2014respondere ad\nalium quendam partis cerebri\u2014\u2014qui facit ut Anima singula loca cognoscat,\nqu\u00e6 jacent in rect\u00e2, aut quasi rect\u00e2 line\u00e6; ut ita mirari non debeamus\ncorpora in naturali situ videri, quamvis imago in oculo delineata\ncontrarium habeat._ Dioptr. c. 6. But our most ingenious Mr. _Molyneux_\nanswereth thus, _The Eye is only the Organ or Instrument, \u2019tis the Soul\nthat sees by means of the Eye. To enquire then how the Soul perceives\nthe Object erect, by an inverted Image, is to enquire into the Soul\u2019s\nFaculties\u2014\u2014But erect and inverted are only Terms of Relation to up and\ndown; or farther from, or nigher to the Center of the Earth, in Parts\nof the same Thing.\u2014\u2014But the Eye, or visive Faculty takes no notice of\nthe internal Posture of its own Parts, but useth them as an Instrument\nonly, contrived by Nature for the Exercise of such a Faculty.\u2014\u2014Let us\nimagine, that the Eye ~(on its lower Part)~ receives an Impulse ~[by a\nRay from the upper part of the Object]~ must not the visive Faculty be\nnecessarily directed hereby to consider this Stroke, as coming from the\ntop rather than the bottom ~[of the Object]~ and consequently be directed\nto conclude it the Representation of the top? Hereof we may be satisfied,\nby supposing a Man standing on his Head. For here, though the upper Parts\nof Objects are painted on the upper Parts of the Eye, yet the Objects are\njudged to be erect. What is said of Erect and Reverse, may be understood\nof Sinister and Dexter._ Molyneux\u2019s Dioptr. Nov. Part I. Prop. 28.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. III.\n\n_Of the Sense of Hearing._\n\n\nConcerning the Sense of _Hearing_, I shall take notice of two Things, the\nOrgan, the _Ear_; and its Object, _Sound_.\n\nI. For the Organ, the _Ear_; I shall pass by its convenient Number of\nbeing double, which (as in the last Sense) serves for the commodious\nHearing every way round us; as also a wise Provision for the utter Loss\nor Injury[a] of one of the Ears. But I shall a little insist upon its\nSituation, and its admirable Fabrick and Parts.\n\n1. It is situated in the most convenient Part of the Body, (like as I\nsaid the Eye is) in a Part near the common Sensory in the Brain, to give\nthe more speedy Information; in a Part where it can be best guarded, and\nwhere it is most free from Annoyances and Harms it self, and where it\ngives the least Annoyance and Hindrance to the Exercises of any other\nPart; in a Part appropriated to the peculiar Use of the principal Senses,\nin the most lofty, eminent Part of the Body, where it can perceive the\nmost Objects, and receive the greatest Information: And lastly, in a\nPart in the Neighbourhood of its Sister Sense the Eye, with whom it\nhath peculiar and admirable Communication by its Nerves, as I intend to\nshew in its proper Place. In respect then of its Situation and Place in\nthe Body, this Sense is well designed and contrived, and may so far be\naccounted the Work of some admirable Artist. But,\n\n2. If we survey its Fabrick and Parts, it will appear to be an admirable\nPiece of the Divine Wisdom, Art, and Power. For the Manifestation of\nwhich, let us distinctly survey the outward and the inward Part of its\ncurious Organ.\n\n1. For the _outward Ear_: If we observe its Structure in all Kinds of\nAnimals, it must needs be acknowledged to be admirably Artificial,\nit being so nicely prepared, and adjusted to the peculiar Occasions\nof each respective Animal. In Man[b], it is of a Form proper for the\nerect Posture of his Body. In Birds, of a Form proper for Flight; not\nprotuberant, because that would obstruct their Progress, but close and\ncovered, to afford the easier Passage through the Air. In Quadrupeds,\nits Form is agreeable to the Posture, and slower Motion of their Bodies;\nand in these too, various, according to their various Occasions. In some\nlarge, erect, and open, to hear the least Approaches of Dangers[c],\nin others covered, to keep out noxious Bodies. In the Subterraneous\nQuadrupeds, who are forced to mine, and dig for their Food and\nHabitation, as a protuberant Ear, like that of other Quadrupeds, would\nobstruct their Labours, and be apt to be torn and injured; so they have\nthe contrary[d], their Ears short, lodged deep and backward in their\nHead, and passing to the under Part thereof, and all sufficiently fenced\nand guarded. And as for Insects, Reptiles, and the Inhabitants of the\nWaters, if they enjoy this Sense, (as there is great Reason to think they\ndo,) it may probably be lodged commodiously under the same Security and\nGuard, as the Smelling, or some other Sense is.\n\nAnd moreover, as the Form of this Organ is various in various Animals,\nso in each of them its Structure is very curious and observable, being\nin all admirably contrived to collect the wandering, circumambient\nImpressions, and Undulations of Sound, and to convey them to the Sensory\nwithin. If I should run over the several _Genera_ of Animals, we might\nfind a notable Prospect of the handy-work of God[e], even in this so\ninconsiderable Part of Animals. But I shall only carry my Survey to that\nof Man. And here the first Thing that offereth it self to our View, is\nthe _Helix_, with its tortuous Cavities, made to stop, and collect the\nsonorous Undulations, to give them a gentle Circulation and Refraction,\nand so convey them to the _Concha_, or larger and more capacious round\nCell at the Entrance of the Ear. And to bridle the Evagation of the\nSound, when arrived so far, but withal not to make a Confusion thereof,\nby any disagreeable Repercussions, we may take notice of a very curious\nProvision in those little Protuberances, called the _Tragus_, and\n_Antitragus_ of the outward Ear, of a commodious Form and Texture[f], and\nconveniently lodged for this Use. The great Convenience and Benefit of\nthis Form and Contrivance of the outward Ear, is sufficiently manifest\nby the want thereof, which causeth a _Confusion in the Hearing, with a\ncertain Murmur, or Swooing like the Fall of Waters_[g].\n\nAnother wise Provision of the Creator, is in the Substance of the outward\nEar, which is cartilaginous, the fittest for this Place. For (as an\ningenious Anatomist[h] observes) \u201cIf it had been Bone, it would have been\ntroublesome, and might by many Accidents have been broken off: If Flesh,\nit would have been subject to Contusion\u201d. But indeed a worse Consequence\nthan this would have ensu\u2019d such a Softness as that of Flesh, and that\nis, it would neither have remain\u2019d expanded, neither would it so kindly\nreceive and circulate the Sounds, but absorb, retard, or blunt their\nProgress into the inward Organ. But being hard, and curiously smooth and\ntortuous, Sounds find an easie Passage, with a regular Volutation and\nRefraction: As in a well-built Arch, Grotto, or musical Instrument, which\nmagnify and meliorate Sounds; and some of which convey even a Whisper to\na large Distance[i]: But from the outward, let us carry our Survey,\n\n2. To the inward Part of this admirable Organ. And here we find the\nmost curious and artful Provision for every Emergency and Occasion. The\n_auditory Passage_, in the first Place, curiously tunnelled, and artfully\nturned, to give Sounds an easie Passage, as well as a gentle Circulation\nand Refraction; but withal, so as to prevent their too furious rushing\nin, and assaulting the more tender Parts within.\n\nAnd forasmuch as it is necessary that this Passage should be always\nopen, to be upon the Watch[k]; therefore to prevent the Invasion of\nnoxious Insects, or other Animals, (who are apt to make their retreat in\nevery little Hole), Nature hath secured this Passage[l], with a bitter\nnauseous Excrement[m], afforded from the Glands[n] appointed for that\nPurpose.\n\nFrom hence let us approach the most inward Parts, in which we shall see\nStrokes of the most exquisite Art. To pass over the _innate Air_, that\nmost Authors talk of[o], (because there is no such) the passage to the\nPalate[p], and their Uses, with divers other curious Things that might\nbe named; let us stop a little at the Part containing the rest, namely,\nthe Bone[q]. The particular Texture and Hardness of which, above other\nBones of the Body, is very remarkable; whereby it serves not only as a\nsubstantial Guard to the Sensory, but also to oppose the Impulses of the\n\u00e6therial Matter, that there may be no loss, nor Confusion in the Sound;\nbut that it may be conveyed regularly, and intirely to the auditory\nNerves.\n\nThe next Part I shall take Notice of, may be that fine Membrane, called\nthe _Tympanum_, or _Membrana Tympani_[r], with its inner Membrane[s];\ntogether with the four little appendent Bones[t], and the three inner\nMuscles to move them, and adjust the whole _Compages_ to the several\nPurposes of Hearing, to hear all Manner of Sounds, loud or languid,\nharsh or grateful[u].\n\nFrom this Region of the _Tympanum_, I might pass to that of the\n_Labyrinth_[w], and therein survey the curious and admirable Structure\nof the _Vestibulum_, the _Semicircular Canals_[x], and _Cochlea_;\nparticularly the artificial Gyrations, and other singular Curiosities\nobservable in the two latter.\n\nBut I shall not expatiate on these recluse Parts; only there is one\nspecial Contrivance of the Nerves, ministring to this Sense of Hearing,\nwhich must not be passed by; and that is, the Branches of one of the\n_auditory Nerves_[y], spread partly to the Muscles of the Ear, partly to\nthe Eye, partly to the Tongue and Instruments of Speech, and inosculated\nwith the Nerves to go to the Heart and Breast. By which Means there is an\nadmirable, and useful Content between these Parts of the Body; it being\nnatural for most Animals, upon the Hearing any uncouth Sound, to erect\ntheir Ears, and prepare them to catch every Sound; to open their Eyes\n(those constant faithful Sentinels) to stand upon their Watch; and to\nbe ready with the Mouth to call out, or utter what the present Occasion\nshall dictate. And accordingly it is very usual for most Animals, when\nsurpriz\u2019d, and terrify\u2019d with any Noise, presently to shriek and cry out.\n\nBut there is besides this, in Man, another great Use of this nervous\nCommerce between the Ear and Mouth: And that is, (as one of the best\nAuthors on this Subject expresseth it)[z], \u201cThat the Voice may correspond\nwith the Hearing, and be a kind of Echo thereof, that what is _heard_\nwith _one_ of the two Nerves, may be readily expressed with the Voice, by\nthe help of the _other_.\u201d\n\nThus much shall suffice to have spoken concerning the Organ. Let us,\n\nII. Take Notice of the _Object_ of this admirable Sense, namely, _Sound_;\nand so conclude this Chapter. I shall not here enquire into the Nature\nand Properties of _Sound_, which is in a great Measure intricate, and\nhath puzzelled the best Naturalists: Neither shall I shew how this\nadmirable Effect of the divine Contrivance, may be improv\u2019d to divers\nUses[aa] and Purposes in humane Life; but my Business will be to shew\nthat this Thing, of so admirable Use in the animal World, is the Work of\nGod. And this will appear, let the subject Matter of Sounds be what it\nwill; either the Atmosphere[bb] in Gross, or the \u00e6therial Part thereof,\nor soniferous Particles of Bodies, as some fancy, or whatever else the\nPhilosopher may think it. For who but an intelligent Being, what less\nthan an omnipotent and infinitely wise God could contrive, and make\nsuch a fine Body, such a Medium, so susceptible of every Impression,\nthat the Sense of Hearing hath occasion for, to empower all Animals to\nexpress their Sense and Meaning to others; to make known their Fears,\ntheir Wants, their Pains and Sorrows in melancholick Tones; their Joys\nand Pleasures in more harmonious Notes; to send their Minds at great\nDistances[cc], in a short Time[dd], in loud Boations; or to express their\nThoughts near at hand with a gentle Voice, or in secret Whispers! And to\nsay no more, who less than the same most wise and indulgent Creator,\ncould form such an Oeconomy, as that of Melody and Musick is! That the\n_Medium_ should (as I said) so readily receive every Impression of\nSound, and convey the melodious Vibration of every musical String, the\nharmonious Pulses of every animal Voice, and of every musical Pipe; and\nthe Ear be as well adapted, and ready to receive all these Impressions,\nas the _Medium_ to convey them: And lastly, that by Means of the curious\nLodgment, and Inosculations of the _auditory Nerves_ before-mentioned,\nthe Orgasms of the Spirits should be allay\u2019d, and Perturbations of the\nMind, in a great Measure quieted and stilled[ee]: Or to express it in\nthe Words of the last-cited famous Author[ff], \u201cThat Musick should not\nonly affect the Fancy with Delight; but also give Relief to the Grief and\nSadness of the Heart; yea, appease all those turbulent Passions, which\nare excited in the Breast by an immoderate Ferment, and Fluctuation of\nthe Blood\u201d.\n\nAnd now, who can reflect upon all this curious Apparatus of the _Sense of\nHearing_, and not give the great Creator his due Praise! Who can survey\nall this admirable Work, and not as readily own it to be the Work of an\nomnipotent, and infinitely wise and good _GOD_[gg], as the most artful\nMelodies we hear, are the Voice or Performances of a living Creature!\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] I presume it will not be ungrateful to take notice here of the\nadmirable, as well as useful Sagacity of some deaf Persons, that have\nlearnt to supply their want of _Hearing_ by understanding what is said\nby the Motion of the Lips. My very ingenious Friend Mr. _Waller_, _R. S.\nSecr._ gives this Account, _There live now and have from their Birth,\nin our Town, a Man and his Sister, each about fifty Years old, neither\nof which have the least Sense of Hearing,\u2014\u2014yet both of these know, by\nthe Motion of the Lips only, whatever is said to them, and will answer\npertinently to the Question proposed to them\u2014\u2014The Mother told me they\ncould hear very well, and speak when they were Children, but both lost\nthat Sense afterwards, which makes them retain their Speech; though\nthat, to Persons not used to them, is a little uncouth and odd, but\nintelligible enough._ Phil. Trans. No. 312.\n\nSuch another Instance is that of Mr. _Goddy_, Minister of St. _Gervais_\nin _Geneva_, his Daughter. _She is now about sixteen Years old. Her Nurse\nhad an extraordinary Thickness of Hearing; at a Year old, the Child spake\nall those little Words that Children begin to speak at that Age.\u2014\u2014At two\nYears old, they perceived she had lost her Hearing, and was so Deaf, that\never since, though she hears great Noises, yet she hears nothing that one\ncan speak to her.\u2014\u2014But by observing the Motions of the Mouth and Lips\nof others, she hath acquired so many Words, that out of these she hath\nformed a sort of Jargon, in which she can hold Conversation whole Days\nwith those that can speak her own Language. I could understand some of\nher Words, but could not comprehend a Period, for it seemed to be but a\nconfused Noise. She knows nothing that is said to her, unless she seeth\nthe Motion of their Mouths that speak to her; so that in the Night, when\nit is necessary to speak to her, they must light a Candle. Only one thing\nappeared the strangest part of the whole Narration: She hath a Sister,\nwith whom she hath practised her Language more than with any other: And\nin the Night, by laying her Hand on her Sister\u2019s Mouth, she can perceive\nby that what she saith, and so can discourse with her in the Night._\nBishop _Burnet_\u2019s Let. 4. p. 248.\n\n[b] I cannot but admire that our most eminent modern Anatomists should\nnot agree, whether there be any Muscles in the outward Ear of Man or\nnot. Dr. _Keil_ saith there are two; Dr. _Drake_ the same Number; and\nDr. _Gibson_ makes them to be four. So also doth _Monsieur Dionis_, and\nso did the ancient Anatomists: But Dr. _Schelhammer_ expressly denies\nthere are any, and saith, _Seduxit autem reliquos Brutorum Anatome,\nin quorum plerisque tales Musculi plures inveniuntur; put\u00e2runt autem\nfortassis ignominiosum Homini, si non & his instructus esset, & min\u00f9s\ninde perfectum animal fore._ Schel. de Auditu p. 1. c. 1. \u00a7. 7. But\n_Valsalva_, who wrote very lately, and is very accurate in his Survey\nof the Ear, saith, _Musculi auricul\u00e6 posteriores quandoque quatuor,\nquandoque duo; sed ut plurim\u00f9m tres adnotantur; & quando sol\u00f9m duo se\nmanifestant, tunc unus ex illis duplicato tendine vers\u00f9s Concham deferri\nsolet. Horum musculorum in numero varietatem non sol\u00f9m in diversis; ver\u00f9m\netiam in eodem subjecto quandoque vidi\u2014\u2014Ex quibus differentiis subort\u00e6\nsunt Auctorum discrepanti\u00e6 in horum Musculorum numero, & positu:\u2014\u2014quod\nnon evenisset, si pluries in diversis Corporibus iidem Musculi qu\u00e6siti\nessent._ Ant. Mar. _Valsalva de Aur. Human._ c. 1. \u00a7. 6. But Dr. _Drake_\nthinks some of _Valsalva_\u2019s Muscles the Product of Fancy. Mr. _Cowper_\nmakes them to be three, one _Attollent_, and two _Retrabent Muscles_. See\n_Anat._ Tab. 12.\n\n[c] _Inter c\u00e6tera ~[animalia aurita]~ maxim\u00e8 admirabilis est auris\nleporin\u00e6 fabrica, quod c\u00f9m timidissimum animal sit, & prorsus inerme,\nnatura id tum auditu acurissimo, tanquam hostium exploratore ad\nperfentienda pericula, tum pedibus ceu armis ad currendum aptis munisse\nvidetur._ A. Kircher\u2019s _Phonurg._ l. 1. \u00a7. 7. Technas. 2.\n\n[d] _Moles_ have no protuberant Ear, but only a round Hole between the\nNeck and Shoulder; which Situation of it, together with the thick,\nshort Fur that covers it, is a sufficient Defensative against external\nAnnoyances. The _Meatus Auditorius_ is long, round and cartilaginous,\nreaching to the under part of the Skull. Round the inside runs a little\nRidge, resembling two Threads of a Skrew; at the Bottom whereof is a\npretty Inlet, leading to the Drum, made, on one side with the aforesaid\ncochleous Ridge, and on the other, with a small Cartilage. I observed\nthere was _Cerumen_ in the _Meatus_.\n\nAs to the _inner Ear_, it is somewhat singular, and different from that\nof the other Quadrupeds, and much more from Birds, although I have met\nwith some Authors that make it agreeing with that of Birds. There are\nthree small Bones only (all hollow) by which the _Drum_ (to use the\nold Appellation) or the _Membrana Tympani_ (as others call it) acteth\nupon the _Auditory Nerve_. The first is the _Malleus_, which hath two\nProcesses nearly of equal Length; the longer of which is braced to\nthe _Membrana Tympani_, the shorter to the side of the _Drum_ or _Os\nPetrosum_; the back part of it resembles the Head and Stalk of a small\n_Mushroom_, such as are pickled. On the back of the _Malleus_ lies the\nnext small Bone, which may be called the _Incus_, long, and without any\nProcess, having somewhat the Form of the short Scoop wherewith Water-men\nthrow the Water out of their Wherries. To the end of this the third and\nlast small Bone is tacked by a very tender Brace. This little Bone bears\nthe Office of the _Stapes_, but is only forked without any Base. One of\nthese Forks is at one _Fenestra_, or _Foramen_, the other at another; in\nwhich _Fenestra_ I apprehend the Forks are tacked to the Auditory Nerve.\nThese _Fenestra_ (equivalent to the _Fenestra Ovalis_, and _Rotunda_ in\nothers) are the Inlets into the _Cochlea_ and _Canales Semicirculares_,\nin which the _Auditory Nerve_ lieth. The _Semicircular Canales_ lie at a\ndistance from the _Drum_, and are not lodged (as in other Animals) in a\nstrong, thick Body of Bone, but are thrust out, within the Skull, making\nan _Antrum_, with an handsome _Arch_ leading into it, into which a part\nof the Brain enters.\n\nOne Leg of the _Malleus_ being fastned to the _Membrana Tympani_, and the\n_Incus_ to the back of the _Malleus_, and the top of that to the top of\nthe _Stapes_, and the Forks or Branches of the _Stapes_ to the _Auditory\nNerve_, I observed that whenever I moved the Membrane, all the little\nBones were at the same time moved, and consequently the _Auditory Nerve_\nthereby affected also.\n\nI hope the Reader will excuse me for being so particular in this Organ\nonly of the _Mole_, a despised Creature, but as notable an Example of\n_God_\u2019s Work, as its Life is different from that of other Quadrupeds; for\nwhich Reason it partly is that I have enlarged on this part differing\nfrom that of others, and which no Body that I know of, hath taken much\nnotice of, and which is not discoverable without great Patience and\nApplication; and partly because by comparing these Observations with\n_Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (d)_, we may judge how the Sense of Hearing is\nperformed.\n\n[e] _Among many Varieties, both in the inner and outer Ear, those which\nappear in the Passage into the Rock-Bone, are remarkable. For in an ~Owl~,\nthat perches on a Tree or Beam, and hearkens after the Prey beneath\nher, it is produced farther out above than it is below, for the better\nReception of the least Sound. But in a Fox, that scouteth underneath the\nPrey at Roost; it is for the same Reason, produced farther out below. In\na ~Pole-Cat~, which hearkens strait forward, it is produced behind, for\nthe taking of a forward Sound. Whereas in a ~Hare~, which is very quick\nof Hearing, and thinks of nothing but being pursued, it is supplied with\na bony Tube, which as a natural Otocoustick, is so directed backward, as\nto receive the smallest and most distant Sound that comes behind her._\nGrew\u2019s Cosmolog. Sacr. _lib. 1. c. 5. \u00a7. 6_.\n\n[f] The Texture of the _Tragus_ and _Antitragus_, is softer than that of\nthe _Helix_, which serveth gently to blunt, not forcibly to repel the\nSound in the _Concha_.\n\n[g] Dr. _Gibson_\u2019s Anatomy, _Chap. 22. Book III_.\n\n_Those whose Ears are cut off, have but a confused way of Hearing, and\nare obliged either to form a Cavity round the Ear with their own Hands,\nor else to make use of a Horn, and apply the end of it to the inner\nCavity of the Ear, on order to receive the agitated Air. \u2019Tis likewise\nobserved, that those whose Ears jut out, hear better than flat-eared\nPersons_. Monsieur Dionis\u2019s _Anat. Demonstr. 8_.\n\n[h] _Gibs._ Ibid.\n\n[i] It would nauseate the Reader to reckon up the Places famed for the\nConveyance of Whispers, such as the Prison of _Dionysius_ at _Syracuse_,\nwhich is said to encrease a Whisper to a Noise; the clapping ones Hands\nto the Sound of a Cannon, &c. Nor the _Aquaducts_ of _Claudius_, which\ncarry a Voice sixteen Miles, and many others both Ancient and Modern. If\nthe Reader hath a mind to be entertained in this way, he may find enough\nin _Kircher_\u2019s _Phonurgia_. But it may not be irksome to mention one or\ntwo of our own in _England_. Among which, one of the most famed is the\n_Whispering-Place_ in _Gloucester Cathedral_, which is no other than a\nGallery above the East-end of the Choir, leading from one side thereof\nto the other. It consisteth, (if I mistake not) of five Angles, and six\nSides, the middle-most of which is a naked, uncovered Window, looking\ninto a Chapel behind it. I guess the two Whisperers stand at about twenty\nfive Yards Distance from one another. But the _Dome_ of St. _Paul_\u2019s,\n_London_, is a more considerable _Whispering-Place_, where the ticking\nof a Watch (when no Noise is in the Streets) may be heard from Side to\nSide; yea, a Whisper may be sent all round the _Dome_. And not only in\nthe Gallery below, but above, upon the Scaffold, I tried, and found that\na Whisper would be carried over one\u2019s Head round the top of the Arch,\nnotwithstanding there is a large Opening in the middle of it into the\nupper part of the _Dome_.\n\n[k] _Auditus autem semper patet: ejus enim sensu etiam dormientes egemus:\nA quo c\u00f9m sonus est acceptus, etiam \u00e8 somno excitamur. Flexuosum iter\nhabet, n\u00e8 quid intrare possit, si simplex, & directum pateret; provisum\netiam, ut siqua minima bestiola conaretur irrumpere, in sordibus aurium,\ntanqu\u00e0m in visco, inh\u00e6resceret._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 57.\n\nIt deserves a particular Remark here, that in Infants in the Womb, and\nnewly born, the _Meatus Auditorius_ is shut up very closely, partly by\nthe Constriction of the Passage, and partly by a glutinous Substance,\nwhereby the _Tympanum_ is guarded against the Water in the _Secundine_,\nand against the Injuries of the Air as soon as the Infant is born.\n\n[l] It is remarkable, that in most, if not all Animals, whose Ears are\ntunnelled, or where the _Meatus Auditorius_ is long enough to afford\nHarbour to _Ear-wigs_, or other Insects; that, I say, in the Ears of\nsuch, _Ear-wax_ is constantly to be found. But in Birds, whose Ears are\ncovered with Feathers, and where the _Tympanum_ lies but a little way\nwithin the Skull, no _Ear-wax_ is found, because none is necessary to the\nEars so well guarded, and so little tunnelled.\n\n[m] The _Ear-wax_ was thought by the old Anatomists to be an Excrement of\nthe Brain: _Humor biliosus \u00e0 cerebro expugnatus_, the _Bartholines_ say\nof it, l. 3. _c. 9._ But as _Schelhammer_ well observes, _Nil absurdius,\nqu\u00e0m cerebri excrementum hoc statuere. Nam & ratio nulla suadet, ut in\ncerebro fieri excrementum tale credamus:\u2014\u2014neque vi\u00e6 patent per quas ab eo\nseclusum in meatum auditorium possit inde penetrare._ As to its Taste,\n_Casserius_ gives Instances of its being sweet in some Creatures. But\n_Schelhammer_ says, _Ego ver\u00f2 semper, cum amaritie aliquid dulcedinis in\nillo deprehendi_. Vid. Schel. de Audit. _p. 1. c. 2. \u00a7. 10_. But I could\nnever distinguish any Sweetness in it; but think it insipid mixed with a\nBitterness.\n\n[n] _Cerumina amara Arteriolis exudantia._ Willis de Anim. Brut. _par.\n1. c. 14_. _In the Skin\u2014\u2014are little Glands, which furnish a yellow and\nbitter Humour._ Monsieur Dionis\u2019s Dem. 18. An handsome Cut of those\n_Glandul\u00e6 ceruminos\u00e6_ is in Dr. _Drake_, from _Valsalva_.\n\n_Pliny_ attributes a great Virtue to the _Ear-wax_; _Morsus hominis inter\nasperrimos numeratur: medentur sordes ex auribus: ac ne quis miretur,\netiam Scorpionum ictibus Serpentiumque statim imposit\u00e6._ Plin. Nat. Hist.\n_l. 28. c. 4_. And that it hath an healing Quality, and may be accounted\na good Balsam, I my self have experienced.\n\n[o] That there is such a Thing as the _innate Air_, (talked of much by\nmost Authors on this Subject) _Schelhammer_ very justly, I think, denies,\nby Reason there is a Passage into the inner Ear from the Throat, through\nwhich the _innate Air_ may pass out, and the outward Air enter in. _V._\n_Par. Alt._ p. 2. c. 1. \u00a7. 10. When by stopping our Breath, and Straining,\nwe force the external Air into the Ear, it may be heard rushing in; and\nif much be forced in, it may be felt also to beat against the _Tympanum_.\nWhen the Passage to the Throat is by any Means stopp\u2019d, as by a Cold in\nthe Head, &c. the Hearing thereby becomes dull and blunt; by Reason the\nCommunication between the outward and inward Air are obstructed: But when\nby strong Swallowing, or such-like Motion of the Throat, the Passage is\nopened, we perceive it by a sudden Smack or Crack, and we immediately\nhear very clearly; the load of feculent Air being at that Time discharged\nfrom the inner Ear.\n\nIt is a wise Provision, that the Passage for the Air into the Ear, is\nfrom the Throat; _Ut non statim quivis aer externus irrumpere queat_ (as\n_Schelhammer_ saith, _Par. Ult. c. 4. \u00a7. 8._) _sed nonnihil immutatus, ac\ntemperatus, calore ex medio ventre exspirante; im\u00f2 fortassis non facil\u00e8\nalius, nisi ex pulmonibus._\n\n[p] _Valsalva_ hath given us a more accurate Description of the _Tuba\nEustachiana_, or _Passage to the Palate_, than any other Author, to whom\nI therefore refer, _De Aur. Human._ c. 2. \u00a7. 16, _&c._\n\nThe chief Use hereof, he thinks, is to give way to the inner Air, upon\nevery Motion of the _Membrana Tympani_, the _Malleus_, _Incus_ and\n_Stapes_. This Passage, if it be shut up, Deafness ensues: Of which he\ngives two Instances: One a Gentleman, who lost his Hearing by a Polypus\nin the Nose reaching to the _Uvula_; the other a Yeoman, labouring with\nan Ulcer above the left Side of the _Uvula_; which when he stopt with\na Tent dipped in Medicine, he lost his Hearing in the left Ear, and\nrecovered it, as soon as the Tent was out. _Ibid. c. 5. \u00a7. 10._\n\n[q] Os [petrosum] _ex quo interiores ~[Labyrinthi]~ cavitatum parietes\nconflati sunt, album, durissimum, necnon maxim\u00e8 compactum. Id autem \u00e0\nNatur\u00e2 ita comparatum esse videtur, ut materia \u00e6therea Sonorum objectorum\nimpressionibus onusta, dum pr\u00e6dictis impingitur Parietibus, nihil aut\nsaltem fer\u00e8 nihil mot\u00fbs sui amittat, atque ade\u00f2 illum qualem ab Objectis\nsonoris accepit, talem communicet spiritui animali contento intra\nexpansiones rami mollioris Nervorum auris._ Dr. _Raym. Vieussens_ of\n_Montpellier_, in Phil. Trans. N\u1d52. 258.\n\n[r] The _Tympanum_ of the Ear, or as _Valsalva_ and the Moderns, the\n_Membrana Tympani_ was taken notice of as early as _Hippocrates_\u2019s Time.\nIn Birds, it is strained towards the outward Parts; in other Animals\ntowards the Brain, or inner Parts. Monsieur _Dionis_ saith, _It is not\nequally fastened to the whole Circumference of the bony Circle, in which\nit is inchased; for on the upper Side it hath a free disengaged Part,\nby which some can give vent to the Smoak in their Mouth._ Demonstr. 8.\nThat there is some Passage I doubt not, but I question whether Monsieur\n_Dionis_ ever saw the disengaged Part he mentions. I have my self\ncarefully searched divers Subjects, and do not remember to have seen any\nsuch Passage; and I perceive it escaped the diligent _Schelhammer_\u2019s Eye.\n_Valsalva_ also by injecting in through the _Tuba Eustachiana_, could\nnot force any Liquor into the _Meatus Auditorius_; but yet he imagines\nhe found the Passage out in another Place of the Drum, in some morbid,\nand one sound Head. _Valsalv. de Aur. Hum._ c. 2. \u00a7. 8. Mr. _Cowper_ also\naffirms there is a Passage by the upper Part of the Membrane. _Anat. Ap._\nFig. 8.\n\n[s] Dr. _Vieussens_, before-named, discovered a Membrane,\n_tenuissim\u00e6 rar\u00e6que admod\u00f9m textur\u00e6 intra cavitatem Tympani_; as\nhe describes it. Whose use he saith is, _1. Occludens Labyrinthi\njanuam impedit n\u00e8 naturalis purissimus ac subtilissimus Aer intra\ncavitates\u2014\u2014communicationem\u2014\u2014habeat cum aere crasso. 2. Labyrinthi basin\ncalefacit, ~&c.~ ubi supra._ Probably this double Membrane may be such,\nor after the same Manner as it is in the _Tympanum_ of Birds: Of which\nsee my Observations in _Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (d)._\n\n[t] The four little Bones being treated of by all that have concerned\nthemselves about this Sense of Hearing, since their Discovery, I shall\ntake Notice of only two Things concerning them. 1. The Discovery of them\nis owing wholly to the Diligence and Sagacity of the latter Ages; of\nwhich _Schelhammer_ gives this Account from _Fallopius_, _H\u00e6c Officula\nantiquis Anatomicis\u2014\u2014ignota fuere; primusque qui in lucem produxit\n~[Malleum & Incum]~ fuit Jac. Carpensis; primus quoque procul omni dubio\nAnatomic\u00e6 artis, quam Vesalius poste\u00e0 perfecit, restaurator. Tertium\n~[Stapedem]~ invenit ac promulgavit primus Joh. Phil. ab Ingrassia,\nSiculus, Philosophus ac Medicus doctissimus. Quartum, Thom\u00e2 Bartholin.\nteste, viro long\u00e8 celeberrimo, Fran. Sylvio debetur_ Schel. _ubi supr._\nc. 3. \u00a7. 9. 2. Their Difference in Animals: In _Man_, and _Quadrupeds_,\nthey are four, curiously inarticulated with one another; with an external\nand internal Muscle to draw, or work them, in extending, or relaxing the\n_Drum_; but in _Fowls_ the Case is very different: _His unum Ossiculum\nsol\u00f9m largita est Natura, quod Collumellam fort\u00e8 appellaveris: teres enim\nest & subtilissimum, basi innitens latiori, rotund\u00e6. Huic adnexa est\ncartilago valde mobilis, qu\u00e6 in Tympanum videtur terminari._ Id. Ib. \u00a7.\n8. _In the Ears of all the Fowl that I could examine, I never found any\nmore than one Bone, and a Cartilage, making a Joynt with it, that was\neasily moveable. The Cartilage had generally an Epiphyse, or two, one on\neach Side.\u2014\u2014The Bone was very hard and small, having at the end of it a\nbroad Plate, of the same Substance, very thin, upon which it rested, as\non its Basis._ Dr. _Al. Moulen_ in Phil. Trans. N\u1d52. 100.\n\nThese are the most material Things I find observed by others, concerning\nthe Ears of Fowls, and some of them hardly, I believe, observed before.\nTo which I shall subjoyn some other Things I have my self discovered,\nthat I presume escaped the Eyes of those most curious and inquisitive\nAnatomists. Of which the last cited _Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (d)._\n\n[u] _Videtur qu\u00f2d Tympanum Auditionis instrumentum pr\u00e6liminare, & quasi\npr\u00e6paratorium fuerit, quad Soni impressionem, sive species sensibiles\nprimo suscipiens, eas in debit\u00e2 proportione, & apt\u00e2 conformitate, vers\u00f9s\nSensorium, quod adhuc interi\u00f9s situm est, dirigat: simili officio\nfungitur respectu Audit\u00fbs, ac tunic\u00e6 Oculi Pupillam constituentes,\nrespectu Vis\u00fbs; utr\u00e6que Membran\u00e6 Species sensibiles refringunt & quasi\nemolliunt, easque Sensorio non nisi proportionatas tradunt, cui nudo si\nadveniant, teneriorem ejus crasin facil\u00e8 l\u00e6dant, aut obruant. Rever\u00e0\nTympanum non audit, sed meliori tutiorique Auditioni confert. Si h\u00e6c pars\ndestruatur, Sensio adhuc aliquamdiu, rudi lic\u00e8t modo, peragi possit;\nquippe experimento olim in Cane facto, ~&c.~\u2014\u2014Janitoris officio ut\nTympanum rect\u00e8 defungi possit, expansum ejus pro dat\u00e2 occasione stringi,\naut relaxari debet, veluti nimir\u00f9m Oculi Pupilla\u2014\u2014Quapropter huic Auris\nTympano, non secus ac bellico, machin\u00e6 sive t\u00e6ni\u00e6 qu\u00e6dam apponuntur,\nqu\u00e6 superficiem ejus mod\u00f2 tensiorem, mod\u00f2 laxiorem reddant: hoc enim\nefficiunt tria Ossicula, cum Musculo, ~&c.~_ _Willis_\u2019s de Anim. Brut. c.\n14.\n\nFor this Opinion of Dr. _Willis_, Dr. _Schelhammer_ is very severe upon\nhim, deriding the Refractions he speaks of; and therefore seriously\nproves that they are the Humours, not Tunicks of the Eye, that refract\nthe Rays of Light; and then jeeringly demandeth, Whether the sonorous\nRays are refracted by passing through a different Medium? Whether the\nConvexity or Concavity of the Drum collects those Rays into a focal\nPoint, or scatters them? _&c._ And then saith, _Ob has rationes \u00e0\nclariss. Viri, ac de re Medic\u00e2 pr\u00e6clar\u00e8 meriti, sententi\u00e2 non possumus\nnon esse alieniores; in quo uti ingenium admiror, quoties medicamentorum\nvires, aut morborum causas explicat, sic ubi forum suum egressus,\nPhilosophum agit, ac vel Partium usum, vel Chymicarum rerum naturam\nscrutetur, ejus haud semel non mod\u00f2 judicium desidero, ver\u00f9m aliquando\netiam fidem._ This is so severe and unjust a Censure of our truly\nfamous Countryman, (a Man of known Probity) that might deserve a better\nAnswer; but I have only Time to say, that although Dr. _Schelhammer_\nhath out-done all that wrote before him, in his Book _de Auditu_, and\nshewed himself a Man of Learning and Industry; yet as our Countryman\nwrote more than he, (though perhaps not free from Errors too) so he hath\nmanifested himself to have been as curious and sagacious an Anatomist,\nas great a Philosopher, and as learned and skilful a Physician, as any\nof his Censurers, and his Reputation for Veracity and Integrity, was no\nless than any of theirs too. But after all this terrible Clamour, Dr.\n_Schelhammer_ prejudicately mistaketh Dr. _Willis_\u2019s Meaning, to say no\nworse. For by _utr\u00e6que Membran\u00e6 refringunt_, Dr. _Willis_ plainly enough,\nI think, means no more than a Restriction of the Ingress of too many\nRays; as his following explicatory Words manifest, _viz. refringunt, &\nquasi emolliunt, easque Sensorio non nisi proportionatas tradunt_. But\nindeed Dr. _Schelhammer_ hath shewn himself a too rigid Censor, by making\nDr. _Willis_ say, the _Ear-Drum_ hath such like Braces as the _War-Drum_,\nviz. _Quod porr\u00f2 de machinis seu t\u00e6niis Tympani bellici adducit, dicitque\nidem in Tympano auditorio conspici, id prorsus falsissimum est._ I wonder\nDr. _Schelhammer_ did not also charge Dr. _Willis_ with making it a\nPorter, since he saith in the same Paragraph, _Janitoris officio, ~&c.~_\nBut Dr. _Willis_\u2019s Meaning is plain enough, that the little Bones and\nMuscles of the _Ear-Drum_ do the same Office in straining and relaxing\nit, as the Braces of the _War-Drum_ do in that. And considering how\ncurious and solemn an Apparatus there is of Bones, Muscles, and Joynts,\nall adapted to a ready Motion; I am clearly of Dr. _Willis_\u2019s Opinion,\nthat one great Use of the _Ear-Drum_ is for the proportioning Sounds, and\nthat by its Extension and Retraction, it corresponds to all Sounds, loud\nor languid, as the Pupil of the Eye doth to several Degrees of Light: And\nthat they are no other than secondary uses assigned by Dr. _Schelhammer_,\nas the principal or sole Uses of keeping out the external colder Air,\nDust, and other Annoyances; but especially that, _ob solius aer\u00eds interni\npotissim\u00f9m irrumpentis vim, hunc motum Tympani ac Mallei esse conditum,\nut cedere prim\u00f9m, deinde sibi restitui queat_; as his Words are, _P.\nult._ c. 6. \u00a7. 13.\n\nIt was no improbable thought of _Rohault, nos attentos pr\u00e6bere, nil aliud\nest, nisi ~Tympanum~, ubi ita opus est facto, contendere aut laxare, &\noperam dare ut illud in e\u00e2 positione intentum stet, in qu\u00e2 tremulum aeris\nexterni motum commodissim\u00e8 excipere possit._ Roh. Phys. p. 1. c. 26. \u00a7.\n48.\n\nThe Hearing of deaf Persons more easily by Means of loud Noises, is\nanother Argument of the Use of the Straining or Relaxation of the\n_Tympanum_ in Hearing. Thus Dr. _Willis_ (ubi supra) _Accepi olim \u00e0 viro\nfide digno, se mulierem novisse, qu\u00e6 lic\u00e8t surda fuerit, quousque tamen\nintra conclave Tympanum pulsaretur, verba qu\u00e6vis clar\u00e8 audiebat: quare\nMaritus ejus Tympanistam pro servo domestico conducebat, ut illius ope,\ncolloquia interdum cum Uxore su\u00e2 haberet. Etiam de alio Surdastro mihi\nnarratum est, qui prope Campanile degens, quoties un\u00e0 plures Campan\u00e6\nresonarent, vocem, quamvis facil\u00e8 audire, & non ali\u00e0s, potuit._\n\n_Abscisso Musculo ~[Processus majoris Mallei]~ in recenti aure, relaxatur\n~[Tympani Membrana]~._ _Valsalv. de Aur. Hum._ c. 2. \u00a7. 5.\n\nUpon considering the great Difference in Authors Opinions, about the\nUse of the Parts, and Manner how Hearing is performed, as also what a\ncurious Provision there is made in the Ear, by the four little Bones, the\nMuscles, Membrane, _&c._ I was minded (since I penned this Note) to make\nenquiry my self into this Part, and not to rely upon Authority. And after\na diligent search of various Subjects, I find we may give as rational and\neasie an Account of Hearing, as of Seeing, or any other Sense; as I have\nshewn in my last cited _Note (d) Book VII. Chap. 2._ with relation to\nBirds. And as to Man and Beasts, the Case is the same, but the Apparatus\nmore complex and magnificent. For whereas in Birds, the _auditory Nerve_\nis affected by the Impressions made on the _Membrane_, by only the\nIntermediacy of the _Collumella_; in Man, it is done by the Intervention\nof the four little Bones, with the Muscles acting upon them; his Hearing\nbeing to be adjusted to all kinds of Sounds, or Impressions made upon\nthe _Membrana Tympani_. Which Impressions are imparted to the _auditory\nNerve_, in this Manner, _viz._ First they act upon the _Membrane_ and\n_Malleus_, the _Malleus_ upon the _Incus_, and the _Incus_ upon the _Os\nOrbiculare_ and _Stapes_; and the _Stapes_ upon the _auditory Nerve_:\nFor the Base of the _Stapes_ (the same as the _Operculum_ in Birds) not\nonly covers the _Fenestra Ovalis_, within which the _auditory Nerve_\nlieth, but hath a Part of the _auditory Nerve_ spread upon it too. It\nis manifest that this is the true Process of Hearing; because, if the\n_Membrane_ be mov\u2019d, you may see all the Bones move at the same Time, and\nwork the Base of the _Stapes_ up and down in the _Fenestra Ovalis_, as I\nshewed in this Chapter, _Note (d)_ concerning the _Mole_; and as it may\nbe seen in other Ears carefully opened, if the Parts remain _in situ_.\n\n[w] I do not confine the _Labyrinth_ to the _Canales Semicirculares_,\nor any other Part, as the elder Anatomists seem to have done, who by\ntheir erroneous and blind Descriptions seem not well to have understood\nthere Parts; but with those much more curious and accurate Anatomists,\n_Monsieur de Vernay_, and Dr. _Valsalva_; under the _Labyrinth_, I\ncomprehend the _Canales Semicirculares_, and the _Cochlea_, together with\nthe intermediate Cavity, called by them the _Vestibulum_.\n\n[x] In the _semicircular Canals_, two Things deserve to be noted. 1.\nThat the three Canals are of three different Sizes, _Major_, _Minor_,\nand _Minimus_. 2. Although in different Subjects, they are frequently\ndifferent; yet in the same Subject they are constantly the same. The\nReason of all which, together with their Uses, _Valsalva_ ingeniously\nthinks is, that as a Part of the tender _auditory Nerve_ is lodged in\nthese Canals, so they are of three Sizes, the better to suit all the\nVariety of Tones; some of the Canals suiting some, and others, other\nTones. And although there be some Difference as to the Length and Size of\nthese Canals, in different Persons; yet, lest there should be any discord\nin the auditory Organs of one and the same Man, those Canals are always\nin exact Conformity to one another in one and the same Man. _V._ _Valsal._\n_ubi supr._ c. 3. \u00a7. 7. and c. 6. \u00a7. 4. 9.\n\n[y] _Hic posterior Nervus extra cranium delatus, in tres ramos dividitur,\nqui omnes motibus patheticis\u2014\u2014inserviunt. Primus\u2014\u2014musculis Auris\nimpenditur. Proculdubio hujus actione efficitur, ut animalia qu\u00e6vis, \u00e0\nsubito soni impulsu, aurs, quasi sonum nimis cit\u00f2 transeuntem captaturas\nerigant. Ramus alter\u2014\u2014versus utrumque oculi angulum surculos emittit: qui\nmusculis palpebrarum attollentibus inseruntur; quorum cert\u00e8 munus est ad\nsubitum soni appulsum oculos confestim aperire, eosque velut ad Excubias\nvocare.\u2014\u2014Tertius\u2014\u2014ramus versus Lingu\u00e6 radicem descendens, musculis ejus &\nossis Hyoeideos distribuitur, ade\u00f3que organa qu\u00e6dam vocis edend\u00e6 actuat,\n~&c.~_ _Willis_\u2019s Cereb. Anat. c. 17.\n\n[z] _Hujusmodi Nervorum conformatio in Homine usum alium insigniorem\npr\u00e6stas, nempe ut Vox, ~&c.~_ _Willis Ibid._\n\n[aa] Among the Uses to which the Wit of Man hath employ\u2019d Sounds, we\nmay reckon the Instruments useful in convocating Assemblies, managing\nArmies, and many other Occasions, wherein Bells, Trumpets, Drums, Horns,\nand other sounding Instruments are used; the Particularities of which\nit would be tedious to recount: As that the biggest _Bell_ in _Europe_\nis reckoned to be at _Erfurt_ in _Germany_, which they say may be heard\ntwenty four Miles; with much more to the same Purpose. I shall therefore\nonly for a Sample take notice of the _Speaking-Trumpet_; the Invention\nof which is commonly ascribed to our eminent Sir _Samuel Morland_; but\nwas more probably _Ath. Kircher_\u2019s; at least he had contrived such an\nInstrument, before Sir _Samuel_ hit upon his. _Kircher_ in his _Phonurg._\nsaith, the _Tromba_ published last Year in _England_, he had invented\ntwenty four Years before, and published in his _Misurgia_; that _Jac.\nAlbanus Ghibbesius_, and _Fr. Eschinardus_ ascribe it to him; and that\n_G. Schottus_ testifieth he had such an Instrument in his Chamber in the\n_Roman College_, with which he could call to, and receive Answers from\nthe Porter. And considering how famed _Alexander_ the _Great_\u2019s Tube was,\nwhich is said might be heard 100 _Stadia_, it is somewhat strange that\nno Body sooner hit upon the Invention. Of this _Stentorophonick Horn_\nof _Alexander_, there is a Figure preserved in the _Vatican_, which for\nCuriosity sake, I have from _Kircher_ represented in _Fig. 3._ He saith\nits Diameter was five Cubits, and that it was suspended on a Supporter.\n\nFor the Make of the _Speaking-Trumpet_, and the Reason why it magnifies\nSounds, I shall refer to _Kircher_; especially to Sir _Samuel Morland_\u2019s\n_Tuba Stentorophonica_, Published in 1672.\n\n[bb] That the Air is the Subject, or _Medium_ of Sound, is manifest\nfrom the Experiments in rarefied and condensed Air. In an unexhausted\nReceiver, a small Bell may be heard at the Distance of some Paces; but\nwhen exhausted, it can scarce be heard at the nearest Distance: And if\nthe Air be compressed, the Sound will be louder, proportionably to the\nCompression or Quantity of Air crouded in, as I have often tried my self,\nand may be seen in Mr. _Hawksbee_\u2019s curious Experiments, p. 97. Also his\nExperiments in _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 321.\n\n_Kircher_ saith, he took one of these Trumpets of fifteen Palms length,\nalong with him to the _Mons Eustachianus_, where he convocated 2200\nPersons to Prayers, by means of the unusual Sound, at two, three, four,\nand five _Italian_ Miles Distance.\n\nWith these _Bellowing Trumpets_, I shall join some _Bellowing-Caves_\nfor the Reader\u2019s Diversion. _Ol. Magnus_ describes a Cave in _Finland_,\nnear _Viburg_, called _Smellen_, into which, if a Dog, or other Living\nCreature be cast, it sends forth so dreadful a Sound, that knocks\ndown every one near it. For which Reason they have guarded the Cave\nwith high Walls, to prevent the Mischiefs of its Noise. _Vid._ _Ol.\nMagn. Histor._ l. 11. c. 4. Such another _Peter Martyr_ saith is in\n_Hispaniola_, which, with a small Weight cast into it, endangers Deafness\nat five Miles Distance. And in _Switzerland_, _Kircher_ saith, in the\n_Cucumer-Mountain_ is a Pit that sends out both a dreadful Noise and\na great Wind therewith; and that there is a Well in his Country 3000\nPalms deep, whose Sound is equal to that of a great Gun. _Vid._ _Kirch.\nPhonurg._\n\n_Ol. Magnus_ speaking of the vast high Mountains of a Northern Province,\ncall\u2019d _Angermannia_ saith, _Ubi bases eorum in profundissimo gurgite\nstantes, casu aliquo, vel proposito Naut\u00e6 accesserint, tantum horrorem\nex alt\u00e2 fluctuum collisione percipiunt, ut nisi pr\u00e6cipiti remigio,\naut valido vento evaserint, solo pavore fer\u00e8 exanimes fiant, multoque\ndierum curriculo, ob capitis turbationem, pristin\u00e6 mentis, & sanitatis\ncompotes vix evadant. Habent bases illorum montium in fluctuum ingressu &\nregressu tortuosas rimas, sive scissuras, satis stupendo natur\u00e6 opificio\nfabricatas, in quibus long\u00e2 varagine formidabilis ille Sonitus quasi\nsubterraneum tonitru generatur._ Ol. Magn. l. 2. c. 4. See also _Chap.\n12._\n\nNeither doth this succeed only in forced Rarefactions and Condensations\nof the Air, but in such also as are natural; as is evident from _David\nFr\u0153dlichius_ in _Varenius_, upon the highest Eminencies of _Carpathus_,\nnear _Kesmarckt_ in _Hungary_. The Story of _Fr\u0153dlichius_ is this, _Ego\nMense Junii 1615. tum adolescens, sublimitatem horum montium, cum duobus\ncomitibus Scholaribus, experiri volens, ubi, c\u00f9m in prim\u00e6 rupis vertice,\nmagno labore, me summum terminum assecutum esse putarem, demum sese\nobtulit alia multo altior cautes, ubi pervasta eaque vacillantia saxa\n(quorum unum, si loco \u00e0 viatore dimovetur\u2014\u2014aliquot centena\u2014\u2014rapit, &\nquidem tanto cum fragore, ut illi metuendum sit n\u00e8 totus Mons corruat,\neumque obruat) enixus essem, iterum alia sublimior prodiit, ~&c.~ donec\nsummo vit\u00e6 periculo ad supremum cacumen penetraverim. Ex declivioribus\nmontibus c\u00f9m in subjectas valles,\u2014\u2014nil nisi obscuram noctem, aut c\u0153ruleum\nquid, instar profundi aeris, quod vulg\u00f2 sudum c\u0153lum appellatur, observare\npotui, mihique videbar, si de monte caderem, non in terram, sed recte in\nsolum me prolapsurum. Nimi\u00e1 enim declivitate, species visibiles extenuat\u00e6\n& hebetat\u00e6 fuerunt. Cum ver\u00f2 altiorem montem peterem, quasi intra\nnebulas densissimas h\u00e6rebam\u2014\u2014Et c\u00f9m non procul \u00e0 summo vertice essem de\nsublimi quiescens prospexi & animadverti iis in locis, ubi mihi antea\nvidebar intra nebulas h\u00e6sisse, compactas atque albas sese movere nubes,\nsupra quas, per aliquot milliaria, & ultra terminos Sepusi commodus\nmihi prospectus patuit. Alias tamen etiam nubes altiores, alias item\nhumiliores, necnon quasdam \u00e6qualiter \u00e0 terr\u00e2 distantes vidi. Atque hinc\ntria intellexi, 1. Me tum transivisse principium media Aeris regionis. 2.\nDistantiam nubium \u00e0 terr\u00e2, non esse \u00e6qualem.\u2014\u20143. Distantiam nubium\u2014\u2014non\n72 Mill. Ger. ut quidam\u2014\u2014sed tantum dimidiatum Mill. Ger. In summum\nmontis verticem c\u00f9m pervenissem, ade\u00f2 tranquillum & subtilem a\u00ebrem ibi\noffendi, ut n\u00e8 pili quidem motum sentirem, c\u00f9m tamen in depressioribus\nventum vehementem expertus sim: unde collegi summum cacumen istius montis\nCarpathici ad Mill. Germ. \u00e0 radicibus suis imis exsurgere, & ad supremam\nusque a\u00ebris regionem, ad quam Venti non ascendunt, pertingere. Explosi\nin e\u00e2 summitate Sclopetum: quod non majorem sonitum prim\u00f2 pr\u00e6 se tulit,\nqu\u00e0m si ligillum vel bacillum confregissem; post intervallum autem\ntemporis murmur prolixum invaluit, inferioresque montis partes, convalles\n& sylvas opplevit. Descendendo per nives annosas intra convalles, c\u00f9m\niterum Sclopetum exonerarem, major & horribilior fragor, qu\u00e0m ex tormento\ncapacissimo inde exoriebatur: hinc verebar n\u00e8 totus mons concussus\nmecum corrueret: duravitque hic sonus per semiquadrantem hor\u00e6 usque dum\nabstrusissmas cavernas penetr\u00e2sset, ad quas a\u00ebr undiq; multiplicatus\nresiliit.\u2014\u2014In his celsis montibus, plerumq; ningit grandinatve medi\u00e2\nastate, quoties nempe in subject\u00e2 & vicin\u00e2 planitie pluit, ut\u00ec hoc ipsum\nexpertus sum. Nives diversorum annorum ex colore & cortice duriore\ndignosci possunt._ Varen. Georg. Gen. l. 1. c. 19. Prop. ult.\n\nThe Story being diverting, and containing divers Things remarkable,\nI have chosen to note the whole of it (altho\u2019 somewhat long) rather\nthan single out the Passages only which relate to the diminishing the\nSound of his Pistol, by the Rarity of the Air at that great Ascent into\nthe Atmosphere; and the magnifying the Sound by the Polyphonisms or\nRepercussions of the Rocks, Caverns, and other Phonocamptick Objects\nbelow in the Mount.\n\nBut \u2019tis not the Air alone that is capable of the Impressions of Sound,\nbut the Water also, as is manifest by striking a Bell under Water, the\nSound of which may plainly enough be heard, but it is much duller, and\nnot so loud; and it is also a fourth deeper, by the Ear of some great\nJudges in Musical Notes, who gave me their Judgments in the matter. But\n_Mersenne_ saith, a Sound made under Water, is of the same Tone or Note,\nif heard under Water; as are also Sounds made in the Air, when heard\nunder Water. _Vid._ _Mersen. Hydraul._\n\nHaving mentioned the hearing of Sounds under Water, there is another\nCuriosity worth mentioning, that also farther proves Water to be\nsusceptible of the Impressions of Sound, _viz._ _Divers_ at the bottom\nof the Sea, can hear the Noises made above, only confusedly. But, on\nthe contrary, those above cannot hear the Divers below. Of which an\nExperiment was made, that had like to have been fatal: One of the Divers\nblew an Horn in his Diving-Bell, at the bottom of the Sea; the Sound\nwhereof (in that compressed Air) was so very loud and irksome, that\nstunned the Diver, and made him so giddy, that he had like to have dropt\nout of his Bell, and to have been drowned. _Vid._ _Sturmii Colleg. Cur.\nVol. 2. Tentam. 1._\n\n[cc] As to the Distance to which Sound may be sent, having some doubt,\nwhether there was any Difference between the Northern and Southern Parts,\nby the Favour of my learned and illustrious Friend Sir _Henry Newton_,\nher Majesty\u2019s late Envoy at _Florence_: I procured some Experiments to be\nmade for me in _Italy_. His most Serene Highness the _Great Duke_, was\npleased to order great Guns to be fir\u2019d for this purpose at _Florence_,\nand Persons were appointed on purpose to observe them at _Leghorne_,\nwhich they compute is no less than 55 Miles in a strait Line. But\nnotwithstanding the Country between being somewhat hilly and woody, and\nthe Wind also was not favouring, only very calm and still, yet the Sound\nwas plainly enough heard. And they tell me, that the _Leghorne_ Guns are\noften heard 66 Miles off, at _Porto Ferraio_; that when the _French_\nbombarded _Genoa_, they heard it near _Leghorne_, 90 Miles distant: and\nin the _Messina Insurrection_, the Guns were heard from thence as far\nas _Augusta_ and _Syracuse_, about 100 _Italian_ Miles. These Distances\nbeing so considerable, give me Reason to suspect, that Sounds fly as\nfar, or nearly as far in the Southern, as in the Northern Parts of the\nWorld, notwithstanding we have a few Instances of Sounds reaching farther\nDistances. As Dr. _Hearn_ tells us of Guns fired at _Stockholm_ in 1685,\nthat were heard 180 _English_ Miles. And in the _Dutch_ War, 1672, the\nGuns were heard above 200 Miles. _Vid._ _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 113. Also\nthere is this farther Reason of Suspicion, that the _Mercury_ in the\n_Barometer_ riseth higher without than within the Tropicks, and the more\nNortherly, still the higher, which may encrease the Strength of Sounds,\nby _Note (bb)._\n\n[dd] As to the Velocity of Sounds, by Reason the most celebrated Authors\ndiffer about it, I made divers nice Experiments my self, with good\nInstruments; by which I found, 1. That there is some, although a small\nDifference in the Velocity of Sounds, with or against the Wind: which\nalso is, 2. Augmented or diminished by the Strength or Weakness of\nthe Wind. But that nothing else doth accelerate or retard it, not the\nDifferences of Day or Night, Heat or Cold, Summer or Winter, Cloudy or\nClear, Barometer high or low, _&c._ 3. That all kinds of Sounds have the\nsame Motion, whether they be loud or languid, of Bells, Guns, great or\nsmall, or any other sonorous Body. 4. That they fly equal Spaces in equal\nTimes. Fifthly and Lastly, That the Mean of their Flight is at the Rate\nof a Mile in 9\u00bc half Seconds, or 1142 Feet in one Second of Time. _Vid._\n_Phil. Trans. Ibid._\n\n[ee] _Timothy_ a Musician could excite _Alexander the Great_ to Arms with\nthe _Phrygian_ Sound, and allay his Fury with another Tone, and excite\nhim to Merriment. So _Ericus_ King of _Denmark_, by a certain Musician,\ncould be driven to such a Fury, as to kill some of his best and most\ntrusty Servants. More of this Power of Musick over the Affections, may\nbe seen in _Ath. Kirch. Phonurg. L. 2. \u00a7. 1._ Also in _Is. Vossius de\nPoematum cantu, & Rythmi viribus_.\n\nAnd not only upon the Affections, but also on the Parts of the Body.\nMusick is able to exert its Force, as appears from the _Gascoigne_\nKnight, _Cui Phormingis sono audito Vesica statim ad Urinam reddendam\nvellicabatur_. Such another we have in A\u1d52. 1. _Ephem. Nat. Curios.\nObserv. 134_. Also _Morhoff de Scyph. vitr. per cert. human. vocis\nsonum fracto_: where there is not only the Account of the _Dutchman_ at\n_Amsterdam_, one _Nich. Peter_, that brake Romer-Glasses with the Sound\nof his Voice; but also divers other Instances of the Powers and Effects\nof Sound. But to the Story of the _Gascoigne_ Knight, Mr. _Boyl_, from\n_Scaliger_, adds a pleasant Passage, That one he had disobliged, to be\neven with him, caused at a Feast, a Bag-pipe to be played, when he was\nhemmed in with the Company; which made the Knight bepiss himself, to the\ngreat Diversion of the Company, as well as Confusion of himself. _Boyl_\u2019s\n_Essay of the Effect of Lang. Motion._ In the same Book are other Matters\nthat may be noted here. One whose Arm was cut off, was exceedingly\ntormented with the discharge of the great Guns at Sea, although he was\nat a great Distance on Land. And a great Ship-Commander observed his\nwounded Men, with broken Limbs, suffered in like manner at the Enemies\nDischarges. An ingenious Domestick of his own would have his Gums bleed\nat the tearing of Brown-Paper. And an ingenious Gentleman of Mr. _Boyl_\u2019s\nAcquaintance confessed to him, that he was inclined to the _Knight of\nGascoigne_\u2019s Distemper, upon hearing the Noise of a Tap running. The\ndancing to certain Tunes, of Persons bit with the _Tarantula_, he was\nassured of by an ingenious Acquaintance at _Tarentum_, who saw several,\namong the rest a Physician, affected with that Distemper. And many other\nAccounts of this kind, seemingly credible, are related in _Morhoff_,\n_Kircher_, and many others; although Dr. _Cornelio_ questions the Matters\nof Fact relating to the cure of the _Tarantula_-bite, in _Phil. Trans._\nN\u1d52. 83. Mr. _Boyl_ also saith, a sober Musician told him, he could make\na certain Woman weep, by playing one Tune, which others would be little\naffected at. And he saith, that he himself had a kind of shivering at the\nrepeating two Verses in _Lucan_. And I add, that I very well know one\nto have a sort of chill about his _Pr\u00e6cordia_ and Head, upon reading or\nhearing the 53\u1d48 Chapter of _Isaiah_; as also _David_\u2019s Lamentations for\n_Saul_ and _Jonathan_, 1 Sam. i.\n\nNeither are our own Minds and Bodies only affected with Sounds, but\ninanimate Bodies are so also. Of which many Stories may be met with in\n_Kircher_, particularly a large Stone that would tremble at the Sound\nof one particular Organ-Pipe; in _Morhoff_ also, who among many other\nRelations hath this, _Memini c\u00f9m ipsi [clarif. Willisio] de experimento\nVitri per vocem fracti narrarem, ex eo audivisse, quod in adibus Musicis\nsibi vicinis aliquoties collapsum pavimentum fuerit; quod ipse sonis\ncontinuis adscribere non dubitavit._ Morhoff. cap. 12. _Mersenne_ also,\namong many Relations in his _Harmon._ and other Books, tells a far\nmore probable Story, of a particular Part of a Pavement, that would\nshake, as if the Earth would open, when the Organs played, than what he\nrelates about _Antipathy_, in his _Qu\u00e6st. Comment. in Genes._ viz. That\nthe Sound of a Drum made of a Wolf\u2019s Skin, will break another made of\nSheep\u2019s Skin: That Hens will fly at the Sound of an Harp strung with\nFox-Gut-Strings, and more to the same purpose. Mr. _Boyl_ also, in his\nlast cited Book tells us, Seats will tremble at the Sound of Organs; and\nthat he hath felt his Hat do so too under his hand, at certain Notes both\nof Organs, and in Discourse, that he tried an Arch that would answer to\nC fa-ut, and had done so an 100 Years; and that an experienced Builder\ntold him any well-built Vault will answer some determinate Note. And at\n_Eastbury-House_ near _Barking_, I my self discovered the Porch, (having\nfirm Brick-Walls,) not only to sound when struck on the Bottom, but also\nto give almost as loud a Sound, when I sounded the same Note with my\nVoice.\n\n[ff] _Willis_, ubi supra.\n\n[gg] _Ille Deus est\u2014\u2014qui non calamo tant\u00f9m cantare, & agreste, atque\ninconditum carmen ad aliquam tant\u00f9m oblectationem modulari docuit, sed\ntot artes, tot vocum varietates, tot sonos, alios spiritu nostro, alios\nexterno cantu edituros commentus est._ Senec. de Benef. l. 4. cap. 6.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. IV.\n\n_Of the Sense of Smelling._\n\n\nThis Sense I shall dispatch in less Compass than the two last, because\nits Apparatus (although sufficiently grand and admirable, yet) is not\nso multiplicious as of the Eye and Ear; it being sufficient in this\nSense, that the odoriferous Effluvia of Bodies[a] can have an easy, free\nPassage to the olfactory Nerves, without the Formalities of Refractions,\nand other Preparations necessary to the Perfection of the two former\nSenses. Accordingly the all-wise Creator hath made sufficient Provision\nfor the Reception of Smells, by the Apertures of the Nostrils[b]; made\nnot of Flesh, or Bone, but cartilaginous, the better to be kept open,\nand withal, to be dilated or contracted, as there is occasion: For which\nService it hath several proper and curious Muscles[c].\n\nAnd forasmuch as it is by Breathing[d], that the odorant Particles are\ndrawn in, and convey\u2019d to the Sensory; therefore there is a very wise\nProvision made in the _Lamin\u00e6_, with which the upper Part of the Nose is\nbarricaded, which serve to two excellent Uses: Partly, to fence out any\nnoxious Substances from entering the breathing Passages in our Sleep,\nor when we cannot be aware[e]; and partly, to receive the Divarications\nof the _olfactory Nerves_, which are here thick spread, and which do by\nthese Means meet the Smells entring with the Breath, and striking upon\nthem.\n\nAnd accordingly, the more accurate this Sense is in any Animal, the\nlonger we may observe those _Lamin\u00e6_ are; and more of them in number\nfolded up, and crouded together, to contain the more nervous Filaments,\nand to detain and fetter the odoriferous Particles in their Windings and\nTurnings.\n\nAnd an admirable Provision this is, which the great Creator hath made\nfor the good of brute Creatures[f]; the chief Acts of many of whose\nLives, are perform\u2019d by the Ministry of this Sense. In insects, and many\nother Creatures, it is of great Use in the Propagation of their Kind;\nas particularly in helping them to safe and convenient Places for the\nIncubation of their Eggs, and breeding up their Young. Others are by the\nAccuracy of this Sense, of Use to Mankind, which would be otherwise of\nlittle or no Use[g]. And most of the irrational Animals, Birds, Beasts,\nand creeping Things, do, by their Smell, find out their Food; some at\ngreat Distances, and some at Hand. With what Sagacity do some discover\ntheir Food in the Midst of Mud and Dirt[h]? With what Curiosity do the\nherbaceous Kind pick and chuse such Plants as afford them wholsome Food,\nor sometimes such as are Medicinal[i], and refute such as would hurt and\ndestroy them? And all by the Help principally, if not only, of the Smell,\nassisted by its near Ally the Taste. Of which I shall in the next Place\nspeak very briefly.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] Piece of _Ambergrease_ suspended in a Pair of Scales, that would turn\nwith a very small Part of a Grain, lost nothing of its Weight in 3\u00bd Days;\nneither did _Assa f\u0153tida_ in 5\u00bd Days; but an Ounce of _Nutmegs_ lost 5\u00bd\nGrains in 6 Days; and _Cloves_ 7\u2158 Grains. _Boyl\u2019s Subtil. of Effluv._ c.\n5.\n\n[b] _Nares, e\u00f2 qu\u00f2d omnis Odor ad superiora fertur, rect\u00e8 sursum sunt:\nEt qu\u00f2d Cibi & Potionis judicium magnum earum est, non sine caus\u00e2\nvicinitatem Oris secut\u00e6 sunt._ Cicero de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 56.\n\n[c] Had not the Contriver of Animal Bodies been minded that his Work\nshould have all the Signatures of Accuracy, this Sense might have been\nperformed with a bare Aperture of the Nose; but that nothing might\ngo imperfect out of his Hand, he hath made a part of the Nose easily\nmoveable, and given a Set of Muscles to lift up, and open and shut the\nNostrils; and so adjust it to every Occasion of this Sense.\n\n[d] _Odorem non aliud, qu\u00e0m infectum Aera, intelligi posse._ Plin. Nat.\nHist. l. 9. c. 7.\n\n[e] For a further Guard against the Ingress of noxious Things, the\n_Vibrissi_, or Hairs placed at the Entrance of the Nostrils serve, which,\nin some measure, stop the Entrance of Things improper, or however give\nWarning of them, but at the same Time allow an easy Passage to the Breath\nand Odours.\n\n[f] _Mult\u00f2 pr\u00e6clarius emicat [Olfactus] in brutis animalibus, qu\u00e0m in\nhomine: ista namque hoc solo indice, herbarum, aliorumque corporum pri\u00f9s\nignotorum virtutes certissim\u00e8 dignoscunt, quin & victum suum absentem,\nvel in abstruso positum, Odoratu venantur, ac facillim\u00e8 investigant. Qu\u00f2d\nautem min\u00f9s sagaces sunt hominum nares, illud non facultatis hujus abusui\n(prout nonnulli volunt) ascribi debet, ver\u00f9m in caus\u00e2 est ipsius Organi\ndefectus: hoc enim circa vict\u00fbs humani criteria (ubi ratio, & intellectus\nadsunt) non ita accuratum requiritur: Proptere\u00e0 enim inferiores potenti\u00e6\nin homine, \u00e0 natur\u00e2 min\u00f9s perfect\u00e6 existunt, ut superiorum cultui &\nexercitio relinqueretur locus._ Willis de Anim. Brut. _cap. 13._\n\n[g] Thus the chief Use of Hounds is to hunt; and other Dogs, to be a\nWatch and Guard to our Houses by Night. For which Services (particularly\nin Hounds) their _Olfactory Nerves_ are not only remarkably large, (like\nas they are in other Brutes,) but their Branches and Filaments are, in\nthe _Lamin\u00e6_ of the Nostrils, both more and larger than I have seen in\nany other Creature whatsoever. Also there are more Convulsions of the\n_Lamin\u00e6_ than I ever remember to have found in any other Animal.\n\nThe Sagacity of Hounds is prodigious, of which see an Instance in _Book\nIV. Chap. 11. Note (hhh)._\n\n[h] See _Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (e)._\n\n[i] _Vid._ _Plin. Hist. Nat._ l. 8. cap. 27. _Qu\u00e6 animalia quas herbas\nostenderunt._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. V.\n\n_Of the Taste[a]._\n\n\nIn this, as in the last Sense, we have an _Apparatus_ abundantly\nsufficient to the Sense; Nerves curiously divaricated about the\nTongue[b], and Mouth, to receive the Impressions of every Gusto; and\nthese Nerves guarded with a firm and proper Tegument to defend them from\nHarms; but withal, so perforated in the papillary Eminences, as to give a\nfree Admission to Tastes.\n\nBut I shall say no more of this Sense; only a Word or two of its Consent\nwith the Smell, and the Situation of them both: Their Situation is\nin the most convenient Place imaginable, for the Discharge of their\nOffices; at the first Entrance[c], in the Way to the grand Receptacle\nof our Food and Nourishment; to survey what is to be admitted therein;\nto judge between what is wholsome, and fit for Nourishment, and what is\nunsavoury and pernicious. And for this End, the all-wise Creator seems to\nhave establish\u2019d a great Consent between the Eye, the Nose, and Tongue,\nby ordering the Branches of the same Nerves[d], to each of those three\nParts; as also indeed to divers other Parts of the Body, which I may have\noccasion to mention in a more proper Place[e]. By which Means, there is\nall the Guard that can be, against pernicious Food; forasmuch as before\nit is taken into the Stomach, it is to undergo the Trial of three of\nthe Senses; the Scrutiny of the Eye, the strict Surveyor of its outward\nAppearance; and the Probation of the Smell and Taste, the two severest\nJudges of its natural Constitution and Composition.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c5\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd, &c. _Saporum genera,\u2014\u2014dulcis, pinguis,\nausterus, acerbus, acris, salsus, amarus, acidus._ Theophr. de Caus.\nPlant. l. 6. c. 1. What may the Cause of the difference of Tastes,\nhe saith is hard to assign, \u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9, &c. _Utrum\naffectionibus Sensuum\u2014\u2014an figuris, quibus singuli constant, ut Democritus\ncenset._ id. ib. \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72, &c. _Democritus\u2014\u2014dulcem esse saporem qui\nrotundus: acerbum qui figur\u00e2 magn\u00e2; asperum qui multis angulis, ~&c.~_\nid. ib. &c. But of the Diversities and Causes of Tastes, see Dr. _Grew_,\n_Lect._ 6. and Dr. _Willis de Anim. Brut._ c. 12.\n\n[b] _Intellectus Saporum est c\u00e6teris in prim\u00e2 lingu\u00e2: Homini, & in\npalato._ Plin. l. 11. c. 37.\n\nThe Opinions of Anatomists concerning the Organ of _Taste_, are various.\n_Bauhin_, _T. Bartholin_, _Bartholette_, _Vestinge_, _Deusinge_, &c.\nplace it in the laxer, fleshy Parts of the Tongue. Our famous _Wharton_,\nin the Gland at the Root of the Tongue: _Laurentius_ in the thin Tunick\ncovering the Tongue; but the Learned _Malpighi_ with great Probability\nconcludes, because the outward Cover of the Tongue is perforated, under\nwhich lie papillary Parts, (of which Mr. _Cowper_, hath very good Cuts\nin his _Anat. Tab. 13._) that in these the Taste lieth. _Malpighi_\u2019s\nWords are, _Quare c\u00f9m dictis meatibus insignibus occurrant papillaria\ncorpora, probabilius est in his ultimo, ex subintranti sapido humore\ntitillationem, & mordicationem quandam fieri, qu\u00e6 Gustum efficiat._\nMalpig. Op. Tom. 2. De Lingu\u00e2, pag. 18.\n\n_Pr\u00e6cipuum ac fer\u00e8 solum Gustat\u00fbs organon est Lingua; cui aliquatenus\nsubobscure tamen Palatum, & superior Gul\u00e6 pars consentiunt: in omnibus\nver\u00f2 fibr\u00e6 nervos\u00e6 immediata sensionis instrumenta sunt. Quare observare\nest, Linguam pr\u00e6 ali\u00e2 qu\u00e2vis parte insigniter fibrosam esse, etiam\ntextur\u00e2 vald\u00e8 poros\u00e2 constare, in eum nempe finem, ut particul\u00e6 rei\nsapid\u00e6 copiosi\u00f9s ac peniti\u00f9s intra Sensorii meatus admittantur\u2014\u2014Nervi\nautem qui fibris Lingu\u00e6 densissim\u00e8 intertextis famulantur, ac saporum\nimpressiones \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 communicant, sunt\u2014\u2014Nervi \u00e8 paribus tum\nquinto, tum nono; & ubique cum dens\u00e2 propaginum serie per totam ejus\ncompagem distributi._ Willis ibid.\n\n[c] _Gustatus, qui sentire eorum quibus vescimur genera debet, habitat in\ne\u00e2 parte Oris, qu\u00e2 esculentis & poculentis iter natura patefecit._ Cicer.\nde Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 56. _Vid._ _quoque supr._ _Note (b), Chap. 4._\n\n[d] _Multa hujus ~[quinti paris]~ Nervi propagines Masticationis operi\ndestinantur; ideoque quoniam alimenta ingerenda non modo Gustus, ast\netiam Olfact\u00fbs & Vis\u00fbs examen subire debent, ab eodem Nervo, cujus rami\nad Palatum & Fauces missi, Manducationis negotium peragunt, propagines\nali\u00e6, velut exploratrites, ad Nares & Oculos feruntur, nempe ut isth\u00e6c\naliorum sensuum organa, etiam ad objecta Gust\u00fbs melius dignoscenda\nprobationum auxiliis quibusdam instruantur._ Willis Nerv. Descrip. &\nUsus. _cap. 22._\n\n[e] See _Book V. chap. 8._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. VI.\n\n_Of the Sense of Feeling[a]._\n\n\nHaving spent so much Time upon the other Senses, and therein given such\nample Proofs of the infinite Creator\u2019s Wisdom; I shall but briefly take\nNotice of two Things relating to this last Sense.\n\nOne is its Organ, the Nerves. For as all Sensation is performed by the\nNerves[b], and indeed the other Senses (performed by Nerves) are a kind\nof Feeling; so is this Sense of _Feeling_ performed by Nerves likewise,\nspread in the most incomparable, curious Manner throughout the whole\nBody. But to describe their Origine in the Brain, and Spinal-Marrow,\ntheir Ramifications to all the Parts; their Inosculations with one\nanother; and other Matters; whereby not only the Sense of _Feeling_ is\nperform\u2019d, but also animal Motion, and an admirable Consent and Harmony\nof all the Parts of the Body is effected: (To describe, I say, these\nThings) would take up too much Time, and I have already, and shall, as I\ngo along, give some Hints thereof.\n\nThe other Thing I shall take Notice of, is, the Dispersion of this Sense\nthroughout the Body, both without, and within. The other Senses, I have\nobserv\u2019d, are seated in the very best Place for the Relief and Comfort,\nthe Guard and Benefit of the Animal. And forasmuch as it is necessary to\nthe Being, and well-being of the Body, that every Part should be sensible\nof Things safe, or Things prejudicial to it self; therefore it is an\nadmirable Contrivance of the great Creator, to disperse this Sense of\n_Feeling_ throughout every Part[c]; to distinguish between Pleasure and\nPain; Things salutary, and Things hurtful to the Body.\n\nThus in the five Senses of Animals, we have an \u0152conomy worthy of the\nCreator, and manifestly demonstrating his Power, Wisdom and Indulgence.\nFor whether we consider the Mechanism of the Organs, or the great Use\nand Convenience of each Sense, we find it noble and grand, curious and\nartificial; and every way worthy of its infinite Maker, and beyond the\nWit and Power of any Thing but a GOD: And therefore we must even deny our\nSenses, by denying them to be God\u2019s handy-work.\n\nAnd now from those chief Machines of animal Performances and Enjoyments,\nthe five Senses; let us pass to another Thing in common to all the\nSensitive Creatures, which is Respiration.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Malpighi_ is of this Opinion, that as _Taste_ is performed by the\n_Papill\u00e6_ in the Tongue, so is _Feeling_ by such like _Papill\u00e6_ under\nthe Skin. From several Dissections, and other Observations, he thus\nconcludes, _Ex his & similibus videbatur animus abund\u00e8 certior redditus,\nearundem Papillarum pyramidalium copiam, quas ali\u00e0s in Lingu\u00e2 descripsi,\nin locis pr\u00e6cipu\u00e8 acquisitiori Tactui dicatis reperiri, eodem progigni\nnervoso & cuticulari corpore, simulque circumvolvi reticulari involucro,\n& extimam cuticulam, veluti ultimum terminum attingere.\u2014\u2014Microscopio\nquilibet in man\u00fbs dorso pro sudore orificia qu\u00e6dam miro ordine dispersa\nintueri potest, circa qu\u00e6 frequentia qu\u00e6dam capitula assurgunt; h\u00e6c ver\u00f2\nsunt Papillarum fines, dum \u00e0 cute assurgentes interpositum superant rete,\nsimulque extimam cuticulam. H\u00e6c repetitis sectionibus deprehendi; ex\nquibus non improbabiliter deducam, sicuti ex elatioribus\u2014\u2014papillis\u2014\u2014in\nLingu\u00e2, Gust\u00fbs Organon elicitur,\u2014\u2014ita ex copios\u00e2 harum Papillarum\ncongerie\u2014\u2014in organis, ubi maxim\u00e8 animalia Tact\u00fbs motione\nafficiuntur,\u2014\u2014ad\u00e6quatum Tact\u00fbs organum sufficient\u00e8r haberi._ Malpig. de\nextern. Tact. Org. _p. 26._ _Consul. quoque ejusd. Vit._ p. 28.\n\nThese Observations of _Malpighi_, our late curious and diligent Mr.\n_Cowper_ hath confirmed, and given us very elegant Cuts both of the\nSkin, and the _Papill\u00e6_, and the Nerves, Glands, _&c._ under it, from\nMicroscopical Observations. _Vid._ _Cowper\u2019s Anat._ Introd. and Tab. 4.\n\n[b] Although the Eye be the usual Judge of Colours, yet some have been\nable to distinguish them by their Feeling. _Quidam fuit qui venit ad M.\nDuc. ~Hetruri\u00e6~ aulam qui colores per Tactum cognoscebat. Pro experimento\nvelum sericum, uniformiter textum, & pluribus coloribus tinctum,\nofferebatur, & veracit\u00e8r de colore to singulis partibus judicabat._\nGrimald. de Lum. & Col. prop. 43. \u00a7. 59.\n\n[c] _Tactus autem toto corpore \u00e6quabilit\u00e8r fusus est, ut omnes ictus,\nomnesque nimios & frigoris, & caloris appulsus sentire possimus._ Cicer.\n_ubi supr._\n\n_Tactus sensus omnibus est, etiam quibus nullus alius; nam & Ostreis, &\nterrestribus Vermibus quoque. Existimaverim omnibus sensum & Gustat\u00fbs\nesse. Cur enim alios alia sapores appetunt? in quo vel pr\u00e6cipua Natur\u00e6\narchitectio._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 71.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. VII.\n\n_Of Respiration._\n\n\nOf all the Acts of Animal Life, this is one of the chief, and most\nnecessary. For whatsoever hath Animal Life, hath also the Faculty of\nRespiration, or somewhat equivalent thereto[a]. Indeed so congenial\nis this with Life, that _Breath_ and _Life_ are in Scripture Phrase\nand Common Speech taken as synonymous Things, or at least necessary\nConcomitants of one another. _Moses_[b] expresseth animal Life, by [_The\nBreath of Life_]. Saith he, _Gen._ vii. 21, 22. _All Flesh that moved on\nthe Earth, Fowl, Cattle, Beast, creeping Things, and Man; all in whose\nNostrils was the Breath of Life in the dry Land died._ So the Psalmist,\n_Psal._ civ. 29. _Thou takest away their Breath, they die._ So grand an\nAct therefore in common to all Animals, may justly deserve a Place in\nthis Survey of the Works of God in the animal Kingdom.\n\nAnd here I might launch out into an ample Description of all the Parts\nministering to this necessary Act, and shew the curious Contrivance and\nartificial Structure of them; but a transient View shall suffice. I\nmight begin with the outward Guards, the Nose and Mouth; but these have\nbeen already touched upon. But the exquisite Mechanism of the _Larynx_,\nits Variety of Muscles, its Cartilages, all so exquisitely made for the\nPurpose of Respiration, and forming the Voice[c], are very admirable:\nAnd no less so is the Tongue[d], which ministers to that, and many other\nUses too.\n\nNext, the Fabrick of the[e] _Trachea_ deserves especial Remark. Its\nValve, the _Epiglottis_ on the Top, to fence against all Annoyances;\nits cartilaginous Rings[f] nearly environing it, with its membranous\nPart next the Gullet, to give the freer Passage to the Descent of the\nFood. And Lastly, Its inner Tegument of exquisite Sense to be readily\naffected with, and to make Efforts against every Thing that is hurtful or\noffensive; these, I say, do all justly deserve our Admiration.\n\nAnd no less prodigious are the Parts farther within; the _Bronchi_, the\n_Vesicul\u00e6_[g], with their muscular Fibres[h], as some assert they have,\ntogether with the Arteries and Veins, which every where accompany the\nairy Passages, for the Blood to receive there its Impregnations from the\nAir.\n\nFrom hence I might proceed to the commodious Form of the Ribs[i], the\ncurious Mechanism of the Intercostal-Muscles[k], the Diaphragm, and all\nthe other Muscles[l] ministring both to the ordinary, and extraordinary\nOffices of Respiration. But passing them by, I shall stop at one\nprodigious Work of Nature, and manifest Contrivance of the Almighty\nCreator, which although taken notice of by others[m], yet cannot be\neasily passed by in the Subject I am upon; and that is the Circulation\nof the Blood in the _F\u0153tus in the Womb_, so different from the Method\nthereof after it is Born. In the Womb, whilst it is as one Body with the\nMother, and there is no Occasion, nor Place for Respiration, there are\ntwo Passages[n] on purpose for the Transmission of the Blood without\npassing it through the Lungs. But as soon as the _F\u0153tus_ is Born, and\nbecome thereby a perfectly distinct Being, and breathes for it self, then\nthese two Passages are shut up: one nearly obliterated, the other becomes\nonly a Ligament, except in some Creatures that are Amphibious, or are\nforced to lie long under Water, in whom these Passages probably remain\nopen[o].\n\nAnd now what Action of any rational Creature, what is there in a Man\u2019s\nLife, that doth more plainly shew Design, Reason, and Contrivance, than\nthis very Act of Nature doth the Contrivance and Design of the great GOD\nof Nature? What is Thought and Contrivance, if this be not? Namely, That\nthere should be a temporary Part in the Body, made just for the present\nExigence; to continue whilst there is occasion for it, and to cease when\nthere is none; in some Creatures to remain always, by Reason of their\namphibious Way of Living, and in Land-animals (purely such) to cease?\n\nAnother excellent Contrivance, a-kin to the last, is, for the\nPreservation of such Creatures whose occasions frequently necessitate\nthem to live without, or with but little Respiration: Fishes might\nbe named here, whose Habitation is always in the Waters; but these\nbelong to an Element which I cannot at present engage in. But there\nare many Animals of our own Element, or partly so, whose Organs of\nRespiration, whose Blood, whose Heart, and other Instruments of Life, are\nadmirably accommodated to their Method of Living: Thus many amphibious\nCreatures[p], who live in Water as well as Air; many quadrupeds, Birds,\nInsects, and other Animals, who can live some Hours, Days, yea, whole\nWinters, with little or no Respiration, in a Torpitude, or sort of Sleep,\nor middle State between Life and Death: The Provision made for these\npeculiar Occasions of Life, in the Fabrick of the Lungs, the Heart, and\nother Parts of such Creatures[q], is manifestly the Work of him, who as\nSt. _Paul_ saith[r], _giveth to all Breath, and Life, and all Things_.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] The Uses assign\u2019d to _Respiration_ by all the Anatomists before\n_Malpighi_\u2019s Discoveries of the Structure of the Lungs, are so various,\nand many of them so improbable, that it would be frivolous to recount\nthem. But the more eminent modern Anatomists assign these Uses. _Willis_\nthus sums up his Opinion, _Pr\u00e6cipua Pulmonum functio, & usus sunt,\nsanguinem & aerem per totas partium compages, intimosque recessus, atq;\nductus quosque minutissimos traducere, & ubique invicem committere; in\ncum nempe finem, ut sanguis venosus \u00e0 circuitu redux, & chymo recenti\ndilutus,\u2014\u2014tum perfecti\u00f9s misceatur & velut subigatur, tum potissim\u00f9m\nut secund\u00f9m omnes suas partes ab a\u00ebre nitroso de novo accendatur._\nPharmaceut. p. 2. S. 1. c. 2. \u00a7. 2. _Mayow_ saith rightly, that one grand\nUse of _Expiration_ is, _Ut cum a\u00ebre expulso, etiam vapores \u00e8 sanguine\nexhalantes, simul exsufflentur._ And as for _Inspiration_, that it\ncoveyeth a nitro-aerial ferment to the Blood, to which the Animal-Spirits\nare owing, and all Muscular-Motion. _Mayow de Respir._ p. 22. _&c._ _me\u00e2\nEdit_.\n\nSomewhat of the Opinion of these two last cited, if I mistake not (it\nbeing long since I read their Tracts, and have them not now at hand,)\nwere _Ent_, _Sylvius_, _Swammerdam_, _Diemerbroek_, and my Friend Mr.\n_Ray_ in an unpublished Tract of his, and in his Letters now in my Hands.\n\nBut our Dr. _Thurston_, for good Reasons, rejects these from being\nprincipal Uses of Respiration, and thinks, with great Reason, the\nprincipal Uses to be to move, or pass the Blood from the right to\nthe left Ventricle of the Heart. Upon which account Persons hanged,\ndrowned, or strangled by Catarrhs, so suddenly die, namely, because\nthe Circulation of their Blood is stopped. For the same Reason also it\nis, that Animals die so soon in the Air-Pump. Among other Proofs he\ninstanceth in an Experiment of Dr. _Croon_, _Profess. Gresh._ which he\nmade before our _R. S._ by strangling a Pullet, so that not the least\nSign of Life appear\u2019d; but by blowing Wind into the Lungs through the\n_Trachea_, and so setting the Lungs a playing, he brought the Bird to\nLife again. Another Experiment was once tried by Dr. _Walter Needham_,\nbefore Mr. _Boyl_, and others at _Oxford_, by hanging a Dog, so that\nthe Heart ceased moving. But hastily opening the Dog, and blowing Wind\ninto the _Ductus Pecquetianus_, he put the Blood in Motion, and by that\nmeans the Heart, and so recovered the Dog to Life again. _V._ _Thurston\nde Respir. Us._ p. 60, and 63. _me\u00e2 Edit_.\n\nSuch an Experiment as Dr. _Croon_\u2019s my Friend, the late justly renowned\nDr. _Hook_ shewed also our _R. S._ He cut away the _Ribs_, _Diaphragm_,\nand _Pericardium_, of a Dog; also the top of the Wind-Pipe, that he might\ntie it on to the Nose of a Pair of Bellows; and by blowing into the\nLungs, he restored the Dog to Life; and then ceasing blowing, the Dog\nwould soon fall into dying Fits; but by blowing again, he recovered; and\nso alternately would die, and recover, for a considerable Time, as long,\nand often as they pleased. _Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52. 28.\n\nFor the farther Confirmation of Dr. _Thurston_\u2019s Opinion, the ingenious\nDr. _Musgrave_ cut off, and close stopped up the Wind-Pipe of a Dog\nwith a Cork, and then threw open the _Thorax_; where he found the Blood\nstagnating in the _Lungs_, the _Arteria Pulmonaris_ the _right Ventricle_\nand _Auricle_ of the _Heart_, and the two great Trunks of the _Cava_,\ndistended with Blood to an immense Degree; but at the same Time, the\n_Vena Pulmonaris_, the _left Ventricle_ and _Auricle_ of the _Heart_ in\na manner empty, hardly a spoonful of Blood therein. _Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52.\n240. Or both the Experiments may be together met with in _Lowth. Abridg.\nVol. 3. p. 66, 67._\n\nThis Opinion of our learned _Thurston_, the late learned _Etmullerus_\nespoused, who being particular in reckoning up the Uses of Respiration,\nI shall therefore the more largely cite him. Respiration, saith\nhe, serves, _1. Ad Olfactum. 2. Ad Screatum & Sputationem. 3. Ad\nOscitationem, Tussim, Sternutationem, Emunctionemque. 4. Ad liquidorum\nSorbitionem, Suctionemve. 5. Ad Loquelam, Cantum, Clamorem, Risum,\nFletum, Flatum, ~&c.~ 6. Ad facum Alvi, Urin\u00e6, F\u0153t\u00fbs Mol\u00e6ve, necnon\nSecundinarum expulsionem. 7. Ad promovendi Ventriculi, Intestinorum,\nLacteorumque vasorum, ~&c.~ contenta. 8. Ad halitus aqueos Sanguinis \u00e8\npulmonibus, a\u00ebris ope, exportandos. 9. Ad Diapno\u00ebn. 10. Ad exactiorem\nChyli, Lymphaque, necnon Sanguinis\u2014\u2014miscelam. 11. Ad conciliandum\nsanguini\u2014\u2014coccineam rubedinem, ~&c.~ 12. Nec meros\u00e8 negabimus,\na\u00ebrem\u2014\u2014pulmones, & sanguinem illos transcurrentem, min\u00f9s calida reddere,\n~&c.~ 13. Quod denique a\u00ebr sanguini singulis Respirationibus aliquantill\u00e2\nsui parte, admixtus, paucissimas quasdam in spiritum animalium\nelaboratione particulas simul contribuat._ All these Uses, although of\ngreat Consequence, yet he thinks rather conduce to the _Well-Being_, than\nthe Being of the Animal; because without any of them, the Animal would\nnot so speedily die, as it doth by Strangling, or in the Air-Pump. He\ntherefore assigns a 14\u1d57\u02b0, and the principal Use of Respiration to be,\n_For the passing of the Blood through the Lungs, that is thrown into them\nby the Heart._ Etmull. Dissert. 2. c. 10. \u00a7. 1. & 16.\n\nBut the late Dr. _Drake_, with great Ingenuity and Address, (like a\nPerson so considerable for his Years, as he was in his Time,) not only\nestablish\u2019d this Notion of Respiration, but also carries it farther,\nmaking it the true Cause of the _Diastole_ of the Heart; which neither\n_Borelli_, _Lower_, or _Cowper_, much less any before those great Men,\nhave well accounted for. That the Heart is a Muscle, is made evident\nbeyond all doubt by Dr. _Lower_. And that the Motion of all Muscles\nconsists in Constriction, is not to be doubted also. By which means the\n_Systole_ is easily accounted for. But forasmuch as the Heart hath no\n_Antagonist-Muscle_, the _Diastole_ hath puzzled the greatest Wits. But\nDr. _Drake_ with great Judgment, and much Probability of Reason, maketh\nthe Weight of the Incumbent Atmosphere to be the true _Antagonist_\nto all the Muscles which serve both for ordinary Inspiration and the\nConstriction of the Heart. The Particulars of his Opinion may be seen in\nhis _Anatomy_, l. 2. c. 7. And in _Philos. Trans. 281._\n\nAnd I remember when I was at the University, my most ingenious and\nlearned Tutor Dr. _Wills_, when he read Anatomy to us, was of Opinion,\nthat the Lungs were blown up by the Weight of the incumbent Air, and\nrepresented the manner of Respiration in this manner, _viz._ He put a\nBladder into a Pair of Bellows, turning back the Neck of the Bladder,\nand tying it fast, so that no Air might enter in between the Bladder\nand Bellows. This being done, when the Bellows were opened, the Bladder\nwould be blown up by the Weight of the incumbent Air; and when shut,\nthe Air would be thereby pressed forcibly out of the Bladder, so as to\nblow the Fire. This Experiment I take Notice of here; because (besides\nthe Illustration it gives to Respiration) that great _Genius_ seems to\nhave had a truer Notion of this _Ph\u00e6nomenon_, than was very common then,\n_viz._ about the Year 1677 or 78; as also, because I have in some Authors\nmet with the same Experiment, without mention of Dr. _Wills_, whose I\ntake it to have been.\n\nAnother Use of great Consideration, the already commended Dr. _Cheyne_\nassigns; namely, to form the elastick Globules of which the Blood\nprincipally consists, without which there would be a general Obstruction\nin all the capillary Arteries. _Cheyne_\u2019s _Phil. Prin. of Nat. Rel._ or\n_Harris_\u2019s _Lex. Tech. in Lungs._\n\n[b] _Gen._ ii. 7. vi. 17. _and_ vii. 15.\n\n[c] Because it would be endless to specify the curious Mechanism of all\nthe Parts, concurring to the Formation of the Voice; I shall therefore\nfor a Sample note only two Things, 1. There are thirteen Muscles provided\nfor the Motion of the five Cartilages of the _Larynx_, _Gibs. Anat. l. 2.\nc. 14_, a Sign of the careful and elaborate Provision that is made for\nthe Voice. 2. It is a prodigious Faculty of the _Glottis_, in contracting\nand dilating itself with such Exquisiteness, as to form all Notes. For\n(as the ingenious Dr. _Keil_ saith) _supposing the greatest Distance\nof the two Sides of the ~Glottis~, to be one tenth Part of an Inch in\nsounding 12 Notes, (to which the Voice easily reaches;) this Line must\nbe divided into 12 Parts, each of which gives the Aperture requisite for\nsuch a Note, with a certain Strength. But if we consider the Sub-division\nof Notes, into which the Voice can run, the Motion of the Sides of the\n~Glottis~ is still vastly nicer. For if two Chords sounding exactly\nUnisons, one be shortened, \u215f\u2082\u2080\u2080\u2080 Part of its Length, a just Ear will\nperceive the Disagreement, and a good Voice will sound the Difference,\nwhich is \u215f\u2081\u2089\u2086 Part of a Note. But suppose the Voice can divide a Note\ninto 100 Parts, it follows that the different Apertures of the ~Glottis~\nactually divide the tenth Part of an Inch into 1200 Parts, the Effect\nof each of which produces a sensible Alteration upon a good Ear. But\nbecause each Side of the ~Glottis~ moves just equally, therefore the\nDivisions are just double, or the Sides of the ~Glottis~, by their Motion\ndo actually divide one tenth Part of an Inch into 2400 Parts._ _Keil_\u2019s\nAnat. c. 3. Sect. 7.\n\n[d] Among the Instruments of Speech, the Tongue is a necessary one; and\nso necessary, that it is generally thought no Speech can be without it.\nBut in the third Tome of the _Ephem. Germ._ is published, _Jac. Rolandi\nAglossostomographia, sive Descriptio Oris sine Lingu\u00e2, quod perfecte\nloquitur, & reliquas suas functiones naturalit\u00e8r exercet._ The Person\ndescribed is one _Pet. Durand_, a _French_ Boy of eight or nine Years\nold, who at five or six lost his Tongue by a _Gangrene_, occasioned the\nSmall-Pox. Notwithstanding which, he could (as the Title saith) speak\nperfectly, as also taste, spit, swallow, and chew his Food; but this\nlatter he could do only on that Side he put it into, not being able to\nturn it to the other Side his Mouth.\n\nIn the same Tract, _Chap. 6._ is this Observation of _ventriloquous_\nPersons, _Memini me \u00e0 quodam sat celebri Anatomico audivisse, dum de\nduplicatur\u00e2 Mediastini ageret, si Membrana ista duplex naturalit\u00e8r\nunita in duas partes dividatur, loquelam quasi ex pectore procedere, ut\ncircumstantes credant D\u00e6moniacum hunc, aut Sternomythum._\n\n[e] _The Variation of the Wind-pipe is observable in every Creature,\naccording as it is necessary for that of the Voice. In an ~Urchin~, which\nhath a very small Voice, \u2019tis hardly more than membranous. And in a\n~Pigeon~, which hath a low and soft Note, \u2019tis partly cartilaginous, and\npartly membranous. In an ~Owl~, which hath a good audible Note, \u2019tis\nmore cartilaginous; but that of a ~Jay~, hath hard Bones instead of\nCartilages; and so of a ~Linnet~: Whereby they have both of them a louder\nand stronger Note, ~&c.~_\n\n_The Rings of the Wind-pipe are fitted for the Modulation of the Voice:\nFor in ~Dogs~ and ~Cats~, which in the Expression of divers Passions use\na great many Notes, (as Men do,) they are open and flexible, as in Man.\nWhereby all, or any of them are dilated, or contracted, more or less, as\nis convenient for a higher or deeper Note, ~&c.~ whereas in some other\nAnimals, as in the ~Japan-Peacock~, which useth hardly more than one\nsingle Note, they are entire, ~&c.~_ _Grew_\u2019s Cosmolog. Sacr. _Book I.\nChap. 5. \u00a7. 9, 10._\n\n[f] It is a farther manifest Indication of singular Design in the\ncartilaginous Rings of the _aspera Arteria_, that all the Way where they\nare contiguous to the _Oesophagus_, they are membranous, to afford an\neasie Passage to the Food; but after that, in the _Bronchi_; they are,\nsome compleatly annular, some triangular, _&c._ And another observable\nis, the lower Parts of the superior Cartilages, receive the upper Parts\nof the inferior, in the _Bronchi_; whereas in the _aspera Arteria_, the\nCartilages run and remain parallel to one another; which is a noble\nDifference or Mechanism in this (in a Manner) one and the same Part,\nenabling the Lungs and _Bronchi_ to contract themselves in Expiration,\nand to extend and dilate themselves in Inspiration.\n\n[g] I shall not here intrench so much upon the Anatomist\u2019s Province, to\ngive a Description of the _Lungs_, although it be a curious Piece of\nGod\u2019s Workmanship; but refer to Seignior _Malpighi_, the first Discoverer\nof their _Vesicul\u00e6_ in 1660, in his two Letters to _Borelli de Pulmon_.\nAlso to Dr. _Willis_\u2019s _Pharm. Rat._ p. 2. S. 1. c. 1. _de Respir.\nOrig. & Us._ who as he wrote after _Malpighi_, so hath more accurately\ndescribed those parts; and to Mr. _Cowper_\u2019s _Anat._ Tab. 24, 25. And\nif the Reader hath a Mind to see what Opposition Seignior _Malpighi_\u2019s\nDiscoveries met with at Home and Abroad, and what Controversies he had\non that Account, as also his Censures of Dr. _Willis_\u2019s Descriptions and\nFigures, he may consult _Malpighi_\u2019s Life written by himself, _pag. 4 to\n21_.\n\nThat the _Lungs_ consist of _Vesicul\u00e6_, or _Lobuli_ of _Vesicul\u00e6_\nadmitting of Air from the _Bronchi_, is visible, because they may be\nblown up, cleansed of Blood, and so dried. But Mr. _Cowper_ saith, he\ncould never part the _Lobuli_, (so as to make Dr. _Willis_\u2019s _Fig.\n1. Tab. 3. & 4._) so that probably the _Vesicul\u00e6_ are contiguous to\none another throughout each Lobe of the Lungs. And not only Air; but\n_Diemerbroeck_ proves, that the _Vesicul\u00e6_ admit of Dust also, from two\nasthmatick Persons he opened; one a Stonecutter\u2019s Man, the _Vesicul\u00e6_ of\nwhose Lungs were so stuffed with Dust, that in cutting, his Knife went as\nif through an Heap of Sand; the other was a Feather-driver, who had these\nBladders filled with the fine Dust or Down of Feathers.\n\n[h] There is a considerable Difference between Dr. _Willis_, and\n_Etmuller_, _viz._ Whether the _Vesicul\u00e6_ of the Lungs have any muscular\nFibres or not? _Etmuller_ expressly saith, _Nullas Fibras musculosas,\nmulto min\u00f9s rubicundam Musculorum compagem (sunt enim Vesicul\u00e6 albid\u00e6 &\nfere diaphan\u00e6) in ipsis reperiri._ ubi supr. c. 6. \u00a7. 2. And afterwards,\n\u00a7. 3. _Pulmones esse molles flexilesque musculosis fibris ceu propri\u00e6\nexplicationis organis destitutos._ But Dr. _Willis_ as expressly alerts\nthey have musculous Fibres, and assigns an excellent Use of them;\n_Cellul\u00e6 ist\u00e6 vesiculares, ut nixus pro expiratione contractivos edant,\netiam fibras, ut\u00ec per Microscopium plan\u00e8 conspicere est, musculares\nobtinent_, ubi supr. \u00a7. 16. And in the next \u00a7, _Ut pro dat\u00e2 occasione\nmajorem a\u00ebris copiam exsufflent, aut materiam extussiendam ejiciant,\nfibris muscularibus donat\u00e6, sese arcti\u00f9s contrahunt, contentaque sua\npenit\u00f9s exterminant. Et enim ordinari\u00e6 pectoris Systol\u00e6, quas musculorum\nrelaxationes ex parte efficiunt, a\u00ebrem forsan totum \u00e0 Trache\u00e2 &\nBronchiis, haud tamen \u00e0 Vesiculis, qu\u00e2que vice ejiciunt: propter has\n(quoties opus erit) inaniendas, & totius Pectoris cavitas plurim\u00f9m\nangustatur, & cellul\u00e6 ips\u00e6 vesiculures \u00e0 propriis fibris constrictis\ncoarctantur._\n\n[i] _Circa hos motus [Scil. Pectoris dilatationem, &c.] divini Conditoris\nmechanicen, ad regulas Mathematicas plan\u00e8 adaptaram, satis admirari non\npossumus; siquidem null\u00e2 ali\u00e2 in re manifest\u00f9s \u1f49 \u0398\u03b5\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd videtur.\nQuippe c\u00f9m pectoris, tum ampliato, tum coarctatio \u00e0 quibusdam Musculis\n(quorum munus unicum est contrahere) perfici debeat; res ita instituitur,\nut Cost\u00e6 qu\u00e6 thoracis, volut parallelogrammi oblongi versus cylindrum\nincurvati, latera efformant, in figuram mod\u00f2 quadratam, cum angulis\nrectis, pro pectoris ampliatione; mod\u00f2 in rhomboeidem, cum angulis acutis\npro ejusdem contractione, ducantur, ~&c.~_ Willis, _ubi supr._ \u00a7. 28.\n\n_Galen_ having spoken of the Parts ministring to Respiration, concludeth,\n_Nihil usquam \u00e0 Natur\u00e2 ullo pacto per incuriam, fuisse pr\u00e6teritum,\nqua c\u00f9m omnia pr\u00e6sentiret & provideret, qu\u00e6 sunt necessaria illa, qu\u00e6\ncausa alicujus extiterunt, confecutura, omnibus instaurationes parare\noccupavit, cujus apparatus copiosa facultas admirabilem Sapientiam\ntestantur._ De us. part. l. 5. c. 15. See also _l. 6. c. 1._\n\n[k] For the Structure of the _Intercostals_, _Midriff_, &c. I shall\nrefer to Dr. _Willis_, and other Anatomists. Bur Dr. _Drake_ taxeth Dr.\n_Willis_ with an Error in fancying there is an Opposition in the Office\nof the _Intercostals_, by reason that the Fibres of the _external_ and\n_internal Intercostals_ decussate; that therefore the _external_ serve\nto raise the Ribs, the _internal_ to draw them down. But Dr. _Drake_\nis of _Steno_\u2019s, and Dr. _Mayow_\u2019s Opinion, that notwithstanding the\nDecussation of their Fibres, the Power they exert upon, and the Motion\nthey effect in the Ribs, is one and the same. _Drake_\u2019s _Anat._ l. 2. c.\n7. and l. 4. c. 5. _Mayow de Respir._ c. 7.\n\n[l] Although Dr. _Drake_ and some others deny the _Intercostals_ being\nAntagonist-Muscles, as in the preceding Note, yet they, and most other\nAnatomists that I have met with, attribute a considerable Power to them\nin the act of Respiration, as they do also to the _Subclavian_ and\n_Triangular Muscles_: but the learned _Etmuller_ denies it for these\nthree Reasons, _1. Quia respirando nullam in illis contractionem sentio.\n2. Quia\u2014\u2014sibi invicem non adducuntur, ~&c.~ 3. Quia Cost\u00e6 omnes ab aliis\nmod\u00f2 enarratis musculis moventur, idque simul, ~&c.~ Intercostales\nitaque, necnon Subclavios Musculos Costis, parietum instar, ad complenda\ninterstitia intercostalia, pectusque integrandum, ac Costas connectendas,\nintertectos esse, probabiliter concludo; quo munere triangulares\netiam\u2014\u2014fungi, rationi consentaneum est._ Etmul. Dissert. 2. cap. 4. \u00a7. 6.\n\nBut as to the Use of the _Triangular Muscle_ in Respiration, we may\njudge of it, from its remarkable Size, and Use in a Dog; of which Dr.\n_Willis_ gives this Account from _Fallopius_: _In Homine parvus ade\u00f2 &\nsubtilis iste ~[Musculus]~ est, ut vix pro Musculo accipi queat: in Cane\nper totum os pectoris protenditur, & cartilagines omnes, etiam verarum\nCostarum sterno inosculatas, occupat: Cujus discriminis ratio divinam\ncirca Animalium fabricas Providentiam plan\u00e8 indigitat. Quippe c\u00f9m hoc\nanimal, ad cursus velocissimos & diu continuandos natum, quo sanguis, dum\nintensi\u00f9s agitatur, rit\u00e8 accendatur eventileturque, a\u00ebrem celerrim\u00e8 &\nfortiter uti inspirare, ita etiam exspirare debet\u2014\u2014idcirco propter hunc\nactum firmi\u00f9s obeundum (cujus in Homine haud magnus est usus) musculus\ncaninas molem ingentem & tanto operi parem fortitur._ Willis _ubi supr._\n\u00a7. 32.\n\n[m] _Ray_\u2019s Wisdom of God in the Creation, p. 343.\n\n[n] Mr. _Cheselden_, an ingenious and most accurate Anatomist, having\nsomewhat particular in his Observations about the Circulation of the\nBlood through the Heart of the _F\u0153tus_, I shall present the Reader with\nsome of his Observations, which he favoured me with the Sight of. _The\nBlood_ (saith he) _which is brought to the Heart by the ascending Cava,\npasses out of the right Auricle into the left, through a Passage called\n~Foramen Ovale~, in the ~Septum~ ~[common to them both]~ without passing\nthrough the right Ventricle (as after the Birth) while the Blood from\nthe descending Cava passeth through the right Auricle and Ventricle into\nthe pulmonary Artery, and thence into the ~Aorta~ through the Duct,\nbetwixt that and the pulmonary Artery, called ~Ductus Arteriosus~, whilst\na small Portion of the Blood, thrown into the pulmonary Artery passeth\nthrough the Lungs, no more than is sufficient to keep open the pulmonary\nVessels. Thus both Ventricles are employed in driving the Blood through\nthe ~Aorta~ to all Parts of the ~F\u0153tus~, and to the Mother too. But after\nthe Birth, the Blood being to be driven from the ~Aorta~ through the\n~F\u0153tus~ alone, and not the Mother too, one Ventricle becomes sufficient,\nwhilst the other is employed in driving the Blood through the Lungs,\nthe ~Ductus Arteriosus~ being shut up by means of the Alteration of its\nPosition, which happens to it from the raising the ~Aorta~ by the Lungs\nwhen they become inflated. After that the Blood is thus driven into the\nLungs, in its return it shuts the ~Valve~ of the ~Foramen Ovale~ against\nthe ~Foramen~ it self, to whose Sides it soon adheres, and so stops up\nthe Passage. The ~Ductus Arteriosus~, or ~Ductus Arteriosus in Ligamentum\nversus~, is seldom to be discerned in adult Bodies, but the Figure of the\nForamen ~Ovale~ is never obliterated._\n\n[o] It hath been generally thought to be not improbable, but that on some\nOccasions the _Foramen Ovale_ may remain open in Man. In a Girl of four\nor five Years of Age, Dr. _Connor_ found it but half closed, and in the\nForm of a Crescent. And he thinks somewhat of this kind might be in the\nPerson whose Skeleton was found to have no Joynts in the Back-Bone, Ribs,\n_&c._ Of which a Description, with Cuts, may be found in _Phil. Trans._\nN\u1d52. 215. and more largely in his _Dissert. Med. Phys. de stupendo Ossium\ncoalitu_, where he adds to the Girl, in whom the _For. Ov._ was not shut,\na like Observation of another Girl he opened at _Oxford_ of three Years\nOld, _In qu\u00e2 Foramen Ovals fer\u00e8 erat occlusum, in medio tamen, exili\nforamine, per quod Turundam facil\u00e8 transmisi, erat pervium_, pag. 30. So\nMr. _Cowper_ (than whom none more accurate and a better Judge) saith, _I\nhave often found the ~Foramen Ovale~ open in the Adult._ Anat. Append.\nFig. 3. But Mr. _Cheselden_ is of a different Opinion. Of which in the\nfollowing Note.\n\nFrom somewhat of this Cause I am apt to think it was that the\n_Tronningholm Gardiner_ escaped drowning, and some others mentioned\nby _Pechlin_. His Stories are, _Hortulanus Tronningholmensis etiamnum\nvivens, annos natos 65, pro ill\u00e2 \u00e6tate satis adhuc valens & vegetus, c\u00f9m\nante 18 annos, alii in aquas delapso opem ferre vellet, forte fortun\u00e2 &\nipse per glaciem incauti\u00f9s procedens, aquas incidet 18 ulnas profundas:\nubi ille, corpore erecto quasi ad perpendiculum, pedibus fundo adh\u00e6sit.\nConstitit sic per 16 horas, antequ\u00e0m produceretur in auras. Dixit autem,\nsimul ac infra aquarum superficiem fuit demersus, statim obriguisse\ntotum, &, si quem tum habuit motum & sensum, amisisse, nisi quod sonantes\nStockolmii campanas etiam sub aquis obscuri\u00f9s percipere sibi sit visus.\nSensit etiam, statim sese velut vesiculam ori applic\u00e2sse, ade\u00f2 ut aqua\nnulla os penetraverit, in aures ver\u00f2 transitum, etiam sentiente illo,\nhabuerit; atque inde auditum suum debilitatum aliquandiu esse. Hoc statu\ndum 16 horas permansit frustr\u00e0 qu\u00e6situs, tandem repertum, conto in\ncaput infixo, cujus etiam sensum se habuisse dixit, fundo extraxerunt,\nsperantes ex more aut persuasione gentis revicturum esse. Itaque pannis\nlinteisque productum obvolvunt, ne a\u00ebr admitti possit perniciosus\nfuturus subito illapsu: custoditum sic satis ab a\u00ebre sensim sensimque\ntepidiori loco admovent mox calidis adoriuntur fasciis, fricant, radunt,\n& sufflaminatum tot horis sanguinis corporisque motum negotios\u00e2 ill\u00e2\noper\u00e2 reducunt: denique antapoplecticis & genialibus liquoribus vit\u00e6\nreddunt & pristin\u00e6 mobilitati. Retulit is atque ostendit se etiamnum in\ncapite circumferre vestigia violenti\u00e6 \u00e0 conto illat\u00e6, & cephalalgiis\nvexari gravissimis. Et propter hunc ipsum casum, religios\u00e8 \u00e0 popularibus,\n& hujusce rei testibus probatum, Serenissim\u00e6 Regin\u00e6 matris munificenti\u00e2\n& annuo stipendio est donatus\u2014\u2014& Serenis. Principi\u2014\u2014oblatus, vivus sui\ntestis\u2014\u2014Consignatam manu habes Historiam D. Tilasii, Biblioth. Reg.\nPr\u00e6fecti, qui testatus est se pr\u00e6novisse mulierem, qu\u00e6 tres ipsos dies\nsub aquis h\u00e6sit, & similem in modum, quo Hortulanus ille, resuscitata,\nadhuc dum lucis plen\u00e2 fruitur usur\u00e2. Accedit Nob. Burmanni\u2014\u2014fides.\nqui confessus est,\u2014\u2014se in pago ~Boness~ parochi\u00e6 ~Pithovi\u00e6~ concionem\nfrequent\u00e2sse funebrem, in qu\u00e2, dum acta recenseret Pr\u00e6co Senis cujusdam\nseptuagenarii Laur. Jon\u00e6\u2014\u2014audiverit ex ore Concionatoris, vivum eum,\nadolescentum 17 annorum, aquis submersum, 7 demum hebdomad\u00e2 (rem\nprodigiosam!) extractum ad se rediisse vivum & incolumem._ Pechlin. de\nAer. & Alim. def. c. 10.\n\nShall we to this Cause, or to the Ossification, or more than ordinary\nStrength of the Wind-Pipe, attribute the Recovery to Life of Persons\nhanged? Of which _Pechlin_ gives an Instance that fell under his own\nKnowledge, of a Woman hanged, and in all Appearance dead, but recovered\nby a Physician accidentally coming in, with a plentiful Administration\nof _Spir. Sal. Armon. Pechl. ib._ c. 7. And the Story of _Anne Green_,\nexecuted at _Oxford_, _Dec. 14. 1650._ is still well remembered among the\nSeniors there. _She was hanged by the Neck near half an Hour, some of\nher Friends in the mean Time thumping her on the Breast, others hanging\nwith all their Weight upon her Legs, sometimes lifting her up, and then\npulling her down again with a sudden Jirk, thereby the sooner to dispatch\nher out of her Pain_: as her printed Account wordeth it. After she was in\nher Coffin, being observed to breath, a lusty Fellow stamped with all his\nForce on her Breast and Stomach, to put her out of her Pain. But by the\nassistance of Dr _Peity_, Dr. _Willis_, Dr. _Bathurst_, and Dr. _Clark_,\nshe was again brought to Life. I my self saw her many Years after, after\nthat she had (I heard) born divers Children. The Particulars of her\nCrime, Execution and Restauration, see in a little Pamphlet, called _News\nfrom the Dead_, written, as I have been informed, by Dr. _Bathurst_,\n(afterwards the most vigilant and learned President of _Trinity-College,\nOxon_,) and published in 1651. with Verses upon the Occasion.\n\n[p] The Sea-Calf hath the _Foramen Ovale_, by which means it is enabled\nto stay long under the Water, as the _Paris. Anatomists_. Of which see in\n_Book VI. Chap. 5. Note (c)._\n\nBut the fore-commended Mr. _Cheselden_ thinks the _Foramen Ovale_ is\nneither open in amphibious Creatures, nor any adult Land-Animals. _When\nI first_ (saith he) _applied my self to the Dissection of Human Bodies,\nI had no distrust of the frequent Accounts of the ~Foramen Ovale~ being\nopen in Adults: but I find since, that I mistook the ~Ostium Venarum\nCoronariarum~ for the ~Foramen~. The like I suppose Authors have done,\nwho assert that it is always open in amphibious Animals: for we have made\ndiligent Enquiry into those Animals, and never found it open. Neither\nwould that (as they imagine) serve these Creatures to live under Water,\nas the ~F\u0153tus~ doth in ~Utero~, unless the ~Ductus Arteriosus~ was open\nalso._\n\nThis Opinion of Mr. _Cheselden_ hath this to render it probable, that\nthe _Ostium Venarum Coronariarum_ is so near the _Foramen Ovale_, that\nwithout due regard, it may be easily mistaken for it. Such therefore as\nhave Opportunity of examining this Part in amphibious Animals, or any\nother Subject, ought to seek for the _Ostium_, whenever they suspect they\nhave met with the _Foramen_.\n\n[q] Of the singular Conformation of the Heart and Lungs of the\n_Tortoise_, which is an amphibious Animal. See _Book VI. Chap. 5. Note\n(b)._\n\n[r] _Acts_ xvii. 25.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. VIII.\n\n_Of the Motion of Animals._\n\n\nNext to the two grand Acts of animal Life, their Sense or Respiration,\nI shall consider their _Motion_, or _locomotive Faculty_; whereby they\nconvey themselves from Place to Place, according to their Occasions,\nand Way of Life: And the admirable Apparatus to this Purpose, is a\nplain Demonstration of God\u2019s particular Foresight, Care, and especial\nProvidence towards all the animal World.\n\nAnd here I might view in the first Place the Muscles, their curious\nStructure[a], the nice tacking them to every Joynt, to pull it this\nWay, and that Way, and the other Way, according to the special Purpose,\nDesign, and Office of every such Joint: Also their various Size and\nStrength; some large and corpulent, others less, and some scarce visible\nto the naked Eye; all exactly fitted to every Place, and every use of\nthe Body. And lastly, I might take Notice of the muscular Motions, both\ninvoluntary and spontaneous[b].\n\nNext, I might survey the special Fabrick of the Bones[c], ministring\nto animal Motion. Next, I might take notice of the Joynts[d], their\ncompleat Form adjusted to the Place, and Office they are employed in;\ntheir Bandage, keeping them from Luxations; the oily Matter[e] to\nlubricate them, and their own Smoothness to facilitate their Motion.\n\nAnd lastly, I might trace the various Nerves throughout the Body;\nsent about to minister to its various Motions[f]. I might consider\ntheir Origine[g], their Ramifications to the several Parts, and their\nInosculations with one another, according to the Harmony and Accord of\none Part with another, necessary for the Benefit of the Animal. But some\nof those Things I have given some Touches upon already, and more I shall\nmention hereafter[h], and it would be tedious here to insist upon them\nall.\n\nI shall therefore only speak distinctly to the Locomotive Act it self, or\nwhat directly relates to it.\n\nAnd here it is admirable to consider the various Methods of Nature[i],\nsuited to the Occasions of various Animals. In some their Motion is\nswift, in others slow. In some performed with two, four, or more Legs: in\nsome with two, or four Wings: in some with neither[k].\n\nAnd first for swift or slow Motion. This we find is proportional to the\nOccasions of each respective Animal. _Reptiles_, whose Food, Habitation,\nand Nests, lie in the next Clod, Plant, Tree, or Hole, or can bear\nlong Hunger and Hardship, they need neither Legs nor Wings for their\nTransportation; but their vermicular or sinuous Motion (performed with\nno less Art, and as curiously provided for as the Legs or Wings of other\nCreatures: This, I say,) is sufficient for their Conveyance.\n\n_Man_ and _Beasts_, whose Occasions require a large Room, have\naccordingly a swifter Motion, with proper Engines for that Service;\nanswerable to their Range for Food, their Occupation of Business, or\ntheir want of Armature, and to secure them against Harms[l].\n\nBut for the winged Creatures (Birds and Insects,) as they are to traverse\nlarge Tracts of Land and Water, for their Food, for their commodious\nHabitation, or Breeding their Young, to find Places of Retreat and\nSecurity from Mischiefs; so they have accordingly the Faculty of flying\nin the Air; and that swiftly or slowly, a long or short a Time, according\nto their Occasions and Way of Life. And accordingly their Wings, and\nwhole Body, are curiously prepared for such a Motion; as I intend to shew\nin a proper Place[m].\n\nAnother remarkable Thing in the motive Faculty of all Creatures, is the\nneat, geometrical Performance of it. The most accurate Mathematician, the\nmost skilful in mechanick Motions, can\u2019t prescribe a nicer Motion (than\nwhat they perform) to the Legs and Wings of those that walk or fly[n],\nor to the Bodies of those that creep[o]. Neither can the Body be more\ncompleatly poised for the Motion it is to have in every Creature, than\nit already actually is. From the largest Elephant, to the smallest Mite,\nwe find the Body artfully balanced[p]. The Head not too heavy, nor too\nlight for the rest of the Body, nor the rest of the Body for it[q]. The\n_Viscera_ are not let loose, or so placed, as to swag, over-balance,\nor over-set the Body; but well-braced, and distributed to maintain the\n\u00e6quipoise of the Body. The motive Parts also are admirably well fixed\nin respect to the Center of Gravity; placed in the very Point, fittest\nto support and convey the Body. Every Leg beareth his true Share of the\nBody\u2019s Weight. And the Wings so nicely are set to the Center of Gravity,\nas even in that fluid _Medium_, the Air, the Body is as truly balanced,\nas we could have balanced it with the nicest Scales.\n\nBut among all Creatures, none more elegant than the sizing the Body of\n_Man_, the gauging his Body so nicely, as to be able to stand erect, to\nstoop, to sit, and indeed to move any way, only with the Help of so small\na Stay as the Feet[r]: whose Mechanism of Bones, Tendons and Muscles to\nthis purpose, is very curious and admirable.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] That the Muscles are compounded of Fibres, is visible enough. Which\nFibres, the curious and ingenious _Borelli_ saith, are cylindraceous; not\nhollow, but filled with a spungy, pithy Substance, after the manner of\nElder, as he discovered by his Microscopes. _Borel. de Mot. Animal._ Part\n1. These Fibres, he saith, are naturally white; but derive their Redness\nonly from the Blood in them.\n\nThese Fibres do in every Muscle, (in the Belly at least of the Muscle,)\nrun parallel to one another, in a neat orderly Form. But they do not\nat all tend the same Way, but some run aslant, some longways, _&c._\naccording to the Action or Position of each respective Muscle. The\nParticulars of which, and of divers other Observables in the Muscles,\nwould, besides Figures, take up too much room in these Notes; and\ntherefore I must refer to the Anatomists, particularly _Steno_,\n_Borelli_, _Cowper_, &c.\n\n[b] The infinite Creator hath generally exerted his Art and Care, in\nthe Provision made by proper Muscles and Nerves, for all the different\nMotions in animal Bodies, both involuntary, and voluntary. It is a noble\nProvidence that most of the vital Motions, such as of the Heart, Stomach,\nGuts, _&c._ are involuntary, the Muscles acting whether we sleep or wake,\nwhether we will or no. And it is no less providential that some, even\nof the vital Motions, are partly voluntary, partly involuntary, as that\nfor Instance, of Breathing, which is performed both sleeping and waking;\nbut can be intermitted for a short Time on occasion, as for accurate\nhearing any Thing, _&c._ or can be encreased by a stronger Blast, to make\nthe greater Discharges of the Blood from the Lungs, when that any Thing\novercharges them. And as for the other Motions of the Body, as of the\nLimbs, and such as are voluntary, it is a no less Providence, that they\nare absolutely under the Power of the Will; so as that the Animal hath it\nin his Power to command the Muscles and Spirits of any part of its Body,\nto perform such Motions and Actions as it hath Occasion for.\n\n[c] _Quid dicam de Ossibus? qu\u00e6 subjecta corpori mirabiles commissuras\nhabent, & ad stabilitatem aptas, & ad artus finiendos accommodatas, & ad\nmotum, & ad omnem corporis actionem._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 55.\n\nBy Reason it would be endless to mention all the Curiosities observable\nin the Bones, I shall for a Sample, single out only an Instance or two,\nto manifest that Design was used in the Structure of these Parts in Man.\n\nThe first shall be in the _Back-Bone_, which (among many others) hath\nthese two Things remarkable. 1. Its different Articulations from the\nother Joynts of the Body. For here most of the Joynts are flat, and\nwithal guarded with Asperities and Hollows, made for catching and\nholding; so as firmly to lock and keep the Joynts from Luxations, but\nwithal to afford them such a Motion, as is necessary for the Incurvations\nof the Body. 2. The difference of its own Joynts in the Neck, Back\nand Loins. In the Neck, the _Atlas_, or upper _Vertebra_, as also the\n_Dentata_, are curiously made, and joynted (differently from the rest)\nfor the commodious and easie bending and turning the Head every way. In\nthe _Thorax_, or Back, the Joynts are more close and firm; and in the\nLoins, more lax and pliant; as also the Spines are different, and the\nKnobs and Sockets turned the quite contrary way, to answer the Occasions\nthe Body hath to bend more there, than higher in the Back. I shall close\nthis Remark with the ingenious Dr. _Keil_\u2019s Observation.\n\n_The Structure of the ~Spine~ is the very best that can be contrived; for\nhad it been all Bone, we could have had no Motion in our Backs; had it\nbeen of two or three Bones articulated for Motion, the ~Medulla Spinalis~\nmust have been necessarily bruised at every Angle or Joynt; besides,\nthe whole would not have been so pliable for the several Postures we\nhave occasion to put our selves in. If it had been made of several Bones\nwithout intervening Cartilages, we should have had no more Use of it,\nthan if it had been but one Bone. If each ~Vertebra~ had had its own\ndistinct Cartilages, it might have been easily ~dislocated~. And lastly,\nThe oblique Processes of each superior and inferior ~Vertebra~, keep\nthe middle one that it can neither be thrust backwards nor forwards to\ncompress the ~Medulla Spinalis~._ _Keil_\u2019s _Anat._ c. 5. \u00a7. 8.\n\nCompare here what _Galen_ saith of the Articulations, Ligaments,\nPerforation, _&c._ of the _Spine_, to prove the Wisdom and Providence of\nthe Maker of animal Bodies, against such as found fault with Nature\u2019s\nWorks; among which he names _Diagoras_, _Anaxagoras_, _Asclepiades_ and\n_Epicurus_. _V._ _Galen. de Us. Part. L. 12. init._ and _Chap. 11_, _&c._\nalso _L. 13. init._\n\n2. The next Instance shall be in one or two Things, wherein the Skeletons\nof Sexes differ. Thus the _Pelvis_ made in the Belly by the _Ilium_,\n_Ossa Coxendicis_ and _Pubis_, is larger in a Female than Male Skeleton,\nthat there may be more room for the lying of the _Viscera_ and _F\u0153tus_.\nSo the Cartilage bracing together the two _Ossa Pubis_, or _Sharebones_,\n_Bartholine_ saith, is twice thicker and laxer in Women than Men: As also\nis the Cartilage that tieth the _Os Sacrum_ to its _Vertebra_; and all to\ngive way to the Passage of the _F\u0153tus_.\n\nAnother considerable Difference is in the cartilaginous Production of the\nseven long Ribs, whereby they are braced to the Breast-Bone. These are\nharder and firmer in Women than in Men; the better to support the Weight\nof the Breasts, the sucking Infant, _&c._\n\n[d] It is remarkable in the Joynts, and a manifest Act of Caution and\nDesign, 1. That altho\u2019 the Motion of the Limbs be circular, yet the\nCenter of that Motion is not in a Point, but an ample Superficies. In\na Point, the Bones would wear and penetrate one another; the Joynts\nwould be exceedingly weak, _&c._ but the Joynts consisting of two large\nSuperficies, Concave and Convex, some furrowed and ridged, some like a\nBall and Socket, and all lubricated with an oily Substance, they are\nincomparably prepared both for Motion and Strength. 2. That the Bones\nnext the Joynt are not spungy, as their Extremities commonly are, nor\nhard and brittle, but capped with a strong, tough, smooth, cartilaginous\nSubstance, serving both to Strength and Motion.\n\nBut let us here take notice of what _Galen_ mentions on this Subject.\n_Articulorum unusquisque Eminentiam Cavitati immissam habet: Veruntamen\nhoc fortasse non ade\u00f2 mirabile est: Sed si, considerat\u00e2 omnium totius\ncorporis ossium mutu\u00e2 connexione, Eminentias cavitatibus suscipientibus\n\u00e6quales semper inveneris; Hoc mirabile. Si enim justo amplior esset\nCavitas, laxus san\u00e8 & infirmus fieret Articulus; si strictior, motus\ndifficulter fieret, ut qui nullam versionem haberet; ac periculum esset\nnon parvum, eminintias ossium arctatas frangi: sed horum neutrum factum\nest.\u2014\u2014Sed quoniam ex tam secur\u00e2 constructione periculum erat, n\u00e8 motiones\ndifficili\u00f9s fierent, & eminenti\u00e6 ossium extererentur, duplex rursus\nauxilium in id Natura molita est. 1. Cartilagine os utrumque subungens,\natque oblinens: alterum, ipsis Cartilaginibus humorem unctuosum, velut\noleum, superfundens; per quem facil\u00e8 mobilis, & attritu contumax omnis\narticulatio Ossium facta est.\u2014\u2014Ut undique diligenter Articulus omnis\ncustodiretur, Ligamenta qu\u00e6dam ex utroque osse produxit Natura._ Galen de\nUs. Part. l. 1. c. 15.\n\n[e] For the affording this oily or mucilaginous Matter, there are\n_Glandules_ very commodiously placed near the Joynts, so as not to suffer\ntoo great Compression by the Motion of the neighbouring Bones, and yet\nto receive a due Pressure, so as to cause a sufficient Emission of the\nMucilage into the Joynts. Also another Thing considerable is, that the\nexcretory Ducts of the _mucilaginous Glands_ have some Length in their\nPassage from the Glands to their Mouths; which is a good Contrivance, to\nprevent their Mouths being oppressed by the Mucilage, as also to hinder\nthe too plentiful Effusion thereof, but yet to afford a due Expressure\nof it at all Times, and on all Occasions, as particularly in violent\nand long-continued Motions of the Joynts, when there is a greater than\nordinary Expence of it. See _Cowper_\u2019s _Anat. Tab._ 79.\n\n[f] There is no doubt to be made, but that the Muscles receive their\nMotion from the Nerves. For if a Nerve be cut, or straightly bound, that\ngoes to any Muscle, that Muscle shall immediately lose its Motion. Which\nis doubtless the case of Paralyticks; whose Nerves are some of them by\nObstructions, or such like Means, reduced to the same State as if cut or\nbound.\n\nAnd this also is the cause of that _Numness_ or _Sleepiness_ we find\noftentimes, by long sitting or lying on any Part.\n\nNeither is this a modern Notion only: For _Galen_ saith, _Principium\nNervorum omnium Cerebrum est, & spinalis Medulla.\u2014\u2014Et Nervi \u00e0 Cerebro\nanimalem virtutem accipiunt\u2014\u2014Nervorum utilitas est facultatem Sens\u00fbs &\nMot\u00fbs \u00e0 principio in partes diducere._ And this he intimates to have been\nthe Opinion of _Hippocrates_ and _Plato_. De Us. Part. l. 1. c. 16. _&\npassim_.\n\n[g] Dr. _Willis_ thinks, that in the _Brain_ the Spirits are elaborated\nthat minister to voluntary Motion; but in the _Cerebellum_, such as\neffect involuntary, or natural Motions; such as that of the Heart, the\nLungs, _&c._ _Cerebri Anat._ c. 15.\n\n[h] See _Book V. Chap. 8._\n\n[i] To the foregoing, I shall briefly add some Examples of the special\nProvision made for the Motion of some Animals by _Temporary Parts_.\n_Frogs_ and _Toads_, in their _Tadpole-state_, have Tails, which fall off\nwhen their Legs are grown out. The _Lacerta aquatica_, or _Water-Newt_,\nwhen Young, hath four neat ramified Fins, two on a Side, growing out a\nlittle above its Fore-Legs, to poise and keep its Body upright, (which\ngives it the Resemblance of a young Fish,) which fall off when the Legs\nare grown. And the _Nymph\u00e6_ and _Aureli\u00e6_, of all or most of the Insects\nbred in the Waters, as they have particular Forms, different from the\nInsects they produce; so have also peculiar Parts afforded them for their\nMotion in the Waters: Oars, Tails, and every Part adapted to the Waters,\nwhich are utterly varied in the Insects themselves, in their mature State\nin the Air.\n\n[k] _Jam ver\u00f2 alia animalia gradiendo, alia serpendo ad pastum accedunt,\nalia volando, alia nando._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 47.\n\nCompare also what _Galen_ excellently observes concerning the Number of\nFeet in Man, and in other Animals; and the wise Provision thereby made\nfor the Use and Benefit of the respective Animals. _De Us. Part._ in the\nbeginning of the third Book.\n\n[l] As I shall hereafter shew, that the indulgent Creator hath\nabundantly provided for the Safety of Animals by their Cloathing,\nHabitations, Sagacity and Instruments of Defence; so there appears to be\na Contemperament of their _Motion_ with these Provisions. They that are\nwell armed and guarded, have commonly a slower Motion; whereas they that\nare destitute thereof, are swifter. So also timid helpless Animals are\ncommonly swift; thus Deer and Hares: But Animals endowed with Courage,\nCraft, Arms, _&c._ commonly have a slower Motion.\n\n[m] See _Book VII. Chap. 1._\n\n[n] See _Book VII. Chap. 1._ the end.\n\n[o] See _Book IX. Chap. 1. Note (c)._\n\n[p] _Siquis unquam alius Opifex, \u00e6qualitatis & proportionis magnam habuit\nprovidentiam, cert\u00e8 Natura habuit in animalium corporibus conformandis;\nunde Hippocrates eam rectissim\u00e8 justam nominat._ Galen. de Us. Part. l.\n2. c. 16.\n\n[q] The Make of the Bodies of some Water-fowl, seems to contradict what\nI here say, the Heads and long Necks of some, as of Swans, Ducks and\nGeese; and the hinder Parts of others, as of the Doucker and More-hen,\nand some other Kinds, seeming to be too heavy for the rest of their Body.\nBut instead of being an Argument against, it is a notable Instance of,\nthe divine Art and Providence, these Things being nice Accommodations to\ntheir way of Life. Of such as have long Necks, see _Book VII. Chap. 2.\nNote (i)._\n\nAnd as for such whose hinder Parts seem to over-balance their foremost\nParts, whereby they fly with their Bodies in a manner erect, this also is\nan excellent Accommodation to their way of Life, which is Diving rather\nthan Flying. _Vid._ _Book VII. Chap. 4. Note (k)._\n\n[r] See _Book V. Chap. 2. Note (h)._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. IX.\n\n_Of the Place allotted to the several Tribes of Animals._\n\n\nHaving dispatched the Motion of Animals, let us in the next Place\nconsider the _Place_ which the infinitely wise Creator hath appointed\nthem to move and act, and perform the Offices of the Creation in. And\nhere we find every Particular well ordered. All Parts of our Terraqueous\nGlobe fit for an Animal to live and act in, are sufficiently stocked\nwith proper Inhabitants: The watery Element (unfit, one would think,\nfor Respiration and Life) abounding with Creatures fitted for it; its\nBowels abundantly stored, and its Surface well bespread. The Earth also\nis plentifully stocked in all its Parts, where Animals can be of any\nUse; not probably the deepest Bowels thereof indeed, being Parts in all\nlikelihood unfit for Habitation and Action, and where a living Creature\nwould be useless in the World; but the Surface every where abundantly\nstored.\n\nBut that which is most considerable in this Matter, and plainly sheweth\nthe divine Management in the Case, is, that those Creatures are\nmanifestly designed for the Place in which they are, and the Use and\nServices they perform therein. If all the Animals of our Globe had been\nmade by Chance, or placed by Chance, or without the divine Providence,\ntheir Organs would have been otherwise than they are, and their Place\nand Residence confused and jumbled. Their Organs (for Instance) of\nRespiration, of Vision, and of Motion, would have fitted any _Medium_, or\nhave needed none; their Stomachs would have served any Food, and their\nBlood, and Covering of their Bodies been made for any Clime, or only one\nClime. Consequently all the Animal World would have been in a confused,\ninconvenient, and disorderly Commixture. One Animal would have wanted\nFood, another Habitation, and most of them Safety. They would have all\nflocked to one, or a few Places, taken up their Rest in the Temperate\nZones only, and coveted one Food, the easiest to be come at, and most\nspecious in shew; and so would have poisoned, starved, or greatly\nincommoded one another. Bur as the Matter is now ordered, the Globe is\nequally bespread, so that no Place wanteth proper Inhabitants, nor any\nCreature is destitute of a proper Place, and all Things necessary to its\nLife, Health, and Pleasure. As the Surface of the Terraqueous Globe is\ncovered with different Soils, with Hills and Vales, with Seas, Rivers,\nLakes and Ponds, with divers Trees and Plants, in the several Places; so\nall these have their Animal Inhabitants, whole Organs of Life and Action\nare manifestly adapted to such and such Places and Things; whose Food\nand Physick, and every other Convenience of Life, is to be met with in\nthat very Place appointed it. The watery, the amphibious[a], the airy\nInhabitants, and those on the dry Land Surface, and the Subterraneous\nunder it, they all live and act with Pleasure, they are gay, and flourish\nin their proper Element and allotted Place, they want neither for Food,\nCloathing, or Retreat; which would dwindle and die, destroy, or poison\none another, if all coveted the same Element, Place, or Food.\n\nNay, and as the Matter is admirably well ordered, yet considering the\nWorld\u2019s increase, there would not be sufficient Room, Food, and other\nNecessaries for all the living Creatures, without another grand Act of\nthe divine Wisdom and Providence, which is the _Balancing the Number\nof Individuals_ of each Species of Creatures, in that Place appointed\nthereto: Of which in the next Chapter.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Est etiam admiratio nonnulla in bestiis aquatilibus iis, qu\u00e6\ngignuntur in terr\u00e2: veluti Crocodili, fluviatilesque Testudines,\nqu\u00e6damque Serpentes ort\u00e6 extra aquam, simul ac prim\u00f9m niti possunt, aquam\npersequuntur. Quin etiam Anatum ova Gallinis s\u00e6pe supponimus\u2014\u2014~[Pulli]~\ndeinde eas ~[matres]~ relinquunt\u2014\u2014& effugiunt, c\u00f9m prim\u00f9m aquam, quasi\nnaturalem domum, videre potuerunt._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 48.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. X.\n\n_Of the Balance of Animals, or the due Proportion in which the World is\nflocked with them._\n\n\nThe whole Surface of our Globe can afford Room and Support only to such a\nNumber of all Sorts of Creatures. And if by their doubling, trebling, or\nany other Multiplication of their Kind, they should encrease to double or\ntreble that Number, they must starve, or devour one another. The keeping\ntherefore the Balance even, is manifestly a Work of the divine Wisdom\nand Providence. To which end, the great Author of Life hath determined\nthe Life of all Creatures to such a Length, and their Increase to such\na Number, proportional to their Use in the World. The Life of some\nCreatures is long, and their Increase but small, and by that means they\ndo not over-stock the World. And the same Benefit is effected, where the\nIncrease is great, by the Brevity of such Creatures Lives, by their great\nUse, and the frequent Occasions there are of them for Food to Man, or\nother Animals. It is a very remarkable Act of the Divine Providence, that\nuseful Creatures are produced in great Plenty[a], and others in less.\nThe prodigious and frequent Increase of Insects, both in and out of the\nWaters, may exemplify the one; and \u2019tis observable in the other, that\nCreatures less useful, or by their Voracity pernicious, have commonly\nfewer Young, or do seldomer bring forth: Of which many Instances might\nbe given in the voracious Beasts and Birds. But there is one so peculiar\nan Animal, as if made for a particular Instance in our present Case, and\nthat is the _Cuntur_ of _Peru_[b]: A Fowl of that Magnitude, Strength and\nAppetite, as to seize not only on the Sheep, and lesser Cattle, but even\nthe larger Beasts, yea, the very Children too. Now these, as they are the\nmost pernicious of Birds, so are they the most rare, being seldom seen,\nor only one, or a few in large Countries; enough to keep up the Species;\nbut not to over-charge the World.\n\nThus the Balance of the animal World, is, throughout all Ages, kept even;\nand by a curious Harmony, and just Proportion between the Increase of all\nAnimals, and the Length of their Lives, the World is through all Ages\nwell; but not over-stored: _One Generation passeth away, and another\nGeneration cometh_[c]; so equally in its Room, to balance the Stock of\nthe terraqueous Globe in all Ages, and Places, and among all Creatures;\nthat it is an actual Demonstration of our Saviour\u2019s Assertion, _Mat._ x.\n29. that the most inconsiderable, common Creature, _Even a Sparrow (two\nof which are sold for a Farthing) doth not fall on the Ground without our\nheavenly Father._\n\nThis Providence of God is remarkable in every Species of living\nCreatures: But that especial Management of the Recruits and Decays\nof Mankind, so equally all the World over, deserves our especial\nObservation. In the Beginning of the World, and so after _Noah_\u2019s\nFlood, the Long\u00e6vity of Men, as it was of absolute Necessity to the\nmore speedy peopling of the new World; so is a special Instance of the\ndivine Providence in this Matter[d]. And the same Providence appears in\nthe following Ages, when the World was pretty well peopled, in reducing\nthe common Age of Man then to 120 Years, (_Gen._ vi. 3.) in Proportion\nto the Occasions of the World at that Time. And lastly, when the World\nwas fully peopled after the Flood, (as it was in the Age of _Moses_, and\nso down to our present Time) the lessening the common Age of Man to 70\nor 80 Years[e], (the Age mentioned by _Moses_, _Psal_. xc. 10. this, I\nsay,) is manifestly an Appointment of the same infinite Lord that ruleth\nthe World: For, by this Means, the peopled World is kept at a convenient\nStay; neither too full, nor too empty. For if Men (the Generality of\nthem, I mean) were to live now to _Methusalah_\u2019s Age of 969 Years, or\nonly to _Abraham_\u2019s, long after the Flood, of 175 Years, the World would\nbe too much over-run; or if the Age of Man was limited to that of divers\nother Animals, to ten, twenty, or thirty Years only; the Decays then of\nMankind would be too fast: But at the middle Rate mentioned, the Balance\nis nearly even, and Life and Death keep an equal Pace. Which Equality\nis so great and harmonious, and so manifest an Instance of the divine\nManagement, that I shall spend some Remarks upon it.\n\nIt appears from our best Accounts of these Matters, that in our\n_European_ Parts[f], and I believe the same is throughout the World;\nthat, I say, there is a certain Rate and Proportion in the Propagation of\nMankind: Such a Number marry[g], so many are born, such a Number die; in\nProportion to the Number of Persons in every Nation, County, or Parish.\nAnd as to Births, two Things are very considerable: One is the Proportion\nof Males and Females[h], not in a wide Proportion, not an uncertain,\naccidental Number at all Adventures; but nearly equal. Another Thing is,\nthat a few more are born than appear to die, in any certain Place[i].\nWhich is an admirable Provision for the extraordinary Emergencies and\nOccasions of the World; to supply unhealthful Places, where Death\nout-runs Life; to make up the Ravages of great Plagues, and Diseases, and\nthe Depredations of War, and the Seas; and to afford a sufficient Number\nfor Colonies in the unpeopled Parts of the Earth. Or on the other Hand,\nwe may say, that sometimes those extraordinary Expences of Mankind, may\nbe not only a just Punishment of the Sins of Men; but also a wise Means\nto keep the Balance of Mankind even; as one would be ready to conclude,\nby considering the _Asiatick_, and other the more fertile Countries,\nwhere prodigious Multitudes are yearly swept away with great Plagues, and\nsometimes War; and yet those Countries are so far from being wasted, that\nthey remain full of People.\n\nAnd now upon the whole Matter, What is all this but admirable and plain\nManagement? What can the maintaining throughout all Ages, and Places,\nthese Proportions of Mankind, and all other Creatures; this Harmony in\nthe Generations of Men be, but the Work of one that ruleth the World? Is\nit possible that every Species of Animals should so evenly be preserved,\nproportionate to the Occasions of the World? That they should be so well\nbalanced in all Ages and Places, without the Help of almighty Wisdom and\nPower? How is it possible by the bare Rules, and blind Acts of Nature,\nthat there should be any tolerable Proportion; for Instance, between\nMales and Females, either of Mankind, or of any other Creature[k];\nespecially such as are of a ferine, not of a domestick Nature, and\nconsequently out of the Command and Management of Man? How could Life\nand Death keep such an even Pace through all the animal World? If we\nshould take it for granted, that, according to the Scripture History, the\nWorld had a Beginning, (as who can deny it[l]; or if we should suppose\nthe Destruction thereof by _Noah_\u2019s Flood: How is it possible, after\nthe World was replenished,) that in a certain Number of Years, by the\ngreater Increases and Doublings of each Species of Animals; that, I say,\nthis Rate of Doubling[m] should cease; or that it should be compensated\nby some other Means? That the World should be as well, or better stocked\nthan now it is, in 1656 Years (the Time between the Creation and the\nFlood; this) we will suppose may be done by the natural Methods of each\nSpecies Doubling or Increase: But in double that Number of Years, or at\nthis Distance from the Flood, of 4000 Years, that the World should not\nbe over stock\u2019d, can never be made out, without allowing an infinite\nProvidence.\n\nI conclude then this Observation with the Psalmist\u2019s Words, _Psal._ civ.\n29, 30. _Thou hidest thy Face, all Creatures are troubled; thou takest\naway their Breath, they die, and return to their Dust. Thou sendest forth\nthy Spirit, they are created; and thou renewest the Face of the Earth._\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Benigna circa hoc Natura, innocua & esculenta animalia f\u0153cunda\ngeneravit._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 55.\n\n[b] _Captain ~J. Strong~ gave me this Account, together with a\nQuill-Feather of the ~Cuntur~ or ~Condor~ of ~Peru~. On the Coast\nof ~Chili~, they met with this Bird in about 33\u00b0 S. Lat. not far from\n~Mocha~, an Island in the South-Sea,\u2014\u2014they shot it sitting on a Cliff, by\nthe Sea-side; that it was 16 Feet from Wing to Wing extended; that the\n~Spanish~ Inhabitants told them they were afraid of these Birds, lest\nthey should prey upon their Children. And the Feather he gave me_ (saith\nthe Doctor) _is 2 Feet, 4 Inches long; the Quill-part 5\u00be Inches long, and\n1\u00bd Inch about in the largest Part. It weighed 3 dr. 17\u00bd gr. and is of a\ndark brown Colour._ Dr. _Sloane_ in Phil. Trans. N\u1d52. 208.\n\nTo this Account, the Doctor, (in a Letter to Mr. _Ray_, _March 31, 1694_,\nwith other Papers of Mr. _Ray_\u2019s, in my Hands,) adds the Testimony\nof _Jos. Acosta_, l. 4. c. 7. and _Garcilass. de la Vega_, who l. 8.\nc. 19. saith, _There are other Fowls, call\u2019d ~Cuntur~, and by the\n~Spaniards~ corruptly ~Condor~. Many of these Fowls having been kill\u2019d\nby the ~Spaniards~, had their Proportion taken, and from End to End of\ntheir Wings measured 15 or 16 Feet.\u2014\u2014Nature, to temper and allay their\nFierceness, deny\u2019d them the Talons which are given to the ~Eagle~; their\nFeet being tipp\u2019d with Claws like a Hen: However, their Beak is strong\nenough to tear off the Hide, and rip up the Bowels of an ~Ox~. Two of\nthem will attempt a ~Cow~ or ~Bull~, and devour him: And it hath often\nhappened, that one of then alone hath assaulted Boys of ten or twelve\nYears of Age, and eaten them. Their Colour is black and white, like a\n~Magpie~. It is well there are but few of them; for if they were many,\nthey would very much destroy the Cattle. They have on the forepart of\ntheir Heads, a Comb, not pointed like that of a ~Cock~; but rather even,\nin the Form of a Razor. When they come to alight from the Air, they make\nsuch an humming Noise, with the fluttering of their Wings, as is enough\nto astonish, or make a Man deaf._\n\n[c] _Eccles._ i. 4.\n\n[d] The Divine Providence doth not only appear in the Long\u00e6vity of Man,\nimmediately after the Creation and Flood; but also in their different\nLong\u00e6vity at those two Times. Immediately after the Creation, when\nthe World was to be peopled by one Man, and one Woman, the Age of the\ngreatest Part of those on Record, was 900 Years, and upwards. But after\nthe Flood, when there were three Persons by whom the World was to be\npeopled, none of those Patriarchs, except _Shem_, arriv\u2019d to the Age\nof 500; and only the three first of _Shem_\u2019s Line, _viz._ _Arphaxad_,\n_Salah_, and _Eber_, came near that Age; which was in the first Century\nafter the Flood. But in the second Century, we do not find any reached\nthe Age of 240. And in the third Century, (about the latter End of which\n_Abraham_ was born,) none, except _Terah_, arriv\u2019d to 200 Years: By which\nTime the World was so well peopled, (that Part of it, at least where\n_Abraham_ dwelt,) that they had built Cities, and began to be cantoned\ninto distinct Nations and Societies, under their respective Kings; so\nthat they were able to wage War, four Kings against five, _Gen._ xiv.\nNay, if the Accounts of _Anian_, _Berosus_, _Manetho_, and others, yea,\n_Africanus_ be to be credited; the World was so well peopled, even before\nthe Times we speak of, as to afford sufficient Numbers for the great\nKingdoms of _Assyria_, _\u00c6gypt_, _Persia_, &c. But learned Men generally,\nwith great Reason, reject these as legendary Accounts. If the Reader\nhath a Mind to see a Computation of the Increase of Mankind, in the\nthree first Centuries after the Flood, he may find two different Ones\nof the most learned Archbishop _Usher_, and _Petavius_; together with a\nRefutation of the so early Beginning of the _Assyrian Monarchy_; as also\nReasons for placing _Abraham_ near 1000 Years after the Flood, in our\nmost learned Bishop _Stillingfleet_\u2019s _Orig. Sacr._ Book III. Chap. 4. \u00a7.\n9.\n\n[e] That the common Age of Man hath been the same in all Ages since the\nWorld was peopled, is manifest from prophane, as well as sacred History.\nTo pass by others: _Plato_ lived to the Age of 81, and was accounted\nan old Man. And those which _Pliny_ reckons up, _l. 7. c. 48._ as rare\nExamples of long Life, may for the most Part be match\u2019d by our modern\nHistories; especially such as _Pliny_ himself gave Credit unto. Dr.\n_Plot_ hath given us divers Instances in his History of _Oxfordshire_,\nc. 2. \u00a7. 3. and c. 8. \u00a7. 54. and History of _Staffordshire_, c. 8. \u00a7.\n91, _&c._ Among others, one is of twelve Tenants of Mr. _Biddulph_\u2019s,\nthat together made 1000 Years of Age. But the most considerable Examples\nof aged Persons among us, is of old _Parre_ of _Shropshire_, who lived\n152 Years 9 Months, according to the learned Dr. _Harvey_\u2019s Account; and\n_Henry Jenkins_ of _Yorkshire_, who lived 169 Years, according to the\nAccount of my learned and ingenious Friend Dr. _Tancred Robinson_; of\nboth which, with others, see _Lowth. Abridg. Phil. Trans._ V. 3. p. 306.\nThe great Age of _Parre_ of _Shropshire_, minds me of an Observation of\nthe Reverend Mr. _Plaxton_, that in his two Parishes of _Kinardsey_ and\n_Donington_ in _Shropshire_, every sixth Soul was 60 Years of Age, or\nupwards, _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 310.\n\nAnd if we step farther North into _Scotland_, we shall find divers\nrecorded for their great Age: Of which I shall present the Reader with\nonly one modern Example of one _Laurence_, who married a Wife after he\nwas 100 Years of Age, and would go out to Sea a Fishing in his little\nBoat, when he was 140 Years old; and is lately dead of no other Distemper\nbut mere old Age, saith Sir _Rob. Sibbald_, _Prodr. Hist. Nat. Scot._ p.\n44. _and_ l. 3. p. 4.\n\nAs for Foreigners, the Examples would be endless; and therefore that of\n_Joh. Ottele_ shall suffice, who was as famous for his Beard, as for\nbeing 115 Years of Age. He was but two _Brabant_ Ells \u00b3\u2044\u2089 high; and his\nlong grey Beard was one Ell \u00bc long. His Picture and Account may be seen\nin _Ephem. Germ. T. 3. Obs. 163._\n\nAs for the Story _Roger Bacon_ tells, of one that lived 900 Years by the\nHelp of a certain Medicine, and many other such Stories, I look upon\nthem as fabulous. And no better is that of the _Wandring Jew_, named\n_Joh. Buttad\u00e6us_, said to have been present at our Saviour\u2019s Crucifixion;\nalthough very serious Stories are told of his being seen at _Antwerp_,\nand in _France_, about the Middle of the last Century but one; and\nbefore in _Ann. 1542_, conversed with by _Paul_ of _Eitsen_, Bishop of\n_Sleswick_; and before that, _viz._ in 1228, seen and convers\u2019d with by\nan _Armenian Archbishop_\u2019s _Gentleman_; and by others at other Times.\n\nIf the Reader hath a Mind to see more Examples, he may meet with some\nof all Ages, in the learned _Hakewill\u2019s Apol. p. 181._ where he will\nalso find that learned Author\u2019s Opinion of the Causes of the Brevity and\nLength of humane Life. The Brevity thereof he attributeth to a too tender\nEducation, sucking strange Nurses, too hasty Marriages; but above all, to\nLuxury, high Sauces, strong Liquors, _&c._ The Long\u00e6vity of the Ancients\nhe ascribes to Temperance in Meat and Drink, anointing the Body, the\nUse of Saffron and Honey, warm Clothes, lesser Doors and Windows, less\nPhysick and more Exercise.\n\n[f] The Proportions which Marriages bear to Births, and Births to\nBurials, in divers Parts of Europe, may be seen at an easy View in this\nTable:\n\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n | Names of the Places. | Marriages to | Births to |\n | | Births: As | Burials: as |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n |_England_ in general. | 1 to 4.63 | 1.12 to 1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n |_London_. | 1 to 4. | 1 to 1.1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n |_Hantshire_, from 1569, to 1658. | 1 to 4. | 1.2 to 1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n |_Tiverton_ in _Devon_, 1560, to 1649. | 1 to 3.7 | 1.26 to 1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n |_Cranbrook_ in _Kent_, 1560, to 1649. | 1 to 3.9 | 1.6 to 1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n |_Aynho_ in _Northamptonshire_ for 118 Y. | 1 to 6 | 1.6 to 1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n |_Leeds_ in _Yorkshire_ for 122 Years. | 1 to 3.7 | 1.07 to 1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n |_Harwood_ in _Yorkshire_ 57 Years. | 1 to 3.4 | 1.23 to 1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n |_Upminster_ in _Essex_ 100 Years. | 1 to 4.6 | 1.08 to 1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n |_Frankfort_ on the _Main_ in 1695. | 1 to 3.7 | 1.2 to 1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n | Old middle and lower _Marck_ in 1698. | 1 to 3.7 | 1.9 to 1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n | Domin. of the K. of _Prussia_ in 1698. | 1 to 3.7 | 1.5 to 1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n |_Breslaw_ in _Silesia_ from 1687 to 1691.| | 1.6 to 1 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n |_Paris_ in 1670, 1671, 1672. | 1 to 4.7 | 1 to 1.6 |\n +-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+\n\nWhich Table I made from Major _Graunt_\u2019s Observations on the Bills of\nMortality; Mr. _King_\u2019s Observations in the first of Dr. _Davenant_\u2019s\n_Essays_; and what I find put together by my ingenious Friend Mr.\n_Lowthorp_, in his _Abridgment_, Vol. 3. p. 668. and my own Register of\n_Upminster_. That from _Aynho_ Register in _Northamptonshire_, I had\nfrom the present Rector, the learned and ingenious Mr. _Wasse_: And I\nwas promised some Accounts from the North, and divers others Parts of\nthis Kingdom; but have not yet received them: Only those of _Leeds_\nand _Harwood_ in _Yorkshire_, from my curious and ingenious friend Mr.\n_Thoresby_.\n\n[g] The preceding Table shews, that Marriages, one with another, do each\nof them produce about four Births; not only in _England_, but in other\nParts of _Europe_ also.\n\nAnd by Mr. _King_\u2019s Estimate, (the best Computations I imagine of any,\nbeing derived from the best Accounts; such as the Marriage, Birth,\nBurial-Act, the Poll Books, _&c._ by his Estimate, I say,) about 1 in\n104 marry. For he judgeth the Number of the People in _England_, to be\nabout five Millions and a half; of which about 41000 annually marry. As\nto what might be farther remarked concerning Marriages, in regard of the\nRights and Customs of several Nations, the Age to which divers Nations\nlimited Marriage, _&c._ it would be Endless, and too much out of the Way\nto mention them: I shall only therefore, for the Reader\u2019s Diversion,\ntake Notice of the Jeer of _Lactantias_, _Quare apud Poetas salacissimus\n~Jupiter~ desiit liberos tollere? Utrum sexagenarius factus, & ei Lex\nPapia fibulam imposuit?_ Lactant. Instit. l. 1. c. 16. By which _Lex\nPapia_, Men were prohibited to marry after 60, and Women after 50 Years\nof Age.\n\n[h] _Major Graunt_, (whose Conclusions seem to be well-grounded,) and Mr.\n_King_, disagree in the Proportions they assign to Males and Females.\nThis latter makes in _London_, 10 Males to be to 13 Females; in other\nCities and Market-Towns, 8 to 9; and in the Villages and Hamlets, 100\nMales to 99 Females. But Major _Graunt_, both from the _London_, and\n_Country_ Bills, saith, there are 14 Males to 13 Females: From whence he\njustly infers, _That Christian Religion, prohibiting Polygamy, is more\nagreeable to the Law of Nature than_ Mahumetism, _and others that allow\nit_, Chap. 8.\n\nThis Proportion of 14 to 13, I imagine is nearly just, it being agreeable\nto the Bills I have met with, as well as those in Mr. _Graunt_. In the\n100 Years, for Example, of my own Parish-Register, although the Burials\nof Males and Females were nearly equal, being 636 Males, and 623 Females\nin all that Time; yet there were baptized 709 Males, and but 675 Females,\nwhich is 13 Females to 13.7 Males. Which Inequality shews, not only,\nthat one Man ought to have but one Wife; but also that every Woman may,\nwithout Polygamy, have an Husband, if she doth not bar her self by the\nwant of Virtue, by Denial, _&c._ Also this Surplusage of Males is very\nuseful for the Supplies of War, the Seas, and other such Expences of the\nMen above the Women.\n\nThat this is a Work of the Divine Providence, and not a Matter of Chance,\nis well made out by the very Laws of Chance, by a Person able to do it,\nthe ingenious and learned Dr. _Arbuthnot_. He supposeth _Thomas_ to lay\nagainst _John_, that for eighty two Years running, more Males shall\nbe born than Females; and giving all Allowances in the Computation to\n_Thomas_\u2019s side, he makes the Odds against _Thomas_, that it doth not\nhappen so, to be near five Millions of Millions, of Millions, of Millions\nto one; but for Ages of Ages (according to the World\u2019s Age) to be near an\ninfinite Number to one against _Thomas_. _Vid._ _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 328.\n\n[i] The foregoing Table shews, that in _England_ in general fewer die\nthan are born, there being but 1 Death to 1\u00b9\u00b2\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 Births. But in _London_\nmore die than are born. So by Dr. _Davenant_\u2019s Table, the Cities likewise\nand Market-Towns bury \u2077\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 to one Birth. But in _Paris_ they out-do\n_London_, their Deaths being 1\u00bd to one Birth: The Reason of which I\nconceive is, because their Houses are more crowded than in _London_. But\nin the Villages of _England_, there are fewer die than are born, there\nbeing but 1 Death to 1\u00b9\u2077\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 Births. And yet Major _Graunt_, and Dr.\n_Davenant_, both observe, that there are more Breeders in _London_, and\nthe Cities and Market-Towns, than are in the Country, notwithstanding the\n_London_-Births are fewer than the Country; the Reason of which see in\n_Graunt_, _Chap. 7._ and _Davenant ubi supr. p. 21._\n\nThe last Remark I shall make from the foregoing Table, shall be, that we\nmay from thence judge of the Healthfulness of the Places there mentioned.\nIf the Year 1698 was the mean Account of the three _Marcks_, those Places\nbid the fairest for being most healthful; and next to them, _Aynho_ and\n_Cranbrook_ for _English_ Towns.\n\n[k] _Quid loquar, quanta ratio in bestiis ad perpetuam conservationem\nearum generis appareat? Nam primum ali\u00e6 Mares, ali\u00e6 F\u0153min\u00e6 sunt, quod\nperpetuitatis caus\u00e2 machinata natura est._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 51.\n\n[l] Altho\u2019 _Aristotle_ held the Eternity of the World, yet he seems to\nhave retracted that Opinion, or to have had a different Opinion when he\nwrote his _Metaphysicks_; for in his first Book he affirms, that _God\nis the Cause and Beginning of all Things_; and in his Book _de Mundo_\nhe saith, _There is no doubt, but God is the Maker and Conservator of\nall Things in the World_. And the _Stoicks_ Opinion is well known, who\nstrenuously contended that the Contrivance and Beauty of the Heavens and\nEarth, and all Creatures was owing to a wise, intelligent Agent. Of which\n_Tully_ gives a large Account in his second Book _de Nat. Deor._ in the\nPerson of _Balbus_.\n\n[m] I have before in _Note (g)_, observed, that the ordinary rate of\nthe Doubling or Increase of Mankind is, that every Marriage, one with\nanother, produces about four Births; but some have much exceeded that.\n_Babo_, Earl of _Abensperg_, had thirty two Sons and eight Daughters,\nand being invited to hunt with the Emperor _Henry_ II. and bring but few\nServants, brought only one Servant, and his thirty two Sons. To these\nmany others might be added; but one of the most remarkable Instances\nI have any where met with, is that of Mrs. _Honywood_, mentioned by\n_Hakewill_, _Camden_, and other Authors; but having now before me the\nNames, with some Remarks (which I received from a pious neighbouring\nDescendant of the same Mrs. _Honywood_) I shall give a more particular\nAccount than they. Mrs. _Mary Honywood_ was Daughter, and one of the\nCo-Heiresses of _Robert Atwaters_, Esq; of _Lenham_ in _Kent_. She was\nborn in 1527, married in _February_ 1543, at sixteen Years of Age, to her\nonly Husband _Robert Honywood_, of _Charing_ in _Kent_, Esq; She died in\nthe ninety third Year of her Age, in _May 1620_. She had sixteen Children\nof her own Body, seven Sons and nine Daughters; of which one had no\nissue, three died young, and the youngest was slain at _Newport Battle_,\n_June 20, 1600_. Her Grand-Children in the second Generation, were one\nhundred and fourteen; in the third two hundred and twenty eight; and nine\nin the fourth Generation. So that she could say the same that the Distick\ndoth, made of one of the _Dalburg_\u2019s Family of _Basil_:\n\n 1 2 3 4\n _Mater ait Nat\u00e6, dic Nat\u00e6, filia Natam_\n\n 5 6\n _Ut moneat, Nat\u00e6, plangere Filiolam._\n\n 1 2 3\n _Rise up Daughter, and go to thy Daughter,_\n\n 4 5 6\n _for her Daughters Daughter hath a Daughter._\n\nMrs. _Honywood_ was a very pious Woman, afflicted, in her declining\nAge, with Despair, in some measure; concerning which, some Divines once\ndiscoursing with her, she in a Passion said, _She was as certainly damned\nas this Glass is broken_, throwing a _Venice_-Glass against the Ground,\nwhich she had then in her Hand. But the Glass escaped breaking, as\ncredible Witnesses attested.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. XI.\n\n_Of the Food of Animals._\n\n\nThe preceding Reflection of the _Psalmist_, mindeth me of another Thing\nin common to Animals, that pertinently falleth next under Consideration,\nwhich is the _Appointment of Food_, mentioned in Verse 27, 28, of the\nlast cited _Psalm_ civ. _These ~[Creatures]~ wait all upon thee, that\nthou may\u2019st give them their Meat in due Season. That thou givest them,\nthey gather; thou openest thy Hand, they are filled with Good._ The same\nis again asserted in _Psal_. cxlv. 15, 16. _The Eyes of all wait upon\nthee, and thou givest them their Meat in due Season. Thou openest thy\nHand, and satisfiest the Desire of every living Thing._\n\nWhat the _Psalmist_ here asserts, affords us a glorious Scene of the\ndivine Providence and Management. Which, (as I have shew\u2019d it to concern\nit self in other lesser Things;) so we may presume doth exert it self\nparticularly in so grand an Affair as that of Food, whereby the animal\nWorld subsists: And this will be manifested, and the _Psalmist_\u2019s\nObservations exemplified, from these six following Particulars:\n\nI. From the subsisting and maintaining such a large Number of Animals,\nthroughout all Parts of the World.\n\nII. From the proportionate Quantity of Food to the Eaters.\n\nIII. From the Variety of Food suited to the Variety of Animals: Or the\nDelight which various Animals have in different Food.\n\nIV. From the peculiar Food which peculiar Places afford to the Creatures\nsuited to those Places.\n\nV. From the admirable and curious Apparatus made for the gathering,\npreparing, and Digestion of the Food. And,\n\nVI. _and lastly_, From the great Sagacity of all Animals, in finding out\nand providing their Food.\n\nI. It is a great Act of the divine Power and Wisdom, as well as Goodness,\nto provide Food for such a World of Animals[a], as every where possess\nthe terraqueous Globe; on the dry Land; and in the Sea and Waters; in the\ntorrid and frozen Zones, as well as the temperate. That the temperate\nClimates, or at least the fertile Valleys, and rich and plentiful Regions\nof the Earth, should afford Subsistence to many Animals, may appear less\nwonderful perhaps: But that in all other the most likely Places for\nSupplies sufficient Food should be afforded to such a prodigious Number,\nand so great Variety of Beasts, Birds, Fishes and Insects; is owing to\nthat Being, who hath as wisely adapted their Bodies to their Place and\nFood, as well as carefully provided Food for their Subsistence there.\n\nBut I shall leave this Consideration, because it will be illustrated\nunder the following Points; and proceed,\n\nII. To consider the Adjustment of the Quantity of Food, in Proportion\nto the Eaters. In all Places there is generally enough; nay, such a\nSufficiency, as may be styled a Plenty; but not such a Superfluity,\nas to waste and corrupt, and thereby annoy the World. But that which\nis particularly remarkable here, is, that among the great Variety of\nFoods, the most useful is the most plentiful, most universal, easiest\npropagated, and most patient of Weather, and other Injuries. As the\nherbaceous Eaters, (for Instance) are many, and devour much; so the\ndryland Surface we find every where almost naturally carpeted over with\nGrass, and other agreeable wholsome Plants; propagating themselves in a\nManner every where, and scarcely destroyable by the Weather, the Plough,\nor any Art. So likewise for Grain, especially such as is most useful,\nhow easily is it cultivated, and what a large Increase doth it produce?\n_Pliny_\u2019s Example of Wheat[b], is a sufficient Instance in this Matter;\nwhich (as that curious Heathen observes) being principally useful to the\nSupport of Man, is easily propagated, and in great Plenty: And an happy\nFaculty that is of it, that it can bear either extreams of Heat or Cold,\nso as scarce to refuse any Clime.\n\nIII. Another wise Provision the Creator hath made relating to the Food\nof Animals, is, that various Animals delight in various Food[c]; some\nin Grass and Herbs; some in Grain and Seeds; some in Flesh; some in\nInsects; some in this[d], some in that; some more delicate and nice; some\nvoracious and catching at any Thing. If all delighted in, or subsisted\nonly with one Sort of Food, there would not be sufficient for all; but\nevery Variety chusing various Food, and perhaps abhorring that which\nothers like, is a great and wise Means that every Kind hath enough, and\noftentimes somewhat to spare.\n\nIt deserves to be reckoned as an Act of the divine Appointment, that what\nis wholesome Food to one, is nauseous, and as a Poyson to another; what\nis a sweet and delicate Smell and Taste to one, is f\u0153tid and loathsome\nto another: By which Means all the Provisions the Globe affords are\nwell dispos\u2019d of. Not only every Creature is well provided for, but a\ndue Consumption is made of those Things that otherwise would encumber\nthe World, lie in the Way, corrupt, rot, stink and annoy, instead of\ncherishing and refreshing it. For our most useful Plants, Grain and\nFruits, would mould and rot; those Beasts, Fowls and Fishes, which are\nreckoned among the greatest Dainties, would turn to Carrion, and poyson\nus: Nay, those Animals which are become Carrion, and many other Things\nthat are noysome, both on the Dry-land, and in the Waters, would be\ngreat Annoyances, and breed Diseases, was it nor for the Provision which\nthe infinite Orderer of the World hath made, by causing these Things\nto be sweet, pleasant, and wholsome Food to some Creature or other, in\nthe Place where those Things fall: To Dogs, Ravens, and other voracious\nAnimals, for Instance, on the Earth; and to rapacious Fishes, and other\nCreatures inhabiting the Waters.\n\nThus is the World in some Measure kept sweet and clean, and at the same\nTime, divers Species of Animals supply\u2019d with convenient Food. Which\nProvidence of God, particularly in the Supplies afforded the _Ravens_, is\ndivers Times taken Notice of in the Scriptures[e]; but whether for the\nReasons now hinted, or any other special Reasons, I shall not enquire.\nThus our Saviour, _Luke_ xii. 24. _Consider the Ravens; for they neither\nsow nor reap, which neither have Storehouse, nor Barn, and God feedeth\nthem._ It is a manifest Argument of the divine Care and Providence,\nin supplying the World with Food and Necessaries, that the _Ravens_,\naccounted as unclean, and little regarded by Man, destitute of Stores,\nand that live by Accidents, by what falleth here and there; that such a\nBird, I say, should be provided with sufficient Food; especially if that\nbe true, which _Aristotle_[f], _Pliny_[g], and _\u00c6lian_[h], report of\ntheir unnatural Affection and Cruelty to their Young: \u201cThat they expel\nthem their Nests as soon as they can fly, and then drive them out of the\nCountry\u201d.\n\nThus having considered the wise Appointment of the Creator, in suiting\nthe Variety of Food, to Variety of Animals: Let us in the\n\nIV. Place, Take a View of the peculiar Food, which particular Places\nafford to the Creatures inhabiting therein.\n\nIt hath been already observed[i], that every Place on the Surface of\nthe terraqueous Globe, is stocked with proper Animals, whose Organs of\nLife and Action are curiously adapted to each respective Place. Now it\nis an admirable Act of the divine Providence, that every Place affords a\nproper Food to all the living Creatures therein. All the various Regions\nof the World, the different Climates[k], the various Soils, the Seas,\nthe Waters, nay our very Putrefactions, and most nasty Places about the\nGlobe, as they are inhabited by some or other Animal, so they produce\nsome proper Food or other, affording a comfortable Subsistence to the\nCreatures living there. I might for Instances[l] of this, bring the\ngreat Variety of Herbs, Fruits and Grains on the Earth, the large Swarms\nof Insects in the Air, with every other Food of the Creatures residing\nin the Earth, or flying in the Air. But I shall stop at the _Waters_,\nbecause the _Psalmist_, in the fore-cited civ\u1d57\u02b0 _Psalm_, speaks with\nrelation to the especial Provision for the Inhabitants of the Waters; and\nalso by reason that many Land Animals have their chief Maintenance from\nthence.\n\nNow one would think, that the Waters were a very unlikely Element\nto produce Food for so great a Number of Creatures, as have their\nSubsistence from thence. But yet how rich a Promptuary is it, not only\nto large multitudes of Fishes, but also to many amphibious Quadrupeds,\nInsects, Reptiles, and Birds! From the largest _Leviathan_, which the\n_Psalmist_ saith[m] _playeth in the Seas_, to the smallest Mite in the\nLakes and Ponds, all are plentifully provided for; as is manifest from\nthe Fatness of their Bodies, and the Gaiety of their Aspect and Actions.\n\nAnd the Provision which the Creator hath made for this Service in the\nWaters is very observable; not only by the Germination of divers aquatick\nPlants there, but particularly by appointing the Waters to be the Matrix\nof many Animals, particularly of many of the Insect-Kind, not only of\nsuch as are peculiar to the Waters, but also of many appertaining to the\nAir and the Land, who, by their near Alliance to the Waters, delight to\nbe about them, and by that means become a Prey, and plentiful Food to the\nInhabitants of the Waters. And besides these, what prodigious Shoals do\nwe find of minute Animals, even sometimes discolouring the Waters[n]! Of\nthese (not only in the Water, but in the Air and on Land) I have always\nthought there was some more than ordinary Use intended by the All-wise\nCreator. And having bent many of my Observations that way, I have\nevidently found it accordingly to be. For be they never so numberless or\nminute, those Animals serve for Food to some Creatures or other. Even\nthose Animalcules in the Waters, discoverable only with good Microscopes,\nare a Repast to others there, as I have often with no less Admiration\nthan Pleasure seen[o].\n\nBut now the usual Objection is, that Necessity maketh Use[p]. Animals\nmust be fed, and they make use of what they find: In the desolate\nRegions, and in the Waters, for Instance, they feed upon what they can\ncome at; but, when in greater Plenty, they pick and chuse.\n\nBut this Objection hath been already in some measure answered by what\nhath been said; which plainly argues Design, and a super-intending\nWisdom, Power and Providence in this special Business of Food.\nParticularly the different Delight of divers Animals in different Food,\nso that what is nauseous to one, should be Dainties to another, is a\nmanifest Argument, that the Allotment of Food is not a Matter of mere\nChance, but entailed to the very Constitution and Nature of Animals; that\nthey chuse this, and refuse that, not by Accident, or Necessity, but\nbecause the one is a proper Food, agreeable to their Constitution, and\nso appointed by the infinite Contriver of their Bodies; and the other is\ndisagreeable and injurious to them.\n\nBut all this Objection will be found frivolous, and the Wisdom and Design\nof the great Creator will demonstratively appear, if we take a Survey,\n\nV. Of the admirable and curious Apparatus in all Animals, made for the\nGathering, Preparing and Digestion of their Food. From the very first\nEntrance, to the utmost Exit of the Food, we find every Thing contrived,\nmade and disposed with the utmost Dexterity and Art, and curiously\nadapted to the Place the Animal liveth in, and the Food it is to be\nnourished with.\n\nLet us begin with the _Mouth_. And this we find, in every Species of\nAnimals, nicely conformable to the Use of such a Part; neatly sized and\nshaped for the catching of Prey, for the gathering or receiving Food[q],\nfor the Formation of Speech, and every other such like Use[r]. In some\nCreatures it is wide and large, in some little and narrow: in some with\na deep Incisure up into the Head[s], for the better catching and holding\nof Prey, and more easy Comminution of hard, large and troublesome Food;\nin others with a much shorter Incisure, for the gathering and holding of\nherbaceous Food.\n\nIn _Insects_ it is very notable. In some forcipated; to catch hold and\ntear their Prey[t]. In some aculeated, to pierce and wound Animals[u],\nand suck their Blood. And in others strongly rigged with Jaws and Teeth,\nto gnaw and scrape out their Food, to carry Burdens[w] to perforate the\nEarth, yea the hardest Wood, yea even Stones themselves, for Houses[x]\nto themselves, and Nests for their young.\n\nAnd lastly, in _Birds_ it is no less remarkable. In the first Place,\nit is neatly shaped for piercing the Air, and making Way for the Body\nthro\u2019 the airy Regions. In the next Place, it is hard and horny, which\nis a good Supplement for the want of Teeth, and causeth the Bill to have\nthe Use and Service of the Hand. It\u2019s hooked Form is of great Use to\nthe rapacious Kind[y], in catching and holding their Prey, and in the\nComminution thereof by tearing; to others it is no less serviceable to\ntheir Climbing, as well as neat and nice Comminution of their Food[z].\nIts extraordinary Length and Slenderness is very useful to some, to\nsearch and grope for their Food in moorish Places[aa]; as its Length\nand Breadth is to others to hunt and search in muddy Places[bb]: And\nthe contrary Form, namely, a thick, short, and sharp-edg\u2019d Bill, is as\nuseful to other Birds, who have occasion to husk and flay the Grains\nthey swallow. But it would be endless, and tedious, to reckon up all\nthe various Shapes, and commodious Mechanism of all; the Sharpness and\nStrength of those who have Occasion to perforate Wood and Shells[cc]; the\nSlenderness and Neatness of such as pick up small Insects; the Cross-form\nof such as break up Fruits[dd]; the compressed Form of others[ee], with\nmany other curious and artificial Forms, all suited to the Way of Living,\nand peculiar Occasions of the several Species of Birds. Thus much for the\nMouth.\n\nLet us next take a short View of the _Teeth_[ff], In which their\npeculiar Hardness[gg] is remarkable, their Growth[hh] also, their firm\nInsertion and Bandage in the Gums and Jaws, and their various Shape and\nStrength, suited to their various Occasion and Use[ii]; the foremost\nweak and farthest from the Center, as being only Preparers to the rest;\nthe others being to grind and mince, are accordingly made stronger,\nand placed nearer the Center of Motion and Strength. Likewise their\nvarious Form[kk], in various Animals is considerable, being all curiously\nadapted to the peculiar Food[ll], and Occasions of the several Species\nof Animals[mm]. And lastly, the temporary Defect of them[nn], is no less\nobservable in Children, and such young Creatures, where there is no\nOccasion for them; but they would be rather an Annoyance to the tender\nNipples and Breasts.\n\nFrom the Teeth, the grand Instruments of Mastication; let us proceed\nto the other ministerial Parts. And here the _Parotid_, _Sublingual_,\nand _maxillary Glands_; together with those of the Cheeks and Lips, are\nconsiderable; all lodged in the most convenient Places about the Mouth\nand Throat to afford that noble digestive salival Liquor, to be mixed\nwith the Food in Mastication, and to moisten and lubricate the Passages,\nto give an easie descent to the Food. The commodious Form also of the\nJaws, deserves our Notice; together with the strong Articulation of\nthe lowermost, and its Motion. And lastly, the curious Form, the great\nStrength, the convenient Lodgment and Situation of the several Muscles\nand Tendons[oo], all ministring to this so necessary an Act of Life, as\nMastication is; they are such Contrivances, such Works, as plainly set\nforth the infinite Workman\u2019s Care and Skill.\n\nNext to the Mouth, the _Gullet_ presenteth it self; in every Creature\nwell-siz\u2019d to the Food it hath occasion to swallow; in some but narrow,\nin others as large and extensive[pp]; in all exceedingly remarkable for\nthe curious Mechanism of its Muscles, and the artificial Decussation and\nPosition of their Fibres[qq].\n\nAnd now we are arriv\u2019d to the grand Receptacle of the Food, the\n_Stomach_; for the most Part as various as the Food to be convey\u2019d\ntherein. And here I might describe the admirable Mechanism of its\nTunicks, Muscles, Glands, the Nerves, Arteries and Veins[rr]; all\nmanifesting the super-eminent Contrivance and Art of the infinite\nWorkman[ss]; they being all nicely adjusted to their respective Place,\nOccasion and Service. I might also insist upon that most necessary\nOffice of _Digestion_; and here consider that wonderful Faculty of the\nStomachs of all Creatures, to dissolve[tt] all the several Sorts of Food\nappropriated to their Species; even sometimes Things of that Consistency\nas seem insoluble[uu]; especially by such seemingly simple and weak\n_Menstruums_ as we find in their Stomachs: But I shall only give these\nThings a bare mention, and take more peculiar Notice of the Special\nProvision made in the particular Species of Animals, for the Digestion of\nthat special Food appointed them.\n\nAnd in the first Place it is observable, that, in every Species of\nAnimals, the Strength and Size of their Stomach[ww] is conformable to\ntheir Food. Such whose Food is more delicate, tender, and nutritive, have\ncommonly this Part thinner, weaker, and less bulky; whereas such whose\nAliment is less nutritive, or whose Bodies require larger Supplies to\nanswer their Bulk, their Labours, and waste of Strength and Spirits, in\nthem it is large and strong.\n\nAnother very remarkable Thing in this Part, is, the Number of Ventricles\nin divers Creatures. In many but one; in some two or more[xx]. In such as\nmake a sufficient Comminution of the Food in the Mouth, one suffices. But\nwhere Teeth are wanting, and the Food dry and hard, (as in granivorous\nBirds,) there the Defect is abundantly supply\u2019d by one thin membranaceous\nVentricle, to receive and moisten the Food, and another thick, strong,\nmuscular one, to grind and tear[yy] it. But in such Birds, and other\nCreatures, whose Food is not Grain, but Flesh, Fruits, Insects, or\npartly one, partly the other, there their Stomachs are accordingly\nconformable to their Food[zz], stronger or weaker, membranaceous or\nmuscular.\n\nBut as remarkable a Thing, as any in this Part of Animals, is, the\ncurious Contrivance and Fabrick of the several Ventricles of ruminating\nCreatures. The very Act it self of _Rumination_, is an excellent\nProvision for the compleat Mastication of the Food, at the Resting,\nleisure Times of the Animal. But the Apparatus for this Service, of\ndivers Ventricles for its various Uses and Purposes, together with their\ncurious Mechanism, deserves great Admiration[aaa].\n\nHaving thus far pursu\u2019d the Food to the Place, where by its Reduction\ninto Chyle, it becomes a proper Aliment for the Body; I might next trace\nit through the several Meanders of the _Guts_, the _Lacteals_, and so\ninto the _Blood_[bbb], and afterwards into the very Habit of the Body:\nI might also take Notice of the Separation made in the _Intestines_, of\nwhat is nutritive, (which is received,) and what is feculent, (being\nejected;) and the Impregnations there from the _Pancreas_ and the\n_Gall_; and after it hath been strained through those curious Colanders,\nthe _lacteal Veins_, I might also observe its Impregnations from the\n_Glands_ and _Lymph\u00e6ducts_; and, to name no more, I might farther view\nthe exquisite Structure of the Parts ministring to all these delicate\nOffices of Nature; particularly the artificial Conformation of the\nIntestines might deserve a special Enquiry, their Tunicks, Glands, Fibres\ntraversing one another[ccc], and peristaltick Motion in all Creatures;\nand their cochleous Passage[ddd] to retard the Motion of the Chyle, and\nto make amends for the Shortness of the Intestines, in such Creatures who\nhave but one Gut; together with many other Accommodations of Nature in\nparticular Animals that might be mention\u2019d. But it shall suffice to have\ngiven only a general Hint of those curious and admirable Works of God.\nFrom whence it is abundantly manifest how little weight there is in the\nformer atheistical Objection. Which will receive a further Confutation\nfrom the\n\nVI. and last Thing relating to Food, that I shall speak of, namely, _The\ngreat Sagacity of all Animals, in finding out and providing their Food._\nIn Man perhaps we may not find any Thing very admirable, or remarkable in\nthis Kind, by Means of his Reason and Understanding, and his Supremacy\nover the inferior Creatures; which answereth all his Occasions relating\nto this Business: But then even here the Creator hath shewed his Skill,\nin not over-doing the Matter; in not providing Man with an unnecessary\nApparatus, to effect over and over again what is feasible, by the Reach\nof his Understanding, and the Power of his Authority.\n\nBut for the inferior Creatures, who want Reason, the Power of that\nnatural Instinct, that Sagacity[eee] which the Creator hath imprinted\nupon them, do amply compensate that Defect. And here we shall find a\nglorious Scene of the divine Wisdom, Power, Providence and Care, if\nwe view the various Instincts of Beasts, great and small, or Birds,\nInsects and Reptiles[fff]. For among every Species of them, we may find\nnotable Acts of Sagacity, or Instinct, proportional to their Occasions\nfor Food. Even among those whose Food is near at Hand, and easily come\nat; as Grass and Herbs; and consequently have no great need of Art to\ndiscover it; yet, that Faculty of their accurate Smell and Taste, so\nready at every turn, to distinguish between what is salutary, and what\npernicious[ggg], doth justly deserve Praise. But for such Animals, whose\nFood is not so easily come at, a Variety of wonderful Instinct may be\nmet with, sufficient to entertain the most curious Observer. With what\nentertaining Power, and Artifice do some Creatures hunt[hhh], and pursue\ntheir Game and Prey! And others watch and way-lay theirs[iii]! With what\nprodigious Sagacity do others grope for it under Ground, out of Sight,\nin moorish Places, in Mud and Dirt[kkk]; and others dig and delve for it,\nboth above[lll], and under the Surface of the drier Lands[mmm]! And how\ncurious and well designed a Provision is it of particular large Nerves in\nsuch Creatures, adapted to that especial Service!\n\nWhat an admirable Faculty is that of many Animals, to discover their\nPrey at vast Distances; some by their Smell some Miles off[nnn]; and\nsome by their sharp and piercing Sight, aloft in the Air, or at other\ngreat Distances[ooo]! An Instance of the latter of which GOD himself\ngiveth, (_Job_ xxxix. 27, 28, 29.) in the Instinct of the _Eagle_:\n_Doth the Eagle mount up at thy Command, and make her Nest on high? She\ndwelleth and abideth on the Rock, upon the Crag of the Rock, and the\nstrong Place[ppp]. From thence she seeketh her Prey, and her Eyes behold\nafar off._ What a commodious Provision hath the Contriver of Nature made\nfor Animals, that are necessitated to climb for their Food; not only\nin the Structure of their Legs and Feet, and in the Strength of their\nTendons and Muscles, acting in that particular Office[qqq]; but also in\nthe peculiar Structure of the principal Parts, acting in the Acquest of\ntheir Food[rrr]! What a Provision also is that in nocturnal Birds and\nBeasts, in the peculiar Structure of their Eye[sss], (and we may perhaps\nadd the Accuracy of their Smell too) whereby they are enabled to discover\ntheir Food in the Dark? But among all the Instances we have of natural\nInstinct, those Instincts, and especial Provisions made to supply the\nNecessities of Helpless Animals, do in a particular Manner demonstrate\nthe great Creator\u2019s Care. Of which I shall give two Instances.\n\n1. The Provision made for young Creatures. That \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f74, that natural\nAffection, so connatural to all, or most Creatures towards their\nYoung[ttt], what an admirable noble Principle is it, implanted in them\nby the wise Creator? By Means of which, with what Alacrity do they\ntransact their parental Ministry? With what Care do they nurse up their\nYoung; think no Pains too great to be taken for them, no Dangers[uuu] too\ngreat to be ventured upon for their Guard and Security? How carefully\nwill they lead them about in Places of Safety, carry them into Places\nof Retreat and Security; yea, some of them admit them into their own\nBowels[www]? How will they caress them with their affectionate Notes,\nlull and quiet them with their tender parental Voice, put Food into their\nMouths, suckle them, cherish and keep them warm, teach them to pick, and\neat, and gather Food for themselves; and, in a word, perform the whole\nPart of so many Nurses, deputed by the Sovereign Lord and Preserver of\nthe World, to help such young and shiftless Creatures, till they are come\nto that Maturity, as to be able to shift for themselves?\n\nAnd as for other Animals (particularly Insects, whose Sire is partly\nthe Sun, and whose numerous Off-spring would be too great for their\nParent-Animal\u2019s Care and Provision) these are so generated, as to need\nnone of their Care, by Reason they arrive immediately to their \u1f29\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1,\ntheir perfect, adult State, and are able to shift for themselves. But\nyet, thus far their parental Instinct (equivalent to the most rational\nCare and Fore-sight) doth extend, that the old ones do not wildly drop\ntheir Eggs and Sperm any where, at all Adventures, but so cautiously\nreposit it in such commodious Places (some in the Waters, some on Flesh,\nsome on Plants proper and agreeable to their Species[xxx]; and some shut\nup agreeable Food in their Nests, partly for Incubation, partly for\nFood[yyy],) that their young in their _Aurelia_, or _Nympha_ State, may\nfind sufficient and agreeable Food to bring them up, till they arrive to\ntheir Maturity.\n\nThus far the Parental Instinct and Care.\n\nNext we may observe no less in the young themselves, especially in those\nof the irrational Animals. Forasmuch as the Parent-Animal is not able to\nbear them about, to cloath them, and to dandle them, as Man doth; how\nadmirably hath the Creator contrived their State, that those poor young\nCreatures can soon walk about, and with the little Helps of their Dam,\nshift for, and help themselves? How naturally do they hunt for their\nTeat, suck, pick[zzz], and take in their proper Food?\n\nBut for the young of Man, their Parents Reason, joined with natural\nAffection, being sufficient to help, to nurse, to feed, and to cloath\nthem; therefore they are born helpless, and are more absolutely than\nother Creatures, cast upon their Parents Care[aaaa]. A manifest Act and\nDesignation of the Divine Providence.\n\n2. The other Instance I promised, is the Provision made for the\nPreservation of such Animals as are sometimes destitute of Food, or in\nDanger of being so. The Winter is a very inconvenient, improper Season,\nto afford either Food or Exercise to Insects, and many other Animals.\nWhen the flowry Fields are divested of their Gaiety; when the fertile\nTrees and Plants are stripp\u2019d of their Fruits, and the Air, instead of\nbeing warmed with the cherishing Beams of the Sun, is chilled with rigid\nFrost; what would become of such Animals as are impatient of Cold? What\nFood could be found by such as are subsisted by the Summer-Fruits? But\nto obviate all this Evil, to stave off the Destruction and Extirpation\nof divers Species of Animals, the infinitely wise Preserver of the World\nhath as wisely ordered the matter; that, in the first Place, such as are\nimpatient of Cold, should have such a special Structure of their Body,\nparticularly of their Hearts, and Circulation of their Blood[bbbb],\nas during that Season, not to suffer any waste of their Body, and\nconsequently not to need any Recruits; but that they should be able to\nlive in a kind of sleepy, middle State, in their Places of safe Retreat,\nuntil the warm Sun revives both them and their Food together.\n\nThe next Provision is for such as can bear the Cold, but would want\nFood then; and that is in some by a long Patience of Hunger[cccc], in\nothers by their notable Instinct in laying up Food beforehand against\nthe approaching Winter[dddd]. Of this many entertaining Examples may\nbe given; particularly we may, at the proper Season, observe not only\nthe little Treasures and Holes well-stocked with timely Provisions, but\nlarge Fields[eeee] here and there throughout bespread with considerable\nNumbers of the Fruits of the neighbouring Trees, laid carefully up in\nthe Earth, and covered safe, by the provident little Animals inhabiting\nthereabouts. And not without Pleasure have I seen and admired the\nSagacity of other Animals, hunting out those subterraneous Fruits, and\npillaging the Treasures of those little provident Creatures.\n\nAnd now from this bare transient View of this Branch of the Great\nCreator\u2019s Providence and Government, relating to the _Food_ of his\nCreatures, we can conclude no less, than that since this grand Affair\nhath such manifest Strokes of admirable and wise Management, that since\nthis is demonstrated throughout all Ages and Places, that therefore it is\nGod\u2019s Handy-Work. For how is it possible that so vast a World of Animals\nshould be supported, such a great Variety equally and well supplied with\nproper Food, in every Place fit for Habitation, without an especial\nSuperintendency and Management, equal to, at least, that of the most\nprudent Steward and Housholder? How should the Creatures be able to find\nout their Food when laid up in secret Places? And how should they be able\nto gather even a great deal of the common Food, and at last to macerate\nand digest it, without peculiar Organs adapted to the Service? And what\nless than an infinitely Wise God could form such a Set of curious Organs,\nas we find every Species endowed with, for this very Life? Organs so\nartificially made, so exquisitely fitted up, that the more strictly we\nsurvey them, the more accurately we view them (even the meanest of them\nwith our blest Glasses) the less Fault we find in them, and the more\nwe admire them: Whereas the best polished, and most exquisite Works,\nmade by human Art, appear through our Glasses, as rude and bungling,\ndeformed and monstrous; and yet we admire them, and call them Works of\nArt and Reason. And lastly, What less than Rational and Wise could endow\nirrational Animals with various Instincts, equivalent, in their special\nWay, to Reason it self? Insomuch that some from thence have absolutely\nconcluded, that those Creatures had some Glimmerings of Reason. But\nit is manifestly Instinct, not Reason they act by, because we find no\nvarying, but that every Species doth naturally pursue at all Times the\nsame Methods and Way, without any Tutorage or Learning: Whereas _Reason_,\nwithout Instruction, would often vary, and do that by many Methods, which\n_Instinct_ doth by one alone. But of this more hereafter.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Pastum animantibus larg\u00e8 & copios\u00e8 natura eum, qui cuique aptus\nerat, comparavit._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 47.\n\n_Ille Deus est,\u2014\u2014qui per totum orbem armenta dimisit, qui gregibus ubique\npassim vagantibus pabulum pr\u00e6stat._ Senec. de Benef. l. 4. c. 6.\n\n[b] _Tritico nihil est fertilius: hoc ei natura tribuit, quoniam eo\nmaxim\u00e8 alat hominem; utpote c\u00f9m \u00e8 modio, si sit aptum solum\u2014\u2014150 modii\nreddantur. Misit D. Augusto procurator\u2014ex uno grano (vix credibile dictu)\n400 paucis min\u00f9s germina. Misit & Neroni similiter 340 stipulas ex uno\ngrano._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 18. c. 10.\n\n[c] _Sed illa quanta benignitas Natura, qu\u00f2d tam multa ad vescendum,\ntam varia, tam jucunda gignit: neque ea uno tempore anni, ut semper &\nnovitate delectemur & copi\u00e2._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 53.\n\n[d] _Swammerdam_ observes of the _Ephemeron Worms_, that their Food is\nClay, and that they make their Cells of the same. Upon which occasion\nhe saith of _Moths_, that eat Wool and Fur, _There are two Things very\nconsiderable, 1. That the Cells they make to themselves, wherein they\nlive, and with which (as their House, Tortoise-like) they move from Place\nto Place, they make of the Matter next at hand. 2. That they feed also on\nthe same, therefore when you find their Cells, or rather Coats or Cases\nto be made of yellow, green, blue or black Cloth, you will also find\ntheir Dung of the same Colour._ Swammerd. Ephem. vita. Published by Dr.\n_Tyson_, _Chap. 3._\n\n[e] _Job_ xxxviii. 41. _Psal._ cxlvii. 9.\n\n[f] _Aristot. l. 9. c. 31. Hist. Animal._\n\n[g] _Pliny_ affirms this of the _Crow_ as well as _Raven_: _C\u00e6ter\u00e6 omnes\n~[i.e. Cornices]~ ex eodem genere pellunt nidis pullos, ac volare cogunt,\nsicut & Corvi, qui\u2014\u2014robustos suos f\u0153tus fugant longi\u00f9s._ Nat. Hist. l.\n10. c. 12.\n\n[h] _Var. Hist._\n\n[i] _Chap. 9._\n\n[k] _Admiranda Natur\u00e6 dispensatio est, ut aliter, alioque modo, tempore,\n& industri\u00e2 colatur terra septentrionalis, aliter \u00c6thiopia, ~&c.~ Quoad\nAquilonares, hoc certum est, in plerisque agris Vestrogothorum, parte\nobject\u00e2 Meridionali plag\u00e6, Hordeum spatio 36 Dierum \u00e0 femine projecto\nmaturum colligi, hoc est \u00e0 fine Junii usque medium Augusti, aliquando\ncelerius. Ea namque maturitas ex soli natur\u00e2, a\u00ebrisque clementi\u00e2,\nac humore lapillorum fovente radices, Soleque torrente, necessari\u00f2\nprovenit, ut ita nascatur, ac maturetur, talesque spic\u00e6 sex ordines in\nnumero arist\u00e6 habent._ Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 15. c. 8. _Prata & pascua tant\u00e2\nluxuriant graminum ubertate ac diversitate, ut necessum sit inde arcere\njumenta, n\u00e8 nimio herbarum esu crepent, ~&c.~_ Id. ib. l. 19. c. 36.\n\n[l] Among the many noble Contrivances for Food, I cannot but attribute\nthat universal Aliment, _Bread_, to the Revelation, or at least the\nInspiration of the Creator and Conservator of Mankind; not only because\nit is a Food used in all, or most Parts of the World; but especially\nbecause it is of incomparable Use in the great Work of Digestion, greatly\nassisting the Ferment, or whatever causes the Digestion of the Stomach.\nOf which take this Example from the noble Mr. _Boyle_. \u201cHe extracted a\n_Menstruum_ from Bread alone, that would work on Bodies more Compact\nthan many hard Minerals, nay even on Glass it self, and do many Things\nthat _Aqua-fortis_ could not do\u2014\u2014Yet by no means was this so corrosive\na Liquor as _Aq. fort._ or as the other _acid Menstruum_\u201d. _Vid._ the\ningenious and learned Dr. _Harris_\u2019s _Lex. Tech. verbo Menstruum_, where\nthe way of preparing it may be met with.\n\n[m] _Psal._ civ. 26.\n\n[n] The Insects that for the most part discolour the Waters, are the\nsmall Insects of the _Shrimp-kind_, called by _Swammerdam_, _Pulex\naquaticus arborescens_. These I have often seen so numerous in stagnating\nWaters in the Summer-Months, that they have changed the Colour of the\nWaters to a pale or deep Red, sometimes a Yellow, according to the Colour\nthey were of. Of this _Swammerdam_ hath a pretty Story told him by Dr.\n_Florence Schuyl_, viz. _Se aliquando Studiis intentum, magno quodam &\nhorrifico rumore fuisse turbatum, & simul ad causam ejus inquirendam\nexcitatum; ver\u00f9m se vix eum in finem surrexisse, c\u00f9m Ancilla ejus p\u0153ne\nexanimis adcurreret, & multo cum singultu referret, omnem Lugduni\n~[Batavorum]~ aquam esse mutatam in sanguinem_. The Cause of which,\nupon Examination he found to be only from the numerous Swarms of those\n_Pulices_. V. Swamm. Hist. Insect. p. 70.\n\nThe Cause of this great Concourse, and Appearance of those little\nInsects, I have frequently observed to be to perform their Co\u00eft; which\nis commonly about the latter end of _May_, and in _June_. At that Time\nthey are very venereous, frisking and catching at one another; and many\nof them conjoined Tail to Tail, with their Bellies inclined one towards\nanother.\n\nAt this Time also they change their Skin or _Slough_; which I conceive\ntheir rubbing against one another mightily promoteth. And what if at this\nTime they change their Quarters? _Vid._ _Book VIII. Chap. 4. Note (f)._\n\nThese small Insects, as they are very numerous, so are Food to many\nWater-Animals. I have seen not only _Ducks_ shovel them up as they swim\nalong the Waters, but divers Insects also devour them, particularly some\nof the middle-sized _Squill\u00e6 aquatic\u00e6_, which are very voracious Insects.\n\n[o] Besides the _Pulices_ last mentioned, there are in the Waters other\nAnimalcules very numerous, which are scarce visible without a Microscope.\nIn _May_, and the Summer Months, the green Scum on the top of stagnating\nWaters, is nothing else but prodigious Numbers of these Animalcules: So\nis likewise the green Colour in them, when all the Water seems green.\nWhich Animalcules, in all Probability, serve for Food to the _Pulices\nAquatici_, and other the minuter Animals of the Waters. Of which I gave\na pregnant Instance in one of the _Nymph\u00e6_ of _Gnats_, to my Friend the\nlate admirable Mr. _Ray_, which he was pleased to publish in the last\nEdition of his _Wisdom of God in the Creation_, p. 430.\n\n[p]\n\n _Nil ade\u00f2 quoniam natum\u2019st in Corpore, ut uti_\n _Possemus, sed quod natum\u2019st, id procreat usum._\n\nAnd afterwards,\n\n _Propterea capitur Cibus, ut suffulciat artus,_\n _Et recreet vireis interdatus, atque patentem_\n _Per membra ac venas ut amorem obturet edendi._\n\nAnd after the same manner he discourseth of Thirst, and divers other\nThings. _Vid._ _Lucret. l. 4. v. 831, &c._\n\nAgainst this Opinion of the _Epicureans_, _Galen_ ingeniously argues in\nhis Discourse about the Hand. _Non enim Manus ips\u00e6_ (saith he) _hominem\nartes docuerunt, sed Ratio. Manus autem ips\u00e6 sunt artium organa; sicut\nLyra musici\u2014\u2014Lyra musicam non docuit, sed est ipsius artifex per eam, qu\u00e2\npr\u00e6ditus est, Rationem: agere autem non potest ex arte absque organis,\nita & una qu\u00e6libet anima facultates quasdam \u00e0 su\u00e2 ipsius substanti\u00e2\nobtinet,\u2014\u2014Qu\u00f2d autem corporis particul\u00e6 animam non impellunt,\u2014\u2014manifeste\nvidere licet, si animalia rec\u00e8ns nata confideres, qu\u00e6 quidem pri\u00f9s agere\nconantur, qu\u00e0m perfectas habeant particulas. Ego namque Bovis vitulum\ncornibus petere conantem s\u00e6penumero vidi, antequam ei nata essent\ncornua; Et pullum Equi calcitrantem, ~&c.~ Omne enim animal su\u00e6 ipsius\nAnim\u00e6 facultates, ac in quos usus partes su\u00e6 polleant maxim\u00e8, nullo\ndoctore, pr\u00e6sentit.\u2014\u2014Qu\u00e2 igitur ratione dici potest, animalia partium\nusus \u00e0 partibus doceri, c\u00f9m & antequam illas habeant, hoc cognoscere\nvideantur? Si igitur Ova tria acceperis, unum Aquil\u00e6, alterum Anatis,\nreliquum Serpentis, & calore modico foveris, animaliaque excluseris; illa\nquidem alis volare conantia, antequ\u00e0m volare possint; hoc autem revolvi\nvidebis, & serpere affectans, quamvis molle adhuc & invalidam fuerit.\nEt si, dum perfecta erunt, in un\u00e2 e\u00e2demque domo nutriveris, deinde ad\nlocum subdialem ducta emiseris, Aquila quidem ad sublime; Anas autem in\npaludem;\u2014\u2014Serpens ver\u00f2 sub terr\u00e2 irrepet\u2014\u2014Animalia quidem mihi videntur\nNatur\u00e2 magis qu\u00e0m Ratione artem aliquam ~[\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 artificiosa]~ exercere:\nApes fingere alveolos, ~&c.~_ Galen de usu. Part I. c. 3.\n\n[q] _Alia dentibus pr\u00e6dantur, alia unguibus, alia rostri aduncitate\ncarpunt, alia latitudine ~[ejusdem]~ ruunt, alia acumine excavant, alia\nsugunt, alia lambunt, sorbent, mandunt, vorant. Nec minor varietas in\nPedum ministerio, ut rapiant, distrahant, teneant, premant, pendeant,\ntellurem scabere non cessent._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 71.\n\n[r] Because it would be tedious to reckon up the Bones, Glands, Muscles,\nand other Parts belonging to the Mouth, it shall suffice to observe,\nthat, for the various Services of Man\u2019s Mouth, besides the Muscles in\ncommon with other Parts, there are five Pair, and one single one proper\nto the Lips only, as Dr. _Gibson_ reckons them: But my most diligent\nand curious Friend the late Mr. _Cowper_, discovered a sixth Pair. And\naccordingly Dr. _Drake_ reckons six Pair, and one single one proper to\nthe Lips, _l. 3._ c. 13.\n\n[s] _Galen_ deserves to be here consulted, who excellently argues against\nthe casual Concourse of the Atoms of _Epicurus_ and _Asclepiades_, from\nthe provident and wise Formation of the Mouths of Animals, and their\nTeeth answerable thereto. In Man, his Mouth without a deep Incisure,\nwith only one canine Tooth on a side, and flat Nails, because, saith he,\n_Hic Natura cert\u00f2 sciebat, se animal mansuetum ac civile effingere, cui\nrobur & vires essent ex sapienti\u00e2, non ex corporis fortitudine_. But for\n_Lions_, _Wolfs_ and _Dogs_, and all such as are called \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2,\n(or having sharp, serrated Teeth) their Mouths are large, and deep cut;\nTeeth strong and sharp, and their Nails sharp, large, strong and round,\naccommodated to holding and tearing. _Vid._ _Galen. de Us. Part. l. 11.\nc. 9._\n\n[t] Among Insects the _Squill\u00e6 aquatic\u00e6_, as they are very rapacious,\nso are accordingly provided for it: Particularly the _Squilla aquatica\nmaxima recurva_ (as I call it) who hath somewhat terrible in its very\nAspect, and in its Posture in the Water, especially its Mouth, which is\narmed with long, sharp Hooks, with which it boldly, and greedily catcheth\nany thing in the Waters, even one\u2019s Fingers. When they have seized their\nPrey, they will so tenaciously hold it with their forcipated Mouth, that\nthey will not part therewith, even when they are taken out of the Waters,\nand jumbled about in one\u2019s Hand. I have admired at their peculiar way of\ntaking in their Food; which is done by piercing their Prey with their\n_Forcipes_ (which are hollow) and sucking the Juice thereof through them.\n\nThe _Squilla_ here mentioned, is the first and second in _Mouffet_\u2019s\n_Theat. Insect. l. 2. c. 37._\n\n[u] For an Instance of Insects endued with a Spear, I shall, for its\nPeculiarity, pitch upon one of the smallest, if not the very smallest of\nall the _Gnat_-kind, which I call, _Culex minimus nigricans maculatus\nsanguisuga_. Among us in _Essex_, they are called _Nidiots_, by _Mouffet\nMidges_. It is about \u2152 of an Inch, or somewhat more long, with short\n_Antenn\u00e6_, plain in the Female, in the Male feather\u2019d, somewhat like a\nBottle-Brush. It is spotted with blackish Spots, especially on the Wings,\nwhich extend a little beyond the Body. It comes from a little slender\nEel-like Worm, of a dirty white Colour, swimming in stagnating Waters by\na wrigling Motion; as in _Fig. 5._\n\nIts _Aurelia_ is small, with a black Head, little short Horns, a spotted,\nslender, rough Belly, _Vid._ _Fig. 6._ It lies quietly on the top of the\nWater, now and then gently wagging it self this way and that.\n\nThese _Gnats_ are greedy Blood-Suckers, and very troublesome, where\nnumerous, as they are in some Places near the _Thames_, particularly in\nthe Breach-Waters that have lately befallen near us, in the Parish of\n_Dagenham_; where I found them so vexatious, that I was glad to get out\nof those Marshes. Yea, I have seen Horses so stung with them, that they\nhave had Drops of Blood all over their Bodies, where they were wounded by\nthem.\n\nI have given a Figure (in _Fig. 7._) and more particular Description of\nthe _Gnats_, because, although it be common, it is no where taken notice\nof by any Author I know, except _Mouffet_, who, I suppose, means these\n_Gnats_, which he calls _Midges_, _c. 13. p. 82._\n\n[w] _Hornets_ and _Wasps_ have strong Jaws, toothed, wherewith they can\ndig into Fruits, for their Food; as also gnaw and scrape Wood, whole\nMouthfuls of which they carry away to make their Combs. _Vid._ _infr._\n_Chap. 13. Note (c)._\n\n[x] _Monsieur de la Voye_ tells of an ancient Wall of Free-Stone in\nthe _Benedictines-Abby_ at _Caen_ in _Normandy_, so eaten with Worms,\nthat one may run ones Hand into most of the Cavities: That these Worms\nare small and black, lodging in a greyish Shell, that they have large\nflattish Heads, a large Mouth, with four black Jaws, _&c._ _Phil. Trans._\nN\u1d52. 18.\n\n[y] _Pro iis ~[Labris]~ cornea & acuta Volucribus Rostra. Eadem rapto\nviventibus adunca: collecto, recta: herbas ruentibus limumque lata, ut\nSuum generi. Jumentis vice man\u00fbs ad colligenda pabula: ora apertiora\nlaniatu viventibus._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37.\n\n[z] _Parrots_ have their Bills nicely adapted to these Services, being\nhooked, for climbing and reaching what they have occasion for; and the\nlower Jaw being compleatly fitted to the Hooks of the upper, they can as\nminutely break their Food, as other Animals do with their Teeth.\n\n[aa] Thus in _Woodcocks_, _Snipes_, _&c._ who hunt for Worms in moorish\nGround, and, as Mr. _Willughby_ saith, live also on the fatty unctuous\nHumour they suck out of the Earth. So also the Bills of _Curlews_, and\nmany other Sea-Fowl, are very long, to enable them to hunt for the Worms,\n_&c._ in the Sands on the Sea-shore, which they frequent.\n\n[bb] _Ducks_, _Geese_, and divers others, have such long broad Bills, to\nquaffer and hunt in Water and Mud; to which we may reckon the uncouth\nBill of the _Spoon-Bill_: but that which deserves particular Observation\nin the Birds named in these two last Notes is, the Nerves going to the\nend of their Bills, enabling them to discover their Food out of Sight; of\nwhich see _Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (e)._\n\n[cc] The _Picus viridis_, or _Green-Woodspite_, and all the\n_Wood-Peckers_ have Bills, curiously made for digging Wood, strong, hard,\nand sharp. A neat Ridge runs along the top of the green _Wood-Pecker_\u2019s\nBill, as if an Artist had designed it for Strength and Neatness.\n\n[dd] The _Loxia_, or _Cross-Bill_, whose Bill is thick and strong,\nwith the Tips crossing one another; with great Readiness breaks open\nFir-cones, Apples, and other Fruit, to come at their Kernels, which are\nits Food, as if the crossing of the Bill was designed for this Service.\n\n[ee] The _Sea-Pie_ hath a long, sharp, narrow Bill, compressed side-ways,\nand every way so well adapted to the raising _Limpets_ from the Rocks\n(which are its chief, if not only Food) that Nature (or rather the Author\nof Nature) seems to have framed it purely for that Use.\n\n[ff] _Those animals which have Teeth on both Jaws, have but one Stomach;\nbut most of those which have no upper Teeth, or none at all, have three\nStomachs; as in Beasts, the Paunch, the Read, and the Feck; and in all\ngranivorous Birds, the Crop, the Echinus and the Gizard. For as chewing\nis to an easie Digestion, so is swallowing whole to that which is more\nlaborious._ Dr. _Grew_\u2019s Cosmol. Sacr. c. 5. \u00a7. 24.\n\n[gg] _J. Peyer_ saith, the Teeth are made of convolved Skins hardened;\nand if we view the Grinders of _Deer_, _Horses_, _Sheep_, _&c._ we shall\nfind great Reason to be of his Mind. His Observations are, _Mirum autem\neos ~(_i.e._ Dentes)~ c\u00f9m prim\u00f9m \u00e8 pelliculis imbricatim convolutis & muco\nviscido constarent, in tantam dirigescere soliditatem, qu\u00e6 ossa cuncta\nsuperet. Idem fit etiam in Ossiculis Ceraforum, ~&c.~\u2014\u2014Separatione fact\u00e2,\nper membranas conditur Magma locellis, quos formant lamin\u00e6 tenues,\nac duriuscul\u00e6 ad Dentis figuram ante\u00e0 divinit\u00f9s composit\u00e6._ J. Peyer\nMerycol. l. 2. c. 8.\n\n[hh] _Qui autem ~(_i.e._ Dentes)~ renascuntur, minim\u00e8 credendi sunt \u00e0\nfacultate aliqu\u00e2 plastic\u00e2 Brutorum denu\u00f2 formari, sed latentes tantummodo\nin conspectum producuntur augmento molis ex effluente succo._ Id. ibid.\n\n[ii] From these, and other like Considerations of the Teeth, _Galen_\ninfers, that they must needs be the Work of some wise, provident _Being_;\nnot _Chance_, nor a fortuitous Concourse of _Atoms_. For the Confirmation\nof which he puts the Case, That suppose the order of the Teeth should\nhave been inverted, the _Grinders_ set in the room of the _Incisors_,\n_&c._ (which might as well have been, had not the Teeth been placed by\na wise Agent) in this case, what Use would the Teeth have been of? What\nConfusion by such a slight Error in their Disposal only? Upon which he\nargues, _At siquis choream hominum 32_ (the Number of the Teeth) _ordine\ndisposuit, eum ut hominem industrium laudaremus; c\u00f9m ver\u00f2 Dentium choream\nNatura tam bell\u00e8 exorn\u00e2rit, nonne ipsam quoque laudabimus?_ And then\nhe goes on with the Argument, from the Sockets of the Teeth, and their\nnice fitting in them, which being no less accurately done, than what is\ndone by a Carpenter, or Stone-Cutter, in fitting a Tenon into a Mortice,\ndoth as well infer the Art and Act of the wise _Maker_ of Animal Bodies,\nas the other doth the Act and Art of Man. And so he goes on with other\nArguments to the same Effect. _Galen. de Us. Part. l. 11. c. 8._\n\n[kk] A curious Account of this may be found in an _Extract of a Letter\nconcerning the Teeth of divers Animals_. Printed at _Paris_, in _M.\nVaugnion_\u2019s Compleat Body of Chirurg. Oper. Chap. 53.\n\n[ll] As it hath been taken notice of, that various Animals delight\nin various Food; so it constantly falls out, that their Teeth are\naccordingly fitted to their Food; the rapacious to catching, holding\nand tearing their Prey; the herbaceous to Gathering and Comminution\nof Vegetables: And such as have no Teeth, as Birds, their Bill, Craw\nand Gizard, are assisted with Stones, to supply the defect of Teeth.\nBut the most considerable Example of this Kind is in some Families of\nthe Insect-Tribes, as the _Papilio-Kind_, _&c._ who have Teeth, and\nare voracious, and live on tender Vegetables in their _Nympha_, or\n_Caterpillar-State_, when they can only creep; but in their mature\n_Papilio-State_, they have no Teeth, but a _Proboscis_, or _Trunk_ to\nsuck up Honey, _&c._ their Parts for gathering Food, as well as their\nFood being changed, as soon as they have Wings to enable them to fly to\nit.\n\n[mm] It is remarkable in the Teeth of Fishes, that in some they are\nsharp, as also jointed, so as to fall back, the better to catch and\nhold their Prey, and to facilitate its Passage into the Stomach: So in\nothers they are broad and flat, made to break the Shells of Snails and\nShell-Fish devoured by them. These _Teeth_, or _Breakers_, are placed, in\nsome, in the Mouth; in some, in the Throat; and in _Lobsters_, _&c._ in\nthe Stomach it self; in the bottom of whose Stomachs are three of those\n_Grinders_, with peculiar Muscles to move them.\n\n[nn] What is there in the World can be called an Act of Providence and\nDesign, if this temporary Defect of Teeth be not such; that Children, for\nInstance, should have none whilst they are not able to use them, but to\nhurt themselves; or the Mother; and that at the very Age when they can\ntake in more substantial Food, and live without the Breast, and begin to\nneed Teeth, for the sake of Speech; that then, I say, their Teeth should\nbegin to appear, and gradually grow, as they more and more stand in need\nof \u2019em.\n\n[oo] It would be endless to particularize here, and therefore I shall\nrefer to the Anatomists; among the rest, particularly to _Galen_, for the\nsake of his Descant upon this Subject. For having described the great\nAccuracy of the Contrivance and Make of these Parts, he saith, _Haud\nscio an hominum sit sobriorum ad Fortunam opificem id revocare: alioqui\nquid tandem erit, quod cum Providenti\u00e2 atque Arte efficitur? Omnino enim\nhoc ei contrariaum esse debet, quod casu ac fortuit\u00e8 fit._ Galen. de Us.\nPart. l. 11. c. 7. _ubi plura._\n\n[pp] _The Bore of the Gullet is not in all Creatures alike answerable\nto the Body or Stomach. As in the ~Fox~, which both feeds on Bones, and\nswallows whole, or with little chewing; add next in a ~Dog~, and other\nossivorous Quadrupeds, \u2019tis very large, ~viz.~ to prevent a Contusion\ntherein. Next in a ~Horse~, which though he feeds on Grass, yet swallows\nmuch at once, and so requires a more open Passage. But in a ~Sheep~,\n~Rabbit~, or ~Ox~, which bite short, and swallow less at once, \u2019tis\nsmaller. But in a ~Squirrel~, still lesser, both because he eats fine,\nand to keep him from disgorging his Meat upon his descending Leaps. And\nso in ~Rats~ and ~Mice~, which often run along Walls with their Heads\ndownwards._ Dr. _Grew_\u2019s Comp. Anat. of Stom. and Guts. _Chap. 5._\n\n[qq] Of this see Dr. _Willis_\u2019s _Pharm. Rat._ Part 1. Sect. 1. c. 2.\n_Steno_ also, and _Peyer Mery_, l. 2.\n\nThe Description these give of the muscular Part of the Gullet, the late\ningenious and learned Dr. _Drake_ saith is very exact in Ruminants, but\nnot in Men. _In Men, this Coat ~(the second of the Gullet)~ consists\nof two fleshy ~Lamell\u00e6~, like two distinct Muscles. The outward being\ncompared of strait longitudinal Fibres.\u2014\u2014The inner Order of Fibres\nis annular, without any observable Angles.\u2014\u2014The Use of this Coat,\nand these Orders of Fibres is to promote Deglutition; of which the\nLongitudinal,\u2014\u2014shorten the ~Oesophagus~, and so make its Capacity larger,\nto admit of the Matter to be swallowed. The Annular, on the contrary,\ncontract the Capacity, and closing behind the descending Aliment, press\nit downwards._ Drake\u2019s Anat. vol. 1. l. 1. c. 9.\n\n[rr] See _Willis_, ibid. _Cowper_\u2019s _Anat. Tab. 35._ and many other\nAuthors.\n\n[ss] _Promptuarium autem hoc, alimentum universum excipiens, ceu Divinum,\nnon Humanum sit opificium._ Galen. de Us. Part. l. 4. c. 1.\n\n[tt] _How great a Comprehension of the Nature of Things, did it require,\nto make a ~Menstruum~, that should corrode all sorts of Flesh coming into\nthe Stomach, and yet not the Stomach it self, which is also Flesh?_ Dr.\n_Grew_\u2019s Cosmol. Sacr. c. 4.\n\n[uu] The Food of the _Castor_ being oftentimes, if not always, dry\nThings, and hard of Digestion, such as the Roots and Bark of Trees,\n\u2019tis a wonderful Provision made in that Creature\u2019s Stomach, by the\ndigestive Juice lodged in the curious little Cells there. A Description\nof whose admirable Structure and Order may be found in _Blasius_ from\n_Wepser_; concerning which he saith, _In quibus Mucus reconditus, non\nsecus ac Mel in Favis.\u2014\u2014Nimiram quia Castoris alimentum exsuccum, & coctu\ndifficillimum est, sapientissimus & summ\u00e8 admirandus in suis operibus\nrerum Conditor, D. O. M. ipsi pulcherrim\u00e2 ist\u00e2 & affabr\u00e8 fact\u00e2 structur\u00e2\nbenignissim\u00e8 prospexit, ut nunquam deesset Fermentum, quod ad solvendum,\n& comminuendum alimentum durum & asperum par foret._ Vid. Blas. Anat.\nAnimal. c. 10. _Confer etiam Act. Erud. Lips._ Ann. 1684. p. 360.\n\nMost of our modern Anatomists and Physicians attribute Digestion to\na dissolving _Menstruum_; but Dr. _Drake_ takes it to be rather from\nfermentative, dissolving Principles in the Aliment it self, with the\nConcurrence of the Air and Heat of the Body; as in Dr. _Papin_\u2019s\n_Digester_. _Vid._ _Dr. Anat. vol. 1. c. 14._\n\n[ww] _All carnivorous Quadrupeds have the smallest Ventricles, Flesh\ngoing farthest. Those that feed on Fruits, and Roots, have them of a\nmiddle Size. Yet the ~Mole~, because it feeds unclean, hath a very great\none. ~Sheep~ and ~Oxen~, which feed on Grass, have the greatest. Yet\nthe ~Horse~ (and for the same Reason the ~Coney~ and ~Hare~) though\nGraminivorous, yet comparatively have but little ones. For that a\n~Horse~ is made for Labour, and both this, and the ~Hare~, for quick\nand continued Motion; for which, the most easie Respiration, and so the\nfreest Motion of the Diaphragme is very requisite; which yet could not\nbe, should the Stomach lie big and cumbersome upon it, as in ~Sheep~ and\n~Oxen~ it doth_, Grew, ib. Chap. 6.\n\n[xx] The _Dromedary_ hath four Stomachs, one whereof is peculiarly\nendowed with about twenty Cavities, like Sacks, in all Probability for\nthe holding of Water. Concerning which, see _Book VI. Chap. 4. Note (a)._\n\n[yy] To assist in which Office, they swallow small angular Stones, which\nare to be met with in the Gizards of all granivorous Birds; but in the\nGizard of the _Iynx_, or _Wryneck_, which was full only of _Ants_, I\nfound not one Stone. So in that of the _Green Wood-Pecker_ (full of\n_Ants_ and _Tree-maggots_) there were but few Stones.\n\n[zz] _In most carnivorous Birds, the third Ventricle is Membranous; where\nthe Meat is concocted, as in a Man: Or somewhat Tendinous, as in an\n~Owl~; as if it were made indifferently for Flesh, or other Meat, as he\ncould meet with either. Or most thick and tendinous, called the Gizard;\nwherein the Meat, as in a Mill, is ground to Pieces._ Grew, _ubi supra_,\nChap. 9.\n\n[aaa] It would be much too long a Task to insist upon it here as it\ndeserves, and therefore concerning the whole Business of Rumination,\nI shall refer to _J. Conr. Peyeri Merycolog. seu de Ruminantibus &\nRuminatione Commentar._ where he largely treateth of the several\nRuminating Animals, of the Parts ministring to this Act, and the great\nUse and Benefit thereof unto them.\n\n[bbb] There are too many Particulars to be insisted on, observable in the\nPassages of the _Chyle_, from the Guts to the _Left Subclavian Vein_,\nwhere it enters into the Blood; and therefore I shall only, for a Sample\nof this admirable Oeconomy, take notice of some of the main and more\ngeneral Matters. And,\n\n1. After the Food is become Chyle, and gotten into the Guts, it is an\nexcellent Provision made, not only for its Passage through the Guts, but\nalso for its Protrusion into the _Lacteals_, by the _Peristaltick_ Motion\nand _Valvul\u00e6 conniventes_ of the Guts. 2. It is an admirable Provision,\nthat the Mouths of the _Lacteals_, and indeed the _Lacteals primi\ngeneris_ themselves are small and fine, not wider than the _Capillary\nArteries_ are, lest by admitting Particles of the Nourishment grosser\nthan the _Capillaries_, dangerous Obstructions might be thereby produced.\n3. After the Reception of the Aliment into the _Lacteals primi generis_,\nit is a noble Provision for the Advancement of its Motion, that in the\n_Mesenterick Glands_, it meets with some of the _Lymph\u00e6-Ducts_, and\nreceives the Impregnations of the _Lympha_. And passing on from thence,\nit is no less Advantage. 4. That the _Lacteals_, and _Lymph\u00e6-Ducts_\nmeet in the _Receptaculum Chyli_, where the Aliment meeting with more\nof the _Lympha_, is made of a due Consistence, and Temperament, for its\nfarther Advancement through the _Thoracick Duct_, and so into the _Left\nSubclavian Vein_ and Blood. Lastly, This _Thoracick Duct_ it self is a\nPart of great Consideration. For (as Mr. _Cowper_ saith) _If we consider\nin this Duct its several Divisions and Inosculations, its numerous Valves\nlooking from below upwards, its advantagious Situation between the great\nArtery and ~Vertebr\u00e6~ of the Back, together with the Ducts discharging\ntheir refluent ~Lympha~ from the Lungs, and other neighbouring Parts,\nwe shall find all conduce to demonstrate the utmost Art of Nature used\nin furthering the steep and perpendicular Ascent of the Chyle._ Anat.\nIntroduct.\n\n[ccc] These, although noble Contrivances and Works of God, are too\nmany to be insisted on, and therefore I shall refer to the Anatomists,\nparticularly Dr. _Willis_ _Pharmaceut._ Dr. _Cole_, in _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52.\n125. and Mr. _Cowper_\u2019s elegant Cuts in _Anat. Tab._ 34, 35. and _Append.\nFig._ 39, 40.\n\n[ddd] In the _Thornback_, and some other Fishes, it is a very curious\nProvision that is made to supply the Paucity and Brevity of the Guts; by\nthe Perforation of their single Gut, going not strait along, but round\nlike a Pair of Winding Stairs; so that their Gut, which seems to be but\na few Inches long, hath really a Bore of many Inches. But of these, and\nmany other noble Curiosities and Discoveries in Anatomy, the Reader will,\nI hope, have a better and larger Account from the curious and ingenious\nDr. _Dowglas_, who is labouring in those Matters.\n\n[eee] _Quibus bestiis erat is cibus, ut alius generis bestiis\nvescerentur, aut vires natura dedit, aut celeritatem: data est quibusdam\netiam machinatio qu\u00e6dam, atque solertia, &c._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c.\n48.\n\n[fff] Among Reptiles that have a strange Faculty to shift for Food, _&c._\nmay be reckoned _Eels_, which, although belonging to the Waters, can\ncreep on the Land from Pond to Pond, _&c._ Mr. _Mosely_ of _Mosely_, saw\nthem creep over the Meadows, like so many Snakes from Ditch to Ditch;\nwhich he thought, was not only for bettering their Habitation, but also\nto catch Snails in the Grass. _Plot_\u2019s _Hist. of Staffordshire_, c. 7. \u00a7.\n32.\n\nAnd as early as the Year 1125, the Frost was so very intense, that the\n_Eels_ were forced to leave the Waters, and were frozen to Death in the\nMeadows. _Vid._ _Hakewill_\u2019s _Apol_. _l. 2. Chap. 7. S. 2._\n\n[ggg] _Enumerare possum, ad pastum capessendum conficiend\u00famque, qu\u00e6 sit\nin figuris animantium & quam solers, subtilisque descriptio partium,\nqu\u00e1mque admirabilis fabrica membrorum. Omnia enim qu\u00e6 intus inclusa sunt,\nita nata, atque ita locata sunt, ut nihil eorum supervacaneum sit, nihil\nad vitam retinendam non necessarium. Dedit autem eadem Natura belluis\n& sensum, & appetitum, ut altero conatum haberent ad naturales pastus\ncapessendos; altero secernerent pestifera \u00e0 salutaribus._ Cic. de Nat.\nDeor. l. 2. c. 37. See _Book IV. Chap. 4._\n\n[hhh] It would be endless to give Instances of my own and others\nObservations of the prodigious Sagacity of divers Animals in Hunting,\nparticularly Hounds, Setting-Dogs, _&c._ one therefore shall suffice\nof Mr. _Boyl_\u2019s, viz. _A Person of Quality\u2014\u2014to make a Trial, whether a\nyoung Blood-Hound was well instructed,\u2014\u2014caused one of his Servants\u2014\u2014to\nwalk to a Town four Miles off, and then to a Market-Town three Miles from\nthence.\u2014\u2014The Dog, without seeing the Man he was to pursue, followed him\nby the Scent to the abovementioned Places, notwithstanding the Multitude\nof Market-People that went along in the same Way, and of Travellers that\nhad occasion to cross it. And when the Blood-Hound came to the chief\nMarket-Town, he passed through the Streets, without taking notice of any\nof the People there, and left not till he had gone to the House, where\nthe Man he sought rested himself, and found him in an upper Room, to the\nwonder of those that followed him._ Boyl. Determ. Nat. of Effluv. Chap. 4.\n\n[iii] There are many Stories told of the Craft of the _Fox_, to compass\nhis Prey; of which _Ol. Magnus_ hath many such, as, feigning the barking\nof a _Dog_, to catch Prey near Houses; feigning himself dead, to catch\nsuch Animals as come to feed upon him; laying his Tail on a Wasp-Nest,\nand then rubbing it hard against a Tree, and then eating the _Wasps_\nso killed: Ridding himself of _Fleas_, by gradually going into Water,\nwith a Lock of Wool in his Mouth, and so driving the _Fleas_ up into\nit, and then leaving it in the Water; By catching _Crab_-Fish with his\nTail, which he saith he himself was an Eye-Witness of; _Vidi & ego in\nScopulis Norvegia Vulpem, inter rupes immiss\u00e2 caud\u00e2 in aquas, plures\neducere Cancros, ac demum devorare._ Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 18. c. 39, 40.\nBut _Pliny_\u2019s fabulous Story of the _Hy\u00e6na_ out-does these Relations of\nthe _Fox_, _Sermonem humanum inter pastorum stabula assimulare, nomenque\nalicujus addiscere, quem evocatum for\u00e0s laceret. Item Vomitionem hominis\nimitari ad sollicitandos Canes quos invadat._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c.\n30.\n\n[kkk] This do _Ducks_, _Woodcocks_, and many other Fowls, which seek\ntheir Food in dirty, moorish Places. For which Service they have very\nremarkable Nerves reaching to the end of their Bills. Of which see _Book\nVII. Chap. 2. Note (e)._\n\n[lll] _Swine_, and other Animals that dig, have their Noses made more\ntendinous, callous, and strong for this Service, than others that do not\ndig. They are also edged with a proper, tough Border, for penetrating and\nlifting up the Earth; and their Nostrils are placed well, and their Smell\nis very accurate, to discover whatsoever they pursue by digging.\n\n[mmm] The _Mole_, as its Habitation is different from that of other\nAnimals, so hath its Organs in every respect curiously adapted to that\nway of Life; particularly its Nose made sharp, and slender, but withal\ntendinous and strong, _&c._ But what is very remarkable, it hath such\nNerves reaching to the end of its Nose and Lips, as _Ducks_, _&c_. have,\nmentioned above in _Note (kkk)._ Which Pair of Nerves I observed to be\nmuch larger in this Animal than any other Nerves proceeding out of its\nBrain.\n\n[nnn] Predacious Creatures, as _Wolfs_, _Foxes_, _&c._ will discover Prey\nat great Distances; so will _Dogs_ and _Ravens_ discover Carrion a great\nway off by their Smell. And if (as the Superstitious imagine) the latter\nflying over and haunting Houses be a sign of Death, it is no doubt from\nsome cadaverous Smell, those Ravens discover in the Air by their accurate\nSmell, which is emitted from those diseased Bodies, which have in them\nthe Principles of a speedy Death.\n\n[ooo] Thus _Hawks_ and _Kites_ on Land, and _Gulls_ and other Birds that\nprey upon the Waters, can at a great Height in the Air see _Mice_, little\nBirds and Insects on the Earth, and small Fishes, _Shrimps_, _&c._ in the\nWaters, which they will dart down upon, and take.\n\n[ppp] Mr. Ray gives a good Account of the Nidification of the _Chrysa\u00ebtos\ncaud\u00e2 annulo albo cinct\u00e2. Hujus Nidus Ann. 1668. in sylvosis prope\nDerwentiam, ~&c.~ inventus est \u00e8 bacillis seu virgis ligneis grandioribus\ncompositus, quorum altera extremitas rupis cujusdam eminenti\u00e6, altera\nduabus Betulis innitebatur,\u2014Erat Nidus quadratus, duas ulnas latus.\u2014In\neo pullus unicus, adjacentibus cadaveribus unius agni, unius leporis, &\ntrium Grygallorum pullorum._ Synops. Method. Avium, p. 6. And not only\n_Lambs_, _Hares_, and _Grygalli_, but Sir _Robert Sibbald_ tells us, they\nwill seize _Kids_ and _Fawns_, yea, and Children too: Of which he hath\nthis Story of an _Eagle_ in one of the _Orcades_ Islands, _Qu\u00e6 Infantulum\nunius anni pannis involutum arripuit (quem Mater tessellas ustibiles pro\nigne allatura momento temporis deposuerat in loco ~Houton-Hed~ dicto)\ncumque deport\u00e2sse per 4 milliaria passuum ad ~Hoiam~; qu\u00e2 re ex matris\nejulatibus cognit\u00e2, quatuor viri illuc in navicul\u00e2 profecti sunt, &\nscientes ubi Nidus esset, infantulum ill\u00e6sum & intactum deprehenderunt._\nProd. Nat. Hist. Scot. l. 3. p. 2. p. 14.\n\n[qqq] See in _Book VII. Chap. 1. Note (l)._ the Characteristicks of the\n_Wood-Pecker-kind_.\n\n[rrr] _The Contrivance of the Legs, Feet and Nails [of the ~Opossum]~\nseems very advantagious to this Animal in climbing Trees (which it doth\nvery nimbly) for preying upon Birds._ But that which is most singular\nin this Animal, is the Structure of its Tail, to enable it to hang on\nBoughs. _The Spines, or Hooks\u2014\u2014in the middle of the under side of the\n~Vertebr\u00e6~ of the Tail; are a wonderful Piece of Nature\u2019s Mechanism. The\nfirst three ~Vertebr\u00e6~ had none of these Spines, but in all the rest they\nwere to be observed.\u2014\u2014They were placed just at the Articulation of each\nJoynt, and in the middle from the Sides.\u2014\u2014For the performing this Office\n~[of hanging by the Tail]~ nothing, I think, could be more advantagiously\ncontrived. For when the Tail is twirled or wound about a Stick, this Hook\nof the ~Spin\u00e6~ easily sustains the Weight, and there is but little labour\nof the Muscles required, only enough for bowing or crooking the Tail._\nThis, and more to the same purpose, see in Dr. _Tyson_\u2019s _Anat._ of the\n_Oposs._ in _Phil. Trans._ No. 239.\n\n[sss] See before _Chap. 2. Note (z), (aa), (bb)._\n\n[ttt] _Quid dicam quantus amor bestiarum sit in educandis custodiendisque\niis, qua procreaverint, usque ad eum finem, dum possint seipsa\ndefendere?_ And having instanced in some Animals, where this Care is not\nnecessary, and accordingly is not employed, he goes on, _Jam Gallin\u00e6,\navesque reliqu\u00e6, & quietum requirunt ad pariendum locum, & cubilia sibi,\nnidosque construunt, eosque qu\u00e0m possunt mollissim\u00e8 substernunt, ut qu\u00e0m\nfacillime ova serventur. Ex quibus pullos c\u00f9m excluserint, ita tuentur,\nut & pennis foveant, ne frigore l\u00e6dantur, & si est calor, \u00e0 sole se\nopponant._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 51, 52.\n\nTo this natural Care of Parent-Animals to their young, we may add the\nReturns made by the young of some towards the old ones. _Pliny_ saith\nof _Rats_, _Genitores suos fesses senect\u00e2, alunt insigni pietate._ Nat.\nHist. l. 8. c. 57. So _Cranes_, he saith, _Genitricum senectam invicem\neducant._ L. 10. c. 23.\n\nThis St. _Ambrose_ takes Notice of in his _Hexameron_, and _Ol. Magnus_\nafter him, _Depositi patris artus, per long\u00e6vum senectutis plumis\nnudatos circumstans soboles pennis propriis fovet,\u2014\u2014collatitio cibo\npascit, quando etiam ipsa natur\u00e6 reparat dispendia, ut hinc inde senem\nsublevantes, fulcro alarum suarum ad volandum exerceant, & in pristinos\nusus desueta membra reducant._ For which Reason this Bird is denominated\n_Pia. Vid. Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 19. c. 14._\n\nHereto may be added also the conjugal \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f74 of the little green\n_\u00c6thiopian Parrot_, which Mr. _Ray_ describes from _Clusius_. _F\u0153mellea\nsenescentes (quod vald\u00e8 notabile) vix edere volebant, nisi cibum jam \u00e0\nmare carptum, & aliquandiu in prolobo retentum, & quasi coctum rostro suo\nexciperent, ut Columbarum pulli \u00e0 matre ali solent._ Synops. Meth. Av. p.\n32.\n\n[uuu] The most timid Animals, that at other Times abscond, or hastily\nfly from the Face of Man, Dogs, _&c._ will, for the sake of their young,\nexpose themselves. Thus among Fowls, _Hens_ will assault, instead of fly\nfrom such as meddle with their Brood. So _Partridges_, before their young\ncan fly, will drop frequently down, first at lesser, and then at greater\nDistances, to dodge and draw off Dogs from pursuing their young.\n\n[www] The _Opossum_ hath a curious Bag on purpose for the securing and\ncarrying about her young. There are belonging to this Bag two Bones (not\nto be met with in any other Skeleton) and four Pair of Muscles; and\nsome say Teats lie therein also. Dr. _Tyson_, _Anat._ of the _Oposs._\nin _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 239. where he also, from _Oppian_, mentions the\n_Dog-Fish_, that upon any Storm or Danger, receives the young Ones into\nher Belly, which come out again when the Fright is over. So also the\n_Squatina_ and _Glaucus_, the same Author saith, have the same Care for\ntheir young, but receive them into different Receptacles.\n\n[xxx] See _Book VIII. Chap. 6._\n\n[yyy] See _Chap. 13. Note (c)._\n\n[zzz] There is manifestly a superintending Providence in this Case, that\nsome Animals are able to suck as soon as ever they are born, and that\nthey will naturally hunt for the Teat before they are quite gotten out\nof the Secundines, and parted from the Navel-String, as I have seen. But\nfor _Chickens_, and other young Birds, they not being able immediately\nto pick till they are stronger, have a notable Provision made for such\na Time, by a part of the Yolk of the Egg being inclosed in their Belly,\na little before their Exclusion or Hatching, which serves for their\nNourishment, till they are grown strong enough to pick up Meat. _Vid._\n_Book VII. Chap. 4. Note (a)._\n\n[aaaa] _Qui ~[Infantes]~ de ope nostr\u00e2 ac de divin\u00e2 misericordia plus\nmerentur, qui in primo statim nativitatis sua ortu plorantes ac stentes,\nnil aliud faciunt quam deprecantur._ Cypr. Ep. ad Fid.\n\n[bbbb] I might name here some of the Species of Birds, the whole Tribe\nalmost of Insects, and some among other Tribes, that are able to subsist\nfor many Months without Food, and some without Respiration too, or very\nlittle; But it may suffice to instance only in the _Land-Tortoise_, of\nthe Structure of whose Heart and Lungs: See _Book VI. Chap. 5. Note (b)._\n\n[cccc] _Inediam diutissim\u00e8 tolerat Lupus, ut & alia omnia carnivora,\nlic\u00e8t voracissima; magn\u00e2 utique natur\u00e6 providenti\u00e2; quoniam esca non\nsemper in promptu est._ _~Ray~\u2019s_ Synops. Quadr. p. 174.\n\nTo the long Abstinence mentioned of Brute-Animals, I hope the Reader\nwill excuse me if I add one or two Instances of extraordinary Abstinence\namong Men. One _Martha Taylor_, born in _Derbyshire_, by a Blow on the\nBack fell into such a Prostration of Appetite, that she took little\nSustenance, but some Drops with a Feather, from _Christmas 1667._\nfor thirteen Months, and slept but little too all the Time. See Dr.\n_Sampson_\u2019s Account thereof in _Ephem. Germ. T. 3. Obs. 173._\n\nTo this we may add the Case of _S. Chilton_, of _Tinsbury_, near _Bath_,\nwho in the Years 1693, 1696, and 97, slept divers Weeks together. And\nalthough he would sometimes, in a very odd manner, take Sustenance, yet\nwould lie a long Time without any, or with very little, and all without\nany considerable Decay. See _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 304.\n\n[dddd] They are admirable Instincts which the _Sieur de Beauplan_\nrelates of his own Knowledge, of the little Animals called _Bohaques_ in\n_Ukraine_. _They make Burroughs like ~Rabbets~, and in ~October~ shut\nthemselves up, and do not come out again till ~April~.\u2014\u2014They spend all\nthe Winter under Ground, eating what they laid up in Summer.\u2014\u2014Those that\nare lazy among them, they lay on their Backs, then lay a great handful\nof dry Herbage upon their Bodies, ~&c.~ then others drag those Drones to\nthe Mouths of their Burroughs, and so those Creatures serve instead of\nBarrows, ~&c.~ I have often seen them practise this, and have had the\nCuriosity to observe them whole Days together.\u2014\u2014Their Holes are parted\nlike Chambers; some serve for Store-Houses, others for Burying-Places,\n~&c.~ Their Government is nothing inferior to that of ~Bees~, ~&c.~ They\nnever go abroad without posting a Centinel upon some high Ground, to give\nnotice to the others whilst they are feeding. As soon as the Centinel\nsees any Body, it stands upon his Hind-Legs and whistles._ Beauplan\u2019s\n_Description of ~Ukraine~_, _in_ Vol. I. _of the_ Collection of Voyages,\n_&c._\n\nA like Instance of the Northern _Galli Sylvestres_, see in _Chap. 13.\nNote (g)._\n\nAs for the Scriptural Instance of the _Ant_, see hereafter _Book VIII.\nChap. 5. Note (d)._\n\n[eeee] I have in _Autumn_, not without Pleasure observed, not only the\ngreat Sagacity and Diligence of _Swine_, in hunting out the Stores of the\n_Field-Mice_; but the wonderful Precaution also of those little Animals,\nin hiding their Food beforehand against Winter. In the Time of Acorns\nfalling, I have, by means of the _Hogs_, discovered, that the Mice had,\nall over the neighbouring fields, treasured up single Acorns in little\nHoles they had scratched, and in which they had carefully covered up the\nAcorn. These the _Hogs_ would, Day after Day, hunt out by their Smell.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. XII.\n\n_Of the Cloathing of Animals._\n\n\nHaving in the foregoing Chapter somewhat largely taken a view of the\nInfinite Creator\u2019s Wisdom and Goodness towards his Creatures, in ordering\ntheir Food, I shall be more brief in this Chapters in my View of their\n_Cloathing_[a]; another necessary Appendage of Life, and in which\nwe have plain Tokens of the Creator\u2019s Art, manifested in these two\nParticulars; the _Suitableness of Animals Cloathing to their Place and\nOccasions_; and the _Garniture and Beauty thereof_.\n\nI. The Cloathing of Animals is suited to their Place of Abode, and\nOccasions there; a manifest Act of Design and Skill. For if there was\na Possibility, that Animals could have been accoutred any other Way,\nthan by God that made them, it must needs have come to pass, that their\nCloathing would have been at all Adventures, or all made the same Mode\nand Way, or some of it, at least, inconvenient and unsuitable. But on the\ncontrary, we find all is curious and compleat, nothing too much, nothing\ntoo little, nothing bungling, nothing but what will bear the Scrutiny of\nthe most exquisite Artist; yea, and so far out-do his best Skill, that\nhis most exquisite Imitations, even of the meanest Hair, Feather, Scale,\nor Shell, will be found only as so many ugly, ill-made Blunders and\nBotches, when strictly brought to the Test of good Glasses. But we shall\nfind an Example remarkable enough in the present Case, if we only compare\nthe best of Cloathing which Man makes for himself, with that given by the\nCreator for the Covering of the irrational Creatures. Of which it may be\nsaid, as our _Saviour_ doth of the Flowers of the Field, _Mat_. vi. 29.\n_That even Solomon, in all his Glory, was not arrayed like one of these._\n\nBut let us come to Particulars, and consider the Suitableness of the\ndifferent Method the Creator hath taken in the Cloathing of Man, and of\nthe irrational Animals. This _Pliny_[b] pathetically laments, and says,\n_It is hard to judge, whether Nature hath been a kinder Parent, or more\ncruel Step-Mother to Man._ For, says he, _Of all Creatures, he alone is\ncovered with other\u2019s Riches, whereas Nature hath given various Cloathing\nto other Animals, Shells, Hides, Prickles, Shag, Bristles, Hair, Down,\nQuills, Scales, Fleeces; and Trees she hath fenced with a Bark or two\nagainst the Injuries of Cold and Heat. Only poor naked Man_, says he, _is\nin the Day of his Birth cast into the wide World, to immediate crying and\nsqualling; and none of all Creatures besides, so soon to Tears in the\nvery beginning of their Life._\n\nBut here we have a manifest Demonstration of the Care and Wisdom of God\ntowards his Creatures; that such should come into the World with their\nBodies ready furnished and accommodated, who had neither Reason nor\nForecast to contrive, nor Parts adapted to the Artifices and Workmanship\nof Cloathing; but for Man, he being endowed with the transcending Faculty\nof Reason, and thereby made able to help himself, by having Thoughts\nto contrive, and withal Hands to effect, and sufficient Materials[c]\nafforded him from the Skins and Fleeces of Animals, and from various\nTrees and Plants: Man, I say, having all this Provision made for him,\ntherefore the Creator hath wisely made him naked, and left him to shift\nfor himself, being so well able to help himself.\n\nAnd a notable Act this is of the Wisdom of God, not only as the more\nsetting forth his Care and Kindness to them that most needed his Help,\nthe helpless irrational Animals, and in his not over-doing his Work; but\nalso as it is most agreeable to the Nature and State of Man[d], both on\nnatural and political Accounts. That Man should cloath himself is most\nagreeable to his Nature, particularly (among other Things,) as being\nmost salutary, and most suitable to his Affairs. For by this Means, Man\ncan adapt his Cloathing to all Seasons, to all Climates, to this, or to\nany Business. He can hereby keep himself sweet and clean, fence off many\nInjuries; but above all, by this Method of Cloathing, with the natural\nTexture of his Skin adapted to it, it is that grand Means of Health,\nnamely, _insensible Perspiration_[e] is perform\u2019d, at least greatly\npromoted, without which an human Body would be soon over-run with Disease.\n\nIn the next Place, there are good political Reasons for Man\u2019s cloathing\nhimself, inasmuch as his Industry is hereby employ\u2019d in the Exercises\nof his Art and Ingenuity; his Diligence and Care are exerted in keeping\nhimself sweet, cleanly, and neat; many Callings and Ways of Life arise\nfrom thence, and, (to name no more,) the Ranks and Degrees of Men are\nhereby in some Measure render\u2019d visible to others, in the several Nations\nof the Earth.\n\nThus it is manifestly best for Man that he should cloath himself.\n\nBut for the poor shiftless Irrationals, it is a prodigious Act of the\ngreat Creator\u2019s Indulgence, that they are all ready furnished with such\nCloathing, as is proper to their Place and Business[f]. Some covered\nwith Hair[g], some with Feathers[h], some with Scales, some with\nShells[i], some only Skin, and some with firm and stout Armature; all\nnicely accommodated to the Element in which the Creature liveth, and\nits occasions there[k]. To _Quadrupeds_ Hair is a commodious Cloathing;\nwhich, together with the apt Texture of their Skin, fitteth them for\nall Weathers, to lie on the Ground, and to do the Offices of Man; and\nthe thick and warm Furs and Fleeces of others, are not only a good\nDefensative against the Cold and Wet; but also a soft Bed to repose\nthemselves in; and to many of them, a comfortable covering, to nurse and\ncherish their tender Young.\n\nAnd as Hair to Quadrupeds; so Feathers are as commodious a Dress to such\nas fly in the Air, to Birds, and some Insects; not only a good Guard\nagainst Wet and Cold, and a comfortable Covering to such as hatch and\nbrood their Young; but also most commodious for their Flight. To which\npurpose they are nicely and neatly placed every where on the Body, to\ngive them an easie Passage through the Air[l], and to assist in the\nwafting their Body through that thin Medium. For which Service, how\ncurious is their Texture for Lightness, and withal for Strength? Hollow\nand thin for Lightness, but withal, context and firm for Strength. And\nwhere \u2019tis necessary they should be filled, what a light and strong\nmedullary Substance is it they are filled with? By which curious\nContrivances, even the very heaviest Parts made for Strength, are so\nfar from being a Load to the Body, that they rather assist in making\nit light and buoyant, and capacitate it for Flight. But for the Vanes,\nthe lightest part of the Feather, how curiously are they wrought with\ncapillary Filaments, neatly interwoven together[m], whereby they are\nnot only light, but also sufficiently close and strong, to keep the\nBody warm, and guard it against the Injuries of Weather, and withal, to\nimpower the Wings, like so many Sails, to make strong Impulses upon the\nAir in their Flight[n]. Thus curious, thus artificial, thus commodious\nis the Cloathing of Beasts and Birds: Concerning which, more in proper\nPlace.\n\nAnd no less might I shew that of Reptiles and Fishes[o] to be, if it was\nconvenient to enlarge upon this Branch of the Creator\u2019s Works. How well\nadapted are the _Annuli_ of some Reptiles, and the Contortions of the\nSkin of others, not only to fence the Body sufficiently against outward\nInjuries; but to enable them to creep, to perforate the Earth[p], and in\na word, to perform all the Offices of their Reptile State, much better\nthan any other Tegument of the Body would do? And the same might be said\nof the Covering of the Inhabitants of the Waters, particularly the Shells\nof some, which are a strong Guard to the tender Body that is within, and\nconsistent enough with their slower Motion; and the Scales and Skins of\nothers, affording them an easie and swift Passage through the Waters.\nBut it may be sufficient to give only a Hint of these Things, which more\nproperly belong to another Place.\n\nThus hath the indulgent Creator furnish\u2019d the whole animal World with\nconvenient, suitable Cloathing.\n\nII. Let us in the next Place take a short View of the _Garniture_[q],\nand _Beauty_ thereof. And here we shall thus far, at least, descry it to\nbe beautiful; that it is compleat and workman-like. Even the Cloathing\nof the most sordid Animals, those that are the least beautified with\nColours, or rather whose Cloathing may regrate the Eye[r]; yet when we\ncome strictly to view them, and seriously consider the nice Mechanism of\none Part, the admirable Texture of another, and the exact Symmetry of the\nWhole; we discern such Strokes of inimitable Skill, such incomparable\nCuriosity, that we may say with _Solomon_, Eccl. iii. 11. [God] _hath\nmade every Thing beautiful in his Time_.\n\nBut for a farther Demonstration, of the super-eminent Dexterity of his\nalmighty Hand, he hath been pleas\u2019d, as it were on Purpose, to give\nsurprizing Beauties to divers Kinds of Animals. What radiant Colours are\nmany of them, particularly some Birds and Insects[s], bedeck\u2019d with!\nWhat a prodigious Combination is there often of these, yea, how nice\nan Air frequently of meaner Colours[t], as to captivate the Eye of all\nBeholders, and exceed the Dexterity of the most exquisite Pencil to copy?\n\nAnd now, when we thus find a whole World of Animals, cloathed in the\nwisest Manner, the most suitable to the Element in which they live,\nthe Place in which they reside, and their State and Occasions there;\nwhen those that are able to shift for themselves, are left to their own\nDiscretion and Diligence, but the Helpless well accouter\u2019d and provided\nfor; when such incomparable Strokes of Art and Workmanship appear in all,\nand such inimitable Glories and Beauties in the Cloathing of others;\nwho can, without the greatest Obstinacy and Prejudice, deny this to be\n_GOD_\u2019s Handy-work? The gaudy, or even the meanest Apparel which Man\nprovideth for himself, we readily enough own to be the Contrivance, the\nWork of Man: And shall we deny the Cloathing of all the Animal World\nbetides (which infinitely surpasseth all the Robes of earthly Majesty;\nshall we, dare we, deny that) to be the Work of any Thing less than of\nan infinite, intelligent Being, whose Art and Power are equal to such\nglorious Work!\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] Concerning the Cloathing of Animals, _Aristotle_ observes, _That such\nAnimals have Hair as go on Feet and are viviparous; and that such are\ncovered with a Shell, as go on Feet, and are oviparous_, Hist. Anim. l.\n3. c. 10.\n\n[b] _Cujus ~[Hominis]~ caus\u00e2 videtur cuncta alia genuisse Natura, magn\u00e2 &\ns\u00e6v\u00e2 mercede contra tanta sua munera: ut non sit sat\u00ecs \u00e6stimare, Parens\nmelior homini, an tristior Noverca fuerit. Ante omnia unum Animantium\ncunctorum alienis velat opibus: c\u00e6teris vari\u00e8 tegumenta tribuit, testas,\ncortices, coria, spinas, villos, setas, pilos, plumam, pennas, squamas,\nvellera. Truncos etiam arboresque cortice, interdum gemino, \u00e0 frigoribus,\n& calore tutata est. Hominem tantum nudum, & in nud\u00e2 humo, natali die\nabjicit ad vagitus statim & ploratum, nullumque tot animalium aliud ad\nlacrymas, & has protinus vita principio._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 7. Pro\u0153m.\n\nLet _Seneca_ answer this Complaint of _Pliny_, although perhaps what\nhe saith might be more properly noted in another Place: _Quisquis es\niniquus \u00e6stimator fortis humana, cogita quanta nobis tribuerit Parens\nnoster, quanto valentiora animalia sub jugum miserimus, quanto velociora\nassequamur, qu\u00e0m nihil sit mortale non sub ictu nostro positum. Tot\nvirtutes accepimus, tot artes, animum denique cui nihil non eodem quo\nintendit momento pervium est, Sideribus velociorem, ~&c.~_ Senec. de\nBenef. l. 2. c. 29.\n\n[c] _Mirantur plurimi quomodo tut\u00e8, & san\u00e8 vivant homines in horrendis\nfrigoribus plag\u00e6 Septentrionalis; hancque levem qu\u00e6stionem ultra 30 annos\naudieram in Italia, pr\u00e6sertim ab \u00c6thiopibus, & Indis, quibus onerosus\nvidetur vestitus sub Zon\u00e2 terrid\u00e2.\u2014\u2014Quibus respondetur,\u2014\u2014Gaudet Indus\nmultiplici plumarum genere, mag\u00ecs forsan pro tegumento, qu\u00e0m necessitate:\nrursus Scytha villoso vestitu\u2014\u2014Ita sub polo Arctico advers\u00f9s asperrimas\nhyemes\u2014\u2014opportuna remedia faciliter administrat ~[Natura]~. Ligna\nvidelicet in maxima copia, & levissimo pretio, & demum Pelles diversorum\nanimalium, tam sylvestrium qu\u00e0m domesticorum._ Then he gives a Catalogue\nof them, and saith, _Quarum omnium experti pellifices ita ingenios\u00e8\nnoverunt mixturas componere, ut pulcherrimum decorum ostendat varietas, &\ncalidissimum fomentum adjuncta mollities._ Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 6. c. 20.\n\nTo this Guard against the Cold, namely, of Fire and Cloathing; I hope\nthe Reader will excuse me, if I take this Opportunity of adding some\nother Defensatives Nature, (or rather the great Author of Nature,)\nhath afforded these northern Regions: Such are their high Mountains,\nabounding, as _Ol. Magnus_ saith, through all Parts; also their numerous\nWoods, which besides their Fire, do, with the Mountains, serve as\nexcellent Screens against the Cold, piercing Air and Winds. Their\nprodigious Quantities of Minerals, and Metals, also afford Heat, and warm\nVapours, _Miner\u00e6 septentrionalium regionum sat\u00ecs mult\u00e6, magn\u00e6, divers\u00e6,\n& opulent\u00e6 sunt_, saith the same curious, and (for his Time,) learned\nArchbishop, _l. 6. c. 1._ and in other Places. And for the Warmth they\nafford, the _Volcano_\u2019s of those Parts are in Evidence; as are also their\nterrible Thunder and Lightning, which are observ\u2019d to be the most severe\nand mischievous in their metalline Mountains, in which large Herds of\nCattle are sometimes destroy\u2019d; the Rocks so rent and shatter\u2019d, that new\nVeins of Silver are thereby discover\u2019d; and a troublesome Kind of Quinsie\nis produc\u2019d in their Throats, by the stench, and poisonous Nature of\nthe sulphureous Vapours, which they dissolve, by drinking warm Beer and\nButter together, as _Olaus_ tells us in the same Book, _Chap. 11._\n\nTo all which Defensatives, I shall, in the last Place add, the warm\nVapours of their Lakes, (some of which are prodigiously large, of 130\n_Italian_ Miles in Length, and not much less in Breadth;) also of their\nRivers, especially the Vapours which arise from the Sea. Of which Guard\nagainst severe Cold, we have lately had a convincing Proof in the _great\nFrost_, in 1708, wherein, when _England_, _Germany_, _France_, _Denmark_;\nyea, the more southerly Regions of _Italy_, _Switzerland_, and other\nParts suffer\u2019d severely, _Ireland_ and _Scotland_ felt very little of\nit, hardly more than in other Winters; of the Particulars of which,\nhaving given an Account in the _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 324. I shall thither\nrefer the Reader. But it seems this is what doth ordinarily befal those\nnorthern Parts; particularly the _Islands_ of _Orkney_, of which the\nlearned Dr. _Wallace_ gives this Account: _Here the Winters are generally\nmore subject to Rain than Snow; nor doth the Frost and Snow continue so\nlong here, as in other Parts of ~Scotland~; but the Wind in the mean\nTime will often blow very boisterously; and it Rains sometimes, not by\nDrops, but by spouts of Water, as if whole Clouds fell down at once. In\nthe Year 1680, in the Month of ~June~, after great Thunder, there fell\nFlakes of Ice near a Foot thick._ _Wall._ Account of _Ork._ Chap. 1. _p.\n4._ From which last Passage I observe; That although in those Parts, the\nAtmosphere near the Earth be warm, it is excessively cold above; so as to\nfreeze some of those Spouts of Water in their Descent, into such great,\nand almost incredible Masses of Hail. And whence can this Warmth proceed,\nbut from the Earth, or Sea, emitting Heat sufficient to stave off the\nCold above? Consult _Book II. Chap. 5. Note (c)._\n\n[d] _Sicut enim si innata sibi ~[i.e. Homini]~ aliqua haberat arma, illa\nei sola semper adessent, ita & si artem aliquam Natura fortitus esset,\nreliquas san\u00e8 non haberet. Quia ver\u00f2 ei melius erat omnibus armis,\nomnibusque artibus uti, neutrum eorum \u00e0 natur\u00e2 ipsi propterea datum est._\nGalen. de Us. Part. l. 1. c. 4.\n\n[e] Concerning _insensible Perspiration_, _Sanctorius_ observes, That it\nmuch exceeds all the Sensible put together. _De Stat. Med. Aph. 4._ That\nas much is evacuated by _insensible Perspiration_ in one Day, as is by\n_Stool_ in fourteen Days. Particularly, that, in a Night\u2019s Time, about\nsixteen Ounces is commonly sent out by _Urine_, four Ounces by Stool; but\nabove forty Ounces by _insensible Perspiration_, Aphor. 59, 60. That if a\nMan eats and drinks 8 _l._ in a Day, 5 _l._ of it is spent in _insensible\nPerspiration_, \u00a7. 1. Aph. 6. And as to the Times, he saith, _Ab assumpto\ncibo 5 horis 1 l. circiter perspirabilis\u2014\u2014exhalare solet, \u00e0 5a ad 12am 3\nl. circiter; \u00e0 12a ad 16am vix selibram_, Aph. 56.\n\nAnd as to the wonderful Benefits of _insensible Perspiration_, they are\nabundantly demonstrated by the same learned Person, _ubi supra_; as also\nby _Borelli_ in his second Part, _De Mot. Animal_, Prop. 168. who saith,\n_Necessaria est insensibilis Transpiratio, ut vita Animalis conservetur._\n\n[f] _Animantium ver\u00f2 quanta varietas est? Quanta ad cam rem vis, ut in\nsuo qu\u00e6que genere permaneant? Quaram ali\u00e6 coriis tect\u00e6 sunt, ali\u00e6 villis\nvestic\u00e6, ali\u00e6 spinis hirsut\u00e6: plum\u00e2 alias, alias squam\u00e2 videmus obductas,\nalias esse cornibus armatas, alias habere effugia pennarum._ Cic. de Nat.\nDeor. l. 2. c. 47.\n\n[g] From _Malpighi_\u2019s curious Observations of the _Hair_, I shall\nnote three Things. 1. Their Structure is fistulous, or tubular; which\nhath long been a Doubt among the curious. _Fistulosum ~[esse Pilum]~\ndemonstrant lustratio pilarum \u00e0 caud\u00e2 & collo Equorum, ~&c.~\u2014\u2014pr\u00e6cipu\u00e8\nsetarum Apri, qu\u00e6 patentiorem ex fistulis compositionem exhibent. Est\nautem dictus Apri pilus Cylindricum corpus quasi diaphanum\u2014\u2014fistularum\naggere conflatum, & speciem column\u00e6 striat\u00e6 pr\u00e6 se fert. Componentes\nfistul\u00e6 in gyrum situat\u00e6 in apice patentiores redduntur; nam hians pilus\nin geminas dividitur partes, & componentes minim\u00e6 fistul\u00e6\u2014\u2014libersores\nreddit\u00e6 manifestantur, ita ut enumerari possunt; has autem 20, & ultra\nnumeravi.\u2014\u2014Exposit\u00e6 fistul\u00e6\u2014\u2014tubulos\u00e6 sunt, & frequentibus tunicis\ntransversaliter situatis, veluti valvulis pollent. Et quoniam Spin\u00e6, in\nErinaceis pr\u00e6cipui, ~&c.~ nil aliud sunt, quam duri & rigidi pili, ideo,\n~&c.~_ And then he describes the _Hedgehog_\u2019s Spines, in which those\nTubes manifestly appear; together, with medullary Valves and Cells; not\ninelegant, which he hath figur\u2019d in _Tab. 16._ at the End of his Works.\n\nThat which this sagacious, and not enough to be commended Observer, took\nnotice of in the Structure of Hair, and its Parity to the Spines; I have\nmy self observ\u2019d in some Measure to be true, in the Hair of _Cats_,\n_Rats_, _Mice_, and divers other Animals; which look very prettily\nwhen view\u2019d with a good Microscope. The Hair of a _Mouse_, (the most\ntransparent of any I have view\u2019d,) seems to be one single transparent\nTube, with a Pith made up of a fibrous Substance, running in dark Lines;\nin some Hairs tranversly, in others spirally, as in _Fig. 14, 15, 16,\n17._ These darker medullary Parts, or Lines, I have observ\u2019d, are no\nother than small Fibres convolved round, and lying closer together than\nin other Parts of the Hair. They run from the Bottom, to the Top of\nthe Hair; and I imagine, serve to the gentle Evacuation of some Humour\nout of the Body; perhaps the Hair serves as well for the _insensible\nPerspiration_ of hairy Animals, as to fence against Cold and Wet. In\n_Fig. 14, 16_, is represented the Hair of a _Mouse_, as it appears\nthrough a small Magnifier; and in _Fig. 15, 17_, as it appears when\nview\u2019d with a larger Magnifier.\n\nUpon another Review, I imagine, That although in _Fig. 14, 15_, the dark\nParts of the Pith seem to be transverse; that they, as well as in the two\nother Figures, run round in a screw-like Fashion.\n\n[h] See _Book VII. Chap. 1. Note (d) (e)._\n\n[i] See _Chap. XIV. Note (c)._\n\n[k] It is a Sign some wise Artist was a Contriver of the Cloathing of\nAnimals; not only as their Cloathing varies, as their Way of Living doth;\nbut also because every Part of their Bodies is furnish\u2019d with proper\nsuitable Cloathing. Thus divers Animals, that have their Bodies cover\u2019d\nfor the most Part with short, smooth Hair; have some Parts left naked,\nwhere Hair would be an Annoyance: And some Parts beset with long Hair;\nas the Mane and Tail; And some with stiff, strong Bristles; as about the\nNose; And sometimes within the Nostrils; to guard off, or give warning of\nAnnoyances.\n\n[l] The Feathers being placed from the Head towards the Tail, in close\nand neat Order, and withal preened and dressed by the Contents of the\nOil-Bag, afford as easie a Passage through the Air, as a Boat new cleaned\nand dressed finds in its Passage through the Waters. Whereas, were the\nFeathers placed the contrary, or any other way (as they would have been,\nhad they been placed by Chance, or without Art) they would then have\ngathered Air, and been a great Encumbrance to the Passage of the Body\nthrough the Air. See _Book VII. Chap. 1. Note (b)._\n\n[m] In _Book VII. Chap. 1. Note (e)._ there is a particular Account of\nthe Mechanism of their Vanes, from some nice Microscopical Observations,\nand therefore I shall take no farther Notice of it here.\n\n[n] _Vid._ _Borell. de Mot. Animal._ Prop. 182. Vol. I.\n\n[o] See _Book IX._\n\n[p] For a Sample of this Branch of my Survey, let us chuse the Tegument\nof _Earth-Worms_, which we shall find compleatly adapted to their Way\nor Life and Motion, being made in the most compleat Manner possible for\nterebrating the Earth, and creeping where their Occasions lead them.\nFor their Body is made throughout of small Rings, and these Rings have\na curious _Apparatus_ of Muscles, enabling those Creatures with great\nStrength to dilate, extend, or contract their _Annuli_, and whole Body;\nthose _Annuli_ also are each of them armed with small, stiff, sharp\n_Beards_, or _Prickles_, which they can open, to lay hold on, or shut\nup close to their Body: And lastly, Under the Skin there lies a _slimy\nJuice_, that they emit, as Occasion is, at certain Perforations between\nthe _Annuli_, to lubricate the Body, and facilitate their Passage into\nthe Earth. By all which Means they are enabled with great Speed, Ease,\nand Safety, to thrust and wedge themselves into the Earth; which they\ncould not do, had their Bodies been covered with Hair, Feathers, Scales,\nor such like Cloathing of the other Creatures. See more concerning this\nAnimal, _Book IX. Chap. 1. Note (a)._\n\n[q] _Aristotle_, in his _Hist. Anim. l. 3. c. 12._ names several Rivers,\nthat by being drank of, change the Colour of the Hair.\n\n[r] For an Example; Let us take the Cloathing of the _Tortoise_ and\n_Viper_; because, by an incurious View, it rather regrateth, than\npleaseth the Eye: But yet, by an accurate Survey, we find the Shells\nof the Former, and the Scales of the Latter, to be a curious Piece of\nMechanism, neatly made; and so compleatly, and well put, and tack\u2019d\ntogether, as to exceed any human Composures: Of the Latter see more in\n_Book IX. Chap. 1. Note (c)._\n\n[s] It would be endless to enter into the Particulars of the beautiful\n_Birds_ and _Insects_ of our _European_ Parts; but especially those\ninhabiting the Countries between the Tropicks, which are observed as much\nto exceed our Birds in their Colours, as ours do theirs in their Singing.\n\n[t] The _Wryneck_, at a Distance, is a Bird of mean Colour; neither are\nindeed its Colours radiant, or beautiful, singly considered: But when it\nis in the Hand we see its light and darker Colours so curiously mixed\ntogether, as to give the Bird a surprizing Beauty. The same is also\nobservable in many Insects, particularly of the _Phal\u00e6na kind_.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. XIII.\n\n_Of the Houses and Habitation of Animals._\n\n\nHaving in the last Chapter, as briefly as well I could, surveyed the\n_Cloathing_ of Animals, I shall in this take a View of their _Houses_,\n_Nests_, their _Cells_ and _Habitations_; another Thing no less\nnecessary to their Well-being than the last; and in which the Great\nCreator hath likewise signalized his Care and Skill, by giving Animals\nan architectonick Faculty, to build themselves convenient Places of\nRetirement, in which to repose and secure themselves, and to nurse up\ntheir Young.\n\nAnd here, as before, we may consider the case of Man, and that of the\nirrational Animals. Man having (as I said) the Gift of Reason and\nUnderstanding, is able to shift for himself, to contrive and build, as\nhis Pleasure leads him, and his Abilities will admit of. From the meanest\nHuts and Cottages, he can erect himself stately Buildings, bedeck them\nwith exquisite Arts of Architecture, Painting, and other Garniture,\nennoble them, and render them delightful with pleasant Gardens,\nFountains, Avenues, and what not? For Man therefore the Creator hath\nabundantly provided in this respect, by giving him an Ability to help\nhimself. And a wise Provision this is, inasmuch as it is an excellent\nExercise of the Wit, the Ingenuity, the Industry and Care of Man.\n\nBut since Ingenuity, without Materials, would be fruitless, the Materials\ntherefore which the Creator hath provided the World with, for this\nvery Service of Building, deserves our Notice. The great Varieties of\nTrees[a], Earth, Stones and Plants, answering every Occasion and Purpose\nof Man for this Use, in all Ages and Places all the World over, is a\ngreat Act of the Creator\u2019s Goodness; as manifesting, that since he has\nleft Man to shift for himself, it should not be without sufficient Help\nto enable him to do so, if he would but make use of them, and the Sense\nand Reason which God hath given him.\n\nThus sufficient Provision is made for the Habitation of Man.\n\nAnd no less shall we find is made for the rest of the Creatures; who\nalthough they want the Power of Reason to vary their Methods, and cannot\nadd to, or diminish from, or any way make Improvements upon their natural\nWay; yet we find that natural Instinct, which the Creator\u2019s infinite\nUnderstanding hath imprinted in them, to be abundantly sufficient, nay,\nin all Probability, the very best or only Method they can take, or that\ncan be invented for the respective Use and Purpose of each peculiar\nSpecies of Animals[b]. If some Creatures make their Nests in Holes, some\nin Trees, some in Shrubs, some in the Earth[c], some in Stone, some in\nthe Waters, some here, and some there, or have none at all; yet we find,\nthat that Place, that Method of Nidification doth abundantly answer the\nCreatures Use and Occasions. They can there sufficiently and well repose,\nand secure themselves, lay, and breed up their Young. We are so far from\ndiscovering any Inconvenience in any of their respective Ways, from\nperceiving any Loss befal the Species, any decay, any perishing of their\nYoung; that in all Probability, on the contrary, in that particular\nWay they better thrive, are more secure, and better able to shift for,\nand help themselves. If, for Instance, some Beasts make to themselves\nno Habitation, but lie abroad in the open Air, and there produce their\nYoung; in this case we find there is no need it should be otherwise, by\nReason they are either taken care of by Man [d], or in no Danger, as\nother Creatures, from Abroad. If others reposite their Young in Holes[e]\nand Dens, and secure themselves also therein, it is, because such\nGuard, such Security is wanting, their Lives being sought either by the\nHostility of Man, or to satisfie the Appetite of rapacious Creatures[f].\nIf among Birds, some build their Nests close, some open, some with this,\nsome with another Material, some in Holes, some in Trees, some on the\nGround[g], some on Rocks and Crags on high (of which God himself hath\ngiven an Instance in the _Eagle_, Job xxxix. 27, 28.) And so among the\nInsect and Reptile Kinds, if some reposite their Eggs or Young in the\nEarth, some in Wood, some in Stone, some on one Kind of Plant, some on\nanother, some in warm and dry Places, some in the Water and moist Places,\nand some in their own Bodies only, as shall be shewn in proper Place; in\nall these Cases it is in all Probability, the best or only Method the\nAnimal can take for the Hatching and Production of its Young, for their\nSupplies, Safety, or some other main Point of their Being or Well-being.\nThis is manifest enough in many Cases, and therefore probable in all.\nIt is manifest that such Animals, for Instance, as breed in the Waters\n(as not only Fish, but divers Insects, and other Land-Animals do) that\ntheir Young cannot be hatched, fed, or nursed up in any other Element. It\nis manifest also, that Insects, which lay their Eggs on this, and that,\nand the other agreeable Tree, or Plant, or in Flesh, _&c._ that it is\nby that Means their Young are fed and nursed up. And it is little to be\ndoubted also, but that these Matrixes may much conduce to the Maturation\nand Production of the Young. And so in all other the like Cases of\nNidification, of Heat or Cold, Wet or Dry, Exposed or Open, in all\nProbability this is the best Method for the Animal\u2019s Good, most salutary\nand agreeable to its Nature, most for its Fecundity, and the Continuance\nand Increase of its Species; to which every Species of Animals is\nnaturally prompt and inclined.\n\nThus admirable is the natural Sagacity and Instinct[h] of the irrational\nAnimals in the Convenience and Method of their Habitations. And no less\nis it in the Fabrick of them. Their architectonick Skill, exerted in\nthe Curiosity and Dexterity of their Works, and exceeding the Skill of\nMan to imitate; this, I say, deserves as much or more Admiration and\nPraise, than that of the most exquisite Artist among Men. For with what\ninimitable Art[i] do these poor untaught Creatures lay a parcel of rude\nand ugly Sticks and Straws, Moss and Dirt together, and form them into\ncommodious Nests? With what Curiosity do they line them within, wind and\nplace every Hair, Feather, or Lock of Wool, to guard the tender Bodies of\nthemselves and their Young, and to keep them warm? And with what Art and\nCraft do many of them thatch over, and coat their Nests without, to dodge\nand deceive the Eye of Spectators, as well as to guard and fence against\nthe Injuries of Weather[k]? With what prodigious Subtilty do some\nforeign Birds[l] not only plat and weave the fibrous Parts of Vegetables\ntogether, and curiously tunnel them, and commodiously form them into\nNests, but also artificially suspend them on the tender Twigs of Trees,\nto keep them out of the reach of rapacious Animals?\n\nAnd so for _Insects_, those little, weak, those tender Creatures; yet,\nwhat admirable Artists are they in this Business of Nidification! With\nwhat great Diligence doth the little _Bee_ gather its Combs from various\nTrees[m] and Flowers, the _Wasp_ from solid[n] Timber! And with what\nprodigious geometrical Subtilty do those little Animals work their deep\nhexagonal Cells, the only proper Figure that the best Mathematician could\nchuse for such a Combination of Houses[o]! With what Accuracy do other\nInsects perforate the Earth[p], Wood, yea, Stone it self[q]! For which\nService, the compleat Apparatus of their Mouths[r], and Feet[s], deserves\nparticular Observation, as hath been, and will be hereafter observ\u2019d.\nAnd further yet; With what Care and Neatness do most of those little\nsagacious Animals line those their Houses within, and seal them up, and\nfence them without[t]! How artificially will others fold up the Leaves of\nTrees and Plants[u]; others house themselves in Sticks and Straws; others\nglue light and floating Bodies together[w], and by that Artifice make\nthemselves floating Houses in the Waters, to transport themselves at\nPleasure after their Food, or other necessary Occasions of Life! And for\na Close, let us take the scriptural Instance of the _Spider_, Prov. xxx.\n28. which is one of the four little Things, which, v. 44. _Agur_ says, is\n_exceeding Wise: The Spider taketh hold with her Hands, and is in Kings\nPalaces_[x]. I will not dispute the Truth of our _English_ Translation\nof this Text, but supposing the Animal mention\u2019d to be that which is\nmeant; it is manifest, that the Art of that Species of Creatures, in\nspinning their various Webs, and the Furniture their Bodies afford to\nthat Purpose, are an excellent Instinct, and Provision of Nature, setting\nforth its glorious Author.\n\nAnd now from this short and transient View of the architectonick Faculty\nof Animals, especially the Irrationals; we may easily perceive some\nsuperiour and wise Being was certainly concern\u2019d in their Creation or\nOriginal. For, how is it possible that an irrational Creature should,\nwith ordinary and coarse, or indeed any Materials, be ever able to\nperform such Works, as exceed even the Imitation of a rational Creature?\nHow could the Bodies of many of them, (particularly the last mention\u2019d,)\nbe furnish\u2019d with architective Materials? How could they ever discover\nthem to be in their Bodies, or know what Use to make of them? We must\ntherefore necessarily conclude, That the Irrationals either have Reason\nand Judgment, not only Glimmerings thereof, but some of its superiour\nActs, as Wisdom and Foresight, Discretion, Art and Care; or else, that\nthey are only passive in the Case, and act by Instinct, or by the Reason\nof some superiour Being imprinted in their Nature, or some Way or other,\n(be it how it will,) congenial with them. That they are Rational, or\nexcel Man in Art and Wisdom, none surely will be so foolish as to say:\nAnd therefore we must conclude, That those excellent Ends they pursue,\nand that admirable Art they exert, is none of their own, but owing\nto that infinitely wise and excellent Being, of whom it may be said,\nwith reference to the irrational, as well as rational Creatures, as it\nis, _Prov_. ii. _6_. _The Lord giveth Wisdom; out of his Mouth cometh\nKnowledge and Understanding._\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a]\n\n _\u2014\u2014Dant utile lignum_\n _Navigiis Pinos, domibus Cedrosque, Cupressosque:_\n _Hinc radios trivere Rotis, hinc tympana plaustris_\n _Agricol\u00e6, & pandas ratibus posuere carinas._\n _Viminibus Salices f\u0153cund\u00e6, frondibus Ulmi;_\n _At Myrtus validis hastilibus, & bona bello,_\n _Cornus; Ityr\u00e6os Taxi torquentur in arcus._\n _Nec Tili\u00e6 leves, aut torno rasile Buxum,_\n _Non formam accipiunt, ferroque cavantur acuto:_\n _Necnon & torrentum undam levis innatat Alnus_\n _Missa Pado: necnon & apes examina condunt_\n _Corticibusque cavis, vitios\u00e6que Ilicis alveo._\n\n Virg. Georg. l. 2. carm. 442.\n\n[b] See _Chap. 15._ and _Book VIII. Chap. 6._\n\n[c] Many of the _Vesp\u00e6-Ichneumones_ are remarkable enough for their\nNidification and Provision for their Young. Those that build in Earth\n(who commonly have golden and black Rings round their _Alvi_) having\nlined the little Cells, they have perforated, lay therein their Eggs,\nand then carry into them Maggots from the Leaves of Trees, and seal them\nup close and neatly. And another _Ichneumon_, more of the _Vespa_ than\n_Musca-Ichneumon_ Kind (having a little Sting in its Tail, of a black\nColour) gave me the Pleasure, one Summer, of seeing it build its Nest\nin a little Hole in my Study-Window. This Cell was coated about with an\nodoriferous, resinous Gum, collected, I suppose, from some Fir-Trees\nnear; after which it laid two Eggs (I think the Number was) and then\ncarried in divers Maggots, some bigger than it self. These it very\nsagaciously sealed close up into the Nest, leaving them there doubtless,\npartly to assist the Incubation; and especially for Food to the future\nYoung when hatched.\n\nOf this Artifice of these _Ichneumons_, _Aristotle_ himself takes Notice,\n(but I believe he was scarce aware of the Eggs sealed up with the\nSpiders). \u1f49\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03a3\u03c6\u1fc6\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u0399\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9, &c. _As to the ~Vesp\u00e6~,\ncalled ~Ichneumones~, (less than others) they kill ~Spiders~, and carry\nthem into their Holes, and having sealed them up with Dirt, they therein\nhatch, and produce those of the same Kind._ Hist. Anim. l. 5. c. 20.\n\nTo what hath been said about these _Ichneumon Wasps_, I shall add one\nObservation more, concerning the providential Structure of their Mouth in\nevery of their Tribes, _viz._ their Jaws are not only very strong, but\nnicely sized, curved and placed for gnawing and scraping those compleat\nlittle Holes they perforate in Earth, Wood, yea in Stone it self.\n\n[d] _Tully_ having spoken of the Care of some Animals towards their\nYoung, by which they are nursed and brought up, saith, _Accedit etiam ad\nnonnulloram animantium, & earum rerum quas terra gignit, conservationem,\n& salutem, hominum etiam solertia & diligentia. Nam mult\u00e6 & pecudes, &\nstirpes sunt, qu\u00e6 fine procuratione hominum salv\u00e6 esse non possunt._ Cic.\nde Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 52.\n\n[e] Prov. xxx. 26. _The Conies are but a feeble Folk, yet make they their\nHouses in the Rocks._\n\n[f] See _Note (l)._\n\n[g] It is a notable Instinct which _Ol. Magnus_ tells of the _Galli\nSylvestres_ in his Northern Country, to secure themselves against\nthe Cold and Storms of the Winter. _C\u00f9m nives instar collium terr\u00e6\nsuperficiem ubique cooperiunt, ramosque arborum diuti\u00f9s deprimunt &\ncondensant, certos fructus Betul\u00e6 arboris\u2014\u2014in form\u00e2 longi Piperis\nvorant, & glutiunt indigestos; idque tant\u00e2 aviditate, ac quantitate, ut\nrepletum guttur toto corpore majus appareat. Deinde partitis agminibus\nsese inter medios nivium colles immergunt, pr\u00e6fortim in Jan. Febr.\nMartio, quando nives ut turbines, typhones, vel tempestates gravissim\u00e6\n\u00e8 nubibus descendunt. Cumque coopert\u00e6 sunt, certis hebdomadis cibo in\ngutture collecto, egesto, & resumpto vivunt. Venatorum canibus non\nproduntur.\u2014\u2014Quod si pr\u00e6sentiunt nivem imminere majorem, pr\u00e6dicto fructu,\niterum devorato, aliud domicilium captant, in eoque manent usque ad sinem\nMartii, ~&c.~_ Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 19. c. 33.\n\n[h] It is a very odd Story (which I rather mention for the Reader\u2019s\nDiversion, than for its Truth) which Dr. _Lud. de Beaufort_ relates,\n_Vir fide dignus narravit mihi, quod c\u00f9m semel, animi grati\u00e2, nidum\navicul\u00e6 ligno obtur\u00e2sset, seque occult\u00e2sset, cupidus videndi, quid in\ntali occasione pr\u00e6staret; illa c\u00f9m frustra s\u00e6pi\u00f9s tent\u00e2sset rostro illud\nauferre, casus admodum impatiens, abiit, & post aliquod temporis spatium\nreversa est, rostro gerens plantulam, qu\u00e2 obturamento applicat\u00e2, paul\u00f2\npost, illud veluti telum eripuit tant\u00e2 vi, ut dispersa impetu herbula, ac\noccasionem ipsi, ab avicul\u00e2 ejus virtutem discendi, pr\u00e6ripuerit._ Cosmop.\ndivina, Sect. 5. C. 1. Had he told us what the Plant was, we might have\ngiven better Credit to this Story.\n\n[i] Of the Subtilty of Birds in Nidification, see _Plin. Nat. Hist. l.\n10. c. 33._\n\n[k] Among many Instances that might be given of this Subtilty of birds,\nand other Creatures, that of the _long-tailed Titmouse_ deserves\nObservation, who with great Art builds her Nest with Mosses, Hair, and\nthe Webs of _Spiders_, cast out from them when they take their Flight\n(see _Book VIII. Chap. 4. Note (e)_) with which the other Materials are\nstrongly tied together. Having neatly built, and covered her Nest with\nthese Materials without; she thatcheth it on the top with the _Muscus\narboreus ramosus_, or such like broad, whitish Moss, to keep out Rain,\nand to dodge the Spectator\u2019s Eye; and within she lineth it with a great\nNumber of soft Feathers; so many, that I confess I could not but admire\nhow so small a Room could hold them, especially that they could be laid\nso close and handsomely together, to afford sufficient Room for a Bird\nwith so long a Tail, and so numerous an Issue as this Bird commonly hath,\nwhich Mr. _Ray_ saith (_Synops. Method. Avium_, p. 74.) _Ova inter omnes\naviculas numerosissima ponit._ See more of the Nest of this Bird, from\n_Aldrovand._ in _Willugh. Ornith._ p. 243.\n\n[l] The Nest of the _Guira tangeima_, the _icterus minor_, and the\n_Jupujuba_, or whatever other Name the _American Hang-Nests_ may be\ncalled by, are of this Kind. Of which see _Willughby_\u2019s _Ornith. Lib. 2.\nChap. 5. Sect. 12, 13._ Also Dr. _Grew_\u2019s _Museum Reg. Soc. Part 1. Sect.\n4. Chap. 4._ These Nests I have divers Times seen, particularly in great\nPerfection in our _R. S._ Repository, and in the noble and well-furnished\n_Museum_ of my often-commended Friend Sir _Hans Sloane_; and at the\nsame Time I could not but admire at the neat Mechanism of them, and the\nSagacity of the Bird, in hanging them on the Twigs of Trees, to secure\ntheir Eggs and Young from the _Apes_.\n\n[m] I mention Trees, because I have seen _Bees_ gather the Gum of\nFir-Trees, which at the same Time gave me the Pleasure of seeing their\nway of loading their Thighs therewith; performed with great Art and\nDexterity.\n\n[n] _Wasps_, at their first Coming, may be observ\u2019d to frequent Posts,\nBoards, and other Wood that is dry and sound; but never any that is\nrotten. There they may be heard to scrape and gnaw; and what they so gnaw\noff, they heap close together between their Chin and Fore-Legs, until\nthey have gotten enough for a Burden, which they then carry away in their\nMouths, to make their Cells with.\n\n[o] Circular Cells would have been the most capacious; but this would\nby no Means have been a convenient Figure, by Reason much of the Room\nwould have been taken up by Vacancies between the Circles; therefore\nit was necessary to make Use of some of the rectilinear Figures. Among\nwhich only three could be of Use; of which _Pappus Alexandrin_. thus\ndiscourseth; _C\u00f9m igitur tres figur\u00e6 sunt, qu\u00e6 per seipsas locum circa\nidem punctum consistentem replere possunt, Triangulum seil. Quadratum\n& Hexagonum, Apes illam qu\u00e6 ex pluribus angulis constat sapienter\ndelegerunt, utpote suspicantes eam plus mellis capere qu\u00e0m utramvis\nreliquarum. At Apes quidem illud tant\u00f9m quod ipsis utile est cognoscunt,\nviz. Hexagonum Quadrato & Triangulo esse majus & plus Mellis capere\nposse, nimirum \u00e6quali materi\u00e2 in constructionem uniuscujusque consumpt\u00e2.\nNos ver\u00f2 qui plus sapienti\u00e6 qu\u00e0m Apes habere profitemur, aliquid etiam\nmag\u00ecs insigne investigabimus._ Collect. Math. l. 5.\n\n[p] See before _Note (c)._\n\n[q] See _Chap. 11. Note (x)._\n\n[r] See _Chap. 11. Note (y)._\n\n[s] Among many Examples, the Legs and Feet of the _Mole-Cricket_,\n(_Gryllotalpa_,) are very remarkable. The Fore-Legs are very brawny and\nstrong; and the Feet armed each with four flat strong Claws, together\nwith a small Lamina, with two larger Claws, and a third with two little\nClaws: Which Lamina is joynted to the Bottom of the Foot, to be extended,\nto make the Foot wider, or withdrawn within the Foot. These Feet are\nplaced to scratch somewhat sideways as well as downward, after the Manner\nof _Moles_ Feet; and they are very like them also in Figure.\n\nSomewhat of this Nature, _Swammerdam_ observes of the Worms of the\n_Ephemeron_. _To this Purpose, ~[to dig their Cells,]~ the wise Creator\nhath furnish\u2019d them_, (saith he,) _with fit Members. For, besides that\ntheir two Fore-Legs are formed somewhat like those of the ordinary\n~Moles~, or ~Gryllotalpa~; he hath also furnish\u2019d them with two toothy\nCheeks, somewhat like the Sheers of ~Lobsters~, which serve them more\nreadily to bore the Clay._ Swammerdam\u2019s Ephem. Vit. Publish\u2019d by Dr.\n_Tyson_, Chap. 3.\n\n[t] See the before-cited _Note (c)._\n\n[u] They are for the most Part, some of the _Phal\u00e6n\u00e6_-Tribe, which\ninhabit the tunnelled, convolved Leaves, that we meet with on Vegetables\nin the Spring and Summer. And it is a somewhat wonderful Artifice, how\nso small and weak a Creature, as one of those newly-hatch\u2019d Maggots,\n(for doubtless it is they, not the Parent-Animal, because she emits no\nWeb, nor hath any tectrine Art,) can be able to convolve the stubborn\nLeaf, and then bind it in that neat round Form, with the Thread or Web\nit weaves from its own Body; with which it commonly lines the convolved\nLeaf, and stops up the two Ends, to prevent its own falling out; and\n_Earwigs_, and other noxious Animals getting in.\n\n[w] The several Sorts of _Phryganea_, or _Cadews_, in their _Nympha_, or\n_Maggot-state_, thus house themselves; one Sort in Straws, call\u2019d from\nthence _Straw-Worms_; others in two or more Sticks, laid parallel to one\nanother, creeping at the Bottom of Brooks; others with a small Bundle of\nPieces of Rushes, Duck-weed, Sticks, _&c._ glu\u2019d together, where-with\nthey float on the Top, and can row themselves therein about the Waters,\nwith the Help of their Feet: Both these are call\u2019d _Cob-bait_. Divers\nother Sorts there are, which the Reader _may_ see a Summary of, from\nMr _Willughby_, in _Raii Method. Insect._ p. 12. together with a good,\nthough very brief Description of the _Papilionaceous_ Fly, that comes\nfrom the _Cod-bait Cadew_. It is a notable architectonick Faculty,\nwhich all the Variety of these Animals have, to gather such Bodies as\nare fittest for their Purpose, and then to glue them together; some to\nbe heavier than Water, that the Animal may remain at the Bottom, where\nits Food is; (for which Purpose they use Stones, together with Sticks,\nRushes, _&c._) and some to be lighter than Water, to float on the Top,\nand gather its Food from thence. These little Houses look coarse and shew\nno great Artifice outwardly; but are well tunnelled, and made within with\na hard tough Paste; into which the hinder Part of the Maggot is so fix\u2019d,\nthat it can draw its Cell after it any where, without Danger of leaving\nit behind; as also thrust its Body out, to reach what it wanteth; or\nwithdraw it into its Cell, to guard it against Harms.\n\n[x] Having mention\u2019d the _Spider_, I shall take this Occasion, (although\nit be out of the Way,) to give an Instance of the Poyson of some of them.\n_Scaliger Exerc. 186. relates, That in ~Gascony~, his Country, there are\n~Spiders~ of that virulency, that if a Man treads upon them, to crush\nthem, their Poyson will pass through the very Soles of his Shoe._ Boyl.\nSubtil. of Effluv. c. 4.\n\nMr. _Leewenhoek_ put a _Frog_ and a _Spider_ together into a Glass, and\nhaving made the _Spider_ sting the _Frog_ divers Times, the _Frog_ dy\u2019d\nin about an Hour\u2019s Time. _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 272.\n\nIn the same _Transaction_, is a curious Account of the Manner how\n_Spiders_ lay, and guard their eggs, _viz._ they emit them not out of the\nhindermost Part of the Body, but under the upper Part of her Belly, near\nthe Hind-Legs, _&c._ Also there is an Account of the Parts from which\nthey emit their Webs, and divers other Things worth Observation, with\nCuts illustrating the Whole.\n\nBut in _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 22. Dr. _Nath. Fairfax_, from _S. Redi_, and\nhis own Observations, thinks _Spiders_ not venomous; several Persons, as\nwell as Birds, swallowing them without Hurt: Which I my self have known\nin a Person of Learning, who was advis\u2019d to take them medicinally at\nfirst, and would at any Time swallow them, affirming them to be sweet,\nand well tasted: And not only innocuous, but they are very salutiferous\ntoo, in some of the most stubborn Diseases, if the pleasant Story in\n_Mouffet_ be true; of a rich _London_ Matron, cur\u2019d of a desperate\n_Tympany_, by a certain Debauchee, that hearing of her Case, and that she\nwas given over by the Doctors, went to her, pretending to be a Physician,\nand confidently affirming he would cure her; which she being willing to\nbelieve, agrees with him for so much Money, one half to be paid down, the\nother upon Cure. Upon which he gives her a _Spider_, promising her Cure\nin three Days. Upon which, (not doubting but that he had poison\u2019d her,\nand fearing he might be call\u2019d to account for it,) he gets out of Town\nas fast as he could. But instead of being poison\u2019d, she soon recover\u2019d.\nAfter some Months, the Quack gets privately to Town, when he thought the\nBustle might be over; and enquiring how his Patient did, was inform\u2019d\nof her Cure; and thereupon visiting her, and making an Excuse for his\nAbsence, he receiv\u2019d his Pay with great Applause and Thanks. _Mouff.\nInsect. l. 2. c. 15._\n\nHaving said so much of _Spiders_, I might here add their Flight: But of\nthis, see _Book VIII. Chap. 4. Note (e)._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. XIV.\n\n_Of Animals Self-Preservation._\n\n\nHaving thus consider\u2019d the Food, Cloathing, and Houses of Animals; let us\nin this Chapter take a Glance of another excellent Provision, the wise\nCreator hath made for the Good of the animal World; and that is, the\nMethods which all Animals naturally take for their _Self-Preservation_\nand _Safety_. And here it is remarkable, (as in the Cases before,)\nthat _Man_, who is endow\u2019d with Reason, is born without Armature, and\nis destitute of many Powers, which irrational Creatures have in a much\nhigher Degree than he, by Reason he can make himself Arms to defend\nhimself, can contrive Methods for his own Guard and Safety, can many Ways\nannoy his Enemy, and stave off the Harms of noxious Creatures.\n\nBut for others, who are destitute of this super-eminent Faculty; they are\nsome Way or other provided with sufficient Guard[a], proportionate to\ntheir Place of Abode, the Dangers they are like to incur there[b]; and in\na Word, to their greatest Occasions, and Need of Security. Accordingly,\nsome are sufficiently guarded against all common Dangers, by their\nnatural Cloathing, by their Armature of Shells, or such like hard, and\nimpregnable Covering of their Body[c]. Others destitute of this Guard,\nare armed, some with Horns[d], some with sharp Quills and Prickles[e],\nsome with Claws, some with Stings[f]; some can shift and change their\nColours[g]; some can make their Escape by the Help of their Wings, and\nothers by the Swiftness of their Feet; some can screen themselves by\ndiving in the Waters, others by tinging and disordering the Waters[h],\ncan make their Escape; and some can guard their Bodies, even in the very\nFlames, by the Ejection of the Juice of their Bodies[i]; and some by\ntheir accurate Smell, Sight or Hearing, can foresee Dangers[k]; others\nby their natural Craft, can prevent or escape them[l]; others by their\nUncouth Noise[m]; by the horrid Aspect, and ugly Gesticulations of their\nBody[n]; and some even by the Power of their Excrements, and their\nStink[o], can annoy their Enemy, and secure themselves; and against\nsome[p], the divine Providence it self hath provided a Guard.\n\nBy such Shifts and Means as these, a sufficient Guard is ministred to\nevery Species of Animals, in its proper respective Place; abundantly\nenough to secure the Species from Destruction, and to keep up that\nBalance, which I have formerly shew\u2019d, is in the World among every, and\nall the Species of Animals; but yet not enough to secure Individuals,\nfrom becoming a Prey to Man, or to other Creatures, as their Necessities\nof Life require. To which Purpose, the natural Sagacity and Craft of the\none intrapping[q], and captivating, being in some Measure equivalent to\nthat of the other in evading, is as excellent a Means for the maintaining\nthe one, as preserving the other; and if well consider\u2019d, argues the\nContrivance of the infinitely wise Creator and Preserver of the World.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Callent in hoc cuncta animalia, sciuntque non sua mod\u00f2 commoda,\nverum & hostium adversa; n\u00f4runt sua cela, n\u00f4runt occasiones, partesque\ndissidentium imbellis. In ventre mollis est tenuisque cutis Crocodilo:\nideoque se, ut territi, mergent Delphini, subcuntesque alvum ill\u00e2 secant\nspin\u00e2._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 25.\n\n[b] _Omnibus aptum est Corpus Anim\u00e6 moribus & facultatibus: Equo fortibus\nungulis & juba est ornatum (etenim velox & superbum & generosum est\nanimal.) Leoni autem, utpose animoso & feroci, dentibus & unguibus\nvalidum. Ita autem & Tauro & Apro; illi enim Cornua, huic exerti\nDentes.\u2014\u2014 Cervo autem & Lepori (timida enim animalia) velox corpus, sed\ninerme. Timidis enim velocitas, arma audacibus conveniebant\u2014\u2014Homini\nautem (sapiens enim est\u2014\u2014) manus dedit, instrumentum ad omnes artes\nnecessarium, paci non min\u00f9s qu\u00e0m bello idoneum. Non igitur indiguit\nCornu sibi innato c\u00f9m meliora Cornibus arma manibus, quandocunque volet,\npossit accipere: Etenim Ensis & Hasta majora sunt Arma, & ad incidendum\npromptiora.\u2014\u2014Neque Cornu, neque Ungul\u00e6 quicquam nisi comin\u00f9s agere\npossunt; Hominum ver\u00f2 arma emin\u00f9s juxt\u00e0 ac comin\u00f9s agunt: telum quidem\n& sagitta magis qu\u00e0m cornua.\u2014\u2014Non igitur est nudus, neque inermis.\u2014\u2014sed\nipsi est Thorax ferreus, quandocunque libet, omnibus Coriis difficilius\nsauciatu organum.\u2014\u2014Nec Thorax sol\u00f9m sed & Domus, & Murus, & Turris,\n~&c.~_ Galen. de Us. Part. l. 1. c. 2.\n\n[c] Shells deserve a Place in this Survey, upon the Account of their\ngreat Variety; the curious and uncouth Make of some, and the beautiful\nColours, and pretty Ornaments of others; but it would be endless to\ndescend to Particulars. Omitting others, I shall therefore only take\nNotice of the _Tortoiseshell_, by Reason a great deal of Dexterity\nappears, even in the Simplicity of that Animal\u2019s Skeleton. For, besides\nthat the Shell is a stout Guard to the Body, and affords a safe Retreat\nto the Head, Legs and Tail, which it withdraws within the Shell upon\nany Danger; besides this, I say, the Shell supplieth the Place of all\nthe Bones in the Body, except those of the extreme Parts, the Head and\nNeck, and the four Legs and Tail. So that at first Sight, it is somewhat\nsurprizing to see a compleat Skeleton consisting of so small a Number of\nBones, and they abundantly sufficient for the Creature\u2019s Use.\n\n[d]\n\n _Dente timentur Apri: defendunt cornua Tauros:_\n _Imbelles Dame quid nisi pr\u00e6da sumus!_\n\n Martial. l. 13. Epigr. 94.\n\n[e] The _Hedgehog_ being an helpless, slow, patient Animal, is\naccordingly guarded with Prickles, and a Power of rolling it self up in\nthem. _Clavis terebrari sibi pedes, & discindi viscera patientissim\u00e8\nferebat, omnes cultri ictus sine gemitu plusquam Spartan\u00e2 nobilitate\nconcoquens._ Borrichius in Blas. de Echino. _Panniculum carnosum\namplexabatur Musculus pan\u00e8 circularis, admirand\u00e6 fabric\u00e6, lacinius suas\nad pedes, caudam, caput, vari\u00e8 exporrigens, cujus minsterio Echinus se ad\narbitrium in orbem contrahit._ Act. Dan. in Blasio.\n\n _Iste lic\u00e8t digitos restudine pungat acut\u00e2,_\n _Cortice deposito mollis Echinus erit._\n\n Mart. l. 13. Epig. 86.\n\n[f] The _Sting_ of a _Wasp_, or _Bee_, &c. is so pretty a Piece of Work,\nthat it is worth taking Notice of, so far as I have not found others to\nhave spoken of it. Others have observ\u2019d the Sting to be an hollow Tube,\nwith a Bag of sharp penetrating Juices, (its Poison,) joined to the End\nof it, within the Body of the _Wasp_, which is, in Stinging, injected\ninto the Flesh through the Tube. But there are besides this, two small,\nsharp, bearded Spears, lying within this Tube or Sting, as in a Sheath.\nIn a _Wasp_\u2019s Sting, I counted eight Beards on the Side of each Spear,\nsomewhat like the Beards of Fish-hooks. These Spears in the Sting, or\nSheath, lie one with its Point a little before that of the other; as is\nrepresented in _Fig. 21._ to be ready, (I conceive,) to be first darted\ninto the Flesh; which being once fix\u2019d, by Means of its foremost Beard,\nthe other then strikes in too, and so they alternately pierce deeper and\ndeeper, their Beards taking more and more hold in the Flesh; after which\nthe Sheath or Sting follows, to convey the Poison into the Wound. Which,\nthat it may pierce the Better, it is drawn into a Point, with a small\nSlit a little below that Point, for the two Spears to come out at. By\nMeans of this pretty Mechanism in the Sting, it is, that the Sting when\nout of the Body, and parted from it, is able to pierce and sting us:\nAnd by Means of the Beards being lodged deep in the Flesh, it comes to\npass that _Bees_ leave their Stings behind them, when they are disturbed\nbefore they have Time to withdraw their Spears into their Scabbard. In\n_Fig. 21._ is represented the two Spears as they lie in the Sting. In\n_Fig. 22._ the two Spears are represented when squeez\u2019d out of the Sting,\nor the Scabbard; in which Latter, _Fig. A c b_, is the Sting, _c d_, and\n_b e_, the two bearded Spears thrust out.\n\n[g] The _Camelion_ is sufficiently fam\u2019d on this Account. Besides which,\n_Pliny_ tells us of a Beast as big as an _Ox_, called the _Tarandus_,\nthat when he pleaseth, assumes the Colour of an _Ass_, and _Colorem\nomnium fruticum, arborum, florum, locorumgue reddit, in quibus latet\nmetuens, ideoque rar\u00f2 capitur._ Plin. l. 8. c. 34.\n\nHow true this is, there may be some Reason to doubt; but if any Truth\nbe in the Story, it may be from the Animal\u2019s chusing such Company,\nor Places, as are agreeable to its Colour: As I have seen in divers\n_Caterpillars_, and other Insects, who I believe were not able to change\ntheir Colour, from one Colour to another; yet I have constantly observ\u2019d,\ndo fix themselves to such Things as are of the same Colour; by which\nMeans they dodge the Spectator\u2019s Eye. Thus the _Caterpillar_ that feeds\non _Elder_, I have more than once seen, so cunningly adhering to the\nsmall Branches of the same Colour, that it might be easily mistaken for\na small Stick, even by a careful View. So a large green _Caterpillar_,\nthat feeds on _Buckthorn_, and divers others. To which I may add the\nprodigious Sagacity of the _Ichneumon Flies_, that make the _Kermes_,\n(for of that Tribe all the _Kermes_ I ever saw was;) how artificially\nthey not only inclose their Eggs within that gummy Skin, or Shell; but\nalso so well humour the Colour of the Wood they adhere to, by various\nStreaks and Colours, that it is not easie to distinguish them from the\nWood it self.\n\n[h] _Contra metum & vim, suis se armis qu\u00e6que defendit. Cornibus Tauri,\nApri dentibus, morsu Leones, ali\u00e6 fug\u00e2 se, ali\u00e6 occultatione tutantur:\natramenti effusione Sepia, torpore Topedines. Multa etiam insectantes\nodoris intolerabili, f\u0153ditate depellunt._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 50.\n\n[i] A Knight call\u2019d _Corvini_ at _Rome_, cast a _Salamander_ into the\nFire, which presently swell\u2019d, and then vomited Store of thick slimy\nMatter, which put out the Coals; to which the _Salamander_ presently\nretir\u2019d, putting them out again in the same Manner, as soon as they\nre-kindled, and by this Means sav\u2019d it self from the Force of the Fire\nfor the Space of two Hours: After which it liv\u2019d nine Months. _Vid._\n_Philos. Transact._ N\u1d52. 21. in _Lowth. Abridg. Vol. 2._ p. 816.\n\n[k] _Pliny_ gives an Instance in each. _L. 10. c. 69._ _Aqull\u00e6 clari\u00f9s\ncernunt ~[qu\u00e0m homines;]~ Vultures sagaci\u00f9s odorantur: liquidi\u00f9s audiunt\nTalp\u00e6 obrut\u00e6 terr\u00e2, tam denso atque surdo natur\u00e6 elemento._\n\n[l] The _Doubling_ of the _Hare_, before she goes to Form, thereby to\ndodge and deceive the _Dogs_, although a vulgar Observation, is a notable\nInstinct for an Animal, less fam\u2019d for Cunning than the _Fox_, and some\nothers.\n\n[m] It is natural for many Quadrupeds, Birds and Serpents, not only to\nput on a torvous angry Aspect, when in _Danger_; but also to snarl, hiss,\nor by some other Noise deter their Adversary.\n\n[n] The _Iynx_, or _Wryneck_, although a Bird of very beautiful Feathers,\nand consequently far enough off from being any way terrible; yet being\nin Danger, hath such odd Contortions of its Neck, and Motions of its\nHead, that I remember have scar\u2019d me, when I was a Boy, from taking their\nNests, or touching the Bird; daring no more to venture my Hand into their\nHoles, than if a Serpent had lodged in it.\n\n[o] _Bonasus tuetur se calcibus & stercore, qu\u00f2d ab se quaternis passibus\n~[trium jugerum longitudine. _Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 15._] ~ejaculatur,\nquod s\u00e6pe comburit ade\u00f2 ut deglabrentur canes._ Ray\u2019s Synops. Quadr. p.\n71.\n\n_Camelus Peruvianus Clama dictus neminem offendit, sed miro admodum\ningenio se ab iliat\u00e2 vindicat injuri\u00e2, nimirum vomit\u00e6 vel cibi, vel\nhumoris in vexantem retrarsum cum impetu ejaculato, ob protensam colli\nlongitudinem._ Id. ib. p. 146.\n\n_Tzquiepatl_ (Anglic\u00e8 _Squnck_ Pr\u00e6f. and one that I saw they call\u2019d\na _Stonck_.) _C\u00f9m quis eam insectatur, fundit cum ventris crepitu\nhalitum f\u0153tidissimum: quin ipsa tota teterrimum exhalat odorem, & urina\nstercusque est f\u0153tidissimum, atque ade\u00f2 pestilens, ut nihil sit reperire\nin nostro orbe, cui in h\u00e2c re possit comparari: quo fit, ut in periculo\nconstituta, urinam & f\u00e6ces ad 8 pluriumve passuum intervallum ejiciat,\nhoc modo se ab omnibus vindicans injuriit, ac vestes inficiens maculis\nluteis indelibilibus, & nunquam satis perspirante odore: ali\u00e0s innoxium\nAnimal eduleque, h\u00e6c sol\u00e2 ratione horrendissimum._ Id. ib. p. 182.\n\n_Si Accipiter Ardeam in sublimi molestat, stercore immisso in pennas\nejus, eas putrescere facit: ut\u00ec Solinus scribis de Bonaso, ~&c.~ Ita &\nLupus urinam spargit in persequentem._ Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 19. c. 14.\n\n[p] Thus against the _Crocodile_, which can catch its Prey only before\nit, not on one Side. So the _Shark_, of which take my often-commended\nFriend Sir _Hans Sloane_\u2019s Observation: _It hath this particular to it,\nwith some others of its own Tribe; that the Mouth is in its under Part,\nso that it must turn the Belly upwards to Prey. And was it not for that\nTime it is in turning, in which the pursu\u2019d Fishes escape, there would\nbe nothing that could avoid it; for it is very quick in Swimming, and\nhath a vast Strength, with the largest Swallow of any Fish, and is very\ndevouring._ Sloane\u2019s _Voyage to_ Jamaica, p. 23.\n\n[q] See _Chap. 11. Note (iii)._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. XV.\n\n_Of the Generation of Animals._\n\n\nThere remains now only one Thing more of the ten Things in common\nto Animals, and that is what relates to their Generation[a], and\nConservation of their Species[b], by that Means. It would not be\nseemly to advance far in this admirable Work of God; neither shall I\nat all insist upon that of Man for the same Reason. And as for the\nIrrationals[c], I shall confine my self to these five Matters.\n\nI. Their natural Sagacity in chusing the fittest Places to reposite their\nEggs and Young.\n\nII. The fittest Times and Seasons they make use of for their Generation.\n\nIII. The due and stated Number of their Young.\n\nIV. Their Diligence and earnest Concern in their Breeding up.\n\nV. Their Faculty of Feeding them, and their Art and Sagacity exerted\ntherein.\n\nI. The natural Sagacity of irrational Animals, in chusing the fittest\nPlaces to reposite their Eggs and Young. Of this I have given larger\nHints already than I needed to have done, when I spake of the\nArchitecture[d] of Animals, intending then to have wholly pass\u2019d by this\nBusiness of Generation; I shall therefore now only superadd a few other\nInstances, the more to illustrate this Matter.\n\nIt hath been already shewn, and will hereafter[e] farther appear, that\nthe Places in which the several Species of Animals lay up their Eggs,\nand Young, are the best for that Purpose; Waters[f] for one; Flesh\nfor another; Holes in Wood[g], Earth, or Stone[h], for others; and\nNests for others; and we shall find, that so ardent is the Propensity\nof all Animals, even of the meanest Insects, to get a fit Place for\nthe Propagation of their Young; that, as will hereafter appear, there\nis scarce any Thing that escapeth the Inquest of those little subtile\nCreatures. But besides all this, there are two or three Things more\nobservable, which plainly argue the Instinct of some superior rational\nBeing. As,\n\n1. The compleat and neat Order which many Creatures observe in laying up\ntheir Seed, or Eggs, in proper Repositories: Of which I shall speak in\nanother Place[i].\n\n2. The suitable Apparatus in every Creature\u2019s Body, for the laying-up its\nEggs, Seed, or Young, in their proper Place. It would be as endless as\nneedless to name all Particulars, and therefore an Instance or two of the\nInsect-Tribe may serve for a Specimen in this Place, till I come to other\nParticulars. Thus Insects, who have neither Feet adapted to scratch, nor\nNoses to dig, nor can make artificial Nests to lay up their Young; yet\nwhat abundant Amends is there made them, in the Power they have either to\nextend the _Abdomen_[k], and thereby reach the commodious Places they\ncould not otherwise come at; or else they have some aculeous Part or\nInstrument to terebrate, and make Way for their Eggs into the Root[l],\nTrunk[m], Fruit[n], Leaves[o], and the tender Buds of Vegetables[p], or\nsome other such curious and secure Method they are never destitute of. To\nwhich we may add,\n\n3. The natural Poison[q], (or what can I call it?) which many or most of\nthe Creatures, last intended, have, to cause the Germination of such\nBalls, Cases, and other commodious Repositories, as are an admirable\nLodgment to the Eggs and Young; that particularly in the Incubation and\nHatching the Young, and then afford them sufficient Food and Nourishment\nin all their _Nympha-State_, in which they need Food; and are afterwards\ncommodious Houses and Beds for them in their _Aurelia-State_, till they\nare able to break Prison, fly abroad, and shift for themselves. But this\nshall be taken Notice of, when I come to treat of Insects.\n\nII. As irrational Animals chuse the fittest Place, so also the fittest\nTimes and Seasons for their Generation. Some indeed are indifferent\nto all Times, but others make use of peculiar Seasons[r]. Those, for\nInstance, whose Provisions are ready at all Seasons, or who are under\nthe Tuition of Man, produce their Young without any great regard to Heat\nor Cold, Wet or Dry, Summer or Winter. But others, whose Provisions\nare peculiar, and only to be met with at certain Seasons of the Year,\nor who, by their Migration and Change of Place, are tied up to certain\nSeasons; these (as if endowed with a natural Care and Foresight of what\nshall happen) do accordingly lay, hatch and nurse up their Young in the\nmost proper Seasons of all the Year for their Purpose; as in Spring,\nor Summer, the Times of Plenty of Provisions, the Times of Warmth for\nIncubation, and the most proper Seasons to breed up their Young, till\nthey are able to shift for themselves, and can range about for Food, and\nseek Places of Retreat and Safety, by flying long Flights as well as\ntheir Progenitors, and passing into far distant Regions, which (when\nothers fail) afford those helpless Creatures the Necessaries of Life.\n\nIII. To the special Seasons, I may add the peculiar Number of Young\nproduced by the irrational Creatures. Of which I have already taken some\nNotice, when I spake of the Balance of Animals[s]. Now, if there was not\na great deal more than Chance in this Matter, even a wise Government of\nthe Creation, it could never happen that every Species of Animals should\nbe tied up to a certain Rate and Proportion of its Increase; the most\nuseful would not be the most fruitful, and the most pernicious produce\nthe fewest Young, as I have observed it commonly is. Neither would every\nSpecies produce such a certain Rote as it is only able to breed up: But\nall would be in a confused, huddled State. Instead of which, on the\ncontrary, we find every Thing in compleat Order; the Balance of _Genera_,\nSpecies and Individuals always proportionate and even; the Balance of\nSexes the same; most Creatures tied up to their due Stint and Number\nof Young, without their own Power and Choice, and others (particularly\nof the winged[t] Kind) producing their due Number at their Choice and\nPleasure; some large Numbers, but not more than they can cover, feed and\nfoster; others fewer, but as many as they can well nurse and breed up.\nWhich minds me,\n\nIV. Of the Diligence and earnest Concern which irrational Animals have of\nthe Production and Breeding up their Young. And here I have already taken\nNotice of their \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f74, or natural Affection, and with what Zeal they\nfeed and defend, their Young. To which may be added these two Things.\n\n1. The wonderful Instinct of Incubation. It is utterly impossible,\nthat ever unthinking, untaught Animals should take to that only Method\nof hatching their Young, was it not implanted in their Nature by the\ninfinitely wise Creator. But so ardent is their Desire, so unwearied is\ntheir Patience when they are ingaged in that Business, that they will\nabide their Nests for several Weeks, deny themselves the Pleasures, and\neven the Necessaries of Life; some of them even starving themselves\nalmost, rather than hazard their Eggs, to get Food, and others either\nperforming the Office by Turns[u], or else the one kindly seeking out,\nand carrying Food to the other[w], engaged in the office of Incubation.\nBut of these Matters in a more proper Place[x].\n\n2. When the young ones are produced, not only with what Care do they feed\nand nurse them, but with what surprizing Courage do all or most Creatures\ndefend them! It is somewhat strange to see timid Creatures[y], who at\nother Times are cowardly, to be full of Courage, and undaunted at that\nTime; to see them furiously and boldly encounter their Enemy, instead\nof flying from him, and expose themselves to every Danger, rather than\nhazard and forsake their Young.\n\nWith this earnest Concern of the irrational Animals for their Young, we\nmay join in the\n\nV. And last Place, Their Faculty and Sagacity of feeding them. About\nwhich I shall take notice of three Things.\n\n1. The Faculty of suckling the Young, is an excellent Provision\nthe Creator hath made for those helpless Creatures. And here the\nAgreeableness and Suitableness of that Food to young Creatures, deserves\nparticular Observation, as also their Delight in it, and Desire and\nEndeavours after it, even as soon as born[z], together with the\nWillingness of all, even the most savage and fierce Animals, to part\nwith it, and to administer it to their Young, yea, to teach and institute\nthem in the Art of taking it.\n\nAnd lastly, to name no more, the curious _Apparatus_ which is made\nfor this Service in the divers Species of Animals, by a due Number of\nBreasts, proportionable to the Occasions of each Animal, by curious\nGlands in those Breasts, to separate that nutritive Juice, the Milk,\nby Arteries and Veins to convey it to them, and proper Rivulets and\nChannels to convey it from them, with Dugs and Nipples, placed in the\nmost convenient Part of the Body[aa] of each Animal, to administer it to\ntheir Young; all these Things, I say, do manifestly proclaim the Care and\nWisdom of the great Creator.\n\n2. As for such Animals as do in another manner breed up their Young, by\nfinding out Food, and putting it into their Mouth, the Provision made in\nthem for this Service, to strike, catch, to pouch and convey their Prey\nand Food to their Young[bb], is very considerable. And so is also their\nSagacity in equally distributing it among them, that among many, all\nshall be duly, equally, and in good Order, fed.\n\n3. There is yet another Instinct remaining, of such Animals as can\nneither administer Suck to their Young, neither lay them in Places\naffording Food, nor can convey and bring them Food, but do with their\nEggs, lay up Provisions for their future Young. Somewhat of this is\nreported of some Birds[cc]; but I have my self with Pleasure, frequently\nseen some of the Species of Insects to carry ample Provisions into\ntheir dry and barren Cells, where they have seal\u2019d them carefully and\ncautiously up with their Eggs, partly, \u2019tis like, for Incubation sake,\nand partly as an easy Bed to lodge their Young; but chiefly for future\nProvision for their Young, in their _Nympha-State_, when they stand in\nneed of Food[dd].\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Spontaneous Generation_, is a Doctrine so generally exploded, that\nI shall not undertake the Disproof of it. It is so evident, that all\nAnimals, yea, Vegetables too, owe their Production to Parent-Animals and\nVegetables; that I have often admir\u2019d at the Sloath and Prejudices of the\nancient Philosophers, in so easily taking upon Trust the _Aristotelian_,\nor rather, the _\u00c6gyptian_ Doctrine of _equivocal Generation_; that\nwhen they saw _Flies_, _Frogs_ and _Lice_, for Instance, to be Male\nand Female, and accordingly to ingender, lay Eggs, _&c._ they could\never imagine any of these Creatures should be spontaneously produc\u2019d,\nespecially in so romantick a Manner, as in the Clouds: as they\nparticularly thought _Frogs_ were, and that they dropp\u2019d down in Showers\nof Rain. For an Answer to this Case of _Frogs_, I shall refer to a\nRelation of my own, which my late most ingenious, and learned Friend, the\ngreat Mr. _Ray_, requested of me, and was pleas\u2019d to publish in his last\nEdition of his _Wisdom of God manifested_, &c. _p. 365_.\n\nBut some will yet assert the Raining of _Frogs_; among which the curious\nDr. _Plot_ is somewhat of this Opinion; telling us of _Frogs_ found on\nthe Leads of the Lord _Aston_\u2019s Gatehouse, at _Tixal_ in _Staffordshire_,\nwhich he thinks by some such Means came there; as also on the\nBowling-Green, frequently after a Shower of Rain. _Plot_\u2019s _Hist. Staff._\nc. 1. \u00a7. 47.\n\nBut we may take a Judgment of this, and an Hundred such like Reports, to\nbe met with in considerable Authors, from other the like Reports that\nhave been better inquir\u2019d into. In a Scarcity in _Silesia_, a mighty\nRumour was spread of its _raining Millet-Seed_; but the Matter being\ninquir\u2019d into, \u2019twas found to be only the Seeds of the _Ivy-leaved\nSpeedwell_, or _small Henbit_, growing in the Place in great Plenty.\n_Eph. Germ. An. 3. Obs. 40._ So in the _Archipelago_, it was thought\nAshes were rain\u2019d, Ships being cover\u2019d therewith at a hundred Leagues\nDistance; but in all Probability, it was from an Eruption of _Vesuvius_,\nthat then happen\u2019d. About _Warminster_ in _Wilts_, \u2019twas reported it\n_rain\u2019d Wheat_; but a curious Observer, Mr. _Cole_, found it to be only\n_Ivy-Berries_, blown thither in a considerable Quantity by a Tempest. In\nthe Year 1696, at _Cranstead_ near _Wrotham_ in _Kent_, a Pasture-Field\nwas over-spread with little young _Whitings_, suppos\u2019d to fall from the\nClouds, in a Tempest of Thunder and Rain; but doubtless they were brought\nthither with Waters from the Sea by the Tempest. See the before-commended\nMr. _Lowth_. _Abridg. Philos. Trans. Vol. 2._ p. 143, 144.\n\nNeither needeth it seem strange, that _Ashes_, _Ivy-Berries_, small\n_Fishes_, or young _Frogs_, (which yet may have some other Conveyance,)\nshould be thus transported by tempestuous Winds, considering to what\nDistance, and in what Quantities the Sea-Waters were carry\u2019d by the\n_Great-Storm_, _Nov. 26. 1703_, of which an ingenious Friend sent\nme these Accounts from _Lewes_ in _Sussex_, viz. _That a Physician\ntravelling soon after the Storm, to ~Tisehurst~, twenty Miles from the\nSea, as he rode along pluck\u2019d some Tops of Hedges, and chewing them,\nfound them Salt: That some ~Grapes~ hanging on the Vines at ~Lewes~ were\nso too. That Mr. ~Williamson~ Rector of ~Ripe~, found the Twigs in his\nGardens Salt the ~Monday~ after the Storm; and others observ\u2019d the same\na Week after. That the Grass of the Downs about ~Lewes~, was so Salt,\nthat the Sheep would not feed till Hunger compell\u2019d them: And that the\n~Miller~ of ~Berwick~, (three Miles from the Sea,) attempting with his\nMan to secure his Mill, were so wash\u2019d with Flashes of Sea-Water, like\nthe Breakings of Waves against the Rocks, that they were almost strangled\ntherewith, and forced to give over their Attempt._\n\nI call\u2019d this Doctrine of _equivocal Generation_, an _\u00c6gyptian Doctrine_;\nbecause probably it had its Rise in _\u00c6gypt_, to salve the Hypothesis, of\nthe Production of Men, and other Animals, out of the Earth, by the Help\nof the Sun\u2019s Heat. To prove which, the _\u00c6gyptians_, (as _Diod. Sicul._\nsaith,) _produce this Observation, That about ~Thebes~, when the Earth is\nmoistened by the ~Nile~, by the Intense Heat of the Sun, an innumerable\nNumber of ~Mice~ do spring out._ From whence he infers, That all Kinds of\nAnimals, might as well at first come likewise out of the Earth. And from\nthese the learned Bishop _Stillingfleet_ thinks other Writers, as _Ovid_,\n_Mela_, _Pliny_, &c. have, without examining its Truth, taken up the same\nHypothesis. _V._ _Stillingfleet_\u2019s _Orig. Sacr._ Part 2. Book 1. Chap. 1.\n\nThe before-commended Dr. _Harris_, from the Observations of Dr. _Harvey_,\nSr. _Malpighi_, Dr. _de Graaf_, and Mr. _Leewenhoeck_, infers three\nThings concerning _Generation_ as highly probable. _1. That Animals\nare ~ex Animalculo~. 2. That the Animalcules are originally ~in femine\nMarium, & non in F\u0153minis~. 3. That they can never come forward, or\nbe formed into Animals of the respective Kind, without the ~Ova in\nF\u0153minis~._ His Proofs and Illustrations, see under the Word _Generation_,\nin his _Lex. Techn. Vol. 2._\n\n[b] _At cert\u00e8 Natura, si fieri potuisset, maxim\u00e8 optasset suum opificium\nesse immortale: quod c\u00f9m per materiam non liceret (nam quod\u2014\u2014ex carne\nest compositum, incorruptibile esse non potest) subsidium quod potuit\nipsi ad immortalitatem est sacricata, sapientis cujusdam urbis conditoris\nexemplo, ~&c.~ Nam mirabilem quondam rationem invenit, quomodo in\ndemortui animalis locum, novum aliud sufficiat._ Galen. de Usu. Part. l.\n14. c. 22.\n\n[c] _Animantia Bruta Obstetricibus non indigent in edendo Partu, c\u00f9m\nindit\u00e2 Natur\u00e6 vi Umbilicus seipsum occludat._ Ol. Rudbeck in Blasii Anat.\nFelis.\n\n[d] _Chap. 13._\n\n[e] _Book VIII. Chap. 6._\n\n[f] The _Ephemeron_, as it is an unusual and special Instance of the\nBrevity of Life; so I take to be a wonderful Instance of the special Care\nand Providence of God, in the Conservation of the Species of that Animal.\nFor, 1. As an Animal, whose Life is determin\u2019d in about five or six Hours\nTime, (_viz._ from about six in the Evening, till about eleven a Clock\nat Night,) needs no Food; so neither doth the _Ephemeron_ eat, after it\nis become a _Fly_. 2. As to its Generation; in those five Hours of its\nLife, it performs that, and all other necessary Offices of Life: For in\nthe Beginning of its Life, it sheds its Coat; and that being done, and\nthe poor little Animal thereby render\u2019d light and agile, it spends the\nrest of its short Time in striking over the Waters, and at the same Time\nthe Female droppeth her Egg on the Waters, and the Male his Sperm on them\nto impregnate them. These Eggs are spread about by the Waters; descend\nto the Bottom by their own Gravity; and are hatch\u2019d by the Warmth of the\nSun, into little Worms, which make themselves Cases in the Clay, and feed\non the same without any Need of parental Care. _Vid._ _Ephem. vita_,\ntranslated by Dr. _Tyson_ from _Swammerdam_. See also _Book VIII. Chap.\n6. Note (r)._\n\n[g] See _Chap. 13. Note (c)_, and _Book VIII. Chap. 6._\n\n[h] The _Worms_ in _Chap. 11. Note (x)_, breed in the Holes they gnaw in\nStone, as manifest from their Eggs found therein.\n\n[i] See _Book VIII. Chap. 6. Note (q)._\n\n[k] Many, if not most Flies, especially those of the _Flesh-Fly_-kind,\nhave a Faculty of extending their _Uropygia_, and thereby are enabled to\nthrust their Eggs into convenient Holes, and Receptacles for their Young,\nin Flesh, and whatever else they Fly-blow. But none more remarkable\nthan the _Horse-Fly_, called by _Pennius_, in _Mouffet_, (p. 62.)\n\u03a3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, i.e. _Curvicauda_, and the _Whame_ or _Burrel-Fly_, which is\nvexatious to Horses in Summer, not by stinging them, but only by their\nbombylious Noise, or tickling them in sticking their Nits, or Eggs on the\nHair; which they do in a very dexterous Manner, by thrusting out their\n_Uropygia_, bending them up, and by gentle, slight Touches, sticking the\nEggs to the Hair of the Legs, Shoulders, and Necks, commonly of Horses;\nso that Horses which go abroad, and are seldom dressed, are somewhat\ndiscoloured by the numerous Nits adhering to their Hair.\n\nHaving mentioned so much of the Generation of this Insect, although it\nbe a little out of the Way, I hope I shall be excused for taking Notice\nof the long-tailed Maggot, which is the Product of these Nits or Eggs,\ncalled by Dr. _Plot_, _Eruca glabra_, [or rather _Eula Scabra_, it should\nbe] _caudata aquatico-arborea_, it being found by him in the Water of an\nhollow Tree, but I have found it in Ditches, Saw-Pits, Holes of Water in\nthe High-way, and such-like Places where the Waters are most still and\nfoul. This Maggot I mention, as being a singular and remarkable Work of\nGod, not so much for its being so utterly unlike as it is to its Parent\n_Bee_-like-Fly, as for the wise Provision made for it by its long Tail;\nwhich is so joynted at certain Distances from the Body, as that it can\nbe withdrawn, or sheathed, one Part within another, to what Length the\nMaggot pleaseth, so as to enable it to reach the Bottom of very shallow,\nor deeper Waters, as it hath Occasion, for the gathering of Food. At the\nend of this tapering is a Ramification of _Fibrill\u00e6_, or small Hairs\nrepresenting, when spread, a Star; with the help of which, spread out on\nthe top of the Waters, it is enabled to hang making by that means a small\nDepression or Concavity on the Surface of the Water. In the midst of this\nStar, I imagine the Maggot takes in Air, there being a Perforation, which\nwith a Microscope I could perceive to be open, and by the Star to be\nguarded against the Incursion of the Water.\n\n[l] The Excrescences on the Root of _Cabbages_, _Turneps_, and divers\nother Plants, have always a Maggot in them; but what the Animal is\nthat thus makes its way to the Root under Ground, whether _Ichneumon_,\n_Phal\u00e6na_, _Scarab_, or _Scolopendra_, I could never discover, being not\nable to bring them to any thing in Boxes.\n\n[m] I presume they are only of the _Ichneumon-Fly-kind_, that have their\nGeneration in the Trunks of Vegetables. In _Malpighi de Gallis_, _Fig.\n61._ is a good Cut of the gouty Excrescences, or rather Tumours of the\n_Briar-stalk_: From which proceeds a small black _Ichneumon-Fly_, with\nred _Legs_; black, smooth jointed _Antenn\u00e6_; pretty large _Thorax_; and\nshort, round _Belly_, of the Shape of an Heart. It leapeth as a _Flea_.\nThe _Male_, (as in other Insects,) is lesser than the _Female_, and very\nvenereous, in spite of Danger, getting upon the Female, whom they beat\nand tickle with their Breeches and Horns, to excite them to a _Co\u00eft_.\n\nAnother Example of the Generation in the Trunks of Vegetables, shall be\nfrom the Papers of my often-commended Friend Mr. _Ray_, which are in my\nHands, and that is an Observation of the ingenious Dr. _Nath. Wood_: _I\nhave_ (said he) _lately observed many Eggs in the common Rush. One sort\nare little transparent Eggs, in Shape somewhat like a Pear, or Retort,\nlying within the Skin, upon, or in the ~Medulla~, just against a brownish\nSpot on the out-side of the Rush; which is apparently the Creatrix of the\nWound made by the Fly, when she puts her Eggs there. Another Kind is much\nlonger, and not so transparent, of a long oval, or rather cylindrical\nForm; six, eight, or more, lie commonly together, across the Rush,\nparallel to each other, like the Teeth of a Comb, and are as long as the\nBreadth of the Rush._ Letter from _Kilkenny_ in _Ireland_, Apr. 28. 1697.\n\n[n] See _Book VIII. Chap. 6. Note (d)._\n\n[o] I have in _Chap. 13. Note (u)_, and _Book VIII. Chap. 6. Note (c),\n(f)_, taken Notice of the Nidification and Generation of some Insects\non the Leaves of Vegetables, and shall therefore, for the Illustration\nof this Place, chuse an uncommon Example out of the _Scarab-kind_ (the\nGeneration of which Tribe hath not been as yet mentioned) and that\nis of a small _Scarab_ bred in the very Tips of _Elm-Leaves_. These\nLeaves, in Summer, may be observed to be, many of them, dry and dead, as\nalso turgid; in which lieth a dirty, whitish, rough Maggot. From which\nproceeds a _Beetle_ of the smallest kind, of a light, _Weesle_ Colour,\nthat leapeth like a _Grashopper_, although its Legs are but short. Its\nEyes are blackish, _Elytra_ thin, and prettily furrowed, with many\nConcavities in them; small club-headed _Antenn\u00e6_, and a long _Rostrum_\nlike a _Proboscis_.\n\nThe same, or much like this, I have met with on Tips of _Oaken_ and\n_Holly-Leaves_. How the _Scarab_ lays its Eggs in the Leaf, whether by\nterebrating the Leaf, or whether the _Maggot_, when hatched, doth it, I\ncould never see. But with great Dexterity, it makes its Way between the\nupper and under Membranes of the Leaf feeding upon the parenchymous Part\nthereof. Its Head is slenderer and sharper than most of _Maggots_, as if\nmade on purpose for this Work; but yet I have often wondered at their\nArtifice in so nicely separating the Membranes of the _Elm-Leaf_, without\nbreaking them, and endangering their own tumbling out of \u2019em, considering\nhow thin and very tender the Skins of that Leaf (particularly) are.\n\n[p] See _Book VIII. Chap. 6. Note (z)._\n\n[q] See _Book VIII. Chap. 6._ to _Note (bb)_, &c.\n\n[r] \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b1\u03b6\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd\n\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3 \u1f65\u03c1\u1fb3. Arist. Hist. An. l. 5. c. 8 ubi plura.\n\n[s] _Chap. 10._\n\n[t] Mr. _Ray_ alledges good Reasons to conclude, that although Birds have\nnot an exact Power of numbering, yet, that they have of distinguishing\nmany from few, and knowing when they come near to a certain Number; and\nthat they have it in their Power to lay many or few Eggs. All which he\nmanifesteth from _Hens_, and other domestick Fowls, laying many more Eggs\nwhen they are withdrawn, than when not. Which holds in wild as well as\ndomestick Birds, as appears from Dr. _Lister_\u2019s Experiment in withdrawing\na _Swallow_\u2019s Eggs, which by that Means laid nineteen Eggs successively\nbefore she gave over. _V._ _~Ray~\u2019s Wisdom of God_, &c. p. 137.\n\n[u] _Palumbes incubat f\u0153mina post meridiana in matutinum, c\u00e6tero mas.\nColumb\u00e6 incubant ambo, interdiu Mas, noctu F\u0153mina. Plin._ Nat. Hist. l.\n10. c. 58.\n\n[w] Of the common _Crow_, Mr. _Willughby_ saith, _The Females only sit,\nand that diligently, the Males in the mean time bring them Victuals, as_\nAristotle _saith. In most other Birds, which pair together, the Male\nand Female sit by Turns._ Ornithol. l. 2. \u00a7. 1. c. 2. \u00a7. 2. And I have\nobserved the Female-Crows to be much fatter than the Males, in the Time\nof Incubation, by Reason the Male, out of his conjugal Affection, almost\nstarves himself, to supply the Female with Plenty.\n\n[x] See _Book VII. Chap. 4._\n\n[y] _Volucribus Natura novam quandam, Pullos educandi, rationem\nexcogitavit: ipsis enim pr\u00e6cipuum quendam amorem in ea qu\u00e6 procrearent,\ningeneravit, quo impulsu bellum pro pullis cum ferocibus animalibus, qu\u00e6\nante declin\u00e2runt, intrepide suscipiunt, vict\u00famque ipsis convenientem\nsuppeditant._ Galen. de Us. Part. l. 14. c. 4.\n\n[z] _In iis animanatibus qu\u00e6 lacte aluntur, omnis fer\u00e8 cibus matrum\nlactescere incipit; eaque, qu\u00e6 paulo ant\u00e8 nata sunt, sine magistro,\nduce natur\u00e2, mammas appetunt, earumque ubertate saturantur. Atque ut\nintelligamus nihil horum esse fortutitum, & h\u00e6c omnia esse provida,\nsolertisque natur\u00e6, qu\u00e6 multiplices f\u0153tus procreant, ut Sues, ut Canes,\nhis Mammarum data est multitudo; quas easdam paucas habent e\u00e6 besti\u00e6, qu\u00e6\npauca gignunt._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 51. _Consule quoque_ Galen de\nUs. Part. l. 4. c. 4. _&_ l. 15. c. 7.\n\n[aa] _Animalia solidipeda, & ruminantia, vel cornigera, inter femora\nMammas habent, quorum F\u0153tus statim \u00e0 partu pedibus insistunt, qu\u00f2d matres\ninter lactandum non decumbant, ut Equa, Asina, ~&c.~ Animalia digitata\n& multipara in medio ventre, scil. spatio ab inguine ad pectus (in\nCuniculo usque ad jugulum) duplicem mammarum seriem fortita sunt, qu\u00e6\nomnia decumbentia ubera f\u0153tibus admovent, ut Ursa, Le\u00e6na, ~&c.~ Si ver\u00f2\nh\u00e6c in solo inguine Mammas gererent, propria cura inter decumbendum f\u0153tus\naccessum ad mammas nonnihil pr\u00e6pedirent. Mulieribus Mamm\u00e6 bin\u00e6 sunt, ut &\nPapill\u00e6, nimirum ut latus lateri conformit\u00e8r respondeat, & ut alternatim\ninfans \u00e0 latere in latus inter sugendum tranferatur, ne corpus ejus uni\nlateri nimis assuescens quoquo modo incurvetur. Simia, homo Sylvestris,\n~&c.~_ Blas. Anat. Animal. Par. 1. Cap. 6. _de Cane ex Whartono_. See\nhere what _Pliny_ hath also, L. 11. _Cap. 40._\n\nIn the _Elephant_, the Nipples are near the Breast, by Reason the old one\nis forced to suck her self, and by the help of her Trunk conveys the Milk\ninto the Mouth of her Young. _Vid._ _Phil. Trans._ No. 336.\n\n[bb] For an Exemplification, I might name many Animals, particularly\nBirds, whole Parts are compleatly suited to this Service. They are\nCharacteristicks of rapacious Birds, to have aduncous Bills and Talons\nto hold and tear, and strong brawny Thighs to strike and carry their\nPrey, as well as a sharp piercing Sight to spy it afar off. _Raii Synops.\nMethod. Av._ p. 1. The _Pelecane_ also might be here named, for its\nprodigious Bag under its Bill and Throat, big enough to contain thirty\nPints. _Id. ibid._ p. 122. And to name no more, the common _Heron_ hath\nits most remarkable Parts adapted to thus Service; long Legs for wading,\nand a long Neck answerable thereto to reach Prey, a wide, extensive\nThroat to pouch it; long Toes, with strong hooked Talons, (one of which\nis remarkably serrate on the Edge) the better to hold their Prey; a long\nsharp Bill to strike their Prey, and serrate towards the Point, with\nsharp hooked Beards standing backward, to hold their Prey fast when\nstruck; and lastly, large, broad, concave Wings (in Appearance much too\nlarge, heavy and cumbersome for so small a Body, but) of greatest Use to\nenable them to carry the greater Load to their Nests at several Miles\nDistance; as I have seen them do from several Miles beyond me, to a large\nHeronry above three Miles distant from me. In which I have seen _Plaise_,\nand other Fish, some Inches long, lying under the high Trees in which\nthey build; and the curious and ingenious Owner thereof, _D\u2019Acre Barret_,\nEsq; hath seen a large Eel convey\u2019d by them, notwithstanding the great\nAnnoyance it gave them in their Flight, by its twisting this Way and that\nWay about their Bodies.\n\n[cc] This is reported of the _American Ostrich_, mentioned by _Acarette_,\nin _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 89. Of which see _Book VII. Chap. 4. Note (e)._\n\n[dd] _Hornets_, _Wasps_, and all the Kinds of _Bees_ provide Honey; and\nmany of the _Pseudosphec\u00e6_, and _Ichneumon Wasps_ and _Flies_, carry\n_Maggots_, _Spiders_, _&c._ into their Nests; of which see above, _Note\n(c) Chap. 13._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. XVI.\n\n_The Conclusion._\n\n\nThus I have, as briefly as well I could (and much more briefly than the\nMatters deserved) dispatched the Decad of Things I proposed in common\nto the sensitive Creatures. And now let us pause a little, and reflect.\nAnd upon the whole Matter, what less can be concluded than that there is\na Being infinitely Wise, Potent, and Kind, who is able to contrive and\nmake this glorious Scene of Things, which I have thus given only a Glance\nof? For what less than Infinite, could stock so vast a Globe with such a\nnoble Set of Animals? All so Contrived, as to minister to one another\u2019s\nHelp some Way or other, and most of them serviceable to Man peculiarly,\nthe Top of this lower World, and who was made, as it were, on purpose to\nobserve, and survey, and set forth the Glory of the infinite _Creator_,\nmanifested in his Works! Who! What but the Great _GOD_ could so admirably\nprovide for the whole Animal World every Thing serviceable to it, or that\ncan be wished for, either to conserve its Species, or to minister to\nthe Being or Well-being of Individuals! Particularly, who could _Feed_\nso spacious a World, who could please so large a Number of Palates, or\nsuit so many Palates to so great a Variety of Food, but the infinite\nConservator of the World! And who but the same great _HE_, could provide\nsuch commodious _Cloathing_ for every Animal; such proper _Houses_,\n_Nests_ and _Habitations_; such suitable _Armature_ and _Weapons_; such\n_Subtilty_, _Artifice_ and _Sagacity_, as every Creature is more or less\narmed and furnished with, to fence off the Injuries of the Weather, to\nrescue it self from Dangers, to preserve it self from the Annoyances\nof its Enemies; and, in a word, to conserve its Self, and its Species!\nWhat but an infinite superintending Power could so equally _balance_ the\nseveral Species of Animals, and conserve the _Numbers_ of the individuals\nof every Species so even, as not to over or under-people the terraqueous\nGlobe! Who, but the infinite wise Lord of the World, could allot every\nCreature its most suitable _Place_ to live in, the most suitable Element\nto _breath_, and _move_, and _act_ in. And who but _HE_ could make so\nadmirable a Set of Organs, as those of Respiration are, both in Land and\nWater-Animals! Who could contrive so curious a Set of Limbs, Joynts,\nBones, Muscles, and Nerves, to give to every Animal the most commodious\n_Motion_ to its State and Occasions! And to name no more, what Anatomist,\nMathematician, Workman, yea Angel, could contrive and make so curious,\nso commodious, and every way so exquisite a Set of Senses, as the _five\nSenses_ of Animals are; whole Organs are so dexterously contrived, so\nconveniently placed in the Body, so neatly adjusted, so firmly guarded,\nand so compleatly suited to every Occasion, that they plainly set forth\nthe Agency of the infinite Creator and Conservator of the World.\n\nSo that here, upon a transient View of the Animal World in general only,\nwe have such a Throng of Glories, such an enravishing Scene of Things as\nmay excite us to admire, praise, and adore the infinitely wise, powerful,\nand kind _CREATOR_; to condemn all atheistical Principles; and with holy\n_David_, _Psalm_ xiv. 1. to conclude that he is in good earnest a _Fool_,\nthat dares to say, _There is no God_, when we are every where surrounded\nwith such manifest Characters, and plain Demonstrations of that infinite\nBeing.\n\nBut in the next Book we shall still find greater Tokens, if possible,\nwhen I come to take a View of Animals in particular.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nA\n\nSURVEY\n\nOf the Particular\n\nTribes of _ANIMALS_.\n\n\nIn the foregoing Book, having taken a View of the Things in common to\nAnimals, my Business in the next, will be to inspect the particular\nTribes, in order to give further Manifestations of the Infinite Creator\u2019s\nWisdom, Power and Goodness towards the Animal World.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK V.\n\n_A SURVEY of MAN._\n\n\nThe first _Genus_ of Animals that I shall take Notice of, shall be _Man_,\nwho may justly claim the Precedence in our Discourse, inasmuch as God\nhath given him the Superiority in the Animal World; _Gen._ i. 26. _And\nGod said, Let us make Man in our Image, after our Likeness; and let them\nhave Dominion over the Fish of the Sea, and over the Fowl of the Air, and\nover the Cattle, and over all the Earth, and over every creeping Thing\nthat creepeth upon the Earth._\n\nAnd as to Man, we have so excellent a Piece of Workmanship, such a\nMicrocosm, such an Abridgment of the Creator\u2019s Art in him, as is alone\nsufficient to demonstrate the Being and Attributes of _GOD_. Which will\nappear by considering the _Soul_ and the _Body_ of Man.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. I.\n\n_Of the SOUL of Man._\n\n\nMy Survey of Man, I shall begin with the Soul of Man, by Reason it is\nhis most noble Part[a], the Copy of the Divine Image in us[b], in which\nwe have enough to fill us with Admiration of the Munisence, Power,\nand Wisdom of the Infinite Creator[c], when we contemplate the noble\nFaculties of this our superiour Part, the vast Reach and Compass of\nits _Understanding_, the prodigious Quickness and Piercingness of its\n_Thought_, the admirable Subtilty of its _Invention_, the commanding\nPower of its _Wisdom_, the great Depth of its _Memory_[d], and in a word,\nits Divine Nature and Operations.\n\nBut I shall not dwell on this, tho\u2019 the superiour Part of Man, because\nit is the least known. Only there are two Things I can\u2019t easily pass\nby, because they manifest the especial Concurrence and Design of the\ninfinitely Wise Creator, as having a particular and necessary Tendency to\nthe Management and good Order of the World\u2019s Affairs. The\n\nI. Of which is the various _Genii_, or _Inclinations of Men\u2019s Minds_\nto this, and that, and the other Business[e]. We see how naturally\nMen betake themselves to this and that Employment: Some delight most\nin Learning and Books, some in Divinity, some in Physick, Anatomy and\nBotany, some in Critical Learning and Philology, some in Mathematicks,\nsome in Metaphysicks, and deep Researches; and some have their Delight\nchiefly in Mechanicks, Architecture, War, Navigation, Commerce,\nAgriculture; and some have their Inclinations lie even to the servile\nOffices of the World, and an hundred Things besides.\n\nNow all this is an admirably wise, as well as most necessary Provision,\nfor the easy and sure transacting the World\u2019s Affairs; to answer every\nEnd and Occasion of Man, yea, to make Man Helpful to the poor, helpless\nBeasts, as far as his Help is needful to them; and all, without any great\nTrouble, Fatigue, or great Inconvenience to Man; rather as a Pleasure,\nand Diversion to him. For so far it is from being a Toil, that the\ngreatest Labours[f], Cares, yea, and Dangers too, become pleasant to him\nwho is pursuing his _Genius_; and whose Ardour of Inclination eggs him\nforward, and buoys him up under all Opposition, and carrieth him through\nevery Obstacle, to the End of his Designs and Desires.\n\nII. The next is, The _inventive_ Power of the Soul[g]. Under which I\nmight speak of many Things; but I shall take Notice only of two, because\nthey manifest the particular Concern and Agency of the infinitely wise\nCreator. The\n\n1. Is, That _Man\u2019s Invention_ should reach to such a great Variety of\nMatters; that it should hit upon every Thing, that may be of any Use,\neither to himself, or to human Society; or that may any Ways promote,\n(what in him lies,) the Benefit of this lower Part of the Creation.\n\nFor the Illustration of this, I might take a View of all the Arts and\nSciences, the Trades, yea, the very Tools they perform their Labours,\nand Contrivances with, as numerous as their Occasions and Contrivances\nare various. Indeed, What is there that falleth under the Reach of\nMan\u2019s Senses, that he doth not employ to some Use and Purpose, for the\nWorld\u2019s Good? The celestial Bodies, the Sun, the Moon, with the other\nPlanets, and the fix\u2019d Stars, he employs to the noble Uses of Astronomy,\nNavigation and Geography. And, What a noble Acumen, what a vast Reach\nmust the Soul be endow\u2019d with, to invent those curious Sciences of\nGeometry and Arithmetick, both Specious, and in Numbers; and those nice\nand various Instruments, made use of by the Geometrician, Astronomer,\nGeographer and Sailor? And lastly, What a wonderful Sagacity is shewn in\nthe Business of Optics, and particularly in the late Invention of the\nTelescope; wherewith new Wonders are discover\u2019d among God\u2019s Works, in\nthe Heavens, as there are here on Earth, with the Microscope, and other\nGlasses.\n\nAnd as for this lower World, What Material is here to be found; what kind\nof Earth, or Stone, or Metal; what Animal, Tree, or Plant, yea, even the\nvery Shrubs of the Field; in a Word, what of all the excellent Variety,\nthe Creator has furnish\u2019d the World with, for all its Uses and Occasions,\nin all Ages; what, I say, that Man\u2019s Contrivance doth not extend unto,\nand make some Way or other advantagious to himself, and useful for\nBuilding, Cloathing, Food, Physick, or for Tools or Utensils, or for even\nonly Pleasure and Diversion?\n\nBut now considering the great Power and Extent of human Invention.\n\n2. There is another Thing, that doth farther demonstrate the\nSuper-intendence of the great Creator, and Conservator of the World; and\nthat is, That Things of great, and absolutely necessary Use, have soon,\nand easily occurr\u2019d to the Invention of Man; but Things of little Use, or\nvery dangerous Use, are rarely and slowly discover\u2019d, or still utterly\nundiscover\u2019d. We have as early as the _Mosaick_ History, an Account of\nthe Inventions of the more useful Crafts and Occupations: Thus _Gen._\niii. 23. Adam _was sent forth from the Garden of ~Eden~, by God himself,\nto till the Ground._ And in the next Chapter, his two Sons _Cain_ and\n_Abel_; the one was of the same Occupation, a Tiller of the Ground, the\nother a Keeper of Sheep[h]. And the Posterity of these, are in the latter\nEnd of _Gen._ iv. recorded, _~Jabal~ to have been the Father of such as\ndwell in Tents_[i]; _i.e._ He was the _Inventor of Tents_, and pitching\nthose moveable Houses in the Fields, for looking after, and depasturing\ntheir Cattel in the Desarts, and uncultivated World. _~Tubal-Cain~ was an\nInstructer of every Artificer in Brass and Iron_[k], or the First that\nfound out the Art of _melting, and malleating[l] Metals_, and making\nthem useful for Tools, and other necessary Implements. And his Sister\n_Naamah_, whose Name is only mentioned, is by some thought to have been\nthe Inventor of _Spinning_ and _Cloathing_. Yea, the very Art of _Musick_\nis thus early ascribed to _Jubal_[m]; so indulgent was the Creator, to\nfind a Means to divert Melancholy, to cheer the Spirits, and to entertain\nand please Mankind. But for Things of no Use, or but little Use, or of\npernicious Consequence; either they have been much later thought of, and\nwith great Difficulty, and perhaps Danger too, brought to pass; or else\nthey still are, and perhaps will always remain, Exercises of the Wit and\nInvention of Men.\n\nOf this we might give divers Instances: In Mathematicks, about squaring\nthe Circle[n]; in Mechanicks[o], about the Art of Flying; and in\nNavigation, about finding the Longitude. These Things, although some of\nthem in Appearance innocent, yea, perhaps very useful, yet remain for\nthe most Part secret; not because the Discovery of most of them is more\nimpossible, or difficult than of many other Things, which have met with a\nDiscovery; nor is it for want of Man\u2019s Diligence therein, or his careful\nPursuit and Enquiry after them, (for perhaps, nothing already discover\u2019d\nhath been more eagerly sought after;) but with much better Reason, (I\nam sure with greater Humility and Modesty,) we may conclude it is,\nbecause the infinitely wise Creator, and Ruler of the World, hath been\npleas\u2019d to lock up these Things from Man\u2019s Understanding and Invention,\nfor some Reasons best known to himself, or because they might be of ill\nConsequence, and dangerous amongst Men.\n\nAs in all Probability the Art of Flying would particularly be: An\nArt which in some Cases might be of good Use, as to the Geographer\nand Philosopher; but in other Respects, might prove of dangerous and\nfatal Consequence: As for instance, By putting it in Man\u2019s Power to\ndiscover the Secrets of Nations and Families, more than is consistent\nwith the Peace of the World, for Man to know; by giving ill Men greater\nOpportunities to do Mischief, which it would not lie in the Power of\nothers to prevent; and, as one[p] observes, by making Men less sociable:\n\u201cFor upon every true or false Ground of Fear, or Discontent, and other\nOccasions, he would have been fluttering away to some other Place; and\nMankind, instead of cohabiting in Cities, would, like the Eagle, have\nbuilt their Nests upon Rocks\u201d.\n\nThat this is the true Reason of these Matters, is manifest enough from\nholy Scripture, and Reason[q] also gives its Suffrage thereto. The\n_Scripture_ expressly tells us, That _every good Gift, and every perfect\nGift, is from above, and cometh down from the Father of Lights_, _S._\nJames i. 17. _Solomon_, Prov. ii. 6. saith, _The Lord giveth Wisdom; out\nof his Mouth cometh Knowledge and Understanding._ And _Elihu_ is very\nexpress, Job xxxii. 8. _But there is a Spirit in Man, and the Inspiration\nof the Almighty giveth them Understanding_, \u03a0\u03bd\u03bf\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f21\n\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, as the LXX render it, _The Inspiratus, the Afflatus of the\nAlmighty, is their Instructor, Mistress or Teacher._ And in Scripture,\nnot only the more noble, superiour Acts of Wisdom or Science; but much\ninferiour also, bear the Name of Wisdom, Knowledge and Understanding,\nand are ascrib\u2019d unto GOD. \u2019Tis well known that _Solomon_\u2019s Wisdom is\nwholly ascrib\u2019d unto GOD; and the Wisdom and Understanding which GOD is\nsaid to have given him, 1 _Kings_ iv. 29. is particularly set forth in\nthe following Verses, by his great Skill in moral and natural Philosophy,\nin Poetry, and probably in Astronomy, Geometry, and such other of the\npoliter Sciences, for which _\u00c6gypt_, and the _eastern Nations_ were\ncelebrated of old[r]: _And ~Solomon~\u2019s Wisdom excell\u2019d the Wisdom of all\nthe Children of the east Country, and all the Wisdom of ~\u00c6gypt~. For he\nwas wiser than all Men, than ~Ethan~, &c. And he spake 3000 Proverbs:\nAnd his Songs were 1005. And he spake of Trees, from the Cedar to the\nHyssop of the Wall, ~(_i.e._ of all Sorts of Plants;)~ also of Beasts,\nFowl, creeping Things, and Fishes._ So likewise the Wisdom of _Daniel_,\nand his three Companions, is ascrib\u2019d unto GOD, _Dan._ i. 17. _As for\nthese four Children, God gave them Knowledge, and Skill in all Learning\nand Wisdom; and ~Daniel~ had Understanding in all Visions and Dreams._\nAnd accordingly in the next Chapter, _Daniel_ acknowledgeth and praiseth\nGod. \u2123. 20. 21. _~Daniel~ answered and said, Blessed be the Name of God\nfor ever and ever, for Wisdom and Might are his.\u2014\u2014He giveth Wisdom unto\nthe Wise, and Knowledge to them that know Understanding._ But not only\nSkill in the superiour Arts and Sciences; but even in the more inferiour\nmechanick Art, is call\u2019d by the same Names, and ascrib\u2019d unto GOD: Thus\nfor the Workmanship of the Tabernacle, _Exod._ xxxi. 2. to \u2123. 6. _See,\nI have call\u2019d ~Bezaleel~; and I have fill\u2019d him with the Spirit of God,\nin Wisdom, and in Understanding, and in all Manner of Workmanship: To\ndevise cunning Works, to work in Gold, Silver and Brass; and in cutting\nof Stones, to set them; and in carving of Timber, to work in all Manner\nof Workmanship._ So the _Spinsters_, _Weavers_, and other Crafts-people,\nare call\u2019d wise-hearted, _Exod._ xxxiv. 10. 25. and other Places. And\nin _Exod._ xxxvi. 1. &c. the LORD is said to have put this Wisdom in\nthem, and Understanding to know how to work all these Manner of Works,\nfor the Service of the Sanctuary. And lastly, to name no more Instances,\n_Hiram_ the chief Architect of _Solomon_\u2019s _Temple_, is in 1 _Kings_ vii.\n14. and 2 _Chron._ ii. 14. call\u2019d _a cunning Man, fill\u2019d with Wisdom\nand Understanding, to work in Gold, Silver, Brass, Iron, Stone, Timber,\nPurple, Blue, fine Linen, and Crimson; also to grave, and find out every\nDevice which should be put to him._\n\nThus doth the Word of _God_, ascribe the Contrivances and Crafts of\nMen, to the Agency, or Influence of the _Spirit_ of _God_, upon that\nof Man. And there is the same Reason for the Variety of _Genii_, or\n_Inclinations_ of Men also; which from the same Scriptures, may be\nconcluded to be a Designation, and Transaction of the same almighty\nGovernour of the World\u2019s Affairs. And who indeed but HE, could make\nsuch a divine Substance, endow\u2019d with those admirable Faculties, and\nPowers, as the rational Soul hath; a Being to bear the great Creator\u2019s\nVicegerency in this lower World; to employ the several Creatures; to make\nUse of the various Materials; to manage the grand Businesses; and to\nsurvey the Glories of all the visible Works of God? A Creature, without\nwhich this lower World would have been a dull, uncouth, and desolate kind\nof Globe. Who, I say, or what less than the _infinite GOD_, could make\nsuch a rational Creature, such a divine Substance as the Soul? For if we\nshould allow the Atheist any of his nonsensical Schemes, the _Epicurean_\nhis fortuitous Concourse of Atoms, or the _Cartesian_[s] his created\nMatter put in Motion; yet with what tolerable Sense could he, in his Way,\nproduce such a divine, thinking, speaking, contriving Substance as the\nSoul is; endow\u2019d exactly with such Faculties, Power, and Dispositions\nas the various Necessities and Occasions of the World require from such\na Creature? Why should not rather all the Acts, the Dispositions and\nContrivances of such a Creature as Man, (if made in a mechanical Way,\nand not contriv\u2019d by God,) have been the same? Particularly, Why should\nhe not have hit upon all Contrivances of equal Use, early as well as\nmany Ages since? Why not that Man have effected it, as well as this,\nsome thousands of Years after? Why also should not all Nations, and\nall Ages[t], improve in every Thing, as well as this, or that Age, or\nNation[u] only? why should the _Greeks_, the _Arabians_, the _Persians_,\nor the _\u00c6gyptians_ of old, so far exceed those of the same Nations now?\nWhy the _Africans_ and _Americans_ so generally ignorant and barbarous,\nand the _Europeans_, for the most part, polite and cultivated, addicted\nto Arts and Learning? How could it come to pass that the Use of the\nMagnet[w], Printing[x], Clocks[y], Telescopes[z], and all hundred Things\nbesides, should escape the Discovery of _Archimedes_, _Anaximander_,\n_Anaximenes_, _Posidonius_, or other great Virtuoso\u2019s of the early Ages,\nwhose Contrivances of various Engines, Spheres, Clepsydr\u00e6 and other\ncurious Instruments are recorded[aa]? And why cannot the present or past\nAge, so eminent for polite Literature, for Discoveries and Improvements\nin all curious Arts and Businesses (perhaps beyond any known Age of the\nWorld; why cannot it, I say) discover those hidden _Qu\u00e6sita_, which\nmay probably be reserved for the Discovery of future and less learned\nGenerations?\n\nOf these Matters, no satisfactory Account can be given by any mechanical\nHypothesis, or any other Way, without taking in the Superintendence of\nthe great Creator and Ruler of the World; who oftentimes doth manifest\nhimself in some of the most considerable of those Works of Men, by some\nremarkable Transactions of his Providence, or by some great Revolution\nor other happening in the World thereupon. Of this I might instance in\nthe Invention of Printing[bb], succeeded first by a train of Learned Men,\nand the Revival of Learning, and soon after that by the Reformation,\nand the much greater Improvements of Learning at this Day. But the most\nconsiderable Instance I can give is, the Progress of Christianity, by\nmeans of the civilized Disposition, and large Extent of the _Roman\nEmpire_. The latter of which, as it made way for human Power; so the\nformer made way for our most excellent Religion into the Minds of Men.\nAnd so I hope, and earnestly pray, that the Omnipotent and All-wise\nRuler of the World will transact the Affairs of our most Holy Religion,\ne\u2019er it be long, in the Heathen World; that the great Improvements made\nin the last, and present Age, in Arts and Sciences, in Navigation and\nCommerce, may be a Means to transport our Religion, as well as Name,\nthrough all the Nations of the Earth. For we find that our Culture of the\nmore polite and curious Sciences, and our great Improvements in even the\nMechanick Arts, have already made a Way for us into some of the largest\nand farthest distant Nations of the Earth; particularly into the great\nEmpire of _China_[cc].\n\nAnd now, before I quit this Subject, I cannot but make one Remark, by way\nof practical Inference, from what has been last said; and that is, Since\nit appears that the Souls of Men are ordered, disposed and actuated by\nGod, even in secular, as well as spiritual Christian Acts; a Duty ariseth\nthence on every Man, to pursue the Ends, and answer all the Designs of\nthe divine Providence, in bestowing his Gifts and Graces upon him. Men\nare ready to imagine their Wit, Learning, Genius, Riches, Authority, and\nsuch like, to be Works of Nature, Things of Course, or owing to their own\nDiligence, Subtilty, or some Secondary Causes; that they are Masters of\nthem, and at Liberty to use them as they please, to gratifie their Lust\nor Humour, and satsifie their depraved Appetites. But it is evident, that\nthese Things are the Gifts of God, they are so many Talents entrusted\nwith us by the infinite Lord of the World, a Stewardship, a Trust\nreposed in us; for which we must give an Account at the Day when our Lord\nshall call; according to the parabolical Representation of this Matter by\nour Blessed Saviour, _Matt._ xxv. 14.\n\nOur Duty then is not to abuse these Gifts of God, _not to neglect the\nGift that is in us_, not to _hide our Talent in the Earth_; but as St.\n_Paul_ exhorteth _Timothy_, _2 Tim._ i. _6._ we must _stir up the Gift\nof God which is in us_, and not let it lie idle, concealed or dead; but\nwe must \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03c9\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, _blow it up, and enkindle it_, as the\nOriginal imports; we must improve and employ our Gift to the Glory of the\nGiver; or in that Ministration, that Use and Service of the World, for\nwhich he gave it. Our Stewardship, our Craft, our Calling, be it that\nof Ambassadors of Heaven, committed to us, as \u2019twas to _Timothy_,[dd]\nby the laying on of Hands; or be it the more secular Business of the\nGentleman, Tradesman, Mechanick, or only Servant; nay, our good Genius,\nour Propensity to any Good, as suppose to History, Mathematicks, Botany,\nNatural Philosophy, Mechanicks, _&c._ I say all these Occupations, in\nwhich the Providence of God hath engaged Men, all the Inclinations to\nwhich his Spirit hath disposed them, ought to be discharged with that\nDiligence, that Care and Fidelity, that our great Lord and Master may not\nsay to us, as He said to the unfaithful Steward, _Luke_ xvi. 2. _Give an\nAccount of thy Stewardship, for thou mayest be no longer Steward_; but\nthat he may say, as \u2019tis in the Parable before cited, _Mat._ xxv. 21.\n_Well done thou good and faithful Servant, thou hast been faithful over\na few Things, I will make thee Ruler over many Things, enter thou into\nthe Joy of thy Lord_. Since now the Case is thus, let us be persuaded\nto follow _Solomon_\u2019s Advice, _Eccles._ ix. 10. _Whatsoever thy Hand\nfindeth to do, do it with thy Might_[ee]: \u201cLay hold on every Occasion\nthat presents it self, and improve it with the utmost Diligence; because\nnow is the Time of Action, both in the Employments of the Body, and of\nthe Mind; now is the Season of studying either Arts and Sciences, or\nWisdom and Virtue, for which thou wilt have no Opportunities in the Place\nwhither thou art going in the other World. _For there is no Work, nor\nDevice, nor Knowledge, nor Wisdom in the Grave whither thou goest._\u201d\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Fam ver\u00f2, Animum ipsum, Mentemque homines, Rationem, Consilium,\nPrudentiam, qui non divin\u00e2 cur\u00e1 perfecta esse perspicit, is his ipsis\nrebus mihi videtur carere._ Cic. de Nat, Deor. l. 2. c. 59.\n\n[b]\n\n _Sensum \u00e0 C\u00e6lesti demissum traximus arce,_\n _Cujus egent prona, & terram spectantia: mundi_\n _Principio indulsit communis Conditur, illis_\n _Tant\u00f9m Animas; nobis Animum quoque._\n\n Juven. Sat. xv. v. 144.\n\n _Es cum non aliter possent mortalia singi._\n _Adjunxit geminas, ill\u00e6 cum corpore laps\u00e6_\n _Intereunt: h\u00e6c sola manet, bustoque superstes_\n _Evolat._\n\n Claud. de 4 Consul. Hon.\n\n[c] _Nam siquis nulli sect\u00e6 addictus, sed liber\u00e2 sententi\u00e2 rerum\nconsiderationem inierit, conspicatus in tant\u00e2 carnium ac succorum\ncolluvie tantam mentem habitare; conspicatus item & cujusvis animalis\nconstructionem (omnia enim declarans Opisicis Sapientiam) Mentis, qu\u00e6\nhomini inest, excellentiam intelliget, tum opus de partium utilitate,\nquod prius exiguum esse sibi videbatur, perfectissim\u00e6 Theologi\u00e6 verum\nprincipium constituet; qu\u00e6 Theologia mult\u00f2 est major atque pr\u00e6stantior\ntot\u00e2 Medicin\u00e2._ Galen. de usu Part. L. 17. c. 1.\n\n[d] Among many Examples that I could give of Persons famous for\n_Memory_, _Seneca_\u2019s Account of himself may be one, _Hanc [Memoriam]\naliquando in me floruisse, ut non tant\u00f9m ad usum sufficeret, sed in\nmiraculum usque procederet, non nego. Nam & 2000 nominum recitata, quo\nordine erant dicta, reddebam: & ab his qui ad audiendum pr\u00e6ceptorem\nnostrum convenerunt, singulos versus \u00e0 singulis datos, c\u00f9m plures qu\u00e0m\n200 efficerentur, ab ultimo incipiens usque ad primum recitabam._\nAfter which, mention is made of the great Memory of _Latro Porcius_\n(_charissimi mihi sodalis_, _Seneca_ calls him) who retained in his\nMemory all the Declamations he had ever spoken, and never had his Memory\nfail him, not so much as in one single Word. Also he takes Notice of\n_Cyneas_, Ambassador to the _Romans_ from King _Pyrrhus_, who in one Day\nhad so well learnt the Names of his Spectators, that _postero die novus\nhomo & Senatum, & omnem urbanam circumfusam Senatui plebem, nominibus\nsuis persalutavit_. Senec. controvers. L. 1. init. Vid. quoque Plin. L.\n7. c. 24. where he also adds other Examples, viz. _Cyrus rex omnibus in\nexercitu suo militibus nomina reddidit; L. Scipio populo Rom. Mithidrates\n22 gentium rex, totidem linguis jura dedit, pro concione singulas sine\ninterprete affatus. Charmidas (seu poti\u00f9s Carneades)\u2014\u2014qu\u00e6 quis exegerat\nvolumina in bibliothecis, legentis modo repr\u00e6sentavit._\n\n[e]\n\n _Diversis etenim gaudet natura ministris,_\n _Ut fieri diversa queant ornantia terras._\n _Nec patitur cunctos ad eandem currere metam,_\n _Sed varias jubet ire vias, variosque labores_\n _Suscipere, ut vario cultu sit pulchrior orbis._\n\n Paling. in Scorp.\n\n\u039f\u1f35\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9 \u0398\u03b5\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f08\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, &c. _Ita non omnibus\nhominibus sua dona dat Deus, neque bonam indolem, neque prudentiam,\nnec eloquentiam: alius namque vultum habet deformem; sed Deus formam\neloquenti\u00e2 ornat, ~&c.~_ Homer. Odys. 8. The like also in _Iliad. L. 13._\n\n[f] Although _Solomon_ declares, _Eccles._ xii. 12. _That much Study is a\nWeariness to the Flesh_; yet we see with what Pleasure and Assiduity many\napply themselves to it. Thus _Cicero_ tells of _Cato_, whom he casually\nfound in _Lucullus_\u2019s Library, _M. Catonem vidi in Bibliothec\u00e2 sedentem,\nmultis circumfusum Stoicorum libris. Erat enim, ut scis, in eo inexhausta\naviditas legendi, nec satiari poterat: quippe ne reprehensionem quidem\nvulgi inanem reformidans, in ipsa curi\u00e2 soleret legere s\u00e6pe, dum senatus\ncogeretur\u2014\u2014ut Heluo librorum\u2014\u2014videbatur._ Cicer. de finib. L. 3. c. 2.\n\n[g] _Mentem hominis, quamvis eam non videas, ut Deum non vides, tamen\nut Deum agnoscis ex operibus ejus, sic ex memori\u00e2 rerum, & Inventione,\n& celeritate mot\u00fbs, omnique pulchritudine virtutis vim divinam mentis\nagnoscito._ Cicer. Tusc. Qu\u00e6st. L. 1. c. 29.\n\n[h] _Gen._ iv. 2.\n\n[i] \u2123. 20.\n\n[k] \u2123. 22.\n\n[l] \u03a3\u03c6\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2, the LXX call him, _i.e._ A Worker with an Hammer.\n\n[m] \u2123. 21.\n\n[n] Although the _Quadrature of the Circle_, hath in former Ages\nexercis\u2019d some of the greatest mathematical Wits; yet nothing has been\ndone in that Way so considerable, as in, and since the Middle of the\nlast Century; when in the Year 1657, those very ingenious and great Men,\nMr _William Neile_, and my Lord _Brounker_, and Sir _Christopher Wren_\nafterwards, in the same Year, geometrically demonstrated the Equality\nof some Curves to a strait Line. Soon after which, others at Home, and\nAbroad, did the like in other Curves. And not long afterwards, this was\nbrought under an _analytical Calculus_: The first Specimen whereof, that\nwas ever publish\u2019d. Mr. _Mercator_ gave in 1688, in a Demonstration of\nmy Lord _Brounker_\u2019s Quadrature of the _Hyperbola_, by Dr _Wallis_\u2019s\nReduction of a Fraction, into an infinite Series by Division. But\nthe penetrating Genius of Sir _Isaac Newton_, had discover\u2019d a Way\nof attaining the Quantity of all quadrible Curves analytically, by\nhis Method of _Fluxions_, some Time before the Year 1668, as I find\nvery probable from an historical Account, in a long Letter of Mr.\n_Collins_, written in his own Hand, and sent to _Richard Townley_, Esq;\nof _Lancashire_, whose Papers are in my Hands. In that Letter, Mr.\n_Collins_ saith, That _in ~September 1668~, Mr. ~Mercator~ publish\u2019d\nhis ~Logarithmotechnia~, one of which he soon sent to Dr. ~Barrow~, who\nthereupon sent him up some Papers of Mr. ~Newton~\u2019s, ~[now Sir _Isaac_;]~\nby which, and former Communications made thereof by the Author, to the\nDoctor; it appears that the said Method was invented some Years before,\nby the said Mr. ~Newton~, and generally apply\u2019d._ And then he goes on\nto give some Account of the Method; what it performs in the Circle,\n_&c._ what Mr. _Gregory_ had done in that kind, _who intended to publish\nsomewhat in ~Latin~ about it, but would not anticipate Mr. ~Newton~, the\nfirst Inventor thereof_; with much more of this Nature. The Design, I\nfind, of that indefatigable Promoter of Mathematicks, Mr. _Collins_, was\nto acquaint Mr. _Townley_, in his Letter, with what had been done; and to\nget the Assistance of that ingenious Gentleman, towards the compleating a\nBody of _Algebra_.\n\n[o] I do not mention here the _perpetual Motion_, which hath exercis\u2019d\nthe mechanical Wits for many Ages; because it is a Thing impossible, if\nnot a Contradiction: As the before-commended Dr. _Clarke_ asserts in\n_Rohaul. Phys._ p. 133.\n\n[p] _~Grew~\u2019s Cosmol. Sacr. l. 1. c. 5. \u00a7. 25._\n\n[q] _Nemo igitur vir magnus sine aliquo afflatu divino unquam fuit._ Cic.\nde Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 66.\n\n[r] _\u00c6gypt_, and some of the _eastern_ Nations, are celebrated for their\nSkill in polite Literature: both in Scripture and profane story: _Job_\nwas of those Parts; so were the \u03a3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u1f76 and \u039c\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9, the _Brachmans_ and\n_Gymnosophists_. _Moses_ and _Daniel_ had their Education in these Parts:\nAnd _Pythagoras_, _Democritus_, and others, travell\u2019d into these Parts\nfor the Sake of their Learning.\n\n[s] As we are not to _accuse_ any _falsly_; so far be it from me to\ndetract from so great a Man as _Monsieur Cartes_ was: Whose Principles,\nalthough many have perverted to atheistical Purposes, and whose Notions\nhave, some of them, but an ill Aspect; yet I am unwilling to believe\nhe was an Atheist; since in his _Principia Philosiphi\u00e6_, and other\nof his Works, he vindicates himself from this Charge; and frequently\nshews seemingly a great Respect for Religion: Besides, That many of\nhis suspicious Opinions are capable of a favourable Interpretation,\nwhich will make them appear in a better Form: Thus when he discardeth\n_final Causes_ from his Philosophy, it is not a Denial of them; but only\nexcluding the Consideration of them, for the Sake of free philosophising;\nit being the Business of a Divine, rather than a Philosopher, to treat of\nthem.\n\n[t] For Ages of _Learning_ and _Ignorance_, we may compare the present,\nand some of the Ages before the Reformation. The last Century, and the\nfew Years of this, have had the Happiness to be able to vie with any Age\nfor the Number of learned Men of all Professions, and the Improvement\nmade in all Arts and Sciences; too many, and too well known to need a\nSpecification.\n\nBut for Ignorance, we may take the ninth Age, and so down to the\nReformation; even as low as Queen _Elizabeth_, although Learning\nbegan to flourish; yet we may guess how Matters stood, even among the\nClergy, by her 53 _Injunct._ N\u1d52. 1559, _Such as are but mean Readers,\nshall peruse over before, once or twice, the Chapters and Homilies, to\nthe Intent they may read to the better Understanding of the People,\nthe more Encouragement of Godliness._ Spar. Collect. p. 82. But this\nis nothing, in comparison to the Ages before, when the Monk said,\n_Gr\u00e6cum non est legi_; or as _Espenc\u00e6us_ more elegantly hath it,\n_Grac\u00e8 n\u00f4sse suspectum, Hebraic\u00e8 prope H\u00e6reticum_. Which Suspicion,\n(said the learned _Hakewill_,) _Rhemigius_ surely was not guilty of,\nin commenting upon _diffamatus_, 1 _Thes._ i. 8. who saith, that St.\n_Paul_ somewhat improperly put that for _divulgatus_, not being aware\nthat St. _Paul_ wrote in _Greek_, and not in _Latin_. Nay, so great was\ntheir Ignorance, not only of _Greek_, but of _Latin_ too, that a Priest\nbaptiz\u2019d _in nomine Patria, & Filia, & Spiritua sancta_. Another suing\nhis Parishioners for not paving his Church, prov\u2019d it from _Jer._ xvii.\n18. _Paveant illi, non paveam ego_. Some Divines in _Erasmus_\u2019s Time,\nundertook to prove Hereticks ought to be burnt, because the Apostle said,\n_H\u00e6reticum devita_. Two Fryars disputing about a Plurality of Worlds, one\nprov\u2019d it from _Annon decem sunt facti mundi?_ The other reply\u2019d, _Sed\nubi sunt novem?_ And notwithstanding their Service was read in _Latin_,\nyet so little was that understood, that an old Priest in _Hen._ VIII.\nread _Mumpsimus Domine_, for _Sumpsimus_: And being admonish\u2019d of it,\nhe said, he had done so for thirty Years, and would not leave his old\n_Mumpsimus_ for their new _Sumpsimus_. Vid. _Hakew. Apol._ L. 3. c. 7.\n_Sect. 2._\n\n[u] _There is (it seems) in Wits and Arts, as in all Things beside, a\nkind of circular Progress: They have their Birth, their Growth, their\nFlourishing, their Failing, their Fading; and within a while after,\ntheir Resurrection, and Reflourishing again. The Arts flourished for a\nlong Time among the ~Persians~, the ~Chald\u00e6ans~, the ~\u00c6gyptians~.\u2014\u2014But\nafterwards the ~Grecians~ got the start of them, ~and are now become as\nbarbarous themselves, as formerly they esteemed all besides themselves\nto be~._ About the Birth of _Christ_, Learning began to flourish in\n_Italy_, and spread all over _Christendom_; till the _Goths_, _Huns_, and\n_Vandals_ ransacked the Libraries, and defaced almost all the Monuments\nof Antiquity: so that the Lamp of Learning seemed to be put out for near\nthe Space of 1000 Years, till the first _Mansor_, king of _Africa_ and\n_Spain_, raised up, and spurred forward the _Arabian_ Wits, by great\nRewards and Encouragement. Afterwards _Petrarch_ opened such Libraries as\nwere undemolished. He was seconded by _Boccace_, and _John_ of _Ravenna_,\nand soon after by _Aretine_, _Philelphus_, _Valla_, &c. And those were\nfollowed by _\u00c6neas Sylvius_, _Angelus Politianus_, _Hermolaus Barbarus_,\n_Marsilius Ficinus_, and _Joh. Picus_, of _Mirandula_. These were backed\nby _Rud. Agricola_, _Reucline_, _Melancthon_, _Joach. Camerarius_,\n_Wolphlazius_, _Beat. Rhenanus_, Almaines; By _Erasmus_ of _Rotterdam_;\n_Vives_ a _Spaniard_; _Bembus_, _Sadoletus_, _Eugubinus_, Italians:\n_Turnebus_, _Muretus_, _Ramus_, _Pith\u00e6us_, _Bud\u00e6us_, _Amiot_, _Scaliger_,\nFrenchmen; Sir _Tho. More_ and _Linaker_, Englishmen. And about this\nTime, even those Northern Nations yielded their great Men; _Denmark_\nyielded _Olaus Magnus_, _Holster_, _Tycho Brahe_, and _Hemingius_; and\n_Poland_, _Hosius_, _Frixius_, and _Crumerus_. But to name the Worthies\nthat followed these, down to the present Time, would be endless, and next\nto impossible. See therefore _Hakewill_\u2019s _Apolog._ L. 3. c. 6. \u00a7. 2.\n\n[w] Dr. _Gilbert_, the most learned and accurate Writer on the _Magnet_,\nshews, that its _Attractive_ Virtue was known as early as _Plato_ and\n_Aristotle_: but its _Direction_ was a Discovery of later Ages. He saith,\n_Superiori \u00e6vo 300 aut 400 labentibus annis, Motus Magneticus in Boream\n& Austrum repertus, aut ab hominibus rursus recognitus fuit._ De Mag.\nL. 1. c. 1. But who the happy Inventer of this lucky Discovery was,\nis not known. There is some, not inconsiderable, Reason, to think our\nfamous Country-man, _Rog. Bacon_, either discovered, or at least knew\nof it. But for its Use in Navigation, Dr. _Gilbert_ saith, _in regno\nNeapolitano Melphitani omnium primi (ut\u00ec ferunt) pyxidem instruebant\nnauticam.\u2014\u2014edocti \u00e0 cive quodam Jol. Goia_ A. D. 1300. ibid. If the\nReader hath a mind to see the Arguments for the Invention, being as old\nas _Solomon_\u2019s or _Plautus_\u2019s Time, or of much younger Date, he may\nconsult _Hakewill._ ib. c. 10. \u00a7. 4. or _Purchas Pilgr._ L. 1. c. 1. \u00a7. 1.\n\nAs to the Magnetick Variation, Dr. _Gilbert_ attributes the Discovery\nof it to _Sebastian Cabott_. And the Inclination, or Dipping of the\nNeedle, was the Discovery of our ingenious _Rob. Norman_. And lastly, The\nVariation of the Variation was first found out by the ingenious Mr. _H.\nGellibrand_. Astr. Prof. of _Gresham-Col._ about 1634. _Vid._ _Gellibr.\nDisc. Math. on the Variat. of the Mag. Need. and its Variat._ Anno 1635.\n\nBut since that, the before commended Dr. _Halley_, having formerly, in\n_Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52. 148, and 195, given a probable Hypothesis of the\nVariation of the Compass, did in the Year 1700, undertake a long and\nhazardous Voyage, as far as the Ice near the South Pole, in order to\nexamine his said Hypothesis, and to make a System of the Magnetical\nVariations: Which being soon after published, has been since abundantly\nconfirmed by the _French_, as may be seen in several of the late _Memoirs\nde Physique & de Mathematique_, publish\u2019d by the French _Academie des\nSciences_.\n\nTo these Discoveries, I hope the Reader will excuse me, if I add one of\nmy own, which I deduced some Years ago, from some magnetical Experiments\nand Observations I made; which Discovery I also acquainted our Royal\nSociety with some time since, _viz._ That as the common, horizontal\nNeedle is continually varying up and down, towards the E. and W. so\nis the Dipping-Needle varying up and down, towards or fromwards the\nZenith, with its Magnetick Tendency, describing a Circle round the Pole\nof the World, as I conceive, or some other Point. So that if we could\nprocure a Needle so nicely made, as to point exactly according to its\nMagnetick Direction, it would, in some certain Number of Years, describe\na Circle, of about 13 _gr._ Radius round the Magnetick Poles Northerly\nand Southerly. This I have for several Years suspected, and have had\nsome Reason for it too, which I mentioned three or four Years ago at a\nMeeting of our Royal Society, but I have not yet been so happy to procure\na tolerable good Dipping-Needle, or other proper one to my Mind, to bring\nthe Thing to sufficient Test of Experience; as in a short Time I hope to\ndo, having lately hit upon a Contrivance that may do the Thing.\n\n[x] It is uncertain who was the Inventer of the Art of _Printing_, every\nHistorian ascribing the Honour thereof to his own City or Country.\nAccordingly some ascribe the Invention of it to _John Guttenburg_, a\n_Knight_ of _Argentine_, about 1440, and say, that _Faustus_ was only\nhis Assistant. _Bertius_ ascribes it to _Laurence John_, of _Harlem_,\nand saith, _Fust_ or _Faust_, stole from him both his Art and Tools.\nAnd to name no more, some attribute it to _John Fust_ or _Faust_, and\n_Peter Schoeffer_ (called by _Fust_ in some of his _Imprimaturs_, _Pet.\nde Gerneshem puer meus_.) But there is now to be seen at _Haerlem_, a\nBook or two printed by _Lau. Kofter_, before any of these, _viz._ in\n1430, and 1432. (_See Mr. ~Ellis~\u2019s Letter to Dr. ~Tyson~_, in _Phil.\nTrans._ N\u1d52. 286.) But be the first Inventer who it will, there is however\ngreat Reason to believe, the Art receiv\u2019d great improvements from\n_Faust_ and his Son-in-Law _Schoeffer_, the latter being the Inventer of\nmetalline Types, which were cut in Wood before, first in whole Blocks,\nand afterwards in single Types or Letters. See my learned Friend Mr.\n_Wanley_\u2019s Observations, in _Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52. 288, and 310.\n\n[y] Concerning the Antiquity and Invention of _Clocks_ and _Clock Work_,\nI refer the Reader to a little Book, called _the Artificial Clock-maker_,\nchap. 6. Where there is some Account of the Ancients Inventions in\nClock-Work, as _Archimedes_\u2019s _Sphere_, _Cresibius_\u2019s _Clock_, _&c._\n\n[z] The Invention of _Telescopes_, _Hieron. Syrturus_ gives this\nAccount of, _Prodiit_ Anno 1609, _Seu Genius, seu alter vir adhuc\nincognitus, Hollandi specie, qui Middelburgi in Zelandi\u00e2 convenit Job.\nLippersein\u2014\u2014Jussit perspicilla plura tam cava quam convexa, confeci.\nCondicto die rediit, absolutum opus cupiens, atque ut statim habuit\npr\u00e6 manibus, bina suscipiens, cavum scil. & convexum, unum & alterum\noculo admovebat, & sensim dimovebat sive ut punctum concurs\u00fbs, sive ut\nartificis opus probaret, postea abiit. Artifex, ingenii minim\u00e8 expers, &\nnovitatis curiosus c\u0153pit idem facere & imitari, ~&c.~_ Vid. Mus. Worm. L.\n4. c. 7.\n\n[aa] Among the curious Inventions of the Ancients _Archytas_\u2019s _Dove_\nwas much famed; of which _Aul. Gellius_ gives this Account: _Scripserunt\nSimulachrum Columb\u00e6 \u00e8 ligno ab Archyt\u00e2 ratione qu\u00e2dam disciplin\u00e2que\nmechanic\u00e2 factum, vol\u00e2sse: Ita erat scilicet libramentis suspensum, &\naur\u00e2 spirit\u00fbs inclus\u00e2 atque occult\u00e2 concitum._ Noct. Attic. L. 10. c. 12.\nThe same eminent _Pythagor\u00e6an_ Philosopher (as _Favorinus_ in _Gellius_\ncalls him) is by _Horace_ accounted a noble Geometrician too, _Te maris\n& terr\u00e6, numeroque carentis aren\u00e6 Mensorum Archyta._ Among the rest of\nhis Inventions, _Children\u2019s Rattles_ are ascribed to him. _Aristotle_\ncalls them \u1f08\u03c1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u1f74, _Polit._ 8. i.e. _Archytas_\u2019s _Rattle_. And\n_Diogenianus_ the Grammarian, gives the Reason of his Invention, \u1f08\u03c1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\n\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, &c. _That ~Archytas\u2019s Rattle~ was to quiet Children; for\nhe having Children, contrived the Rattle, which he gave them to prevent\ntheir [tumbling, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9] other Things about the House._\n\nTo these Contrivances of _Archytas_, we may add _Regiomontanus\u2019s Wooden\nEagle, which flew forth of the City aloft in the Air, met the Emperor a\ngood Way off, coming towards it, and having saluted him, return\u2019d again,\nwaiting on him to the City Gates_. Also his _Iron-fly_, which at a Feast\n_flew forth off his Hands, and taking a Round, returned thither again_.\nVid. Hakewill ub. supr. c. 10. \u00a7. 1.\n\nAs to other Inventions of the Ancients, such as of Letters, Brick and\nTiles, and building Houses, with the Saw, Rule, and Plumber, the Lath,\nAugre, Glue, _&c._ also the making Brass, Gold, and other Metals; the\nuse of Shields, Swords, Bows and Arrows, Boots, and other Instruments of\nWar; the Pipe, Harp, and other Musical Instruments; the building of Ships\nand Navigation, and many other Things besides; the Inventors of these\n(as reported by ancient Heathen Authors) may be plentifully met with in\n_Plin. Nat. Hist._, L. 7. c. 56.\n\nBut in this Account of _Pliny_, we may observe whence the Ancients (even\nthe _Romans_ themselves in some measure) had their Accounts of these\nMatters, _viz._ from the fabulous _Greeks_, who were fond of ascribing\nevery Thing to themselves. _The Truth is_ (saith the most learned Bishop\n_Stillingfleet_) _there is nothing in the World useful or beneficial\nto Mankind, but they have made a shift to find the Author of it among\nthemselves. If we enquire after the Original of Agriculture, we are\ntold of ~Ceres~ and ~Triptolemus~; if of Pasturage, we are told of an\n~Arcadian Pan~; if of Wine, we presently hear of a ~Liber Pater~; if\nof iron Instruments, then who but ~Vulcan~? if of Musick, none like to\n~Apollo~. If we press them then with the History of other Nations, they\nare as well provided here; if we enquire an Account of ~Europe~, ~Asia~,\nor ~Libya~; for the first we are told a fine Story of ~Cadmus~\u2019s Sister;\nfor the second of ~Prometheus~\u2019s Mother of that Name; and for the third\nof a Daughter of ~Epaphus~._ And so the learned Author goes on with other\nparticular Nations, which they boasted themselves to be the Founders of.\n_Only the grave ~Athenians~ thought Scorn to have any Father assigned\nthem, their only Ambition was to be accounted ~Aborigines & genuini\nTerr\u00e6~._ But the Ignorance and Vanity of the _Greek_ History, that\nlearned Author hath sufficiently refuted. _Vid._ _Stilling. Orig. Sacr._\nPart. 1. B. 1. c. 4.\n\n[bb] Whether _Printing_ was invented in 1440, as many imagine, or was\nsooner practised, in 1430, or 1432, as Mr. _Ellis_\u2019s Account of the\n_Dutch_ Inscription in _Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 286. doth import; it is however\nmanifest, how great an Influence (as it was natural) this Invention had\nin the promoting of Learning soon afterwards, mentioned before in _Note\n(x)._ After which followed the Reformation about the Year 1517.\n\n[cc] The _Chinese_ being much addicted to Judicial Astrology, are great\nObservers of the Heavens, and the Appearances in them. For which Purpose\nthey have an _Observatory_ at _Pekin_, and five Mathematicians appointed\nto watch every Night; four towards the four Quarters of the World, and\none towards the Zenith, that nothing may escape their Observation.\nWhich Observations are the next Morning brought to an Office to be\nregistred. But notwithstanding this their Diligence for many Ages, and\nthat the Emperor hath kept in his Service above 100 Persons to regulate\nthe Kalendar, yet are they such mean Astronomers, that they owe the\nRegulation of their Kalendar, the Exactness in calculating Eclipses,\n_&c._ to the _Europeans_; which renders the _European_ Mathematicians so\nacceptable to the Emperor, that Father _Verbiest_ and divers others, were\nnot only made Principals in the Observatory, but put into Places of great\nTrust in the Empire, and had the greatest Honours paid them at their\nDeaths. _Vid._ _La Comte Mem. of China._ Letter 2d. _&c._\n\n[dd] 1 Tim. iv. 14. 2 Tim. i. 6.\n\n[ee] Bishop _Patrick_ in loc.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. II.\n\n_Of Man\u2019s BODY, particularly its POSTURE._\n\n\nHaving thus, as briefly as well I could, surveyed the _Soul_, let us next\ntake a View of _Man\u2019s Body_. Now here we have such a Multiplicity of\nthe most exquisite Workmanship, and of the best Contrivance, that if we\nshould strictly survey the Body from Head to Foot, and search only into\nthe known Parts (and many more lie undiscovered) we should find too large\nand tedious a Task to be dispatched. I shall therefore have Time only to\ntake a transient and general Kind of View of this admirable Machine, and\nthat somewhat briefly too, being prevented by others, particularly two\nexcellent Authors of our own[a], who have done it on the same Account as\nmy self. And the\n\nI. Thing that presents itself to our View, is the _Erect Posture_[b] of\nMan\u2019s Body; which is far the most, if not the only commodious Posture for\na rational Creature, for him that hath Dominion over the other Creatures,\nfor one that can invent useful Things, and practise curious Arts. For\nwithout this erect Posture, he could not have readily turned himself to\nevery Business, and on every Occasion. His Hand[c] particularly could\nnot have been in so great a Readiness to execute the Commands of the\nWill, and Dictates of the Soul. His Eyes would have been the most prone,\nand incommodiously situated of all Animals; but by this Situation, he\ncan cast his Eyes upwards, downwards, and round about him; he hath a\nglorious Hemisphere of the Heavens[d], and an ample Horizon on Earth[e],\nto entertain his Eye.\n\nAnd as this Erection of Man\u2019s Body is the most compleat Posture for\nhim; so if we survey the Provision made for it, we find all done with\nmanifest Design, the utmost Art and Skill being employ\u2019d therein. To pass\nby the particular Conformation of many of the Parts, the Ligaments and\nFastnings to answer this Posture; as the Fastning, for Instance, of the\n_Pericardium_ to the _Diaphragm_, (which is peculiar to Man[f]; I say,\npassing by a deal of this Nature, manifesting this Posture to be an Act\nof Design,) let us stop a little at the curious Fabrick of the Bones,\nthose Pillars of the Body. And how artificially do we find them made,\nhow curiously plac\u2019d from the Head to Foot! The _Vertebr\u00e6_ of the Neck\nand Back-bone[g], made short and complanated, and firmly braced with\nMuscles and Tendons, for easy Incurvations of the Body; but withal for\ngreater Strength, to support the Body\u2019s own Weight, together with other\nadditional Weights it may have Occasion to bear. The _Thigh-bones_ and\nLegs long, and strong, and every Way well fitted for the Motion of the\nBody. The _Feet_ accommodated with a great Number of Bones, curiously\nand firmly tack\u2019d together, to which must be added the Ministry of the\nMuscles[h], to answer all the Motions of the Legs and Thighs, and at the\nsame Time to keep the Body upright, and prevent its falling, by readily\nassisting against every Vacillation thereof, and with easy and ready\nTouches keeping the _Line of Innixion_, and _Center of Gravity_ in due\nPlace and Posture[i].\n\nAnd as the Bones are admirably adapted to prop; so all the Parts of the\nBody are as incomparably plac\u2019d to poise it. Not one Side too heavy for\nthe other; but all in nice \u00c6quipoise: The Shoulders, Arms, and Side\n\u00e6quilibrated on one Part; on the other Part the _Viscera_ of the Belly\ncounterpois\u2019d with the Weight of the scapular Part, and that useful\nCushion of Flesh behind.\n\nAnd lastly, To all this we may add the wonderful Concurrence, and\nMinistry of the prodigious Number and Variety of Muscles, plac\u2019d\nthroughout the Body for this Service; that they should so readily answer\nto every Posture; and comply with every Motion thereof, without any\nprevious Thought or Reflex act, so that (as the excellent _Borelli_[k]\nsaith), \u201cIt is worthy of Admiration, that in so great a Variety of\nMotions, as running, leaping, and dancing, Nature\u2019s Laws of \u00c6quilibration\nshould always be observed; and when neglected, or wilfully transgressed,\nthat the Body must necessarily and immediately tumble down.\u201d\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Mr. ~Ray~ in his Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of Creation_,\nPart 2. and _Dr. ~Cockburn~\u2019s Essays on Faith_, Part 1. Essay 5.\n\n[b] _Ad hanc providentiam Natur\u00e6 tam diligentera ~[of which he had\nbeen before speaking]~ tamque solertem adjungi multa possunt, \u00e8 quibus\nintelligatur, quant\u00e6 res hominibus \u00e0 Deo, quamque eximi\u00e6 tribut\u00e6 sunt:\nqui prim\u00f9m eos humo excitaros, celsos & erectos constituit, ut Deorum\ncognitionem, c\u0153lum intuentes, capere possunt. Sunt enim \u00e8 terra homines\nnon ut incol\u00e6, atque habitatores, sed quasi spectatores superarum rerum,\natque c\u0153lestium, quarum spectaculum ad nullum aliud genus animantium\npertinet._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 56.\n\n[c] _Ut autem sapientissimum animalium est Homo, sic & Manus sunt organa\nsapienti animali convenientia. Non enim quia Manus habuit, propterea est\nsapientissimum, ut Anaxagoras dicebat; sed quia sapientissimum erat,\npropter hoc Manus habuit, ut rectissim\u00e8 censuit Aristoteles. Non enim\nManus ipse hominem artes docuerunt, sed Ratio. Manus autem ipsa sunt\nartium organa, ~&c.~_ Galen. de Us. Part. L. 1. c. 3. After which, in\nthe rest of this first Book, and part of the second, he considers the\nParticulars of the _Hand_, in order to enquire, as he saith, ch. 5. _Num\neam omnino Constitutionem habeas ~[manus]~ qu\u00e2 meliorem aliam habere non\npotuit._\n\nOf this Part, (and indeed of the other Parts of human Bodies) he gives\nso good an Account, that I confess I could not but admire the Skill\nof that ingenious and famed Heathen. For an Example, (because it is a\nlittle out of the Way,) I shall pitch upon his Account of the different\nLength of the Fingers, _L. 1. 2. 24._ The Reason of this Mechanism, he\nsaith, is, That the Tops of the Fingers may come to an Equality, _c\u00f9m\nmagnas aliquas moles in circuitu comprehendunt, & c\u00f9m in seipsis humidum\nvel parvum corpus continere conantur.\u2014\u2014Apparent ver\u00f2 in unam circuli\ncircumferentiam convenire Digiti quinque in actionibus hujusmodi maxim\u00e8\nquando exquisit\u00e8 sph\u00e6ricum corpus comprehendunt._ And this Evenness of\nthe Fingers Ends, in grasping sph\u00e6rical, and other round Bodies, he truly\nenough saith, makes the Hold the firmer. And it seems a noble and pious\nDesign he had in so strictly surveying the Parts of Man\u2019s Body, which\ntake in his own translated Words, _C\u00f9m multa namque esset apud veteres,\ntam Medicos, qu\u00e0m Philosophos de utilitate particularum dissensio (quidam\nenim corpora nostra nullius grati\u00e2 esse facta existimant, null\u00e2que omnino\narte; alii autem & alicujus grati\u00e2, & artificios\u00e8,\u2014\u2014) primum quidem tant\u00e6\nhujus dissensionis \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd invenire studui: deinde ver\u00f2 & unam aliquam\nuniversalem methodum constituere, qu\u00e2 singularum partium corporis, &\neorum qu\u00e6 illis accidunt utilitatem invenire possemus._ Ibid. cap. 8.\n\n[d]\n\n _Pronaque cum spectant animalia c\u00e6tera terram,_\n _Os Homini sublime dedit, c\u0153lumque tueri_\n _Jussit, & erectos ad sidera tollere vultus._\n\n Ovid. Metam. L. 1. car. 84.\n\n[e] If any should be so curious, to desire to know how far a Man\u2019s\nProspect reacheth, by Means of the Height of his Eye, supposing the Earth\nwas an uninterrupted Globe; the Method is a common Case of right-angled\nplain Triangles, where two Sides, and an opposite Angle are given: Thus\nin Fig. 4. _A H B_ is the Surface, or a great Circle of the terraqueous\nGlobe; _C_ the Center, _H C_ its Semidiameter, _E_ the _Height_ of the\nEye; and foreasmuch as _H E_ is a Tangent, therefore the Angle at _H_ is\na right Angle: So that there are given _H C_ 398,386 Miles, or 21034781\n_English_ Feet, (according to _Book II. Chap. 2. Note (a)_;) _C E_ the\nsame Length with the Height of the Eye, on the Mast of a Ship, or at only\na Man\u2019s Height, _&c._ added to it; and _E H C_ the opposite right Angle.\nBy which three Parts given, it is easy to find all the other Parts of\nthe Triangle. And first, the Angle at _C_, in order to find the Side _H\nE_, the Proportion is, As the Side _C E_, to the Angle at _H_; so the\nSide _H C_, to the Angle at _E_, which being substracted out of 90 _gr._\nthe Remainder is the Angle at _C_. And then, As the Angle at _E_, is to\nits opposite Side _H C_, or else as the Angle at _H_ is to its opposite\nSide _C E_; so the Angle at _C_, to its opposite Side _E H_, the visible\nHorizon. Or the Labour may be shortned, by adding together the Logarithm\nof the Sum of the two given Sides, and the Logarithm of their Difference;\nthe half of which two Logarithms, is the Logarithm of the Side requir\u2019d,\nnearly. For an Example, We will take the two Sides in Yards, by Reason\nscarce any Table of Logarithms will serve us farther. The Semidiameter of\nthe Earth is 7011594 Yards; the Height of the Eye is two Yards more, the\nSum of both Sides, is 14023190.\n\n Logar. of which Sum is, 7,1468468\n Logar. of two Yards (the Differ.) is, 0,3010300\n ---------\n Sum of both Logar. 7,4478768\n ---------\n The half Sum, 3,7239384\n\nis the Logar. of 5296 Yards = three Miles, which is the Length of the\nLine _E H_, or Distance the Eye can reach at six Feet Height.\n\nThis would be the Distance, on a perfect Globe, did the visual Rays come\nto the Eye in a strait Line; but by Means of the Refractions of the\nAtmosphere, distant Objects on the Horizon, appear higher than really\nthey are, and may be seen at a greater Distance, especially on the\nSea; which is a Matter of great Use, especially to discover at Sea the\nLand, Rocks, _&c._ and it is a great Act of the divine Providence, in\nthe Contrivance and Convenience of the Atmosphere, which by this Means\nenlargeth the visible Horizon, and is all one, as if the terraqueous\nGlobe was much larger than really it is. As to the Height of the Apparent\nabove the true Level, or how much distant Objects are rais\u2019d by the\nRefractions, the ingenious and accurate Gentlemen of the _French Academy\nRoyal_, have given us a Table in their _Measure of the Earth_, Art. 12.\n\n[f] See _Book VI. Chap. 5. Note (g)._\n\n[g] See _Book IV. Chap. 8. Note (c)._\n\n[h] The Mechanism of the Foot, would appear to be wonderful, if I should\ndescend to a Description of all its Parts; but that would be too long\nfor these Notes; therefore a brief Account, (most of which I owe to\nthe before-commended Mr. _Cheselden_,) may serve for a Sample: In the\nfirst Place, It is necessary the Foot should be concave, to enable us\nto stand firm, and that the Nerves and Blood-Vessels may be free from\nCompression when we stand or walk. In order hereunto, the long _Flexors_\nof the Toes cross one another at the Bottom of the Foot, in the Form of a\nSt. _Andrew_\u2019s Cross, to incline the lesser Toes towards the great One,\nand the great One towards the lesser. The _short Flexors_ are chiefly\nconcern\u2019d in drawing the Toes towards the Heel. The _transversalis Pedis_\ndraws the Outsides of the Foot towards each other; and by being inserted\ninto one of the _sesamoid_ Bones, of the great Toe, diverts the Power\nof the _abductor Muscle_, (falsly so call\u2019d,) and makes it become a\n_Flexor_. And lastly, the _peron\u00e6us Longus_ runs round the outer Ankle,\nand obliquely forwards cross the Bottom of the Foot, and at once helps\nto extend the _Tarsus_, to constrict the Foot, and to direct the Power\nof the other _Extensors_ towards the Ball of the great Toe: Hence the\nLoss of the _great Toe_, is more than of all the other Toes. See also Mr.\n_Cowper_\u2019s _Anat._ Tab. 28. _&c._\n\n[i] It is very well worth while to compare here what _Borelli_ saith, _de\nmotu Animal._ Par. 1. cap. 18. _De statione Animal._ Prop. 132, _&c._ To\nwhich I refer the Reader, it being too long to recite here.\n\n[k] Borel. ibid. Prop. 142.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. III.\n\n_Of the FIGURE and SHAPE of Man\u2019s BODY._\n\n\nThe Figure and Shape of Man\u2019s Body, is the most commodious that could\npossibly be invented for such an Animal; the most agreeable to his\nMotion, to his Labours, and all his Occasions. For had he been a rational\nReptile, he could not have moved from Place to Place fast enough for\nhis Business, nor indeed have done any almost. Had he been a rational\nQuadrupede, among other Things, he had lost the Benefit of his Hands,\nthose noble Instruments of the most useful Performances of the Body.\nHad he been made a Bird, besides many other great Incoveniencies, those\nbefore-mentioned of his Flying would have been some. In a word, any other\nShape of Body, but that which the All-wise Creator hath given Man, would\nhave been as incommodious, as any Posture but that of erect; it would\nhave rendered him more helpless, or have put it in his Power to have been\nmore pernicious, or deprived him of Ten thousand Benefits, or Pleasures,\nor Conveniences, which his present Figure capacitates him for.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. IV.\n\n_Of the STATURE and SIZE of Man\u2019s BODY._\n\n\nAs in the Figure, so in the Stature and Size of Man\u2019s Body, we have\nanother manifest Indication of excellent Design. Not too Pygmean[a],\nnor too Gigantick[b], either of which Sizes would in some particular\nor other, have been incommodious to Himself, or to his Business, or\nto the rest of his Fellow-Creatures. Too Pygmean would have rendered\nhim too puny a Lord of the Creation; too impotent and unfit to manage\nthe inferiour Creatures, would have exposed him to the Assaults of the\nweakest Animals, to the ravening Appetite of voracious Birds, and have\nput him in the Way, and endangered his being trodden in the Dirt by the\nlarger Animals. He would have been also too weak for his Business, unable\nto carry Burdens, and in a word, to transact the greater part of his\nLabours and Concerns.\n\nAnd on the other hand, had Man\u2019s Body been made too monstrously strong,\ntoo enormously Gigantick[c], it would have rendered him a dangerous\nTyrant in the World, too strong[d] in some Respects, even for his own\nKind, as well as the other Creatures. Locks and Doors might perhaps\nhave been made of sufficient Strength to have barricaded our Houses; and\nWalls, and Ramparts might perhaps have been made strong enough to have\nfenced our Cities. But these Things could not have been without a great\nand inconvenient Expence of Room, Materials, and such Necessaries, as\nsuch vast Structures and Uses would have occasioned; more perhaps than\nthe World could have afforded to all Ages and Places. But let us take the\nDescant of a good Naturalist and Physician on the Case[e]. \u201cHad Man been\na Dwarf (said he) he had scarce been a reasonable Creature. For he must\nthen have had a Jolt Head; so there would not have been Body and Blood\nenough to supply his Brain with Spirits; or he must have had a small\nHead, answerable to his Body, and so there would not have been Brain\nenough for his Business\u2014Or had the Species of Mankind been Gigantick, he\ncould not have been so commodiously supplied with Food. For there would\nnot have been Flesh enough of the best edible Beasts, to serve his Turn.\nAnd if Beasts had been made answerably bigger, there would not have been\nGrass enough.\u201d And so he goeth on. And a little after, \u201cThere would not\nhave been the same Use and Discovery of his Reason; in that he would have\ndone many Things by mere Strength, for which he is now put to invent\ninnumerable Engines\u2014. Neither could he have used an Horse, nor divers\nother Creatures. But being of a middle Bulk, he is fitted to manage and\nuse them all. For (saith he) no other cause can be aligned why a Man was\nnot made five or ten Times bigger, but his Relation to the rest of the\nUniverse.\u201d Thus far our curious Author.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] What is here urged about the Size of Man\u2019s Body, may answer one of\n_Lucretius_\u2019s Reasons why _Nil ex nihilo gignitur_. His Argument is\n\n _Denique cur Homines ramos natura parare_\n _Non potuit, pedibus qui pontum per vada possent_\n _Transire, & magnos manibus divellere monteis?_\n\n Lucret. _L. 1. Carm. 200._\n\n[b] _Haud facile fit ut quisquam & ingentes corporis vires, & ingenium\nsubtile habeat._ Diodor. Sic. L. 17.\n\n[c] Altho\u2019 we read of _Giants_ before _Noah_\u2019s Flood, _Gen._ vi. 4. and\nmore plainly afterwards in _Numb._ xiii. 33. Yet there is great Reason to\nthink the Size of Man was always the same from the Creation. For as to\nthe _Nephilim_ or _Giants_, in _Gen._ vi. the Ancients vary about them;\nsome taking them for great Atheists, and Monsters of Impiety, Rapine,\nTyranny, and all Wickedness, as well as of monstrous Stature, according\nas indeed the _Hebrew_ Signification allows.\n\nAnd as for the _Nephilim_ in _Numb._ xiii. which were evidently Men of\na Gigantick Size, it must be considered, that it is very probable, the\nFears and Discontentments of the Spies might add somewhat thereunto.\n\nBut be the Matter as it will, it is very manifest, that in both these\nPlaces, _Giants_ are spoken of as Rarities, and Wonders of the Age,\nnot of the common Stature. And such Instances we have had in all\nAges; excepting some fabulous Relations; such as I take to be that of\n_Theutobotchus_, who is said to have been dug up, _Anno_ 1613, and to\nhave been higher than the Trophies, and 26 Feet long; and no better I\nsuppose the Giants to have been, that _Ol. Magnus_ gives an Account\nof in his 5\u1d57\u02b0 Book, such as _Harthen_, and _Starchater_, among the\nMen; and among the Women, _reperta est_ (saith he) _puella\u2014\u2014in capite\nvulnerata, ac mortua, induta chlamyde purpure\u00e2, longitudinis cubitorum\n50, latitudinis inter humeros quatuor._ Ol. Mag. Hist. L. 5. c. 2.\n\nBut as for the more credible Relations of _Goliath_ (_whose height was 6\nCubits and a Span_, 1 Sam. xvii. 4. which according to the late curious\nand learned _Lord Bishop of ~Peterborough~_ is somewhat above 11 Feet\n_English_, _vid._ Bishop _Cumberland of Jewish Weights and Measures_) of\n_Maximinus_ the Emperor, who was 9 Feet high, and others in _Augustus_,\nand other Reigns, of about the same Height: To which we may add the\nDimensions of a _Skeleton_, dug up lately in the Place of a _Roman_ Camp\nnear St. _Albans_, by an Urn inscribed, _Marcus Antoninus_; of which an\nAccount is given by Mr. _Cheselden_, who judgeth by the Dimensions of the\nBones, that the Person was 8 Foot high, _vid._ _Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52. 333.\nThese antique Examples and Relations, I say, we can match, yea, out-do,\nwith modern Examples; of which we have divers in _J. Ludolph. Comment. in\nHist. \u00c6thiop._ L. 1. c. 2. \u00a7. 22. _Magus_, _Conringius_, Dr. _Hakewill_,\nand others. Which later relates from _Nannez_, of Porters and Archers\nbelonging to the Emperor of _China_, of 15 Feet high; and others from\n_Purchas_, of 10 and 12 Feet high, and more. See the learned Author\u2019s\n_Apolog._ p. 208.\n\nThese indeed exceed what I have seen in _England_; but in 1684, I my self\nmeasur\u2019d an _Irish_ Youth, said to be not 19 Years old, who was 7 Feet\nnear 8 Inches, and in 1697, a Woman who was 7 Feet 3 inches in Height.\n\nBut for the ordinary size of Mankind, in all Probability, it was always\n(as I said) the same, as may appear from the Monuments, Mummies, and\nother ancient Evidences to be seen at this Day. The most ancient Monument\nat this Day, I presume is that of _Cheops_, in the first and fairest\nPyramid of _\u00c6gypt_; which was, no doubt, made of Capacity every Way\nsufficient to hold the Body of so great a Person as was intended to be\nlaid up in it. But this we find by the nice Measures of our curious Mr.\n_Greaves_, hardly to exceed our common Coffins. _The hollow Part within_\n(saith he) _is in Length ~only~ 6,488 Feet, ~and~ in Breadth ~but~ 2,218\nFeet: The Depth 2,860 Feet. A narrow space, yet large enough to contain a\nmost potent and dreadful Monarch, being dead; to whom living, all ~\u00c6gypt~\nwas too streight and narrow a Circuit. By these Dimensions, and by such\nother Observations, as have been taken by me from several embalmed Bodies\nin ~\u00c6gypt~, we may conclude there is no decay in Nature (though the\nQuestion is as old as ~Homer~) but that the Men of this Age are of the\nsame Stature they were near 3000 Years ago_, vid. _Greaves_ of the Pyr.\nin 1638, in Ray\u2019s Collect. of _Trav._ Tom. 1. pag. 118.\n\nTo this more ancient, we may add others of a later Date. Of which take\nthese, among others, from the curious and learned _Hakewill_. The Tombs\nat _Pisa_, that are some thousand Years old, are not longer than ours; so\nis _Athelstane_\u2019s in _Malmesbury_-Church; so _Sehba_\u2019s in St. _Paul_\u2019s,\nof the Year 693; so _Etheldred_\u2019s, &c. Apol. 216, _&c._\n\nThe same Evidence we have also from the Armour, Shields, Vessels, and\nother Utensils dug up at this Day. The Brass Helmet dug up at _Metaurum_,\nwhich was not doubted to have been left there at the _Overthrow of\nAsdrubal_, will fit one of our Men at this Day.\n\nNay, besides all this, probably we have some more certain Evidence.\n_Augustus_ was 5 Foot 9 Inches high, which was the just Measure of our\nfamous Queen _Elizabeth_, who exceeded his Height 2 Inches, if proper\nAllowance be made for the Difference between the _Roman_ and our Foot.\n_Vid._ _Hakew. ib. p. 215._\n\n[d] To the Stature of Men in the foregoing Note, we may add some Remarks\nabout their unusual _Strength_. That of _Sampson_ (who is not said to\nhave exceeded other Men in Stature as he did in Strength) is well known.\nSo of old, _Hector_, _Diomedes_, _Hercules_, and _Ajax_ are famed; and\nsince them many others; for which I shall seek no farther than the\nbefore commended _Hakewill_, who by his great and curious Learning, hath\noften most of the Examples that are to be met with on all his Subjects\nhe undertakes. Of the After-Ages he names _C. Marius_, _Maximinus_,\n_Aurelian_, _Scanderberge_, _Bardesin_, _Tamerlane_, _Siska_, and\n_Hunniades_. Anno 1529, _Klunher_, Provost of the great Church at\n_Misnia_, carry\u2019d a Pipe of Wine out of the Cellar, and laid it in the\nCart. _Mayolus_ saw one hold a Marble Pillar in his Hand 3 Foot long, and\n1 Foot diameter, which he toss\u2019d up in the Air, and catched again, as if\nit were a Ball. Another of _Mantua_, and a little Man, named _Rodamas_,\ncould break a Cable, _&c._ _Ernando Burg_, fetched up Stairs an Ass laden\nwith Wood, and threw both into the Fire. At _Constantinople_, _Anno\n1582_, one lifted a Piece of Wood, that twelve Men could scarce raise:\nthen lying along, he bare a Stone that ten Men could but just roll to\nhim. _G._ of _Fronsberge_, Baron _Mindlehaim_, could raise a Man off his\nSeat, with only his middle Finger; stop an Horse in his full Career; and\nshove a Cannon out of its Place. _Cardan_ saw a Man dance with two Men in\nhis Arms, two on his Shoulders, and one on his Neck. _Patacoua_, Captain\nof the _Cossacks_, could tear an Horse-Shoe (and if I mistake not, the\nsame is reported of the present King _Augustus_ of _Poland_.) A Gigantick\nWoman of the _Netherlands_ could lift a Barrel of _Hamburgh_ Beer. Mr.\n_Carew_ had a Tenant that could carry a But\u2019s Length, 6 Bushel of Wheaten\nMeal (of 15 Gallon Measure) with the Lubber, the Miller of 24 Years of\nAge, on the top of it. And _J. Roman_ of the same County, could carry the\nCarcass of an Ox. Vid. _Hakewill_, ib. p. 238.\n\n_Viros aliquot moderna memoria tam \u00e0 mineralibus, qu\u00e0m aliis Seuthia\n& Gothia provinciis adducere congruis, tant\u00e2 fortitudine pr\u00e6ditos, ut\nquisque eorum in humeros sublevatum Equum, vel Bovem maximum, im\u00f2 vas\nferri 600, 800, aut 1000 librarum (quale & alique Puell\u00e6 levare possunt)\nad plura stadia portaret._ Ol. Mag. ubi supr.\n\n[e] Grew\u2019s _Cosmol. Sacr._ B. 1. ch. 5. \u00a7. 25.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. V.\n\n_Of the STRUCTURE of the PARTS of Man\u2019s Body._\n\n\nHaving thus taken a View of the Posture, Shape, and Size of Man\u2019s Body,\nlet us in this Chapter survey the Structure of its Parts. But here we\nhave so large a Prospect, that it would be endless to proceed upon\nParticulars. It must suffice therefore to take Notice, in general only,\nhow artificially every Part of our Body is made. No Botch, no Blunder,\nno unnecessary _Apparatus_ (or in other Words) no Signs of Chance[a];\nbut every Thing curious, orderly, and performed in the shortest and best\nMethod, and adapted to the most compendious Use. What one Part is there\nthroughout the whole Body, but what is composed of the fittest Matter\nfor that Part; made of the most proper Strength and Texture; shaped\nin the compleatest Form; and in a word, accouter\u2019d with every Thing\nnecessary for its Motion, Office, Nourishment, Guard, and what not!\nWhat so commodious a Structure and Texture could have been given to the\nBones, for Instance, to make them firm and strong, and withal light, as\nthat which every Bone in the Body hath? Who could have shaped them so\nnicely to every Use, and adapted them to every Part, made them of such\njust Lengths, given them such due Sizes and Shapes, chanelled, hollowed,\nheaded, lubricated, and every other Thing ministring, in the best and\nmost compendious manner to their several Places and Uses? What a glorious\nCollection and Combination have we also of the most exquisite Workmanship\nand Contrivance in the Eye, in the Ear, in the Hand[b], in the Foot[c],\nin the Lungs, and other Parts already mention\u2019d? What an Abridgment of\nArt, what a Variety of Uses[d], hath Nature laid upon that one Member\nof the Tongue, the grand Instrument of Taste, the faithful Judge, the\nCentinel, the Watchman of all our Nourishment, the artful Modulator of\nour Voice, the necessary Servant of Mastication, Swallowing, Sucking, and\na great deal besides? But I must desist from proceeding upon Particulars,\nfinding I am fallen upon what I propos\u2019d to avoid.\n\nAnd therefore for a Close of this Chapter, I shall only add Part of a\nLetter I receiv\u2019d from the before-commended very curious and ingenious\nPhysician Dr. _Tancred Robinson_, _What_, (saith he,) _can possibly be\nbetter contriv\u2019d for animal Motion and Life, than the quick Circulation\nof the Blood and Fluids, which run out of Sight in capillary Vessels, and\nvery minute Ducts, without Impediment, (except in some Diseases,) being\nall directed to their peculiar Glands and Chanels, for the different\nSecretion, sensible and insensible; whereof the last is far the greatest\nin Quantity and Effects, as to Health and Sickness, acute Distempers\nfrequently arising from a Diminution of Transpiration, through the\ncutaneous Chimneys, and some chronical Ones from an Augmentation: Whereas\nObstructions in the Liver, Pancreas, and other Glands, may only cause a\nSchirrus, a Jaundice, an Ague, a Dropsy, or other slow Diseases. So an\nIncrease of that Secretion may accompany the general Colliquations, as\nin Fluxes, hectick Sweats and Coughs, Diabetes, and other Consumptions.\nWhat a mighty Contrivance is there to preserve these due Secretions from\nthe Blood, (on which Life so much depends,) by frequent Attritions, and\nCommunications of the Fluids in their Passage through the Heart, the\nLungs, and the whole System of the Muscles? What M\u00e6anders and Contortions\nof Vessels, in the Organs of Separation? And, What a Concourse of\nelastick Bodies from the Air, to supply the Springs, and continual\nMotions of some Parts, not only in Sleep, and Rest; but in long violent\nExercises of the Muscles? Whose Force drive the Fluids round in a\nwonderful rapid Circulation through the minutest Tubes, assisted by the\nconstant Pabulum of the Atmosphere, and their own elastick Fibres, which\nimpress that Velocity on the Fluids._\n\n_Now I have mention\u2019d some Uses of the Air, in carrying on several\nFunctions in animal Bodies; I may add the Share it hath in all the\nDigestions of the solid and fluid Parts. For when this System of Air\ncomes, by divine Permittance, to be corrupted with poysonous, acrimonious\nSteams, either from the Earth, from Merchandise, or infected Bodies,\nWhat Havock is made in all the Operations of living Creatures? The Parts\ngangrene, and mortify under Carbuncles, and other Tokens: Indeed, the\nwhole animal Oeconomy is ruin\u2019d; of such Importance is the Air to all the\nparts of it._ Thus my learned Friend.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] It is manifestly an Argument of Design, that in the Bodies of\ndifferent Animals, there is an Agreement of the Parts, so far as the\nOccasions and Offices agree, but a difference of those, where there is a\ndifference of these. In an Human Body are many Parts agreeing with those\nof a Dog for Instance; but in his Forehead, Fingers, Hand, Instruments\nof Speech, and many other Parts, there are Muscles, and other Members\nwhich are not in a Dog. And so contrariwise in a Dog, which is not in a\nMan. If the Reader is minded to see what particular Muscles are in a Man,\nthat are not in a Dog; or in a Dog that are not in an Humane Body, let\nhim consult the curious and accurate Anatomist Dr. _Douglass_\u2019s _Myogr.\ncompar._\n\n[b] _Galen_ having described the Muscles, Tendons, and other Parts of\nthe Fingers, and their Motions, cries out, _Considera igitur etiam h\u00ecc\nmirabilem CREATORIS sapientiam!_ De Us. Part. L. 1. c. 18.\n\n[c] And not only in the Hand, but in his Account of the Foot (_L. 3._)\nhe frequently takes notice of what he calls _Artem, Providentiam &\nSapientiam Conditoris_. As Ch. 13. _An igitur non equum est h\u00ecc quoque\nadmirari Providentiam Conditoris, qui ad utrumque usum, eisi cert\u00e8\ncontrarium, exact\u00e8 convenientes & consentientes invicem fabricatus est\ntotius membri ~[tibi\u00e6]~ particulas?_ And at the end of the Chap. _Qu\u00f2d\nsi omnia qu\u00e6 ipsarum sunt partium mente immutaverimus, neque invenerimus\npositionem aliam meliorem e\u00e2 quam nunc sortita sunt, neque figuram, neque\nmagnitudinem, neque connexionem, neque (ut paucis omnia complectar)\naliud quidquam eorum, qu\u00e6 corporibus necessari\u00f2 insunt, perfectissimam\npronunciare oportet, & undique recte constitutam pr\u00e6sentem ejus\nconstructionem._ The like also concludes, Ch. 15.\n\n[d] _At enim Opisicis indistrii maximum est indicium (quemadmodum ant\u00e8\nsapenumer\u00f2 jam diximus) iis qu\u00e6 ad alium usum fuerunt comparata, ad alias\nquoque utilitates abuti, neque laborare ut singulis utilitatibus singulas\nfaciat proprius particulas._ Galen. ub. supr. L. 9. c. 5.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. VI.\n\n_Of the PLACING the PARTS of Man\u2019s Body._\n\n\nIn this Chapter, I propose to consider the Lodgment of the curious Parts\nof Man\u2019s Body, which is no less admirable than the Parts themselves, all\nset in the most convenient Places of the Body, to minister to their own\nseveral Uses and Purposes, and assist, and mutually to help one another.\nWhere could those faithful Watchmen the Eye, the Ear, the Tongue, be so\ncommodiously plac\u2019d, as in the upper Part of the Building? Where could\nwe throughout the Body find so proper a Part to lodge four of the five\nSenses, as in the Head[a], near the Brain[b], the common Sensory, a\nPlace well guarded, and of little other Use than to be a Seat to those\nSenses? And, How could we lodge the fifth Sense, that of _Touching_\notherwise[c], than to disperse it to all Parts of the Body? Where could\nwe plant the Hand[d], but just where it is, to be ready at every Turn,\non all Occasions of Help and Defence, of Motion, Action, and every of\nits useful Services? Where could we set the Legs and Feet, but where\nthey are, to bear up, and handsomely to carry about the Body? Where\ncould we lodge the Heart, to labour about the whole Mass of Blood, but\nin, or near the Center of the Body[e]? Where could we find Room for that\nnoble Engine to play freely in? Where could we so well guard it against\nexternal Harms, as it is in that very Place in which it is lodg\u2019d and\nsecur\u2019d? Where could we more commodiously Place, than in the Thorax and\nBelly, the useful _Viscera_ of those Parts, so as not to swag, and jog,\nand over-set the Body, and yet to minister so harmoniously, as they do,\nto all the several Uses of Concoction, Sanguification, the Separation of\nvarious Ferments from the Blood, for the great Uses of Nature, and to\nmake Discharges of what is useless, or would be burdensome or pernicious\nto the Body[f]? How could we plant the curious and great Variety of\nBones, and of Muscles, of all Sorts and Sizes, necessary, as I have said,\nto the Support, and every Motion of the Body? Where could we lodge all\nthe Arteries and Veins, to convey Nourishment; and the Nerves, Sensation\nthroughout the Body? Where, I say, could we lodge all these Implements\nof the Body, to perform their several Offices? How could we secure and\nguard them so well, as in the very Places, and in the self same Manner\nin which they are already plac\u2019d in the Body? And lastly, to name no\nmore, What Covering, what Fence could we find out for the whole Body,\nbetter than that of Nature\u2019s own providing, the Skin[g]? How could we\nshape it to, or brace it about every Part better, either for Convenience\nor Ornament? What better Texture could we give it, which although less\nobdurate and firm, than that of some other Animals; yet is so much the\nmore sensible of every touch, and more compliant with every Motion?\nAnd being easily defensible by the Power of Man\u2019s Reason and Art, is\ntherefore much the properest Tegument for a reasonable Creature.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Sensus, interpretes ac nuntii rerum, in capite, tanquam in arce,\nmirific\u00e8 ad usus necessarios & facti, & collocati sunt. Nam oculi tanquam\nspeculatores, altissimum locum obtinent; ex quo plurima conspicientes,\nfungantur suo munere. Et aures cum sonum recipere debeant, qui natur\u00e2 in\nsublime fertur; rect\u00e8 in illis corporum partibus collocata sunt._ Cic. de\nNat. Deor. L. 2. c. 56. ubi plura de c\u00e6teris Sensibus.\n\n[b] _Galen_ well observes, that the Nerves ministring to Motion, are hard\nand firm, to be less subject to Injury; but those ministring to Sense,\nare soft and tender; and that for this Reason it is, that four of the\nfive Senses are lodg\u2019d so near the Brain, _viz._ partly to partake of the\nBrain\u2019s Softness and Tenderness, and partly for the Sake of the strong\nGuard of the Skull. Vid. _Gal. de Us. Part._ L. 8. c. 5. 6.\n\n[c] See _Book IV. Chap. 6. Note (c)._\n\n[d] _Qu\u00e0m ver\u00f2 aptas, quamque multarum artium ministras Manus natura\nhomini dedit?_ The Particulars of which, enumerated by him, see in _Cic.\nubi supr._ c. 60.\n\n[e] See _Book VI. Chap. 5._\n\n[f] _Ut in \u00e6dificiis Architecti avertunt ab oculis & naribus dominorum\nea, qu\u00e6 profluentia necessari\u00f2 tetri essent aliquid habitura; sic natura\nres similes (scil. excrementa) procul amandavit \u00e0 sensibus._ Cicer. de\nNat. Deor. L. 2. c. 56.\n\n[g] Compare here _Galen_\u2019s Observations _de Us. Part._ L. 11. c. 15. Also\n_L. 2. c. 6._ See also _Cowper. Anat._ where in Tab. 4. are very elegant\nCuts of the Skin in divers Parts of the Body, drawn from microscopical\nViews; as also of the _papill\u00e6 Pyramidales_, the _sudoriferous Glands_\nand Vessels, the _Hairs_, &c.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. VII.\n\n_Of the PROVISION in Man\u2019s Body against EVILS._\n\n\nHaving taking a transient View of the Structure, and Lodgment of the\nParts of human Bodies; let us next consider the admirable Provision that\nis made throughout Man\u2019s Body, to stave off Evils, and to discharge[a]\nthem when befallen. For the Prevention of Evils, we may take the\nInstances already given, of the Situation of those faithful Sentinels,\nthe Eye, the Ear, and Tongue, in the superiour Part of the Body, the\nbetter to descry Dangers at a Distance, and to call out presently for\nHelp. And how well situated is the Hand to be a sure and ready Guard to\nthe Body, as well as the faithful Performer of most of its Services?\nThe Brain, the Nerves, the Arteries, the Heart[b], the Lungs; and in a\nWord, all the principal Parts, how well are they barricaded, either with\nstrong Bones, or deep Lodgments in the Flesh, or some such the wisest,\nand fittest Method, most agreeable to the Office and Action of the Part?\nBesides which, for greater Precaution, and a farther Security, what an\nincomparable Provision hath the infinite Contriver of Man\u2019s Body made for\nthe Loss of, or any Defect in some of the Parts we can least spare, by\ndoubling them? By giving us two Eyes, two Ears, two Hands, two Kidneys,\ntwo Lobes of the Lungs, Pairs of the Nerves, and many Ramifications of\nthe Arteries and Veins in the fleshy Parts, that there may not be a\nDefect of Nourishment of the Parts, in Cases of Amputation, or Wounds, or\nRuptures of any of the Vessels.\n\nAnd as Man\u2019s Body is admirably contriv\u2019d, and made to prevent Evils; so\nno less Art and Caution hath been us\u2019d to get rid of them, when they do\nhappen. When by any Misfortune, Wounds or Hurts do befal; or when by\nour own wicked Fooleries and Vices, we pull down Diseases and Mischiefs\nupon our selves, what Emunctories[c], what admirable Passages[d], are\ndispers\u2019d throughout the Body; what incomparable Methods doth Nature\ntake[e]; what vigorous Efforts is she enabled to make, to discharge the\npeccant Humours, to correct the morbifick Matter; and in a Word, to set\nall Things right again? But here we had best take the Advice of a learned\nPhysician in the Case: \u201cThe Body, (saith he,) is so contriv\u2019d, as to be\nwell enough secur\u2019d against the Mutations in the Air, and the lesser\nErrors we daily run upon; did we not in the Excesses of Eating, Drinking,\nThinking, Loving, Hating, or some other Folly, let in the Enemy, or lay\nviolent Hands upon our selves. Nor is the Body fitted only to prevent;\nbut also to cure, or mitigate Diseases, when by these Follies brought\nupon us. In most Wounds, if kept clean, and from the Air,\u2014\u2014the Flesh\nwill glew together, with its own native Balm. Broken Bones are cemented\nwith the _Callus_, which themselves help to make\u201d. And so he goes on\nwith ample Instances in this Matter, too many to be here specify\u2019d[f].\nAmong which he instanceth in the Distempers of our Bodies, shewing that\neven many of them are highly serviceable to the Discharge of malignant\nHumours, and preventing greater Evils.\n\nAnd no less kind than admirable is this Contrivance of Man\u2019s Body,\nthat even its Distempers should many Times be its Cure[g]; that when\nthe Enemy lies lurking within to destroy us, there should be such a\nReluctancy, and all Nature excited with its utmost Vigour to expel him\nthence. To which Purpose, even Pain it self is of great and excellent\nUse, not only in giving us Notice of the Presence of the Enemy, but\nby exciting us to use our utmost Diligence and Skill to root out so\ntroublesome and destructive a Companion.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] One of Nature\u2019s most constant Methods here, is by the _Glands_, and\nthe _Secretions_ made by them; the Particulars of which being too long\nfor these Notes, I shall refer to the modern Anatomists, who have written\non these Subjects; and indeed, who are the only Men that have done it\ntolerably: Particularly, our learned Drs. _Cockburn_, _Keil_, _Morland_,\nand others at Home and Abroad: An Abridgment of whose Opinions and\nObservations, for the Reader\u2019s Ease, may be met with in Dr. _Harris_\u2019s\n_Lex. Tech._ Vol. 2. under the Words _Glands_, and _Animal Secretion_.\n\n[b] In Man, and most other Animals, the Heart hath the Guard of Bones;\nbut in the _Lamprey_, which hath no Bones, (no not so much as a\nBack-bone,) _the Heart is very strangely secur\u2019d, and lies immur\u2019d, or\ncapsulated in a Cartilage, or grisly Substance, which includes the Heart,\nand its Auricle, as the Skull\u2014\u2014doth the Brain in other Animals_. _Powers_\nMicros. Obser. 22.\n\n[c] _Here ~[from the Pustules he observ\u2019d in Monomotapa]~ were Grounds\nto admire the Contrivance of our Blood, which on some Occasions, so\nsoon as any Thing destructive to the Constitution of it, comes into it,\nimmediately by an intestine Commotion, endeavoureth to thrust it forth,\nand is not only freed from the new Guest; but sometimes what likewise\nmay have lain lurking therein\u2014\u2014for a great while. And from hence it\ncomes to pass, that most Part of Medicines, when duly administred, are\nnot only sent out of the body themselves; but likewise great Quantities\nof morbifick Matter: As in Salivation_, &c. Dr. _Sloane_\u2019s Voy. to\n_Jamaica_, p. 25.\n\n[d] _Valsalva_ discover\u2019d some Passages into the Region of the\n_Ear-drum_, of mighty Use, (among others,) to make Discharges of Bruises,\nImposthumes, or any purulent, or morbifick Matter from the Brain, and\nParts of the Head. Of which he gives two Examples: One, a Person, who\nfrom a Blow on his Head, had dismal Pains therein, grew Speechless, and\nlay under an absolute Suppression and Decay of his Strength; but found\ncertain Relief, whenever he had a Flux of Blood, or purulent Matter out\nof his Ear; which after his Death _Valsalva_ discover\u2019d, was through\nthose Passages.\n\nThe other was an _apoplectical Case_, wherein he found a large Quantity\nof extravasated Blood, making Way from the Ventricles of the Brain,\nthrough those same Passages. _Valsal. de Aure hum._ c. 2. \u00a7. 14. and c.\n5. \u00a7. 8.\n\n[e] _Hippocrates Lib. de Alimentis_, takes notice of the Sagacity of\nNature, in finding out Methods and Passages for the discharging Things\noffensive to the Body, of which the late learned and ingenious Bishop\nof _Clogher_, in _Ireland_, (_Boyle_,) gave this remarkable Instance,\nto my very curious and ingenious Neighbour and Friend, _D\u2019Acre Barret_,\nEsq; _viz._ That in the Plague Year, a Gentleman at the University, had\na large Plague Sore gather\u2019d under his Arm, which, when they expected\nit would have broken, discharg\u2019d it self by a more than ordinary large\nand f\u0153tid Stool; the Sore having no other Vent for it, and immediately\nbecoming sound and well thereon.\n\nLike to which, is the Story of _Jos. Lazonius_, of a Soldier of thirty\nfive Years of Age, who had a Swelling in his right Hip, accompany\u2019d with\ngreat Pain, _&c._ By the Use of emollient Medicines, having ripen\u2019d the\nSore, the Surgeon intended the next Day to have open\u2019d it; but about\nMidnight, the Patient having great Provocations to stool, disburthen\u2019d\nhimself three Times; immediately upon which, both the Tumor and Pain\nceas\u2019d, and thereby disappointed the Surgeon\u2019s Intentions. _Ephem.\nGerm._ Anno 1690. Obs. 49. More such Instances we find of Mr. _Tonges_\nin _Philos. Transact._ N\u1d52. 323. But indeed there are so many Examples\nof this Nature in our _Phil. Trans._ in the _Ephem. German. Tho.\nBartholine_, _Rhodius_, _Sennertus_, _Hildanus_, &c. that it would be\nendless to recount them. Some have swallow\u2019d Knives, Bodkins, Needles\nand Pins, Bullets, Pebbles, and twenty other such Things as could not\nfind a Passage the ordinary Way, but have met with an _Exit_ through the\nBladder, or some other Way of Nature\u2019s own providing. But passing over\nmany Particulars, I shall only give one instance more, because it may\nbe a good Caution to some Persons, that these Papers may probably fall\ninto the Hands of; and that is, The Danger of swallowing _Plum-stones_,\n_Prune-stones_, &c. Sir _Francis Butler_\u2019s Lady had many _Prune-stones_\nthat made Way through an Abscess near her Navel. _Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52.\n165. where are other such like Examples. More also may be found in N\u1d52.\n282, 304, _&c._ And at this Day, a young Man, living not far off me,\nlaboureth under very troublesome and dangerous Symptoms, from the Stones\nof _Sloes_ and _Bullace_, which he swallow\u2019d eight or ten Years ago.\n\n[f] _~Grew~\u2019s Cosmol._ \u00a7. 28. 29.\n\n[g] _Nor are Diseases themselves useless: For the Blood in a Fever,\nif well govern\u2019d, like Wine upon the Fret, dischargeth it self of all\nheterogeneous Mixtures; and Nature, the Disease, and Remedies, clean all\nthe Rooms of the House; whereby that which threatens Death, tends, in\nConclusion, to the prolonging of Life._ Grew ubi supr. \u00a7. 52.\n\nAnd as Diseases minister sometimes to Health; so to other good Uses in\nthe Body, such as quickning the Senses: Of which take these Instances\nrelating to the Hearing and Sight.\n\n_A very ingenious Physician falling into an odd Kind of Fever, had his\nSense of Hearing thereby made so very nice and tender, that he very\nplainly heard soft Whispers, that were made at a considerable Distance\noff, and which were not in the least perceiv\u2019d by the Bystanders, nor\nwould have been by him before his Sickness._\n\n_A Gentleman of eminent Parts and Note, during a Distemper he had in his\nEyes, had his Organs of Sight brought to be so tender, that both his\nFriends, and himself have assur\u2019d me, that when he wak\u2019d in the Night, he\ncould for a while plainly see and distinguish Colours, as well as other\nObjects, discernible by the Eye, as was more than once try\u2019d._ Boyl.\ndeter. nat. of Effluv. ch. 4.\n\n_~Daniel Fraser~\u2014\u2014continu\u2019d Deaf and Dumb from his Birth, till the 17\u1d57\u02b0\nYear of his Age\u2014\u2014After his Recovery from a Fever, he perceiv\u2019d a Motion\nin his Brain, which was very uneasy to him; and afterwards he began to\nhear, and in Process of Time, to understand Speech, ~&c.~_ Vid. Philos.\nTrans. N\u1d52. 312.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. VIII.\n\n_Of the ~Consent~ between the PARTS of Man\u2019s Body._\n\n\nIt is an admirable Provision the merciful Creator hath made for the Good\nof Man\u2019s Body, by the Consent and Harmony between the Parts thereof: Of\nwhich let us take St. _Paul_\u2019s Description, in 1 _Cor._ xii. 8. _But\nnow hath God set the Members, every one of them in the Body, as it hath\npleas\u2019d him._ And (\u2123. 21) _The Eye cannot say unto the Hand, I have no\nneed of thee: Nor again, the Head to the Feet, I have no need of you._\nBut such is the Consent of all the Parts, or as the Apostle wordeth it,\n_God hath so temper\u2019d the Body together, that the Members should have the\nsame Care one for another_, \u2123. 25. So that _whether one Member suffer,\nall the Members suffer with it; or one Member be honoured_, (or affected\nwith any Good,) _all the Members rejoyce_, [and sympathize] _with it_, \u2123.\n26.\n\nThis mutual Accord, Consent and Sympathy of the Members, there is no\nReason to doubt[a], is made by the Commerce of the Nerves[b], and their\nartificial Positions, and curious Ramifications throughout the whole\nBody, which is admirable and incomparable, and might deserve a Place in\nthis Survey, as greatly, and manifestly setting forth the Wisdom and\nBenignity of the great Creator; but that to give a Description thereof\nfrom the Origin of the Nerves, in the _Brain_, the _Cerebellum_ and\n_Spine_, and so through every Part of the Body, would be tedious, and\nintrench too much upon the Anatomist\u2019s Province: And therefore one\nInstance shall suffice for a Sample of the Whole; and that shall be,\n(what was promis\u2019d before[c]), the great Sympathy occasion\u2019d by the\n_fifth Pair_ of Nerves; which I chuse to instance in, rather than the\n_Par vagum_, or any other of the Nerves; because although we may have\nless variety of noble Contrivance and Art, than in that Pair; yet we\nshall find enough for our Purpose, and which may be dispatch\u2019d in fewer\nWords. Now this _fifth Conjugation_ of _Nerves_, is branch\u2019d to the Ball,\nthe Muscles, and Glands of the Eye; to the Ear; to the Jaws, the Gums,\nand Teeth; to the Muscles of the Lips[d]; to the Tonsils, the Palate,\nthe Tongue, and the Parts of the Mouth; to the _Pr\u00e6cordia_ also, in some\nMeasure, by inosculating with one of its Nerves; and lastly, to the\nMuscles of the Face, particularly the Cheeks, whose sanguiferous Vessels\nit twists about.\n\nFrom hence it comes to pass, that there is a great Consent and\nSympathy[e] between these Parts; so that a gustable Thing seen or smelt,\nexcites the Appetite, and affects the Glands and Parts of the Mouth;\nthat a Thing seen or heard, that is shameful, affects the Cheeks with\nmodest Blushes; but on the contrary, if it pleases and tickles the\nFancy, that it affects the _Pr\u00e6cordia_, and Muscles of the Mouth and\nFace with Laughter; but a Thing causing Sadness and Melancholy, doth\naccordingly exert it self upon the _Pr\u00e6cordia_, and demonstrate it self\nby causing the Glands of the Eyes to emit Tears[f], and the Muscles\nof the Face to put on the sorrowful Aspect of Crying. Hence also that\ntorvous sour Look produc\u2019d by Anger and Hatred: And that gay and pleasing\nCountenance accompanying Love and Hope. And in short, it is by Means of\nthis Communication of the Nerves, that whatever affects the Soul, is\ndemonstrated, (whether we will or no,) by a consentaneous Disposition\nof the _Pr\u00e6cordia_ within, and a suitable Configuration of the Muscles\nand Parts of the Face without. And an admirable Contrivance of the\ngreat GOD of _Nature_ this is; That as a Face is given to Man, and as\n_Pliny_ saith[g], to Man alone of all Creatures; so it should be, (as\nhe observes,) _the Index of Sorrow and Chearfulness, of Compassion and\nSeverity. In its ascending Part is the Brow, and therein a Part of the\nMind too. Therewith we deny, therewith we consent. With this it is we\nshew our Pride, which hath its Source in another Place; but here its\nSeat: In the Heart it hath its Birth; but here it abides and dwells; and\nthat because it could find no other Part throughout the Body higher, or\nmore craggy[h], where it might reside alone._\n\nThus I have dispatch\u2019d what I shall remark concerning the Soul and Body\nof Man. There are divers other Things, which well deserve a Place in\nthis Survey; and these that I have taken Notice of, deserv\u2019d to have\nbeen enlarg\u2019d upon: But what hath been said, may suffice for a Taste and\nSample of this admirable Piece of God\u2019s Handy-work; at least serve as a\nSupplement to what others have said before me. For which Reason I have\nendeavour\u2019d to say as little wittingly as I could, of what they have\ntaken Notice of, except where the Thread of my Discourse laid a Necessity\nupon me.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] See _Book 4. Chap. 8._\n\n[b] _Tria proposita ipsi Natur\u00e6 in Nervorum distributione fuerunt. 1.\nUt sensoriis instrumentis Sensum impertiret. 2. Ut motoriis Motum.\n3. Ut omnibus aliis [partibus] daret, ut qu\u00e6 si dolorem adferrent,\ndignoscerent._ And afterwards, _Si quis in dissectionibus spectavit,\nconsideravitque just\u00e9ne, an secus Natura Nervos non e\u00e2dem mensur\u00e2 omnibus\npartibus distribuerit, sed aliis quidem liberali\u00f9s, aliis ver\u00f2 parci\u00f9s,\neadem cum Hippocrate, velit nolit, de Natur\u00e2 omnino pronunciabit, quod ea\nscilicet sagax, justa, artificiosa, animaliumque provida est._ Galen. de\nUs. Part. L. 5. c. 9.\n\n[c] _Book 4. Chap. 5._\n\n[d] Dr. _Willis_ gives the Reason, _cur mutua Amasiorum oscula labiis\nimpressa, tum pr\u00e6cordia, tum genitalia afficiendo, amorem ac libidinem\ntam facil\u00e8 irritant_, to be from the Consent of those Parts, by the\nBranches of this fifth Pair. _Nerv. Deser. c. 22._\n\nAnd Dr. _Sachs_ judges it to be from the Consent of the _Labia Oris cum\nLabiis Uteri_, that in _April 1669_, a certain breeding Lady, being\naffrighted with seeing one that had scabby Lips, which they told her were\noccasion\u2019d by a pestilential Fever, had such like Pustules brake out in\nthe _Labia Uteri_. Ephem. Germ. T. 1. Obs. 20.\n\n[e] Consult _Willis ubi supr\u00e0_.\n\n[f] Tears serve not only to moisten the Eye, to clean and brighten the\n_Cornea_, and to express our Grief; but also to alleviate it, according\nto that of _Ulysses_ to _Andromache_, in _Seneca_\u2019s _Troas_, \u2123. 762.\n\n _Tempus moramque dabimus, arbitrio tuo_\n _Implere lacrymis: Fletus \u00e6rumnas levat._\n\n[g] _Plin._ Nat. Hist. L. 11. c. 37.\n\n[h] _Nihil altius simul abruptiusque invenit._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. IX.\n\n_Of the Variety of Mens FACES, VOICES, and HAND-WRITING._\n\n\nHere I would have put an End to my Observations relating to Man; but\nthat there are three Things so expressly declaring the Divine Management\nand Concurrence, that I shall just mention them, although taken Notice\nof more amply by others; and that is, The great Variety throughout the\nWorld of Mens Faces[a], Voices[b], and Hand-writing. Had Man\u2019s Body been\nmade according to any of the atheistical Schemes, or any other Method\nthan that of the infinite Lord of the World, this wise Variety would\nnever have been: But Mens Faces would have been cast in the same, or\nnot a very different Mould, their Organs of Speech would have sounded\nthe same, or not so great a Variety of Notes; and the same Structure\nof Muscles and Nerves, would have given the Hand the same Direction\nin Writing. And in this Case, what Confusion, what Disturbance, what\nMischiefs would the World eternally have lain under? No Security\ncould have been to our Persons; no Certainty, no Enjoyment of our\nPossessions[c]; no Justice between Man and Man; no Distinction between\nGood and Bad, between Friends and Foes, between Father and Child, Husband\nand Wife, Male or Female; but all would have been turn\u2019d topsey-turvey,\nby being expos\u2019d to the Malice of the Envious and Ill-natur\u2019d, to the\nFraud and Violence of Knaves and Robbers, to the Forgeries of the\ncrafty Cheat, to the Lusts of the Effeminate and Debauch\u2019d, and what\nnot! Our Courts of Justice[d], can abundantly testify the dire Effects\nof mistaking Men\u2019s Faces, of counterfeiting their Hands, and forging\nWritings. But now, as the infinitely wise Creator and Ruler hath order\u2019d\nthe Matter, every Man\u2019s Face can distinguish him in the Light, and his\nVoice in the Dark; his Hand-writing can speak for him though absent,\nand be his Witness, and secure his Contracts in future Generations. A\nmanifest, as well as admirable Indication of the divine Super-intendence\nand Management[e].\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] If the Reader hath a Mind to see Examples of Men\u2019s Likeness, he may\nconsult _Valer. Maximus_, (L. 9. c. 14.) concerning the Likeness of\n_Pompey_ the Great, and _Vibius_ and _Publicius Libertinus_; as also\nof _Pompey_ the Father, who got the Name of _Coquus_, he being like\n_Menogenes_ the Cook; with divers others.\n\n[b] As the Difference of Tone makes a Difference between every Man\u2019s\nVoice, of the same Country, yea, Family; so a different Dialect and\nPronunciation, differs Persons of divers Countries; yea, Persons of one\nand the same Country, speaking the same Language: Thus in _Greece_,\nthere were the _Ionick_, _Dorick_, _Attick_, and _\u00c6olick_ Dialects.\nSo in _Great-Britain_, besides the grand Diversity of _English_, and\n_Scotch_, the different Counties vary very much in their Pronunciation,\nAccent and Tone, although all one and the same Language. And the Way\nof the _Gileadites_ proving the _Ephraimites_, Judg. xii. 6. by the\nPronunciation of _Shibboleth_, with a _Schin_, or _Sibboleth_ with a\n_Samech_, is well known. So _\u00e0 Lapide_ saith, the _Flemings_ prove\nwhether a Man be a _Frenchman_ or not, by bidding him pronounce, _Act en\ntachtentich_; which they pronounce, _Acht en tactentic_, by Reason they\ncan\u2019t pronounce the Aspirate _h_.\n\n[c] _Regi Antiocho unus ex \u00e6qualibus\u2014\u2014nomine Artemon, perquam similis\nfuisse traditur. Quem Laodice, uxor Antiochi, interfecto viro,\ndissimulandi sceleris grati\u00e2, in lectulo perinde quasi ipsum Regem\n\u00e6grum collocavit. Admissumq; universum populum, & sermone ejus & vultu\nconsimili fefellit: credideruntque homines ab Antiocho moriente Laodicen\n& natos ejus sibi commendari._ Valer. Max. ib.\n\n[d] _Quid Trebellius Calca! qu\u00e0m asseveranter se Clodium tulit! & quidem\ndum de bonis ejus contendit, in centumvirale judicium ade\u00f2 favorabilis\ndescendit, ut vix justis & \u00e6quis sententiis consternatio populi ullum\nrelinqueret locum. In ill\u00e2 tamen qu\u00e6stione neque calumni\u00e6 petitoris,\nneque violenti\u00e6 plebis judicantium religio cessit._ Val. Max. ib. c. 15.\n\n[e] To the foregoing Instances of divine Management, with relation to\nthe political State of Man, I shall add another Thing, that I confess\nhath always seem\u2019d to me somewhat odd, but very providential; and that\nis, the Value that Mankind, at least the civiliz\u2019d Part of them, have\nin all Ages put upon Gems, and the purer finer Metals, Gold and Silver;\nso as to think them equivalent unto, and exchange them for Things of\nthe greatest Use for Food, Cloathing, and all other Necessaries and\nConveniences of Life. Whereas those Things themselves are of very little,\nif any Use in Physick, Food, Building or Cloathing, otherwise than for\nOrnament, or to minister to Luxury; as _Suetonius_ tells us of _Nero_,\nwho fish\u2019d with a Net gilt with Gold, and shod his Mules with Silver;\nbut his Wife _Popp\u00e6a_, shod her Horses with Gold. _Vit. Ner._ c. 30.\nPlin. N. H. L. 33. c. 11. So the same _Suetonius_ tells us, _Jul. C\u00e6sar_\nlay in a Bed of Gold, and rode in a silver Chariot. But _Heliogabalus_\nrode in one of Gold, and had his Close-stool Pans of the same Metal. And\n_Pliny_ saith, _Vasa Coquinaria ex argento Calvus Orator fieri queritur._\n_Ibid._ Neither are those precious Things of greater Use to the making of\nVessels, and Utensils, (unless some little Niceties and Curiosities,) by\nMeans of their Beauty, Imperdibility, and Ductility. Of which last, the\ngreat Mr. _Boyle_ hath among others, there two Instances, in his _Essay\nabout are Subtilty of Effluviums_. Chap. 2. _Silver, whose Ductility,\nand Tractility, are very much inferior to those of Gold, was, by my\nprocuring, drawn out to so slender a Wire, that\u2014\u2014a single Grain of it\namounted to twenty seven Feet._ As to Gold, he demonstrates it possible\nto extend an Ounce thereof, to reach to 777600 Feet, or 155 Miles and an\nhalf, yea, to an incredibly greater Length.\n\nAnd as to Gems, the very Stories that are told of their prodigious\nVirtues, are an Argument, that they have very little, or none more than\nother hard Stones. That a _Diamond_ should discover whether a Woman be\ntrue or false to her Husband\u2019s Bed; cause Love between Man and Wife;\nsecure against Witchcraft, Plague and Poisons; that the _Ruby_ should\ndispose to Cheerfulness, cause pleasant Dreams, change its Colour against\na Misfortune befalling, _&c._ that the _Sapphire_ should grow foul, and\nlose its Beauty, when worn by one that is Leacherous; that the _Emerald_\nshould fly to pieces, if it touch the Skin of any unchaste Person in the\nAct of Uncleanness: That the _Chrysolite_ should lose its Colour, if\nPoyson be on the Table, and recover it again when the Poyson is off: And\nto name no more, that the _Turcoise_, (and the same is said of a gold\nRing,) should strike the Hour when hung over a drinking Glass, and much\nmore the same Purpose: All these, and many other such fabulous Stories, I\nsay, of Gems, are no great Arguments, that their Virtue is equivalent to\ntheir Value. Of these, and other Virtues, consult _Worm_ in his _Museum_,\nL. 1. \u00a7. 2. c. 17, _&c._\n\nBut as to _Gems_ changing their Colour, there may be somewhat of Truth in\nthat, particularly in the _Turcoise_ last mention\u2019d. Mr. _Boyle_ observ\u2019d\nthe Spots in a _Turcoise_, to shift their Place from one Part to another,\nby gentle Degrees. So did the Cloud in an _Agate_-handle of a Knife.\nA _Diamond_ he wore on his Finger, he observ\u2019d to be more illustrious\nat some Times than others: Which a curious Lady told him she had also\nobserv\u2019d in hers. So likewise a rich _Ruby_ did the same. _Boyle_ of\n_Absol. Rest in Bodies_.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. X.\n\n_The ~Conclusion~ of the ~Survey~ of MAN._\n\n\nAnd now having taken a View of _Man_, and finding every Part of him,\nevery Thing relating to him contriv\u2019d, and made in the very best Manner;\nhis Body fitted up with the utmost Foresight, Art and Care; and this\nBody, (to the great Honour, Privilege, and Benefit of Man,) possess\u2019d\nby a divine Part, the _Soul_, a Substance made as \u2019twere on Purpose to\ncontemplate the Works of God, and glorify the great Creator; and since\nthis Soul can discern, think, reason, and speak; What can we conclude\nupon the whole Matter, but that we lie under all the Obligations of Duty\nand Gratitude, to be thankful and obedient to, and to set forth the\nGlories of our great Creator, and noble Benefactor? And what ungrateful\nWretches are we, how much worse than the poor Irrationals, if we do not\nemploy the utmost Power of our Tongue, and all our Members, and all the\nFaculties of our Souls in the Praises of God! But above all, should we,\nwho have the Benefit of those glorious Acts and Contrivances of the\nCreator, be such wicked, such base, such worse than brutal Fools, to deny\nthe Creator[a], in some of his noblest Works? Should we so abuse our\nReason, yea, our very Senses; should we be so besotted by the Devil, and\nblinded by our Lusts, as to attribute one of the best contriv\u2019d Pieces of\nWorkmanship to blind Chance, or unguided Matter and Motion, or any other\nsuch sottish, wretched, atheistical Stuff; which we never saw, nor ever\nheard made any one Being[b] in any Age since the Creation? No, No! But\nlike wise and unprejudic\u2019d Men, let us with _David_ say, _Psalm_ cxxxix.\n14. (with which I conclude,) _I will praise thee, for I am fearfully\nand wonderfully made; marvellous are thy Works, and that my Soul knoweth\nright well._\n\nHaving thus made what (considering the Copiousness and Excellence of\nthe Subject,) may be called a very brief Survey of _Man_, and seen\nsuch admirable Marks of the divine Design and Art; let us next take\na transient View of the other inferiour Creatures; and begin with\nQUADRUPEDS.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] It was a pious, as well as just Conclusion, the ingenious _Laurence\nBellini_ makes of his _Opusculum de Motu Cordis_, in these Words: _De\nMotu Cordis isth\u00e6c. Qu\u00e6 equidem omnia, si \u00e0 rudi intelligenti\u00e2 Hominis\ntantum consilii, tantum ratiocinii, tantum periti\u00e6 mille rerum, tantum\nscientiarum exigunt, ad hoc, ut inveniantur, seu ad hoc, ut percipiantur\npostquam facta sunt; illum, cujus oper\u00e2, fabrefacta sunt h\u00e6c singula,\ntam vani erimus atque inanes, ut existimemus esse consilii impotem,\nrationis expertem, imperitum, aut ignarum omnium rerum? Quantum ad me\nattinet, nolim esse Rationis compos, si tantum insudandum mihi esset\nad consequendam intelligentiam earum rerum, quas fabrefaceret nescio\nqu\u00e6 Vis, qu\u00e6 nihil intelligeret eorum qu\u00e6 fabrefaceret; mihi etenim\nviderer esse vile quiddam, atque ridiculum, qui vellem totam \u00e6tatem meam,\nsanitatem, & quicquid humanum est deterere, nihil curare quicquid est\njucunditatum, quicquid latitiarum, quicquid commodorum; non divitias,\nnon dignitates; non p\u0153nas etiam, & vitam, ipsam, ut gloriari possem\npostremo invenisse unum, aut alterum, & fortasse me invenisse quidem\nex iis innumeris, qu\u00e6 produxisset, nescio quis ille, qui sine labore,\nsine cur\u00e2, nihil cogitans, nihil cognoscens, non unam aut alteram rem,\nneque dubi\u00e8, sed cert\u00f2 produxisset innumeras innumerabilitates rerum in\nhoc tam immenso spatio corporum, ex quibus totus Mundus compingitur.\nAb Deum immortalem! Video pr\u00e6sens numen tuum in hisce tam prodigiosis\nGenerationis initiis, & in altissim\u00e2 eorum contemplatione defixus, nescio\nquo \u0153stro admirationis conciter, & quasi divin\u00e8 furens cohiberi me minim\u00e8\npossum quin exclamem._\n\n_Magnus Dominus! Magnus Fabricator Hominum Deus! Magnus atque\nAdmirabilis! Conditor rerum Deus qu\u00e0m Magnus es!_ Bellin. de Mot. Cord.\nfin.\n\n[b] _Hoc ~[_i.e._ mundum effici ornatissimum, & pulcherrimum ex\nconcursione fortuita]~ qui existimat fieri potuisse, non intelligo\ncur non idem putet, si innumerabiles unius, & viginti form\u00e6 literarum,\nvel aure\u00e6, vel qualeslibet, aliquo conficiantur, posse ex his in terram\nexcussis annales Ennii ut deinceps legi possint, effici, ~&c.~\u2014\u2014Quod si\nMundum efficere potest concursus Atomorum, cur porticum, cur templum,\ncur domum, cur urbem non potest? Qu\u00e6 sunt minus operosa, & multo quidem\nfaciliora._ Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 37.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK VI.\n\n_A ~Survey~ of QUADRUPEDS._\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. I.\n\n_Of their Prone ~Posture~._\n\n\nIn taking a View of this Part of the Animal World, so far as the\nStructure of their Bodies is conformable to that of Man, I shall pass\nthem by, and only take notice of some Peculiarities in them, which\nare plain Indications of Design, and the Divine Super-intendence and\nManagement. And, 1. The most visible apparent Variation is the _Prone\nPosture of their Body_: Concerning which, I shall take notice only of two\nThings, the Parts ministring thereto, and the Use and Benefit thereof.\n\nI. As for the Parts, \u2019tis observable, that in all these Creatures, the\n_Legs_ are made exactly conformable to this Posture, as those in Man are\nto his erect Posture: And what is farther observable also, is, that the\nLegs and Feet are always admirably suited to the Motion and Exercises of\neach Animal: In some they are made for Strength only, to support a vast,\nunwieldy Body[a]; in others they are made for Agility and Swiftness[b],\nin some they are made for only Walking and Running, in others for that,\nand Swimming too[c]; in others for Walking and Digging[d]; and in others\nfor Walking and Flying[e]: In some they are made more lax and weak, for\nthe plainer Lands; in others rigid, stiff, and less flexible[f], for\ntraversing the Ice, and dangerous Precipices of the high Mountains[g];\nin some they are shod with tough and hard Hoofs, some whole, some cleft;\nin others with only a callous Skin. In which latter, \u2019tis observable that\nthe Feet are composed of Toes, some short for bare-going; some long to\nsupply the Place of a Hand[h]; some armed with long and strong Talons,\nto catch, hold, and tear the Prey; some fenced only with short Nails, to\nconfirm the Steps in Running and Walking.\n\nII. As the Posture of Man\u2019s Body is the fittest for a rational Animal, so\nis the Prone Posture of _Quadrupeds_ the most useful and beneficial to\nthemselves, as also most serviceable to Man. For they are hereby better\nmade for their gathering their Food, to pursue their Prey, to leap, to\nclimb, to swim, to guard themselves against their Enemies, and in a word,\nto do whatever may be of principal Use to themselves; as also they are\nhereby rendered more useful and serviceable to Man, for carrying his\nBurdens, for tilling his Ground, yea, even for his Sports and Diversions.\n\nAnd now I might here add a Survey of the excellent Contrivances of\nthe Parts ministring to this Posture of the four-footed Animals, the\nadmirable Structure of the Bones[i], the Joints and Muscles; their\nvarious Sizes and Strength; their commodious Lodgment and Situation, the\nnice \u00c6quipoise of the Body, with a great deal more to the same purpose.\nBut I should be tedious to insist minutely upon such Particulars, and\nbesides, I have given a Touch upon these Kinds of Things, when I spake of\nMan.\n\nPassing by therefore many Things of this Kind, that might deserve Remark,\nI shall only consider some of the Parts of _Quadrupeds_, differing from\nwhat is found in Man[k], and which are manifest Works of Design.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] The Elephant being a Creature of prodigious Weight, the largest of\nall Animals; _Pliny_ saith, hath its Legs accordingly made of an immense\nStrength, like Pillars, rather than Legs.\n\n[b] Deer, Hares, and other Creatures, remarkable for Swiftness, have\ntheir Legs accordingly slender, but withal strong, and every way adapted\nto their Swiftness.\n\n[c] Thus the Feet of the _Otter_ are made, the Toes being all conjoined\nwith Membranes, as the Feet of Geese and Ducks are. And in Swimming, it\nis observable, that when the Foot goes forward in the Water, the Toes are\nclose; but when backward, they are spread out, whereby they more forcibly\nstrike the Water, and drive themselves forward. The same may be observed\nalso in Ducks and Geese, _&c._\n\nOf the _Castor_ or _Beaver_, the _French_ Academists say, _The Structure\nof the Feet was very extraordinary, and sufficiently demonstrated, that\nNature hath designed this Animal to live in the Water, as well as upon\nLand. For although it had four Feet, like Terrestrial Animals, yet the\nhindmost seemed more proper to swim than walk with, the Five Toes of\nwhich they were compos\u2019d, being joined together like those of a Goose by\na Membrane, which serves this Animal to swim with. But the fore ones were\nmade otherwise; for there was no Membrane which held those Toes joined\ntogether: And this was requisite for the Conveniency of this Animal,\nwhich useth them as Hands like a Squirrel, when he eats._ Memoirs for a\nNat. Hist. of Animals, _pag. 84._\n\n[d] The _Mole_\u2019s Feet are a remarkable Instance.\n\n[e] The Wings of the _Bat_ are a prodigious Deviation from Nature\u2019s\nordinary Way. So \u2019tis in the _Virginian Squirrel_, whose Skin is extended\nbetween the Fore-Legs and its Body.\n\n[f] Of the Legs of the _Elk_, the _French_ Academists say, _Although\nsome Authors report, that there are ~Elks~ in ~Moscovia~, whose Legs are\njointless; there is great Probability, that this Opinion is founded on\nwhat is reported of those ~Elks~ of ~Muscovia~, as well as of ~C\u00e6sar~\u2019s\n~Alce~, and ~Pliny~\u2019s ~Machlis~, that they have Legs so stiff and\ninflexible, that they do run on Ice without slipping; which is a Way that\nis reported that they have to save themselves from the Wolves, ~&c.~_\nibid. p. 108.\n\n[g] The common tame _Goat_ (whose Habitation is generally on Mountains\nand Rocks, and who delighteth to walk on the tops of Pales, Houses, _&c._\nand to take great and seemingly dangerous Leaps) I have observ\u2019d, hath\nthe Joints of the Legs very stiff and strong, the Hoof hollow underneath,\nand its Edges sharp. The like, I doubt not, is to be found the _Wild\nGoat_, considering what Dr. _Scheuchzer_ hath said of its climbing the\nmost dangerous Craggs of the _Alps_, and the Manner of their hunting it.\n_Vid._ _Iter. Alpin._ 3. p. 9.\n\n[h] Thus in _Apes_ and _Monkeys_, in the _Beaver_ before, and divers\nothers.\n\n[i] It is a singular Provision Nature hath made for the Strength of the\n_Lion_, if that be true, which _Galen_ saith is reported of its Bones\nbeing not hollow (as in other Animals) but solid: Which Report he thus\nfar confirms, that most of the Bones are so; and that those in the Legs,\nand some other Parts, have only a small and obscure Cavity in them.\n_Vid._ _Galen. de Us. Part._ L. 11. c. 18.\n\n[k] _These Sorts of Differences in the Mechanism of Animals, upon the\nScore of the Position of their Bodies, occur so often, that it would be\nno mean Service to Anatomy\u2014\u2014if any one would give us a History of those\nVariations of the Parts of Animals, which spring from the different\nPostures of their Bodies._ Drake Anat. V. 1. B. 1. c. 17.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. II.\n\n_Of the HEADS of QUADRUPEDS._\n\n\nIt is remarkable, that in Man, the Head is of one singular Form; in the\nfour-footed Race, as various as their Species. In some square and large,\nsuitable to their slow Motion, Food, and Abode; in others less, slender,\nand sharp, agreeable to their swifter Motion, or to make their Way to\ntheir Food[a], or Habitation under Ground[b]. But passing by a great many\nObservations that might be made of this Kind, I shall stop a little at\nthe Brain, as the most considerable Part of this part of the Body, being\nthe great Instrument of Life and Motion in _Quadrupeds_, as \u2019tis in Man\nof that, as also in all Probability the chief Seat of his immortal Soul.\nAnd accordingly it is a remarkable Difference, that in Man the Brain is\nlarge, affording Substance and Room for so noble a Guest; whereas in\n_Quadrupeds_, it is but small. And another Thing no less remarkable,\nis the Situation of the _Cerebrum_ and _Cerebellum_, or the greater or\nlesser Brain, which I shall give in the Words of one of the most exact\nAnatomists we have of that Part[c]: \u201cSince, saith he, God hath given\nto Man a lofty Countenance, to behold the Heavens, and hath also seated\nan immortal Soul in the Brain, capable of the Contemplation of heavenly\nThings; therefore, as his Face is erect, so the Brain is set in an higher\nPlace, namely, above the _Cerebellum_ and all the Sensories. But in\nBrutes, whose Face is prone towards the Earth, and whose Brain is capable\nof Speculation, the _Cerebellum_, (whose Business it is to minister\nto the Actions and Functions of the _Pr\u00e6cordia_, the principal Office\nin those Creatures) in them is situated in the higher Place, and the\n_Cerebrum_ lower. Also some of the Organs of Sense, as the Ears and Eyes,\nare placed, if not above the _Cerebrum_, yet at least equal thereto.\u201d\n\nAnother Convenience in this Position of the _Cerebrum_ and _Cerebellum_,\nthe last ingenious Anatomist[d] tells us is this, \u201cIn the Head of Man,\nsaith he, the Base of the _Brain_ and _Cerebell_, yea, of the whole\nSkull, is set parallel to the Horizon; by which Means there is the less\nDanger of the two Brains joggling, or slipping out of their Place. But\nin _Quadrupeds_, whose Head hangs down, the Base of the Skull makes a\nright Angle with the Horizon, by which Means the Brain is undermost,\nand the _Cerebell_ uppermost; so that one would be apt to imagine the\n_Cerebell_ should not be steady, but joggle out of its Place. To remedy\nwhich Inconvenience he tells us, And lest the frequent Concussions of the\n_Cerebell_ should cause a Fainting, or disorderly Motion of the Spirits\nabout the _Pr\u00e6cordia_, therefore, by the Artifice of Nature, sufficient\nProvision is made in all, by the _dura Meninx_ closely encompassing\nthe _Cerebellum_; besides which, it is (in some) guarded with a strong\nbony Fence; and in others, as the Hare, the Coney, and such lesser\n_Quadrupeds_, a part of the _Cerebell_ is on each Side fenced with the\n_Os Petrosum_: So that by this double Stay, its whole Mass is firmly\ncontained within the Skull.\u201d\n\nBesides these Peculiarities, I might take notice of divers other Things\nno less remarkable, as the _Nictitating Membrane_ of the Eye[e], the\ndifferent Passages of the _Carotid Arteries_[f] through the Skull, their\nBranching into the _Rete Mirabile_[g], the different Magnitude of the\n_Nates_, and some other Parts of the Brain in Beasts, quite different\nfrom what it is in Man: But the Touches already given, may be Instances\nsufficient to prevent my being tedious in inlarging upon these admirable\nWorks of God.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] Thus _Swine_, for Instance, who dig in the Earth for Roots and other\nFood, have their Neck, and all Parts of their Head very well adapted to\nthat Service. Their Neck short, brawny, and strong; their Eyes set pretty\nhigh out of the Way; their Snout long; their Nose callous and strong;\nand their Sense of Smelling very accurate, to hunt out and distinguish\ntheir Food in Mud, under Ground, and other the like Places where it lies\nconcealed.\n\n[b] What hath been said of _Swine_ is no less, rather more remarkable in\nthe _Mole_, whose Neck, Nose, Eyes and Ears, are all fitted in the nicest\nManner to its subterraneous Way of Life.\n\n[c] _Willis Cereb. Anat._ cap. 6. _Cumque huic Deus os sublime dederit,\n~&c.~_\n\n[d] Id. paulo post. _In capite humano Cerebri & Cerebelli, ~&c.~_\n\n[e] See _Book IV. Ch. 2. Note (kk)._\n\n[f] _Arteria Carotis Aliquanto posterius in homine qu\u00e0m in alio quovis\nanimali, Calvariam ingreditur, scil. juxta illud foramen, per quod\nsinus lateralis in Venam jugularem desiturus cranio elabitur; nam in\nc\u00e6teris h\u00e6c arteria sub extremitate, seu processu acuto ossis petrosi,\ninter cranium emergit: ver\u00f9m in capite humano, eadem, ambage longiori\ncircumducta (ut sanguinis torrens, priusquam ad cerebri oram appellit,\nfracto impetu, leni\u00f9s & placidi\u00f9s fluat) prope specum ab ingressu sin\u00fbs\nlateralis factum, Calvari\u00e6 basin attingit;\u2014\u2014& in majorem cautelam, tunic\u00e2\ninsuper ascititi\u00e2 crassiore investitur._ And so he goes on to shew the\nConveniency of this Guard the Artery hath, and its Passage to the Brain,\nand then saith, _Si hujusmodi conformationis ratio inquiritur, facil\u00e8\noccurrit, in capite humano, ubi generosi affectus & magni animorum\nimpetus ac ardores excitantur, sanguinis in Cerebri oras appulsum debere\nesse liberum & expeditum, ~&c.~ Atque hoc quidem respectu differt Homo \u00e0\nplerisque Brutis, quibus, Arteria in mille surculos divisa, ne sanguinem\npleniore alveo, aut citatiore, qu\u00e0m par est, cursu, ad cerebrum evehat,\nPlexus Retiformes constituit, quibus nempe efficitur, ut sanguis tardo\nadmodum, lenique & \u00e6quabili fere stillicidio, in cerebrum illabatur._ And\nthen he goes on to give a farther Account of this _Artery_, and the _Rete\nmirabile_ in divers Creatures. _Willis_, ibid. cap. 8.\n\n[g] _Galen_ thinks the _Rete mirabile_ is for concocting and elaborating\nthe Animal Spirits, as the _Epididymides_, [the Convolutions \u03ba\u03b9\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2\n\u1f15\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2] are for elaborating the Seed. _De Us. Part._ L. 9. c. 4. This\n_Rete_ is much more conspicuous in Beasts than Man; and as Dr. _Willis_\nwell judges, serves, 1. To bridle the too rapid Incursion of the Blood\ninto the Brain of those Creatures, whose Heads hang down much. 2. To\nseparate some of the superfluous serous Parts of the Blood, and send\nthem to the Salival Glands, before the Blood enters the Brain of those\nAnimals, whose Blood is naturally of a watery Constitution. 3. To obviate\nany Obstructions that may happen in the Arteries, by giving a free\nPassage through other Vessels, when some are stopped.\n\nIn _Quadrupeds_, as the _Carotid Arteries_ are branched into the _Rete\nMirabile_, for the bridling the too rapid Current of Blood into the\nBrain; so the _Vertebral Arteries_, are, near their Entrance into the\nSkull, bent into an acuter Angle than in Man, which is a wise Provision\nfor the same Purpose.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. III.\n\n_Of the Necks of QUADRUPEDS._\n\n\nFrom the Head pass we to the Neck, no principal Part of the Body, but yet\na good Instance of the Creator\u2019s Wisdom and Design, inasmuch as in Man it\nis short, agreeable to the Erection of his Body; but in the Four-footed\nTribe it is long, answerable to the Length of the Legs[a], and in some\nof these long, and less strong, serving to carry the Mouth to the Ground;\nin others shorter, brawny and strong, serving to dig, and heave up great\nBurdens[b].\n\nBut that which deserves especial Remark, is that peculiar Provision made\nin the Necks of all, or most granivorous _Quadrupeds_, for the perpetual\nholding down their Head in gathering their Food, by that strong,\ntendinous and insensible _Aponeurosis_, or Ligament[c] braced from the\nHead to the middle of the Back. By which means the Head, although heavy,\nmay be long held down without any Labour, Pain, or Uneasiness to the\nMuscles of the Neck, that would otherwise be wearied by being so long\nput upon the Stretch.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] It is very remarkable, that in all the Species of _Quadrupeds_, this\nEquality holds, except only the _Elephant_; and that there should be a\nsufficient special Provision made for that Creature, by its _Proboscis_\nor _Trunk_. A Member so admirably contrived, so curiously wrought, and\nwith so great Agility and Readiness, applied by that unwieldy Creature to\nall its several Occasions, that I take it to be a manifest Instance of\nthe Creator\u2019s Workmanship. See its Anatomy to Dr. _A. Moulen_\u2019s _Anat.\nof the ~Elephant~_, p. 33. As also in Mr. _Blair_\u2019s Account in _Phil.\nTrans._ N\u1d52. 326.\n\n_Aliorum ea est humilitas ut cibum terrestrem rostris facil\u00e8 contingant.\nQu\u00e6 autem altiora sunt, ut Anseres, ut Cygni, ut Grues, ut Cameli,\nadjuvantur proceritate collorum. Manus etiam data Elephantis, qui propter\nmagnitudinem corporis difficiles aditus habebant ad pastum._ Cic. de N.\nD. L. 2. c. 47.\n\n_Quod iis animalibus qu\u00e6 pedes habent fissos in digitos, Collum brevius\nsit factum, qu\u00e0m ut per ipsum Cibum ori admovere queant: iis ver\u00f2 qu\u00e6\nungulas habent solidas, aut bifidas, longius, ut prona atque inclinantia\npasci queant. Qui id etiam opus non sit Artificis utilitatis memoris? Ad\nh\u00e6c qu\u00f2d Grues at Ciconi\u00e6, c\u00f9m crura haberent longiora, ob eam causam\nRostrum etiam magnum, & Collum longius habuerint. Pisces autem neque\nCollum penitus habuere, utpote qui neque Crura habent. Quo pacto non id\netiam est admirandum?_ Galen. de Us. part. L. 11. c. 8.\n\n[b] As in _Moles_ and _Swine_, in _Ch. 2. Note (a)._\n\n[c] Called the _Whiteleather_, _Packwax_, _Taxwax_, and _Fixfax_.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. IV.\n\n_Of the STOMACHS of QUADRUPEDS._\n\n\nFrom the Neck, let us descend to the _Stomach_, a Part as of absolute\nNecessity to the Being and Well-being of Animals, so is in the several\nSpecies of _Quadrupeds_, sized, contrived, and made with the utmost\nVariety and Art.[a] What Artist, what Being, but the infinite Conservator\nof the World, could so well adapt every Food to all the several Kinds\nof those grand Devourers of it! Who could so well sute their Stomachs\nto the Reception and Digestion thereof; one kind of Stomach to the\nCarnivorous, another to the Herbaceous Animals; one fitted to digest by\nbare Mastication; and a whole set of Stomachs in others, to digest with\nthe Help of _Rumination_! Which last Act, together with the _Apparatus_\nfor that Service, is so peculiar, and withal so curious an Artifice of\nNature, that it might justly deserve a more particular Enquiry; but\nhaving formerly mention\u2019d it[b], and least I should be too tedious, I\nshall pass it by.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] The peculiar Contrivance and Make of the _Dromedary_\u2019s or _Camel_\u2019s\nStomach, is very remarkable, which I will give from the _Parisian\nAnatomists_: _At the top of the Second ~[of the 4 Ventricles]~ there\nwere several square Holes, which were the Orifices of about 30 Cavities,\nmade like Sacks placed between the two Membranes, which do compose\nthe Substance of this Ventricle. The View of these Sacks made us to\nthink that they might well be the Reservatories, where ~Pliny~ saith,\nthat Camels do a long Time keep the Water, which they drink in great\nAbundance\u2014\u2014to supply the Wants thereof in the dry Desarts, ~&c.~_ Vid.\nMemoirs, _&c._ Anat. of Dromedary, p. 39. See also _Peyer_, _Merycol._ L.\n2. c. 3.\n\n[b] _Book IV. ch. 11._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. V.\n\n_Of the HEART of QUADRUPEDS._\n\n\nIn this Part there is a notable Difference found between the Heart of Man\nand that of Beasts, concerning the latter, of which I might take notice\nof the remarkable Confirmation of the Hearts of Amphibious _Quadrupeds_,\nand their Difference from those of Land-Animals, some having but one\nVentricle[a], some three[b], and some but two (like Land-Animals) but\nthen the _Foramen Ovale_ therewith[c]. All which may be justly esteemed\nas wonderful, as they are excellent Provisions for the Manner of those\nAnimals living. But I shall content my self with bare Hints of these\nThings, and speak only of two Peculiars more, and that but briefly.\n\nOne is the Situation of the Heart, which in Beasts is near the middle of\nthe whole Body; in Man, nearer the Head[d]. The Reasons of which I shall\ngive from one of the most curious Anatomists of that Part[e]. \u201cSeeing,\nsaith he, the Trajection and Distribution of the Blood depends wholly on\nthe Systole of the Heart, and that its Liquor is not driven of its own\nNature so readily into the upper Parts as into Vessels even with it, or\ndownwards into those under it: If the Situation of the Heart had been\nfurther from the Head, it must needs either have been made stronger to\ncast out its Liquor with greater Force; or else the Head would want its\ndue Proportion of Blood. But in Animals that have a longer Neck, and\nwhich is extended towards their Food as it were, the Heart is seated as\nfar from the other Parts; and they find no Inconvenience from it, because\nthey feed with their Head for the most part hanging down; and so the\nBlood, as it hath farther to go to their Head than in others, so it goes\na plainer and often a steep Way[f].\u201d\n\nThe other peculiar Matter is, the fastning (I formerly mentioned) which\nthe Cone of the _Pericardium_ hath in Man to the _Diaphragm_[g], whereas\nin all _Quadrupeds_ it is loose. By which Means the Motion of the\n_Midriff_, in that necessary Act of Respiration, is assisted both in the\nupright Posture of Man, as also in the prone Posture of _Quadrupeds_[h];\nwhich would be hindred, or rendred more difficult, if the Case was\notherwise: \u201cWhich must needs be the Effect of Wisdom and Design, and\nthat Man was intended by Nature to walk erect, and not upon all-four, as\n_Quadrupeds_ do:\u201d To express it in the Words of a great Judge in such\nMatters [i].\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Frogs_ are generally thought to have but one Ventricle in their\nHearts.\n\n[b] The _Tortoise_ hath three Ventricles, as the _Parisian Academists_\nin their _Memoirs_ affirm. _Besides these two Ventricles ~[before spoken\nof]~ which were in the hinder Part of the Heart, which faceth the Spine;\nthere was_, say they, _a third in the Fore-part, inclining a little\ntowards the Right-side, ~&c.~_ Memoirs, _&c._ p. 259. But Mr. _Bussiere_\ncharges this as a Mistake in those ingenious Gentlemen, and asserts there\nis but one Ventricle in the _Tortoise_\u2019s Heart. See his Description of\nthe Heart of the _Land Tortoise_, in _Philos. Transact._ N\u1d52. 328.\n\n[c] The _Sea-Calf_ is said by the _French Academists_, to have this\nProvision, and their Account of it is this: _Its Heart was round\nand flat. Its Ventricles appeared very large, and its Auricles\nsmall.\u2014\u2014Underneath the great Aperture, through which the Trunk of the\n~Vena Cava~ conveyed the Blood into the right Ventricle of the Heart,\nthere was another, which penetrated into the ~Arteria Venosa~, and from\nthence into the left Ventricle, and afterwards into the ~Aorta~. This\nHole called the ~Foramen Ovale~ in the ~F\u0153tus~, make the ~Anastomisis~,\nby the Means of which, the Blood goes from the ~Cava~ into the ~Aorta~,\nwithout passing through the Lungs._ French Anatomists, p. 124.\n\n[d] \u03a4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u1ff3, &c. Arist. Hist. An. L.\n2. c. 17.\n\n[e] Dr. _Lower_, _de Corde_, c. 1.\n\n[f] I might have mentioned another wise Provision from the same Author,\nwhich take in his own Words: _In Vitulu & Equis, im\u00f2 plerique aliis\nanimalibus majoribus, non solas propagines \u00e0 Nervo sexti paris ut in\nHomine, sed etiam plurimas \u00e0 Nervo intercostali, ubi rect\u00e0 cor transit,\ncor accedere, im\u00f2 in parenchyma ejus dimitti: & hoc ideo \u00e0 Natur\u00e2 quasi\nsubsidium Brutis comparatum, ne capita qu\u00e6 terram prona spectant, non\nsatis facil\u00e8 aut copios\u00e8 Spiritus Animales impertirent._ Blasii Anat.\nAnimal. Par. 1. c. 4. ex Lowero. de Corde.\n\n[g] _Diaphragmatis circulo nerveo firmiter adheret ~[Pericardium]~ quod\nHomini singulare; nam ab eo in Canibus & Simiis distat, item in aliis\nanimalibus omnibus._ Bartholm. Anat. L. 2. c. 5.\n\n[h] _Finalem causam quod atrinet,\u2014\u2014c\u00f9m erectus sit Hominis incessus atque\nfigura, eoque facilius abdominis viscera suo pondere descendant, minore\nDiaphragmatis nixu atque Systole ad Inspirationem opus est; porro, c\u00f9m in\nExspiratione pariter necessarium sit Diaphragma relaxari,\u2014\u2014c\u00f9m capsula\ncordis omnino connectendum fuit, in Homine, ne fort\u00e8, quamdiu erectus\nincedit, ab Hepatis aliorumque viscerum appensorum pondere deorsum ade\u00f2\ndeprimeretur, ut neque Pulmo satis concidere, neque Expiratio debito\nmodo peragi potuerit. Quocirea in Quadrupedibus, ubi abdominis viscera\nin ipsum Diaphragma incumbunt, ipsumque in pectoris cavitatem suo\npondere impellant, ista partium accretio Exspirationi quidem inutilis,\nInspirationi autem debitam Diaphragmatis tensionem impediendo, prorsus\nincommoda fuisset._ Lower, ib. p. 8.\n\n[i] _Dr. ~Tyson~\u2019s Anat. of the Orang-Outang, in ~Ray~\u2019s Wisd. of God_,\np. 262.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. VI.\n\n_Of the Difference between MAN and QUADRUPEDS in the ~Nervous~ Kind._\n\n\nThere is only one Difference more between _Man_ and _Quadrupeds_ that I\nshall take notice of, and that is the Nervous Kind: And because it would\nbe tedious to insist upon many Particulars[a], I shall, for a Sample,\ninsist chiefly upon one, and that is, of Nature\u2019s prodigious Care for a\ndue Communication and Correspondence between the Head and Heart of Man,\nmore than what is in the four-footed Tribe. For this Purpose, besides\nthe Correspondence, those Parts have by Means of the Nerves of the _Par\nVagum_ (common both to Man and Beast) there is a farther and more special\nCommunication and Correspondence occasioned by the Branches[b] of the\n_intercostal Pair_ sent from the _Cervical Plexus_ to the Heart, and\n_Pr\u00e6cordia_. By which Means the Heart and Brain of Man have a mutual\nand very intimate Correspondence and Concern with each other, more than\nis in other Creatures; or as one of the most curious Anatomists and\nObservers of these Things saith[c], \u201cBrutes are as \u2019twere Machines made\nwith a simpler, and less operose _Apparatus_, and endowed therefore\nwith only one and the same Kind of Motion, or determined to do the same\nThing: Whereas in Man, there is a great Variety of Motions and Actions.\nFor by the Commerce of the aforesaid _Cervical Plexus_[d] he saith, The\nConceptions of the Brain presently affect the Heart, and agitate its\nVessels and whole Appendage, together with the _Diaphragm_. From whence\nthe Alteration in the Motion of the Blood, the Pulse and Respiration. So\nalso on the contrary, when any Thing affects or alters the Heart, those\nImpressions are not only retorted to the Brain by the same Duct of the\nNerves, but also the Blood it self (its Course being once changed) flies\nto the Brain with a different and unusual Course, and there agitating\nthe animal Spirits with divers Impulses, produceth various Conceptions\nand Thoughts in the Mind.\u201d And he tells us, \u201cThat hence it was that the\nancient Divines and Philosophers too, made the Heart the Seat of Wisdom;\nand certainly (saith he) the Works of Wisdom and Virtue do very much\ndepend upon this Commerce which is between the Heart and Brain:\u201d And\nso he goeth on with more to the same purpose. Upon the Account of this\n_Intercostal Commerce_ with the Heart, being wanting in Brutes, there\nis another singularly careful and wise Provision the infinite Creator\nhath made in them, and that is, That by Reason both the _Par Vagum_ and\nthe _Intercostal_ too, do not send their Branches to the Heart, and\nits Appendage in Brutes, therefore, lest their Heart should want a due\nProportion of Nervous Vessels, the _Par Vagum_ sends more Branches to\ntheir Heart than to that of Man. This as it is a remarkable Difference\nbetween Rational and Irrational Creatures; so it is as remarkable an\nArgument of the Creator\u2019s Art and Care; who altho\u2019 he hath denied\nBrute-Animals Reason, and the Nerves ministring thereto, yet hath another\nWay supplied what is necessary to their Life and State. But let us hear\nthe same great Author\u2019s Descant upon the Point[e]; \u201cInasmuch saith he,\nas Beasts are void of Discretion, and but little subject to various and\ndifferent Passions, therefore there was no need that the Spirits that\nwere to be convey\u2019d from the Brain to the _Pr\u00e6cordia_, should pass two\ndifferent Ways, namely, one for the Service of the vital Functions, and\nanother for the reciprocal Impressions of the Affections; but it was\nsufficient that all their Spirits, whatever Use they were designed for,\nshould be conveyed one and the same Way.\u201d\n\nHere now in the _Nervous Kind_ we have manifest Acts of the Creator\u2019s\nDesign and Wisdom, in this so manifest and distinct a Provision for\nRational and Irrational Creatures; and that _Man_ was evidently intended\nto be the one, as the _Genus_ of _Quadrupeds_ was the other.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] Amongst these, I might name the Site of the Nerves proceeding from\nthe _Medulla Spinalis_, which Dr. _Lower_ takes notice of. In Beasts,\nwhose Spine is above the rest of the Body, the Nerves tend directly\ndownwards; but in Man, it being erect, the Nerves spring out of the\nSpine, not at Right, but in Oblique Angles downwards, and pass also in\nthe Body the same Way. _Ibid._ p. 16.\n\n[b] _In plerisq; Brutis tant\u00f9m h\u00e2c vi\u00e2 ~(i.e. by the _Par vagum_)~ & vix\nomnino per ullos Paris Intercostalis nervos, aditus ad cor aut Appendicem\nejus patescit. Ver\u00f9m in Homine, Nervus Intercostalis, pr\u00e6ter officia ejus\nin imo ventre huic cum c\u00e6teris animalibus communia, etiam ante pectoris\nclaustra internuncii specialis loco est, qui Cerebri & Cordis sensa mutua\nultra citraque refert._ Willis Nervor. descr. & usus, Cap. 26.\n\n[c] Id. ib. _Dum hanc utriusque speciei differentiam perpendo, succurrit\nanimo, Bruta esse velut machinas, ~&c.~_\n\n[d] That our great Man was not mistaken, there is great Reason to\nimagine, from what he observed in dissecting a _Fool_. Besides, the Brain\nbeing but small, he saith, _Pr\u00e6cipua autem discriminis nota quam inter\nillius & viri cordati partes advertimus, b\u00e6cce erat; nempe qu\u00f2d pr\u00e6dictus\nNervi Intercacostalis Plexus, quem Cerebri & Cordis internuncium &\nHominis proprium diximus, in Stulto hoc valde exilis, & minori Nervorum\nsatellitio stipatus fuerit._ Ibid.\n\n[e] Id. ib. cap. 29. _In quantum Besti\u00e6 prudenti\u00e2 carent, & variis\ndiversisque passionibus, ~&c.~_\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. VII.\n\n_The CONCLUSION._\n\n\nAnd now \u2019tis Time to pause a while, and reflect upon the whole. And as\nfrom the Confederations in the preceding Book, we have especial Reason to\nbe thankful to our infinitely merciful Maker, for his no less kind than\nwonderful Contrivances of our Body; so we have Reason from this brief\nView I have taken of this last Tribe of the Creation, to acknowledge and\nadmire the same Creator\u2019s Work and Contrivances in them. For we have\nhere a large Family of Animals, in every particular Respect, curiously\ncontrived and made, for that especial Posture, Place, Food, and Office\nor Business which they obtain in the World. So that if we consider their\nown particular Happiness and Good, or Man\u2019s Use and Service; or if we\nview them throughout, and consider the Parts wherein they agree with Man,\nor those especially wherein they differ, we shall find all to be so far\nfrom being Things fortuitous, undesigned, or any way accidental, that\nevery Thing is done for the best; all wisely contrived, and incomparably\nfitted up, and every way worthy of the great Creator. And he that will\nshut his Eyes, and not see God[a] in these his Works, even of the poor\nBeasts of the Earth, that will not say (as _Elihu_ hath it, Job xxxv. 10,\n11.) _Where is God my Maker, who teacheth us more than the Beasts of the\nEarth, and maketh us wiser than the Fowls of the Heaven?_ Of such an one\nwe may use the Psalmist\u2019s Expression, _Psal_. xlxix. 12. That _he is like\nthe Beasts[b] that perish_.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a]\n\n _\u2014\u2014Deum namque ire per omnes_\n _Terrasque tractusque Maris, C\u0153lumque profundum,_\n _Hinc Pecudes, Armenta, viros, genus omne Ferarum._\n\n Virgil Georg. L. 4.\n\n[b] _Illos qui nullum omnino Deum esse dixerunt, non mod\u00f2 non\nPhilosophos, sed ne homines quidem fuisse dixerim; qui, mutis simillimi,\nex solo corpore constiterunt, nihil videntes animo._ Lactant. L. 7. c. 9.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK VII.\n\n_A ~Survey~ of BIRDS._\n\n\nHaving briefly, as well as I could, dispatch\u2019d the Tribe of _Quadrupeds_,\nI shall next take as brief and transient a View of the _feather\u2019d Tribe_.\n\nAnd here we have another large Province to expatiate in, if we should\ndescend to every Thing wherein the Workmanship of the Almighty appears.\nBut I must contract my Survey as much as may be; and shall therefore give\nonly such Hints and Touches upon this curious Family of Animals, as may\nserve for Samples of the rest of what might be observ\u2019d.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. I.\n\n_Of the MOTION of Birds, and the PARTS ministring thereto._\n\n\nAs this Tribe hath a different Motion from that of other Animals, and\nan amphibious Way of Life; partly in the Air, and partly on the Land\nand Waters; so is their Body accordingly shap\u2019d, and all their Parts\nincomparably fitted for that Way of Life and Motion; as will be found by\na cursory View of some of the Particulars. And the\n\nI. And most visible Thing, is the Shape and Make of their Body, not thick\nand clumsy, but incomparably adapted to their Flight: Sharp before, to\npierce and make Way through the Air, and then by gentle Degrees rising to\nits full Bulk. To which we may add,\n\nII. The neat Position of the _Feathers_ throughout the Body; not ruffled,\nor discompos\u2019d, or plac\u2019d some this, some a contrary Way, according to\nthe Method of Chance; but all artificially plac\u2019d[a], for facilitating\nthe Motion of the Body, and its Security at the same Time, by way of\nCloathing: And for that End, most of the Feathers tend backward, and\nare laid over one another in exact and regular Method, armed with warm\nand soft Down next the Body, and more strongly made, and curiously\nclos\u2019d next the Air and Weather, to fence off the Injuries thereof. To\nwhich Purpose, as also for the more easy and nimble gliding of the Body\nthrough the Air, the Provision Nature hath made, and the Instinct of\nthese Animals to _preen_ and _dress_ their Feathers, is admirable; both\nin respect of their Art and Curiosity in doing it, and the _Oyl-bag_[b],\nGlands, and whole Apparatus for that Service.\n\nIII. And now having said thus much relating to the Body\u2019s Motion, let\nus survey the grand Instrument thereof, the _Wings_. Which as they are\nprincipal Parts, so are made with great Skill, and plac\u2019d in the most\ncommodious Point of the Body[c], to give it an exact Equipoise in that\nsubtile Medium, the Air.\n\nAnd here it is observable, with what incomparable Curiosity every Feather\nis made; the _Shaft_ exceeding strong, but hollow below, for Strength\nand Lightness sake; and above, not much less strong, and fill\u2019d with a\n_Parenchyma_ or _Pith_, both strong and light too. The _Vanes_ as nicely\ngaug\u2019d on each Side as made; broad on one Side, and narrower on the\nother; both which incomparably minister to the progressive Motion of the\nBird, as also to the Union and Closeness of the Wing[d].\n\nAnd no less exquisite is the textrine Art of the _Plumage_[e] also; which\nis so curiously wrought, and so artificially interwoven, that it cannot\nbe viewed without Admiration, especially when the Eye is assisted with\nGlasses.\n\nAnd as curiously made, so no less curiously are the Feathers placed in\nthe Wing, exactly according to their several Lengths and Strength: The\n_Principals_ set for Stay and Strength, and these again well lined,\nfaced, and guarded with the _Covert_ and _Secondary Feathers_, to keep\nthe Air from passing through, whereby the stronger Impulses are made\nthereupon.\n\nAnd lastly, To say no more of this Part, that deserves more to be said\nof it, what an admirable _Apparatus_ is there of _Bones_, very strong,\nbut withal light and incomparably wrought? of _Joynts_, which open, shut,\nand every way move, according to the Occasions either of extending it\nin Flight, or withdrawing the Wing again to the Body? And of various\n_Muscles_; among which the peculiar Strength of the _Pectoral Muscles_\ndeserves especial Remark, by Reason they are much stronger[f] in Birds\nthan in Man, or any other Animal, not made for Flying.\n\nIV. Next the Wings, the Tail is in Flight considerable; greatly assisting\nin all Ascents and Descents in the Air, as also serving to steady[g]\nFlight, by keeping the Body upright in that subtile and yielding\n_Medium_, by its readily turning and answering every Vacillation of the\nBody.\n\nAnd now to the Parts serving to Flight, let us add the nice and compleat\nManner of its Performance; all done according to the strictest Rules of\nMechanism[h]. What Rower on the Waters, what Artist on the Land, what\nacutest Mathematician could give a more agreeable and exact Motion to the\nWings, than these untaught flying Artists do theirs! Serving not only to\nbear their Bodies up in the Air, but also to waft them along therein,\nwith a speedy progressive Motion, as also to steer and turn them this Way\nand that Way, up and down, faster or slower, as their Occasions require,\nor their Pleasure leads them.\n\nV. Next to the Parts for Flight, let us view the _Feet_ and _Legs_\nministering to their other Motion: Both made light, for easier\nTransportation through the Air; and the former spread, some with\nMembranes for Swimming[i], some without, for steady Going, for Perching,\nfor Catching and Holding of Prey[k], or for Hanging by the Heels to\ngather their Food[l], or to fix themselves in their Places of Retreat\nand Safety. And the latter, namely the _Legs_, all curved for their easy\nPerching, Roosting, and Rest, as also to help them upon their Wings in\ntaking their Flight, and to be therein commodiously tucked up to the\nBody, so as not to obstruct their Flight. In some long, for Wading and\nSearching the Waters; in some of a moderate Length, answerable to their\nvulgar Occasions; and in others as remarkably short, to answer their\nespecial Occasions and Manner of Life[m]. To all which let us add the\nplacing these last mentioned Parts in the Body. In all somewhat out of\nthe Center of the Body\u2019s Gravity[n], but in such as swim, more than in\nothers, for the better rowing their Bodies through the Waters, or to help\nthem in that Diving[o] too.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] See before _Book IV. Chap. 12. Note (l)._\n\n[b] Mr. _Willughby_ saith, there are two Glands for the Secretion of the\nunctuous Matter in the _Oyl-bag_. And so they appear to be in Geese. But\nupon Examination, I find, that in most other Birds, (such at least as I\nhave enquir\u2019d into,) there is only one Gland: In which are divers little\nCells, ending in two or three larger Cells, lying under the Nipple of the\n_Oyl-bag_. This _Nipple_ is perforated, and being pressed, or drawn by\nthe Bird\u2019s Bill, or Head, emits the liquid Oyl, as it is in some Birds,\nor thicker unctuous Grease, as it is in others. The whole _Oyl-bag_ is\nin its structure somewhat conformable to the Breasts of such Animals as\nafford Milk.\n\n[c] In all Birds that fly much, or that have the most occasion for their\nWings, it is manifest that their Wings are plac\u2019d in the very best Part,\nto balance their Body in the Air, and to give as swift a Progression, as\ntheir Wings and Body are capable of: For otherwise we should perceive\nthem to reel, and fly unsteadily; as we see them to do, if we alter their\n\u00c6quipoise, by cutting the End of one of the Wings, or hanging a Weight at\nany of the extreme Parts of the Body. But as for such Birds as have as\nmuch occasion for Swimming as Flying, and whole Wings are therefore set\na little out of the Center of the Bodies Gravity. See _Book IV. Chap. 8.\nNote (q)._ And for such as have more occasion for Diving than Flying, and\nwhose Legs are for that Reason set more backward, and their Wings more\nforward. _Chap. 4. Note (k)_ of this _Book_.\n\n[d] The wise Author of Nature hath afforded an Example of the great\nNicety in the Formation of Birds, by the Nicely observ\u2019d in a Part no\nmore considerable than the Vanes of the Flag-feathers of the Wing. Among\nothers, these two Things are observable: 1. The Edges of the exterior or\nnarrow Vanes bend downwards, but of the interior or wider Vanes upwards;\nby which Means they catch, hold, and lie close to one another, when the\nWing is spread; so that not one Feather may miss its full Force and\nImpulse upon the Air. 2. A yet lesser Nicety is observ\u2019d, and that is, in\nthe very sloping the Tips of the Flag-feathers: The interiour Vanes being\nneatly slop\u2019d away to a Point, towards the outward Part of the Wing; and\nthe exteriour Vanes slop\u2019d towards the Body, at least in many Birds; and\nin the Middle of the Wing, the Vanes being equal, are but little slop\u2019d.\nSo that the Wing, whether extended or shut, is as neatly slop\u2019d and\nform\u2019d, as if constantly trimm\u2019d with a Pair of Scissors.\n\n[e] Since no exact Account that I know of, hath been given of the\nMechanism of the _Vanes_, or _Webs_ of the Feathers, my Observations may\nnot be unacceptable. The _Vane_ consists not of one continu\u2019d Membrane;\nbecause if one broken, it would hardly be reparable: But of many\n_Lamin\u00e6_, which are thin, stiff, and somewhat of the Nature of a thin\nQuill. Towards the Shaft of the Feather, (especially in the Flag-feathers\nof the Wing,) those _Lamin\u00e6_ are broad, _&c._ of a semicircular Form;\nwhich serve for Strength, and for the closer shutting of the _Lamin\u00e6_\nto one another, when Impulses are made upon the Air. Towards the outer\nPart of the Vane, those _Lamin\u00e6_ grow slender and taper: On their under\nSide they are thin and smooth, but their upper outer Edge is parted into\ntwo hairy Edges, each Side having a different Sort of Hairs, laminated\nor broad at Bottom, and slender and bearded above the other half. I\nhave, as well as I could, represented the uppermost Edge of one of these\n_Lamin\u00e6_ in Fig. 18. with some of the Hairs on each Side, magnify\u2019d with\na Microscope. These bearded Bristles, or Hairs, on one Side the _Lamin\u00e6_,\nhave strait Beards, as in Fig. 19. those on the other Side, have hook\u2019d\nBeards on one Side the slender Part of the Bristle, and strait ones on\nthe other, as in Fig. 20. Both these Sorts of Bristles magnify\u2019d, (only\nscattering, and not close,) are represented as they grow upon the upper\nEdge of the _Lamina s. t._ in Fig. 18. And in the Vane, the hook\u2019d Beards\nof one _Lamina_, always lie next the strait Beards of the next _Lamina_;\nand by that Means lock and hold each other; and by a pretty Mechanism,\nbrace the _Lamin\u00e6_ close to one another. And if at any Time the Vane\nhappens to be ruffled and discompos\u2019d, it can by this pretty easy\nMechanism, be reduc\u2019d and repair\u2019d. Vid. _Book IV. Chap. 12. Note (m)._\n\n[f] _Pectorales Musculi Hominis flectentes humeros, parvi & parum carnosi\nsunt; non \u00e6quant 50am aut 70am partem omnium Musculorum Hominis. E contra\nin Avibus, Pectorales Musculi vastissimi sunt, & aquant, im\u00f2 excedunt,\n& mag\u00ecs pendent, qu\u00e0m reliqui omnes Musculi ejusdem Avis simul sumpti._\nBorell. de Mot. Animal. Vol. I. Prop. 184.\n\nMr. _Willughby_ having made the like Observation, hath this Reflection on\nit, _whence, if it be possible for Man to fly, it is thought by them who\nhave curiously weighed and considered the matter, that he would attempt\nsuch a Thing with Hopes of Success, must so contrive and adapt his Wings,\nthat he may make use of his Legs, and not his Arms in managing them_:\n(because the Muscles of the Legs are stronger, as he observes.) Willugh.\nOrnith. L. 1. c. 1. \u00a7. 19.\n\n[g] Mr. _Willughby_, _Ray_, and many others, imagine the principal use\nof the Tail to be to steer, and turn the Body in the Air, as a Rudder.\nBut _Borelli_ hath put it beyond all doubt, that this is the least use of\nit, and that it is chiefly to assist the Bird in its Ascents and Descents\nin the Air, and to obviate the Vacillations of the Body and Wings. For\nas for turning to this or that Side, it is performed by the Wings and\nInclination of the Body, and but very little by the help of the Tail.\n\n[h] See _Borelli ubi supr._ Prop. 182, _&c._\n\n[i] It is considerable in all Water-Fowl, how exactly their Legs and\nFeet correspond to that way of Life. For either their Legs are long, to\nenable them to wade in the Waters: In which case, their Legs are bare\nof Feathers a good way above the Knees, the more conveniently for this\nPurpose. Their Toes also are all abroad; and in such as bear the Name\nof _Mudsuckers_, two of the Toes are somewhat joined, that they may\nnot easily sink in walking upon boggy Places. And as for such as are\nwhole-footed, or whose Toes are webbed together (excepting some few)\ntheir Legs are generally short, which is the most convenient Size for\nSwimming. And \u2019tis pretty enough to see how artificially they gather up\ntheir Toes and Feet when they withdraw their Legs, or go to take their\nStroke; and as artificially again extend or open their whole Foot, when\nthey press upon, or drive themselves forward in the Waters.\n\n[k] Some of the Characteristicks of Rapacious Birds, are, _to have\nhooked, strong, and sharp-pointed Beaks and Talons, fitted for Rapine,\nand tearing of Flesh; and strong and brawny Thighs, for striking down\ntheir Prey._ Willughby Ornith. L. 2. c. 1. Raii Synops. Av. Method. p. 1.\n\n[l] Such Birds as climb, particularly those of the _Wood-pecker_ Kind,\nhave for this Purpose (as Mr. _Willughby_ observes, L. 2. c. 4.) 1.\nStrong and musculous Thighs. 2. Short Legs and very strong. 3. Toes\nstanding two forwards and two backwards. Their Toes also are close joined\ntogether, that they may more strongly and firmly lay hold on the Tree\nthey climb upon. 4. All of them\u2014\u2014have a hard stiff Tail bending also\ndownwards, on which they lean, and so bear up themselves in climbing.\n\n[m] _Swifts_ and _Swallows_ have remarkably short Legs, especially the\nformer, and their Toes grasp any Thing very strongly. All which is useful\nto them in building their Nests, and other such Occasions as necessitate\nthem to hang frequently by their Heels. But there is far greater use of\nthis Structure of their Legs and Feet, if the Reports be true of their\nhanging by the Heels in great Clusters (after the manner of Bees) in\nMines and Grotto\u2019s, and on the Rocks by the Sea, all the Winter. Of\nwhich latter, I remember the late learned Dr. _Fry_ told this Story at\nthe University, and confirmed it to me since, _viz._ That an ancient\nFisherman, accounted an honest Man, being near some Rocks on the Coast of\n_Cornwal_, saw at a very low Ebb, a black List of something adhering to\nthe Rock, which when he came to examine, he found it was a great Number\nof _Swallows_, and, if I misremember not, of _Swifts_ also, hanging by\nthe Feet to one Another, as Bees do; which were covered commonly by the\nSea-Waters, but revived in his warm Hand, and by the Fire. All this the\nFisherman himself assured the Doctor of. Of this, see more, _Chap. 3.\nNote (d)_ of this Book.\n\n[n] In Birds that frequent not the Waters, the Wings are in the Center\nof Gravity, when the Bird lies along, as in Flying; but when it stands\nor walks, the Erection of the Body throws the Center of Gravity upon the\nThighs and Feet.\n\n[o] See _Chap. 4. Note (k)._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. II.\n\n_Of the HEAD, STOMACH, and other Parts of Birds._\n\n\nThus having dispatched the Parts principally concerned in the Motion\nof the _Feather\u2019d Tribe_, let us proceed to some other Parts not yet\nanimadverted upon. And we will begin with the _Head_, concerning which\nI have already taken notice of its Shape for making way through the\nAir; of the make of the _Bill_, for gathering Food, and other Uses; the\ncommodious Situation of the _Eye_; and I might add that of the _Ear_\ntoo, which would be in the way, and obstruct Flight, if \u2019twas like that\nof most other Animals: Also I might say a great deal of the Conformation\nof the _Brain_, and of the Parts therein wanting, and of others added,\nlike to what is observable in Fishes; whose Posture in the Waters\nresembles that of Birds in the Air[a], and both very different from Man\nand Beasts; and lastly, to hint at no more, I might survey the peculiar\nStructure of the _Larynx_[b], the _Tongue_[c], the inner _Ear_[d], and\nmany Matters besides; but for a Sample, I shall only insist upon the\nwonderful Provision in the Bill for the judging of the Food, and that\nis by peculiar Nerves lodged therein for that Purpose; small and less\nnumerous in such as have the Assistance of another Sense, the Eye; but\nlarge, more numerous, and thickly branched about, to the very End of the\nBeak, in such as hunt for their Food out of Sight in the Waters, in Mud,\nor under Ground[e].\n\nAnd now from the Head and Mouth, pass we to its near Ally, the Stomach,\nanother no less notable than useful Part; whether we consider the\nElegancy of its Fibres and Muscles, or its Multiplicity; one to soften\nand macerate, another to digest; or its Variety, suited to various Foods,\nsome membraneous, agreeable to the frugivorous, or carnivorous Kind; same\nmusculous and strong[f], suited to the Comminution, and grinding of Corn\nand Grain, and so to supply the Defect of Teeth.\n\nAnd now to this Specimen of the Parts, I might add many other Things,\nno less curiously contriv\u2019d, made and suited to the Occasions of these\nVolatiles; as particularly the Stratum and Lodgment of the _Lungs_[g];\nthe Configuration of the _Breast_, and its Bone, made like a Keel, for\ncommodious Passage through the Air, to bear the large and strong Muscles,\nwhich move the Wings, and to counterpoise the Body, and support and rest\nit upon at roost. The _Neck_ also might deserve our Notice, always either\nexactly proportion\u2019d to the Length of the Legs, or else longer, to hunt\nout Food, to search in the Waters[h]; as also to counterpoise the Body\nin Flight[i]. And lastly, I might here take Notice of the Defect of the\nDiaphragm, so necessary in other Animals to Respiration; and also of\ndivers other Parts redundant, defective, or varying from other Animals.\nBut it would be tedious to insist upon all; and therefore to the Examples\nalready given, I would rather recommend a nice Inspection[k], of those\ncurious Works of God, which would be manifest Demonstrations of the\nadmirable Contrivance and Oeconomy of the Bodies of those Creatures.\n\nFrom the Fabrick therefore of their Bodies, I shall pass to a Glance of\none or two Things, relating to their _State_; and so conclude this Genus\nof the animal World.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Cerebra Hominum & Quadrupedum in plerisque similia\nexistunt\u2014\u2014Capitibus Volucrum & Piscium contenta, ab utrisque prioribus\nlong\u00e8 diversa, tamen inter se, quoad pr\u00e6cipuas \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 partes, Symbola\nreperiuntur._ The Particulars wherein the Brains of Birds and Fishes\nagree with one another, and wherein they differ from the Brain of Man and\nBeasts, see in the same justly famous Author, _Willis Cereb. Anat._ c. 5.\n\n[b] _Circa bifurcationem Asper\u00e6 Arteri\u00e6, elegans Artificis liber\u00e8 agentis\nindicium detegitur ex Avium comparatione cum Quadrupedibus: c\u00f9m Vocis\ngratia in diversis Avibus diversam musculorum fabricam bifurcationi\nAsper\u00e6 Arteri\u00e6 dederit, quorum nullum vestigium extat in Homine &\nQuadrupedibus mihi visis, ubi omnes vocis musculos capiti Arteri\u00e6 junxit.\nIn Aquil\u00e2, ~&c.~ supra bifurcationem, ~&c.~_ Steno in Blas. Anat. Animal.\nP. 2. c. 4.\n\nThe _Aspera Arteria_ is very remarkable in the _Swan_, which is thus\ndescribed by _T. Bartholin_, viz. _Aspera Arteria admirand\u00e6 sat\u00ecs\nstructur\u00e6. Nam pro Colli longitudine deorsum Oesophagi comes protenditur\ndonec ad sternum perveniat, in cujus capsulam se incurvo flexu insinuat\n& recondit, velut in tuto loco & thec\u00e2, moxque ad fundum ejusdem\ncavitatis delata sursum reflectitur, egrediturque angustias Sterni, &\nClaviculis mediis concensis, quibus ut fulcro nititur, ad Thoracem se\nflectit\u2014\u2014Miranda hercle modis omnibus constitutio & Respriationi inservit\n& Voci. Nam c\u00f9m in stagnorum fundo edulia pro victu qu\u00e6rat, longissimo\nindiguis collo, ne longa mora suffocationis incurreret periculum. Et\ncert\u00e8 dum dimidiam fere horam toto Capite & Collo pronis vado immergitur,\npedibus in altum elatis c\u0153loque obversis, ex e\u00e2 Arteri\u00e6 qu\u00e6 pectoris\ndict\u00e6 vagin\u00e6 reclusa est portione, tanquam ex condo promo spiritum\nhaurit._ Blas. ib. c. 10.\n\n[c] The Structure of the _Tongue_ of the _Wood-Pecker_ is very singular\nand remarkable, whether we look at its great Length, its Bones and\nMuscles, its encompassing part of the Neck and Head, the better to exert\nit self in Length; and again, to retract it into its Cell; and lastly,\nwhether we look at its sharp, horny, bearded Point, and the glewy Matter\nat the end of it, the better to stab, to stick unto, and draw out little\nMaggots out of Wood. _Utilis enim Picis_ (saith _Coiter_) _ad Vermiculos,\nFormicas, aliaque Insect\u00e6 venanda talis Lingua foret. Siquidem Picus,\ninnata su\u00e2 sagacitate c\u00f9m deprehendit alibi in arboribus, vel carie,\nvel ali\u00e2 de caus\u00e2 cavatis, Vermes insectaque delitescere, ad illas\nvolitat, seseque digitis, ungulisque posterioribus robustissimis, & Caud\u00e6\npennis rigidissimis sustentat, donec valido ac peracuto Rostro arborent\npertundat; arbore pertus\u00e2, foramini rostrum immittit, ac quo animacula\nstridore excitet percellatque, magnam in arboris cavo emittit vocem,\ninsecta vociferatione h\u00e2c concitata huc illucque repunt; Picus v. linguam\nsuam exerit, atque aculeis, hamisque animalia infigit, infixa attrahit &\ndevorat._ Vid. Blasii ubi supra. P. 2. c. 24.\n\n[d] I have before, in _Book IV. Chap. 3. Note (u)_, taken notice of what\nothers have observed concerning the _inner Ear_ of _Birds_, reserving my\nown Observations for this Place: Which I hope may be acceptable, not only\nfor being some of them new, but also shewing the Mechanism of Hearing in\ngeneral.\n\nIn this Organ of Birds, I shall take notice only of three Parts, the\n_Membranes_ and _Cartilages_; the _Columella_; and the _Conclave_: The\n_Drum_, as some call it, or _Membrana Tympani_, as others, consists of\ntwo Membranes, the Outer, which covers the whole _Meatus_, Bason or\n_Drum_, (as some call it) and the inner Membrane. To support, distend\nand relax the outermost, there is one single Cartilage, reaching from\nthe Side of the _Meatus_, to near the middle of the Membrane. On the top\nof the _Columella_ is another Cartilage, consisting of three Branches,\n_a.b.c._ in Fig. 23. The longest middle Branch _a_. is joined to the\ntop of the single upper Cartilage before spoken of, and assists it to\nbear up the upper outer Membrane: The two Branches, _b.c._ are joined to\nthe _Os Petrosum_, at some distance from the outer Membrane: Upon this\ninner Cartilage, is the inner Membrane fixed, the two outer Sides of\nwhich, _a.b._ and _a.c._ are joined to the outer Membrane, and make a\nkind of three-square Bag. The Design of the two Branches or Legs of the\nCartilage, _b.c._ are I conceive to keep the _Cartilage_ and _Columella_\nfrom wavering side-ways, and to hinder them from flying too much back:\nThere is a very fine slender Ligament extended from the opposite side,\nquite cross the _Meatus_ or Bason, to the Bottom of the _Cartilage_, near\nits joining to the _Columella_. Thus much for the _Membran\u00e6 Tympani_, and\ntheir _Cartilages_.\n\nThe next Part is the _Columella_ (as _Schelhammer_ calls it.) This is a\nvery fine, thin, light, bony Tube; the Bottom of which spreads about,\nand gives it the Resemblance of a wooden Pot-lid, such as I have seen\nin Country-Houses. It exactly shuts into, and covers a _Foramen_ of\nthe _Conclave_, to which it is braced all round, with a fine subtile\nMembrane, composed of the tender Auditory Nerve. This Bottom or Base of\nthe _Columella_, I call the _Operculum_.\n\nThe last Part, which some call the _Labyrinth_ and _Cochlea_, consisting\nof Branches more like the _Canalos Semicirculares_ in Man, than the\n_Cochlea_, I call the _Conclave Audit\u00fbs_. It is (at in most other\nAnimals) made of hard context Bone. In most of the Birds I have opened,\nthere are _circular Canals_, some larger, some lesser, crossing one\nanother at right Angles, which open into the _Conclave_. But in the\n_Goose_ it is otherwise, there being cochleous Canals, but not like\nthose of other Birds. In the _Conclave_, at the Side opposite to the\n_Operculum_, the tender Part of the _Auditory Nerve_ enters, and lineth\nall those inner retired Parts, _viz._ the _Conclave_ and _Canals_.\n\nAs to the _Passages_, _Column\u00e6_, and other Parts observable in the Ear\nof Birds, I shall pass them by, it being sufficient to my Purpose, to\nhave described the Parts principally concerned in the Act of Hearing.\nAnd as the Ear is in Birds the most simple and incomplex of any Animals\nEar; so we may from it make an easy and rational Judgment, how _Hearing_\nis performed, _viz._ _Sound_ being a _Tremor_, or _Undulation_ in the\nAir, caused by the Collision of Bodies, doth as it moves along, strike\nupon the _Drum_, or _Membrana Tympani_ of the Ear: Which Motion, whether\nstrong or languid, shrill or soft, tuneful or not, is at the same Instant\nimpressed upon the _Cartilages_, _Columella_, and _Operculum_, and so\ncommunicated to the _Auditory Nerve_ in the _Conclave_.\n\nAnd now if we compare the Organ and Act of Hearing, with those of Sight,\nwe shall find, that the _Conclave_ is to Hearing, as the _Retina_ is\nto Sight; that sonorous Bodies make their Impressions thereby on the\nBrain, as visible Objects do by the _Retina_. Also, that as there is an\n_Apparatus_ in the Eye, by the opening and shutting of the Pupil, to make\nit correspond to all the Degrees of Light, so there is in the Ear to\nmake it conformable to all the Degrees of Sound, a noble Train of little\nBones and Muscles in Man, _&c._ to strain and relax the Membrane, and\nat the same Time to open and shut the _Basis_ of the _Stapes_ (the same\nas what I call the _Operculum_ in Birds:) But in Birds, there is a more\nsimple, but sufficient _Apparatus_ for this Purpose, tender Cartilages,\ninstead of Bones and Joints, to correspond to the various Impressions of\nSounds, and to open and shut the _Operculum_. Besides which, I suspect\nthe Ligament I mentioned, is only the Tendon of a Muscle, reaching to the\ninner _Membrana Tympani_, and joined thereto (as I find by a stricter\nScrutiny) and not to the Cartilage, as I imagined. By this Muscle, the\ninner Membrane, and by Means of that the Outer also can be distended or\nrelaxed, as it is in Man, by the _Malleus_ and its Muscle, _&c._\n\n[e] _Flat-billed Birds, that grope for their Meat, have three Pair of\nNerves, that come into their Bills, whereby they have that Accuracy to\ndistinguish what is proper for Food, and what to be rejected by their\nTaste, when they do not see it. This was most evident in a Duck\u2019s Bill\nand Head; a Duck having larger Nerves that come into their Bills than\nGeese, or any other Bird that I have seen; and therefore quaffer and\ngrope out their Meat the most. But then I discovered none of these Nerves\nin round-bill\u2019d Birds. But since, in my Anatomies in the Country, in a\nRook, I first observed two Nerves that came down betwixt the Eyes into\nthe upper Bill, but considerably smaller than any of the three Pair of\nNerves, in the Bills of Ducks, but larger than the Nerves in any other\nround-bill\u2019d Birds. And \u2019tis remarkable that these Birds, more than any\nother round-bill\u2019d Birds, seem to grope for their Meat in Cow-dung,\n~&c.~_ _Mr._ J. Clayton, _in_ Philos. Transact. N\u1d52. 206.\n\n_I observ\u2019d three Pair of Nerves in all the broad-bill\u2019d Birds that I\ncould meet with, and in all such at feel for their Food out of Sight,\nas Snipes, Woodcocks, Curlews, Geese, Ducks, Teals, Widgeons, ~&c.~\nThese Nerves are very large, equalling almost the Optic Nerve in\nThickness.\u2014\u2014Two are distributed nigh the End of the upper Bill, and are\nthere very much expanded, passing through the Bone into the Membrane,\nlining the Roof of the Mouth._ Dr. _A. Moulen_. Ibid. N\u1d52. 199. Or both in\nMr. _Lowthorp_\u2019s Abridg. V. 2. p. 861, 862.\n\n[f] The _Gizzard_ is not only made very strong, especially in the\nGranivorous; but hath also a Faculty of Grinding what is therein. For\nwhich Purpose, the Bird swalloweth rough Stones down, which, when grown\nsmooth, are rejected and cast out of the Stomach, as useless. This\nGrinding may be heard in Falcons, Eagles, _&c._ by laying the Ear close\nto them, when their Stomachs are empty, as the famous Dr. _Harvey_ saith.\n_De Generat. Exer._ 7.\n\nAs to the Strength of the _Gizzard_, and the Use of Stones to the\nDigestion of Fowls, divers curious Experiments may be met with, try\u2019d by\n_Seigneur Redi_, with glass Bubbles, solid Glass, Diamonds, and other\nhard Bodies. See his _Exp. Nat._\n\n[g] It is no less remarkable in Birds, that their _Lungs_ adhere to the\n_Thorax_, and have but little play, than that to other Animals they\nare loose, and play much, which is a good Provision for their steady\nFlight. Also they want the _Diaphragm_, and instead thereof, have divers\nlarge Bladders made of thin transparent Membranes, with pretty large\nHoles out of one into the other. These Membranes seem to me to serve\nfor _Ligaments_, or _Braces_ to the _Viscera_, as well as to contain\nAir. Towards the upper Part, each Lobe of the Lungs is perforated in two\nPlaces, with large Perforations; whereof one is towards the outer, the\nother towards the inner Part of the Lobe. Through these Perforations, the\nAir hath a Passage into the Belly, (as in _Book I. Chap. 1. Note (b)_;)\nthat is, into the foremention\u2019d Bladders; so that by blowing into the\n_aspera Arteria_, the Lungs will be a little rais\u2019d, and the whole Belly\nblown up, so as to be very turgid. Which doubtless is a Means to make\ntheir Bodies more or less buoyant, according as they take in more or less\nAir, to facilitate thereby, their Ascents, and Descents: Like as it is in\nthe _Air-bladders_ of Fishes, in the last cited Place. _Note (i)._\n\n[h] _Such Birds as have long Legs, have also a long Neck; for that\notherwise they could not commodiously gather up their Food, either on\nLand, or in the Water. But on the other Side, those which have long\nNecks, have not always long Legs, as in Swans\u2014\u2014whose Necks serve them to\nreach to the Bottom of Rivers, ~&c.~_ Willughby\u2019s Ornithol. L. 1. c. 1.\n\u00a7. 7.\n\n[i] We have sufficient Instances of this in _Geese_, _Ducks_, &c. whose\nWings, (their Bodies being made for the Convenience of Swimming,) are\nplac\u2019d out of the Center of Gravity, nearer the Head. But the extending\nthe Neck and Heads in Flight, causeth a due \u00c6quipoise and Libration of\nthe Body upon the Wing. Which is another excellent Use of the long Necks\nof these Birds, besides that of reaching and searching in the Waters for\ntheir Food.\n\nBut in the _Heron_, whose Head and long Neck, (although tuck\u2019d up in\nFlight,) over-balance the hinder Part of the Body; the long Legs are\nextended in Flight, to counterpoise the Body, as well as to supply what\nis wanting in the Tail, from the Shortness of it.\n\n[k] _Steno_ thus Concludes his Myology of the Eagle, _Imperfecta\nh\u00e6c Musculorum descriptio, non min\u00f9s arida est Legentibus, qu\u00e0m\nInspectantibus fuerit jucunda eorundem pr\u00e6paratio. Elegantissima enim\nMechanices artificia, creberrim\u00e8 in illis obvia, verbis non nisi\nobscure exprimuntur, carnium autem ductu, tendinum colore, insertionum\nproportione, & trochlearam distributione oculis exposita omnem superant\nadmirationem._ Steno in Blas. Anat. Animal. P. 2. c. 4.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. III.\n\n_Of the MIGRATION of Birds._\n\n\nConcerning the _State_ of this Tribe of _Animals_, the first Thing I\nshall speak of, (by Reason God himself instanceth in it,) shall be their\nMigration, mention\u2019d, _Jer._ viii. 7. _Yea, the Stork in the Heaven\nknoweth her appointed Times, and the Turtle, and the Crane, and the\nSwallow observe the Time of their Coming; but my People, ~&c.~_\n\nIn which Act of Migration, there are two Things to me, exceedingly\nnotable. One is what the Text speaks of, their knowing their proper Times\nfor their _Passage_, when to come[a], when to go; as also that some\nshould come when others go; and some others go when these come. There is\nno doubt but the Temperature of the Air, as to Heat and Cold, and their\nnatural Propensity to breed their Young; may be great Incentives to those\nCreatures to change their Habitation: But yet it is a very odd Instinct,\nthat they should at all shift their Habitation: That some certain\nPlace is not to be found in all the terraqueous Globe, affording them\nconvenient Food and Habitation all the Year, either in the colder Climes,\nfor such as Delight in the colder Regions, or the hotter, for such _Birds\nof Passage_ as fly to us in Summer.\n\nAlso it is somewhat strange, that those untaught, unthinking Creatures,\nshould so exactly know the best and only proper Seasons to go and\ncome. This gives us good Reason to interpret the \u200e\u200f\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d4\u200f\u200e _appointed\ntimes_[b], in the Text, to be such Times as the Creator hath appointed\nthose Animals, and hath accordingly, for this End, imprinted upon their\nNatures such an Instinct, as exciteth and moveth them thus, at proper\nTimes, to fly from a Place that would obstruct their Generation, or not\nafford convenient Food for them, and their Young, and betake themselves\nto another Place, affording all that is wanting for Food or Incubation.\n\nAnd this leads me to another Thing remarkable in this Act of Migration;\nand that is, That those unthinking Creatures should know what Way to\nsteer their Course[c] and whither to go. What but the great Creator\u2019s\nInstinct should ever move a poor foolish Bird, to venture over vast\nTracts of Land, but especially over large Seas? If it should be said,\nThat by their high Ascents up into the Air, they can see cross the Seas;\nyet what should teach or persuade them, that that Land is more proper for\ntheir Purpose, than this? That _Britain_, (for Instance,) should afford\nthem better Accommodations than _\u00c6gypt_[d], than the _Canaries_, than\n_Spain_, or any of those many intermediate Places over which some of\nthem probably fly.\n\nAnd lastly, to all this, let us briefly add the Accommodations these\n_Birds of Passage have_, to enable them to take such long Flights, _viz._\nthe Length of their Wings, or their more than ordinary Strength[e] for\nFlight.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Curiosa res est, scire, qu\u00e0m exacte hoc genus avium, ~[Gruum]~\nquontannis observet tempora sui redit\u00fbs ad nos. Anno 1667. prim\u00e6 Grues\ncomparuerunt in campestribus Pis\u00e6 20 Feb. ~&c.~_ F. Redi Exp. Nat. p.\n100. ubi plura.\n\n[b] From \u200e\u200f\u05d9\u05e2\u05d3\u200f\u200e _indixit_, _constituit_, _scil locum, vel tempus, ubi\nvel quando aliquid fieri debet_. Buxt. in verb.\n\n_De voluntate su\u00e2 certiorem reddidit._ Con. Kircher concordant. Pars.\n1. Col. 1846. \u200e\u200f\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u200f\u200e _Generaliter pro re aligu\u00e2 cert\u00e0, artestat\u00e2, &\ndefinit\u00e2 accipitur. 1. Pro tempore certo & constituto. 2. Deinde pro\nsesto seu Solennitate, qu\u00e6 certo & stato tempore celebratur. 3. Pro loco\ncerto constituto._ Id. ibid. Col. 1847.\n\n[c] _Quis non cum admiratione videat ordinem & politiam peregrinantium\nAvium, in itinere, turmatim volantium, per longos terrarum & maris\ntractus absque Acu marin\u00e2?\u2014\u2014Quis eas certum iter in a\u00ebris mutabili\nregione docuit? Quis pr\u00e6terit\u00e6 signa, & futur\u00e6 vi\u00e6 indicia; quis eas\nducit, nutrit, & vit\u00e6 necessaria ministrat? Quis insulas & hospitia,\nilla, in quibus victum reperiant, indicavat; modumque ejusmodi loca in\nperegrinationibus suis inveniendi? H\u00e6c san\u00e8 superant hominum captum &\nindustriam, qui non nisi longis experientiis, multis itinerariis, chartis\ngeographicis,\u2014\u2014& ac\u00fbs magnetic\u00e6 beneficio,\u2014\u2014ejusmodi marium & terrarum\ntractus conficere tentant & audent._ Lud. de Beaufort. Cosmop. divina\nSect. 5. c. 1.\n\n[d] I instance particularly in _\u00c6gypt_, because Mr. _Willughby_ thinks\n_Swallows_ fly thither, and into _\u00c6thiopia_, &c. and that they do\nnor lurk in Holes, or under Water, as _Olaus Magnus_ Reports. _Vid._\n_Ornith._ L. 2. c. 3. But _Etmuller_ puts the Matter out of doubt; who\nsaith, _Memini me plures, qu\u00e0m quas Medimnus caperit, Hirundines arcte\ncoacervatas intra Piscin\u00e6 cannas, sub glacie prorsus ad sensum exanimes\npulsantes tamen, reperiisse._ Etmuller Dissert. 2. c. 10. \u00a7. 5. This\nas it is like what _Ol. Magnus_ saith, so is a Confirmation of it.\nThe Archbishop\u2019s Account is, _In Septentrionalibus aquis s\u00e6pius casu\nPiscatoris extrahuntur Hirundines, in modum conglemerat\u00e6 mass\u00e6, qu\u00e6\nore ad os, & al\u00e2 ad alam, & pede ad pedem post principium autumni sese\ninter cannas descensur\u00e6 collig\u00e2runt.\u2014\u2014Massa autem illa per imperitos\nadolescentes\u2014\u2014extracta, atque in \u00e6stuaria portata, caloris accessu\nHirundines resolut\u00e6, volare quidem incipiunt, sed exiguo tempore durant._\nOl. Mag. Hist. L. 19. c. 20.\n\nSince my penning this Note, we had, at a Meeting of the Royal-Society,\n_Feb. 12. 1712-13._ a farther Confirmation of _Swallows_ retiring under\nWater in Winter, from Dr. _Golas_, a Person very curious in these\nMatters; who speaking of their Way of Fishing in the northern Parts, by\nbreaking Holes, and drawing their Nets under the Ice, saith, that he saw\nsixteen Swallows so drawn out of the _Lake of Samrodt_, and about Thirty\nout of the King\u2019s great Pond in _Rosineilen_; and that at _Schlebitten_,\nnear an House of the Earl of _Dohna_, he saw two Swallows just come out\nof the Waters, that could scarce stand, being very wet and weak, with\ntheir Wings hanging on the Ground: And that he hath observ\u2019d the Swallows\nto be often weak for some Days after their Appearance.\n\n[e] As _Swallows_ are well accommodated for long Flights, by their long\nWings, so are _Quails_ by the Strength of their _pectoral Muscles_, by\nthe Breadth of their Wings, _&c._ For Quails have but short Wings for the\nWeight of their Body; and yet they fly from us into warmer Parts, against\nWinter, and to us in Spring, crossing our Seas. So divers Travellers tell\nus they cross the _Mediterranean_ twice a Year, flying from _Europe_ to\n_Africa_, and back again: Thus _Bellonius_ in Mr. _Willughby_, saith,\nWhen we sail\u2019d from _Rhodes_ to _Alexandria_ of _\u00c6gypt_, many Quails\nflying from the North towards the South, were taken in our Ship; _whence\nI am verily persuaded, that they shift Places: For formerly also, when\nI sail\u2019d out of the Isle of ~Zant~ to ~Morea~, or ~Negropont~, in the\nSpring Time, I had observ\u2019d ~Quails~ flying the contrary Way, from\n~South~ to ~North~, that they might abide there all Summer. At which Time\nalso, there were a great many taken in our Ship._ Ornith. p. 170.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. IV.\n\n_Of the INCUBATION of Birds._\n\n\nAnother Thing relating to the State of this Tribe of Animals, is their\n_Incubation_.\n\nAnd first, the _Egg_ it self deserves our Notice. Its Parts within, and\nits crusty Coat without, are admirably well fitted for the Business of\nIncubation. That there should be one Part provided for the Formation\nof the Body[a], before its Exit into the World, and another for its\nNourishment, after it is come into the World, till the Bird is able to\nshift for, and help it self; and that these Parts should be so accurately\nbrac\u2019d, and kept in due Place[b], is certainly a design\u2019d, as well as\ncurious Piece of Workmanship.\n\nAnd then as to the Act it self, of _Incubation_, What a prodigious\nInstinct is it in all, or almost all the several Species of Birds, that\nthey, and only they, of all Creatures, should betake themselves to this\nvery Way of Generation? How should they be aware that their Eggs contain\ntheir Young, and that their Production is in their Power[c]? What should\nmove them to betake themselves to their Nests, and there with Delight and\nPatience to abide the due Number of Days? And when their Young are gotten\ninto the World, I have already shewn how admirable their Art, their Care,\nand \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f74 is in bringing them up until, and only until, they are able to\nshift for themselves.\n\nAnd lastly, when almost the whole Tribe of Birds, do thus by Incubation,\nproduce their Young, it is a wonderful Deviation, that some few Families\nonly, should do it in a more novercal Way[d], without any Care or\nTrouble at all, only by laying their Eggs in the Sand, exposed to the\nHeat and Incubation of the Sun. Of this the Holy Scripture it self\ngives us an Instance in the Ostrich: Of which we have an Hint, _Lam._\niv. 3. _The Daughter of my People is become cruel, like the Ostriches\nin the Wilderness._ This is more plainly expressed in _Job_ xxxix. 14,\n15, 16, 17. _~[The Ostrich]~ leaveth her Eggs in the Earth, and warmeth\nthem in the Dust, and forgetteth that the Foot may crush them, or that\nthe Wild-Beast may break them. She is hardened against her Young ones,\nas though they were not hers: Her Labour is in vain, without Fear.\nBecause God hath deprived her of Wisdom, neither hath he imparted unto\nher Understanding._ In which Words I shall take notice of three Things,\n1. Of this anomalous Way of Generation. It is not very strange, that\nno other Incubation but that of the Sun, should produce the Young;\nbut \u2019tis very odd and wonderful that any one Species should vary from\nall the rest of the Tribe. But above all, 2. The singular Care of the\nCreator, in this Case, is very remarkable, in supplying some other Way\nthe Want of the Parent-Animals Care and \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f74[e], so that the Young\nshould notwithstanding be bred up in those large and barren Desarts of\n_Arabia_ and _Africa_, and such like Places where those Birds dwell,\nthe most unlikely and unfitting (in all human Opinion) to afford\nSustenance to young helpless Creatures; but the fittest therefore to\ngive Demonstrations of the Wisdom, Care, and especial Providence of the\ninfinite Creator and Conservator of the World. 3. The last Thing I shall\nremark is, That the Instincts of Irrational Animals, at least of this\nspecified in the Text, is attributed to GOD. For the Reason the Text\ngives why the _Ostrich is hardened against her young Ones, as though they\nwere not hers, is, Because _GOD_ hath deprived her of Wisdom, and not\nimparted Understanding to her_; _i.e._ he hath denied her that Wisdom, he\nhath not imparted that Understanding, that \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f74, that natural Instinct\nto provide for, and nurse up her Young, that most other Creatures of the\nsame, and other Tribes are endowed with.\n\nThus I have dispatched what I intend to insist upon concerning the State\nof this Set of Animals; of which, as also of their admirable Instincts,\na great deal more might deserve our especial Observation; particularly\nthe admirable Curiosity, Art, and Variety of Nidification[f], used among\nthe various Species of Birds; the great Sagacity, and many Artifices\nused by them in the Investigation and Capture of their Prey[g], the due\nProportion of the more and less useful, the Scarcity of the Voracious\nand Pernicious, and the Plenty of the Mansuete and Useful[h]. Also the\nVariety of their Motion and Flight might deserve Consideration, the\nSwiftness of such whose Food is to be sought in far distant Places, and\ndifferent Seasons[i]; the slower Motion and short Flights of others more\ndomestick; and even the Aukwardness of some others to Flight, whose\nFood is near at hand, and to be gotten without any great Occasion of\nFlight[k]. These and divers other such like Things as these, I say, I\nmight have spoken more largely unto; but I shall pass them by with only a\nbare Mention, having already taken notice of them in the Company of other\nMatters of the like Nature, and manifested them to be Acts of excellent\nDesign, Wisdom, and Providence, in the great Creator.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _The Chicken is form\u2019d out of, and nourish\u2019d by the White alone,\ntill it be grown great. The Yolk serves for the Chicken\u2019s Nourishment,\nafter it is well grown, and partly also after it is hatch\u2019d. For a\ngood Part of the Yolk remains after Exclusion, being receiv\u2019d into the\nChicken\u2019s Belly; and being there reserv\u2019d, as in a Store-house, is by the\n~Appendicula~, or ~Ductus intestinalis~, as by a Funnel, convey\u2019d into\nthe Guts, and serves instead of Milk, ~&c.~_ Willugh. Ornith. L. 1. c. 3.\n_Ipsum animal ex albo liquore Ovi corporatur. Cibus ejus in lutco est._\nPlin. L. 10. c. 53.\n\n_Aristotle_ saith, _The long sharp Eggs bring Females; the round ones,\nwith a larger Compass at the sharper End, Males._ Hist. An. L. 6. c.\n2. After which, he tells of a Sott at _Syracuse_, that sate drinking\nso long, till Eggs were hatch\u2019d; as also of the Custom of _\u00c6gypt_, of\nhatching Eggs in Dunghills.\n\n[b] As the Shell and Skin keep the Yolk and two Whites together; so\neach of the Parts, (the Yolk and inner White at least,) are separated\nby Membranes, involving them. At each End of the Egg is a Treddle, so\ncall\u2019d, because it was formerly thought to be the Sperm of the Cock.\n_But the Use of these_, (saith Dr. _Harvey_ in _Willugh. Ornith._ c. 3.)\n_is to be as \u2019twere, the Poles of this Microcosm, and the Connections\nof all the Membranes twisted and knit together, by which the Liquors\nare not only conserv\u2019d, each in its Place, but do also retain their due\nPosition one to another._ This, although in a great Measure true, yet\ndoth not come up to what I have my self observ\u2019d; for I find, that these\n_Chalaz\u00e6_, or _Treddles_, serve not barely to keep the Liquors in their\nPlace, and Position to one another; but also to keep one and the same\nPart of the Yolk uppermost, let the Egg be turn\u2019d nearly which way it\nwill; which is done by this Mechanism: The _Chalaz\u00e6_ are specifically\nlighter than the Whites, in which they swim; and being brac\u2019d to the\nMembrane of the Yolk, not exactly in the _Axis_ of the Yolk, but somewhat\nout of it; causeth one Side of the Yolk to be heavier than the other; so\nthat the Yolk being by the _Chalaz\u00e6_ made buoyant, and kept swimming in\nthe Midst of two Whites, is by its own heavy Side kept with the same Side\nalways uppermost; which uppermost Side I have some Reason to think, is\nthat on which the _Cicatricula_ lies; that being commonly uppermost in\nthe Shell, especially in some Species of Eggs more I think than others.\n\n[c] All Birds lay a certain Number of Eggs, or nearly that Number,\nand then betake themselves to their Incubation; but if their Eggs be\nwithdrawn, they will lay more. Of which, see Mr. _Ray_\u2019s Wis. of God, p.\n137.\n\n[d] The _Tabon_ is a Bird no bigger than a Chicken, but is said to lay an\nEgg larger than a Goose\u2019s Egg, and bigger than the Bird it self. These\nthey lay a Yard deep in the Sand, where they are hatch\u2019d by the Warmth\nof the Sun; after which they creep out, and get to Sea for Provisions.\n_Navarett_\u2019s _Account of China in Collect. of Voyages_, Vol. 1. This\nAccount is in all Probability borrow\u2019d from _Nieremberg_, or _Hernandez_,\n(that copy\u2019d from him,) who call this Bird by the Name of _Daie_, and its\nEggs _Tapun_, not the Bird it self, as _Navarette_ doth. But my Friend\nMr. _Ray_ saith of it, _Historia isth\u00e6c proculdubio fabulosa & falsa est.\nQuamvis enim Aves nonnulla maxima ova pariunt, ut v.g. ~Alk\u00e6~, ~Lomwi\u00e6~,\n~Anates~, ~Arctic\u00e6~, &c. hujusmodi tamen unum duntaxat, non plura ova\nponunt antequam incubent: nec ullam in rerum natur\u00e2 avem dari existimo\ncujus ova albumine careant. Cum Albumen pr\u00e6cipua ovi pars sit, quodque\nprimum f\u0153tus alimentum subministrat._ Raii Synop. Av. Method. p. 155.\n\n[e] _The Eggs of the Ostrich being buried in the Sand, are cherished only\nby the Heat of the Sun, till the Young be excluded. For the Writers of\nNatural History do generally agree, that the old Birds, after they have\nlaid and covered their Eggs in the Sand, forsake them, and take no more\nCare of them._ Willugh. Ornith. L. 2. c. 8. \u00a7. 1.\n\nBut there is another _Ostrich_ [of _America_] which _Acaret_ tells us of,\nthat takes more Care of her Young, by carrying four of her Eggs, a little\nbefore she hatcheth, to four Parts of her Nest, there to breed Worms for\nFood for her Young. _Acaret\u2019s Disc. in Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52. 89.\n\n[f] See _Book IV. ch. 13._\n\n[g] See _Book IV. ch. 11. and 14._\n\n[h] See _Book IV. ch. 10._ beginn.\n\n[i] See _Book IV. ch. 8._\n\n[k] The _Colymbi_, or _Douckers_, having their Food near at hand in\nthe Waters, are remarkably made for Diving therein. Their Heads are\nsmall, Bills sharp-pointed, Wings small, Legs flat and broad, and placed\nbackward, and nearer the Tail than in Other Birds; and lastly, their\nFeet; some are whole-footed, some cloven-footed, but withal fin-toed.\n_Vid._ _Willugh. Ornith._ L. 3. \u00a7. 5.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. V.\n\n_The CONCLUSION._\n\n\nAnd now, if we reflect upon the whole Matter, we shall here find another\nlarge Tribe of the Creation, abundantly setting forth the Wisdom and\nGlory of their great Creator. We praise the Ingenuity and Invention of\nMan, for the Contrivance of various pneumatick Engines; we think them\nwitty, even for their unsuccessful Attempts to swim in, and sail through\nthat subtle Element the Air; and the curious Mechanism of that Artist\nis had in Remembrance, and praised to this Day, who made a Dove, or an\n_Eagle_[a] to fly but a short Space. And is not therefore all imaginable\nHonour and Praise due to that infinite Artist, that hath so admirably\ncontrived and made, all the noble Variety of Birds; that hath with such\nincomparable Curiosity and Art, formed their Bodies from Head to Tail,\nwithout and within, that not so much as any Muscle, or Bone, no, not even\na Feather[b] is unartificially made, misplaced, redundant, or defective,\nin all the several Families of this large Tribe? But every Thing is so\nincomparably performed, so nicely fitted up for Flight, as to surpass\neven the Imitation of the most ingenious Artificer among mortal rational\nBeings.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Vid._ _Book V. ch. 1. Note (aa)._\n\n[b] _Deus non sol\u00f9m Angelum, & Hominem, sed nec exigui & contemptibilis\nanimantis viscera, nec Avis pennulam, nec Herb\u00e6 flosculum, nec Arboris\nfolium sine suarum partium convenienti\u00e2 dereliquit._ Augustin. de Civ.\nDei, L. 5. c. 11.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK VIII.\n\n_Of INSECTS and REPTILES._\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. I.\n\n_Of INSECTS in general._\n\n\nHaving dispatch\u2019d that Part of the animal World, which used to be\naccounted the more perfect, those Animals styled less perfect or\nimperfect, will next deserve a Place in our Survey, because when strictly\nenquired into, we shall find them to be so far from deserving to be\naccounted mean and despicable Parts of the Creation, owing their Original\nand Production to Putrefactions, _&c._ as some have thought, that we\nshall find them, I say, noble, and most admirable Works of _GOD_. For,\nas the famous Natural Historian, _Pliny_[a], prefaceth his Treatise of\n_Insects_, to prevent the Reproach of condescending (as might be thought)\nto so mean a Subject: _In great Bodies_, saith he, _Nature had a large\nand easy Shop to work upon obsequious Matter. Whereas_, saith he, _in\nthese so small, and as it were no Bodies, what Footsteps of Reason, what\nPower, what great Perfection is there?_ Of this having given an Instance\nor two of the exquisite Senses, and curious Make of some Insects[b], he\nthen goes on, _We admire_, saith he, _turrigerous Shoulders of Elephants,\nthe lofty Necks and Crests of others; but_, saith he, _the Nature of\nThings is never more compleat than in the least Things._ For which Reason\nhe intreats his Readers (as I do mine) _that because they slighted\nmany of the Things themselves which he took notice of, they would not\ntherefore disdainfully condemn his Accounts of them, since, saith he, in\nthe Contemplation of Nature, nothing ought to seem superfluous._\n\nThus that eminent Naturalist hath made his own, and my Excuse too; the\nForce and Verity whereof will farther appear, by what I shall say of\nthese Animals which (as despicable as they have been, or perhaps may\nbe thought) we shall find as exquisitely contrived, and curiously made\nfor that Place and Station they bear in the World, as any other Part of\nthe Animal World. For if we consider the innumerable Variety of their\nSpecies, the prodigious Numbers of Individuals, the Shape and Make\nof their little Bodies, and every Part thereof, their Motion, their\nInstincts, their regular Generation and Production; and, to name no more,\nthe incomparable Beauty and Lustre of the Colours of many of them, what\nmore admirable and more manifest Demonstration of the infinite Creator,\nthan even this little contemned Branch of the Animal World? But let us\ntake a short View of Particulars.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _In magnis siquidem corporibus, ~&c.~_ Plin. Nat. Hist. L. 11. c. 2.\n\n[b] _Ubi tot sensus collocavit in Culice? Et sunt alla dictu minora.\nSed ubi Visum in eo pr\u00e6tendit: Ubi Gustatum applicavit? Ubi Odoratum\ninferuit? Ubi ver\u00f2 truculentam illam & portione maximam vocem\ningeneravit? Qu\u00e2 subtilitate Pennas adnexuit? pr\u00e6longavit Pedum crura?\nDesposuit jejunam Caveam, ut\u00ec Alvum? Avidam Sanguinis, & potissimum\nhumani, sitim, accendit? Telum ver\u00f2 perfodiendo tergori, quo spiculavit\ningenio? Atque ut capaci, c\u00f9m cerni non possit exilitas, ita reciproc\u00e2\ngeminavit arte, ut fodiendo acuminatum pariter sorbendoque fistulosum\nesset. Quos Teredini ad perforanda Robora cum sono teste dentes affixit?\nPotissimumque \u00e8 ligno cibatum fecit: Sed turrigeros Elephantorum miramur\nhumeros, Taurorumque colla, & truces in sublime jactus, Tigrium rapinas,\nLeonum jubas, c\u00f9m rerum natura nusquam mag\u00ecs qu\u00e0m in minimis, tota sit._\nPlin. ibid.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. II.\n\n_Of the ~Shape~ and ~Structure~ of INSECTS._\n\n\nLet us begin with the Shape and Fabrick of their Bodies. Which although\nit be somewhat different from that of Birds, being particularly, for the\nmost part, not so sharp before, to cut and make way through the Air, yet\nis better adapted to their manner of Life. For considering that there is\nlittle Necessity of long Flights, and that the Strength and Activity of\ntheir Wings doth much surpass the Resistance their Bodies meet with from\nthe Air, there was no great Occasion their Bodies should be so sharpened\nbefore. But the Condition of their Food, and the Manner of gathering it,\ntogether with the great Necessity of accurate Vision by that admirable\nProvision made for them by the reticulated _Cornea_ of their Eyes; these\nThings, I say, as they required a larger Room, so were a good Occasion\nfor the Largeness of the Head, and its Amplitude before. But for the rest\nof their Body, all is well made, and nicely poised for their Flight, and\nevery other of their Occasions.\n\nAnd as their _Shape_; so the _Fabrick_ and _Make_ of their Bodies is no\nless accurate, admirable, and singular; not built throughout with Bones,\nand cover\u2019d with Flesh and Skin, as in most other Animals; but cover\u2019d\nwith a curious Mail of a middle Nature[a], serving both as Skin and Bone\ntoo, for the Shape, as well as Strength and Guard of the Body, and as it\nwere on Purpose to shew that the great Contriver of Nature is not bound\nup to one Way only.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Insecta non videntur Nervos habere, nec Ossa, nec Spinas, nec\nCartilaginem, nec Pinguia, nec Carnes, ne crustam quidem fragilem, ut\nqu\u00e6dam marina, nec qu\u00e6 jure dicatur Curis: sed media cujusdam inter omnia\nh\u00e6c natur\u00e6 corpus, ~&c.~_ Plin. N. H. L. 11. c. 4.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. III.\n\n_Of the ~Eyes~ and ~Antenn\u00e6~ of INSECTS._\n\n\nTo this last-mention\u2019d Guard, we may add, that farther Guard provided in\nthe _Eyes_ and _Antenn\u00e6_. The Structure of the Eye, is, in all Creatures,\nan admirable Piece of Mechanism; but that observable in the Eyes of\nInsects so peculiar, that it must needs excite our Admiration: Fenced\nwith its own Hardness, yea, even its own accurate Vision, is a good Guard\nagainst external Injuries; and its _Cornea_, or outward Coat, all over\nbeset with curious, transparent, lenticular[a] Inlets, enabling those\nCreatures to see, (no doubt,) very accurately every Way, without any\nInterval of Time or Trouble to move the Eye towards Objects.\n\nAnd as for the other Part, the _Antenn\u00e6_, or _Feelers_, whatever their\nUse may be in cleaning the Eyes, or other such like use; they are, in all\nProbability, a good Guard to the Eyes and Head, in their Walk and Flight,\nenabling them, by the Sense of Feeling, to discover such Annoyances,\nwhich by their Proximity may perhaps escape the Reach of the Eyes and\nSight[b]. Besides which, they are a curious Piece of Workmanship, and in\nmany, a very beautiful Piece of[c] Garniture to the Body.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] The _Cornea_ of Flies, Wasps, _&c._ are so common an Entertainment\nwith the Microscope, that every body knows it is a curious Piece of\nLattice-work. In which this is remarkable, that every _Foramen_ is of a\nlenticular Nature; so that we see Objects through them topsey-turvey,\nas through so many convex Glasses: Yea, they become a small Telescope,\nwhen there is a due focal Distance between them and the _Lens_ of the\nMicroscope.\n\nThis lenticular Power of the _Cornea_, supplies, (as I imagine,) the\nPlace of the Crystalline, if not of the vitreous Humour too, there being\nneither of those Humours that I could ever find, (although for Truth\nSake, I confess I have not been so diligent as I might in this Enquiry;)\nbut instead of _Humours_ and _Tunicks_, I imagine that every _Lens_ of\nthe _Cornea_, hath a distinct Branch of the _optick Nerve_ ministring to\nit, and rendring it as so many distinct Eyes. So that as most Animals\nare binocular, Spiders for the most Part octonocular, and some, (as Mr.\n_Willughby_ thought, _Raii Hist. Insect._ p. 12.) senocular; so Flies,\n_&c._ are multocular, having as many Eyes as there are Perforations in\ntheir _Cornea_. By which Means, as other Creatures are oblig\u2019d to turn\ntheir Eyes to Objects, these have some or other of their Eyes ready\nplac\u2019d towards Objects, nearly all round them: Thus particularly it is\nin the _Dragon-Fly_, (_Libella_,) the greatest Part of whose Head is\npossess\u2019d by its Eyes: Which is of excellent Use to that predatious\nInsect, for the ready seeing and darting at small Flies all round it, on\nwhich it preys.\n\n[b] It is manifest, that Insects clean their Eyes with their Fore-legs,\nas well as _Antenn\u00e6_. And considering, that as they walk along, they are\nperpetually feeling, and searching before them, with their _Feelers_, or\n_Antenn\u00e6_; therefore I am apt to think, that besides wiping and cleaning\nthe Eyes, the Uses here nam\u2019d may be admitted. For as their Eyes are\nimmoveable, so that no Time is requir\u2019d for the turning their Eyes to\nObjects; so there is no Necessity of the _Retina_, or _optick Nerve_\nbeing brought nigher unto, or set farther off from the _Cornea_, (which\nwould require Time,) as it is in other Animals: But their _Cornea_ and\n_optick Nerve_, being always at one and the same Distance, are fitted\nonly to see distantial Objects, but not such as are very nigh: Which\nInconvenience the _Feelers_ obviate, lest it should be prejudicial, in\noccasioning the Insect to run its Head against any Thing.\n\nAnd that this, rather than the wiping the Eyes, is the chief Use of the\n_Feelers_, is farther manifest from the _Antenn\u00e6_ of the _Flesh-Fly_,\nand many other Insects, which are short, and strait, and incapable\nof being bent unto, or extended over the Eyes: As also from others\nenormously long, such as those of the _Capricorni_, or _Goat-chasers_,\nthe _Cadew-Fly_, and divers others, both Beetles and Flies.\n\n[c] The lamellated _Antenn\u00e6_ of some, the clavellated of others, the\nneatly articulated of others, the feather\u2019d and divers other Forms of\nothers, of the _Scarab_, _Papilionaceous Gnat_, and other Kinds; are\nsurprizingly beautiful, when view\u2019d through a Microscope. And in some,\nthose _Antenn\u00e6_ distinguish the Sexes: As in the _Gnat-kind_, all those\nwith Tufts, Feathers, and Brush-horns, are Males; those with short,\nsingle shafted _Antenn\u00e6_, are Females.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. IV.\n\n_Of the ~Parts~ and ~Motion~ of INSECTS._\n\n\nFrom the Head, pass we to the Members, concern\u2019d in their Motion.\nAnd here we have a copious Subject, if I was minded to expatiate. I\nmight take Notice of the admirable Mechanism in those that creep; the\ncurious Oars in those amphibious Insects that swim and walk[a]; the\nincomparable Provision made in the Feet of such as walk, or hang upon\nsmooth Surfaces[b]; the great Strength and Spring in the Legs of such as\nleap[c]; the strong and well-made Feet and Talons of such as dig[d]: And\nto name no more, the admirable Faculty of such as cannot fly, to convey\nthemselves with Speed and Safety, by the Help of their Webs[e], or some\nother Artifice to make their Bodies lighter than the Air[f]: These, and\na Multitude of other such like Things as these, I might, I say, take\nNotice of, as great Evidences of the infinite Creator\u2019s Wisdom: But lest\nI should be too tedious, I will confine my Observations to the Legs and\nWings only. And these, at first View, we find to be incomparably fitted\nup for their intended Service, not to over-load the body, not in the\nleast to retard it; but to give it the most proper and convenient Motion.\nWhat, for Example, can be better contriv\u2019d, and made for this Service,\nthan the Wings? Distended and strengthen\u2019d by the finest Bones, and these\ncover\u2019d with the finest and lightest Membranes, some of them adorn\u2019d with\nneat and beautiful Feathers[g]; and many of them provided with the finest\nArticulations, and Foldings, for the Wings to be withdrawn, and neatly\nlaid up in their _Vagin\u00e6_, and Cases, and again readily extended for\nFlight[h].\n\nAnd then for the Poising of the Body, and keeping it upright, and steady\nin Flight, it is an admirable Artifice and Provision for this Purpose;\nin some, by four Wings[i]; and in such as have but two, by Pointels, and\nPoises plac\u2019d under the Wings, on each Side the Body.\n\nAnd lastly, It is an amazing Thing to reflect upon the surprizing\nMinuteness, Art, and Curiosity of the[k] Joynts, the Muscles, the\nTendons, the Nerves, necessary to perform all the Motions of the Legs,\nthe Wings, and every other Part. I have already mention\u2019d this in\nthe larger Animals; but to consider, that all these Things concur in\nminute Animals, even in the smallest Mite; yea, the Animalcules, that,\n(without good Microscopes,) escape our Sight; to consider, I say, that\nthose minutest Animals have all the Joynts, Bones, Muscles, Tendons\nand Nerves, necessary to that brisk and swift Motion that many of them\nhave, is so stupendous a Piece of curious Art[l], as plainly manifesteth\nthe Power and Wisdom of the infinite Contriver of those inimitable\nFineries. But having nam\u2019d those minute Animals, Why should I mention\nonly any one Part of their Bodies, when we have, in that little Compass,\na whole and compleat Body, as exquisitely form\u2019d, and, (as far as our\nScrutiny can possibly reach,) as neatly adorn\u2019d as the largest Animal?\nLet us consider, that there we have Eyes, a Brain, a Mouth, a Stomach,\nEntrails, and every other Part of an animal Body, as well as Legs\nand Feet; and that all those Parts have each of them their necessary\n_Apparatus_ of Nerves, of various Muscles, and every other Part that\nother Insects have; and that all is cover\u2019d and guarded with a well-made\nTegument, beset with Bristles, adorn\u2019d with neat Imbrications, and many\nother Fineries. And lastly, Let us consider in how little Compass all Art\nand Curiosity may lie, even in a Body many Times less than a small Grain\nof Sand[m]; so that the least Drop of Water can contain many of them, and\nafford them also sufficient Room to dance and frisk about in[n].\n\nHaving survey\u2019d as many of the Parts of Insects as I care to take\nNotice of; I shall in the next Place say somewhat of their State, and\nCircumstances of Life. And here I shall take Notice only of two Things,\nwhich have been only hinted at before; but will deserve more particular\nConsideration here, as being Acts of a wonderful Instinct; namely,\nTheir Security of themselves against Winter; and their special Care of\npreserving their Species.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] All the Families of _Hydrocanthari_, _Notonecti_, &c. have their\nhindmost Legs made very nicely, with commodious Joynts flat, and Bristles\non each Sides towards the End, serving for Oars to swim; and then, nearer\nthe Body, are two stiff Spikes, to enable them to walk when Occasion is.\n\n[b] I might here name divers Flies, and other Insects, who, besides their\nsharp hook\u2019d Nails, have alto skinny Palms to their Feet, to enable them\nto stick on Glass, and other smooth Bodies, by Means of the Pressure of\nthe Atmosphere. But because the Example will illustrate another Work of\nNature, as well as this, I shall chuse a singular Piece of Mechanism, in\none of the largest Sorts of _Hydrocanthari_. Of these large ones there\nare two Sorts, one largest, all black, with _Antenn\u00e6_ handsomely emboss\u2019d\nat the Ends. The other somewhat lesser, hardly so black, with capillary\n_Antenn\u00e6_; the Forehead, Edges of the _Vagin\u00e6_, and two Rings on the\n_Thorax_, of a tawney Colour. The Female hath _Vagin\u00e6_ prettily furrow\u2019d,\nthe Male smooth. But that which is most to our Purpose in this Male, is a\nFlap, or hollowish Cap near the middle Joynt of the Fore-legs; which when\nclap\u2019d on the Shoulders of the Female _in Coitu_, sticks firmly thereon:\nAfter the Manner as I have seen Boys carry heavy Stones, with only a wet\nPiece of Leather clap\u2019d on the Top of the Stone.\n\n[c] Thus, _Grasshoppers_ and _Crickets_ have brawny strong Thighs, with\nlong, slender, but strong Legs, which enable them to leap with great\nAgility and Strength.\n\n[d] I have wonder\u2019d to see with what great Quickness, Art and Strength,\nmany _Vesp\u00e6-Ichneumons_, _Wild-Bees_, and _Beetles_, perforate the Earth;\nyea, even Wood it self: But the most remarkable Animal to this Way, is\nthe _Mole-Cricket_ in _Book IV. Chap. 13. Note (s)._\n\n[e] I have with Pleasure often seen Spiders dart out their Webs, and\nsail away by the Help thereof. For the Manner of which, see Mr. _Lowth_,\nAbridg. _Vol. 2. p. 794._ from Dr. _Lister_ and Dr. _Hulse_, who both\nclaim\u2019d the Discovery thereof. And do both seem to have hit thereupon,\nwithout any Foreknowledge of what each other hath discover\u2019d, as is said\nin the last cited Place, and as I more particularly find by Mr. _Ray_\u2019s\n_Philos._ Letters, Printed _Ann. 1718_. p. 95, _&c._ By which also I find\nthe two ingenious Doctors were very modest in their Claims, and very\namicable in the Matter. In one of Dr. _Lister_\u2019s to Mr. _Ray_, he thinks\nthere is a fair Hint of the Darting of Spiders in _Arist. Hist. An._ L.\n9. c. 39. And in _Pliny_, L. 11. c. 24. But for their Sailing, that the\nAncients are silent of, and he thinks it was seen first by him. And in\nanother Letter, _Jan. 20, 1670_, speaking of the Height Spiders are able\nto fly, he saith, _The last ~October~, &c. I took Notice, that the Air\nwas very full of Webs, I forthwith mounted to the Top of the highest\nSteeple on the Minster, ~[in York,]~ and could thence discern them yet\nexceeding high above me. Some that fell, and were intangled upon the\nPinacles, I took and found them to be ~Lupi~: which Kind seldom or never\nenter Houses, and cannot be suppos\u2019d to have taken their Flight from the\nSteeple._\n\n[f] There are, (I imagine,) divers Animals, as well as Spiders, that\nhave some Way of Conveyance, as little known to us, as that of Spiders\nformerly was. Thus the _Squillul\u00e6_, _pulices Arborescentes_, and\n_microscopical Animalcules_ of the stagnating Waters, so numerous in\nthem, as to discolour sometimes the Water, and make them look as if they\nwere tinged Red, Yellow or Green, or cover\u2019d with a thick green Scum; all\nwhich is nothing but Animalcules of that Colour. That these Creatures\nhave some Way of Conveyance, I conclude: because most stagnating Waters\nare stock\u2019d with them; new Pits and Ponds, yea, Holes and Gutters on the\nTops of Houses and Steeples. That they are not bred there by \u00e6quivocal\nGeneration, every ingenious, considering Philosopher will grant; that\nthey have not Legs for travelling so far, is manifest from Inspection:\nAnd therefore I am apt to think, that they have some Faculty of inflating\ntheir Bodies, or darting out Webs, and making their Bodies buoyant,\nand lighter than Air; or their Bodies, when dry, may be lighter than\nAir, and so they can swim from Place to Place; or the Eggs of such as\nare oviparous, may be light enough to float in the Air. But then the\nViviparous, (as my late ingenious Friend, Mr. _Charles King_, shew\u2019d\nme the _Pulices aquat. arbores._ are; these I say,) can\u2019t be this Way\naccounted for. The Cause of these latter Suspicions was, that in the\nSummer Months, I have seen the _Pulices arbores._ and the green Scum on\nthe Waters, (nothing but Animalcules, as I said,) lie in a Manner dry on\nthe Surface of the Waters; at which Time, (as I have shewn in _Book IV.\nChap. 11. Note (n)_,) those Animalcules copulate; and perhaps, they may\nat the same Time change their Quarters, and seek out new Habitations for\ntheir numerous Offspring, as well as themselves.\n\n[g] It is well known to all Persons any Way conversant in microscopical\nObservations, that these elegant Colours of _Moths_, and _Butterflies_,\nare owing to neat and well-made Feathers, set with great Curiosity and\nExactness in Rows, and good Order.\n\n[h] All that have _Elytra_, _Scarabs_ (who have whole _Elytra_, or\nreaching to the _Podex_,) or the \u1f29\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, such as _Earwigs_, and\n_Staphylini_ of all Sorts, do, by a very curious Mechanism, extend and\nwithdraw their membranaceous Wings, (wherewith they chiefly fly;) and it\nis very pretty to see them prepare themselves for Flight, by thrusting\nout, and unfolding their Wings; and again withdraw those Joynts, and\nneatly fold in the Membranes, to be laid up safely in their _Elytra_\nor Cases. For which Service the Bones are well plac\u2019d, and the Joynts\nministring thereunto are accurately contriv\u2019d, for the most compendious,\nand commodious folding up the Wings.\n\n[i] For the keeping the Body steady and upright in Flight, it generally\nholds true, (if I mistake not,) that all bipennated Insects have _Poises_\njoyn\u2019d to the Body, under the hinder Part of their Wings; but such as\nhave four Wings, or Wings with _Elytra_, none. If one of the Poises, or\none of the lesser auxiliary Wings be cut off, the Insect will fly as if\none Side overbalanc\u2019d the other, until it falleth on the Ground; so if\nboth be cut of, they will fly aukwardly, and unsteadily, manifesting the\nDefect of some very necessary Part. These _Poises_, or _Pointells_ are,\nfor the most Part, little Balls, set at the Top of a slender Stalk, which\nthey can move every Way at Pleasure. In some they stand alone, in others,\n(as in the whole _Flesh-Fly_ Tribe,) they have little Covers or Shields,\nunder which they lie and move. The Use, no doubt, of these _Poises_, and\n_secondary_ lesser Wings, is to poise the Body, and to obviate all the\nVacillations thereof in flight; serving to the Insect, as the long Pole,\nladen at the Ends with Lead, doth the _Ropedancer_.\n\n[k] As all the Parts of Animals are mov\u2019d by the Help of these; so there\nis, no doubt, but the minutest Animals have such like Parts: But the\nMuscles and Tendons of some of the larger Insects, and some of the lesser\ntoo, may be seen with a Microscope.\n\n[l] The minute Curiosities, and inimitable Fineries, observable in those\nlesser Animals, in which our best Microscopes discover no Botch, no rude\nill-made Work, (contrary to what is in all artificial Works of Man,) Do\nthey not far more deserve our Admiration, than those celebrated Pieces of\nhumane Art? Such as the Cup made of a Pepper-Corn, by _Oswald Nerlinger_,\nthat held 1200 ivory Cups, all gilt on the Edges, and having each of them\na Foot, and yet affording Room for 400 more, in the _Ephem. Germ._ T.\n1. Addend. ad Obs. 13. Such also was _Pha\u00ebton_ in a Ring, which _Galen_\nthus reflects upon, when he speaks of the Art and Wisdom of the Maker\nof Animals, particularly such as are small, _Quanto_, saith he, _ipsum\nminus fuerit, tanto majorem admirationem tibi excitabit; quod declarant\nOpifices c\u00f9m in corporibus parvis aliquid insculpant: cujus generis est\nqu\u00f2d nuper quidam in Annulo Pha\u00ebtonta quatuor equis invectum sculpsit.\nOmnes enim \u00e6qui fr\u00e6num, os, & dentes anteriores habebant, ~&c.~_ And\nthen having taken Notice, that the Legs were no bigger than those of a\n_Gnat_, he shews that their Make did not come up to those of the _Gnat_;\nas also, saith he, _Major adhuc alia qu\u00e6dam esse videtur artis ejus, qui\nPulicem condidit, Vis atque Sapientia, quod, ~&c.~ C\u00f9m igitur Ars tanta\nin tam abjectis animalibus appareat,\u2014\u2014quantam ejus Vim ac Sapientiam in\npr\u00e6stantioribus inesse putabimus?_ Galen. de Us. Part. L. 17. c. 1. fin.\n\n[m] It will in some Measure appear, how wonderfully minute some\nmicroscopical Animalcules are, by what follows in the next Note. But\nbecause more particular Examples would be endless, I shall refer to the\nObservations of Mr. _Leuwenhoeck_, and others, in the _Philos. Trans._\nand elsewhere.\n\n[n] It is almost impossible, by Reason of their perpetual Motion, and\nchanging Places, to count the Number of the Animalcules, in only a Drop\nof the green Scum upon Water; but I guess I have sometimes seen not fewer\nthan 100 frisking about in a Drop no bigger than a Pin\u2019s Head. But in\nsuch a Drop of Pepper-water, a far greater Number; these being much less\nthan those.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. V.\n\n_The ~Sagacity~ of INSECTS to secure themselves against Winter._\n\n\nIt is an extraordinary Act of Instinct and Sagacity, observable in\nthe generality of the Insect-Tribe, that they all take Care to secure\nthemselves, and provide against the Necessities of Winter. That when the\nDistresses of Cold and Wet force them, they should retire to warm and\ndry Places of Safety, is not strange; but it is a prodigious Act of the\ninfinite Conservator\u2019s Care to enable some to live in a different Kind\nof Insect-State; others to live, as without Action, so without Food;\nand others that act and eat, to lay up in Summer sufficient Provisions\nagainst the approaching Winter. Some, I say, live in a different State.\nFor having sufficiently fed, nourished, and bred up themselves to the\nPerfection of their _Vermicular_, _Nympha-State_, in the Summer-Months,\nthey then retire to Places of Safety, and there throw off their _Nympha_,\nand put on their _Aurelia_ or _Chrysalis-State_ for all the Winter, in\nwhich there are no Occasions for Food. This is the constant Method of\nmany Families of the Insect-Tribe[a].\n\nBut there are others, and some of them in their most perfect State too,\nthat are able to subsist in a kind of Torpitude or Sleeping State,\nwithout any Food at all; by Reason as there is no Action so no Waste of\nBody, no Expence of Spirits, and therefore no need of Food[b].\n\nBut for others that move and act, and need Food, it is a prodigious\nInstinct and Foresight the Creator hath imprinted on them, to lay up\nsufficient Food in Summer for the Winter\u2019s[c] Necessities and Occasions.\nAnd it is very pretty to see with what unwearied Diligence all Hands\nare at work for that Purpose, all the warmer Months. Of this the Holy\nScripture it self gives us an Instance in the _Ant_, calling that little\nAnimal _exceeding wise_, Prov. xxx. 24. And the Reason is, \u2123. 25. _The\nAnts are a People not strong, yet they prepare their Meat in the Summer._\nAnd therefore _Solomon_ sends the Sluggard to this little contemptible\nCreature, to learn Wisdom, Foresight, Care and Diligence, Prov. vi. 6, 7,\n8. _Go to the Ant, thou Sluggard, consider her Ways, and be wise: which\nhaving no Guide, Overseer, or Ruler, provideth her Meat in the Summer,\nand gathereth her Food in the Harvest._\n\nTo this Scriptural Example, give me leave to anticipate, and subjoin an\nObservation of the farther great Wisdom of this little Creature; and that\nis their unparallelled \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f74, their Tenderness, Sagacity, and Diligence\nabout their Young[d]. \u2019Tis very diverting, as well as admirable to\nsee, with what Affection and Care they carry about their Young in their\nMouths, how they expose themselves to the greatest Dangers, rather than\nleave their Young exposed or forsaken; how they remove them from Place\nto Place in their little Hills, sometimes to this Part, sometimes to\nthat, for the Benefit of convenient Warmth, and proper Moisture; and\nthen again withdraw, and guard them against Rain and Cold. Now that this\ngreat Wisdom which the Scriptures attribute unto, and is discernible in\nthis little Animal, is owing only to the Instinct, or Infusions of the\ngreat Conservator of the World, is evident, because either this Wisdom,\nThought, and Forecast, is an Act of the Animal it self, or of some other\nBeing that hath Wisdom. But the Animal being irrational, \u2019tis impossible\nit can be its own Act, but must be derived, or received from some wise\nBeing. And who? What can that be, but the infinite Lord, Conservator and\nGovernour of all the World?\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] It would be endless to enter into Particulars here, because all the\n_Papilionaceous_, _Flesh_, and _Ichneumon-Fly_ Tribes, and all others\nthat undergo the _Nympha_ and _Aurelia_-State, between that of the Egg\nand _Mature_-State, (which are very numerous) appertain to this Note. For\na Sample therefore only, I shall take what some may think a mean one, but\nif considered, deserves our Admiration, and that is the Sagacity of the\n_White Butter-fly Caterpiller_, which having fed it self its due Time,\nthen retires to Places of Security. I have seen great Trains of them\ncreeping up the Walls and Posts of the next Houses, where, with the help\nof some Cobweb-like Filaments, they hang themselves to the Cielings, and\nother commodious Places, and then become _Aureli\u00e6_; in which State and\nPlaces they hang secure from Wet and Cold, till the Spring and warmer\nMonths, when they are transmuted into Butter-Flies.\n\n[b] I shall not name any of the particular Species of Insects which\nlive in this State, because they are very numerous, but only remark two\nThings observable in their Sagacity in this Matter: 1. That they are not\ndriven by Stress of Weather to their Retirement, but seem as naturally\nto betake themselves thereto, as other Animals do to Rest and Sleep. For\nbefore the Approach of cold Weather, towards the End of Summer, we may\nsee some Kinds of them flocking together in great Numbers within Doors\n(as _Swallows_ do a little before they leave us) as if they were making\nready for their Winter\u2019s Rest. 2. That every Species betakes it self to\na proper convenient Receptacle; some under the Waters to the Bottoms of\nPonds; some under the Earth, below the Frosts; some under Timber, Stone,\n&c. lying on the Ground; some into hollow Trees, or under the Bark, or in\nthe Wood; some into warm and dry Places; and some into dry alone.\n\n[c] There are not many Kinds that thus provide their Food before-hand.\nThe most remarkable, are the _Ant_ and the _Bee_; concerning the first\nof which, _Origen_ hath this Remark, _viz._ _De solerti\u00e2 Formicarum,\nventur\u00e6 hyemi matur\u00e8 prospiciontium, sibique invicem sub onere sessis\nsuccurrentium; qu\u00f3dque fruges arrosas condunt, ne rursus enascantur, sed\nper annum alimento sint, non ratiocinationem Formicarum in caus\u00e2 debemus\ncredere, sed almam matrem Naturam bruta quoque sic ornantem, ut etiam\nminimis addat sua qu\u00e6dam ingenia._ Orig. cont. Cels. L. 4.\n\nBut as for _Wasps_, _Hornets_, _Humble Bees_, and other _Wild-Bees_,\n_Vesp\u00e6 Ichneumons_, and divers others that carry in Materials for Nests\nand Food; this is only for the Service of their Generation, for hatching\ntheir Eggs, and nourishing their Young, not for Supplies in Winter;\nfor they all forsake their Nests towards Winter, and retire to other\nQuarters, living (I conceive) without Food all that Time.\n\n[d] _Hos vermiculos ~[Formicarum Ova vulg\u00f2 vocatos]~ incredibili \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f74\n& cur\u00e2 Formic\u00e6 educant, summamque dant operam, ne vel tantillum, quod\nspectet eorum vermiculorum educationem atque nutritionem, omittant;\nquem in finem fere semper eosdem ore circumportant secum, ne ulla eos\nl\u00e6det injuria. In museo meo nonnullas istius generis formicas, vitro\nterr\u00e2 repleto, conclusas cum Vermiculis istis adservabam; ibi non\nsine jucunditate spectabam, quo terra fieret in superficie siccior,\neo profundi\u00f9s Formicas cum f\u0153tibus suis prorepere: c\u00f9m ver\u00f2 aquam\nadfunderem, visu mirificum erat, quanto affectu, quanta solicitudine,\nquanta \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f74 omnem in eo collacarent operam, ut f\u0153tus suos sicciore &\ntuto loco reponerent. S\u00e6pi\u00f9s vidi, c\u00f9m aliquot diebus aqu\u00e2 caruissent,\natque c\u00f9m affuso tantillo aqu\u00e6 terram illam humectarem, \u00e8 vestigio\n\u00e0 Formicis f\u0153tus suos eo loci fuisse allatos, quos ibi distinct\u00e8\nconspiciebam moveri atque fugere humorem. Multoties fui conatus, ut eos\nVermiculos ipse educarem, at semper conatum fefellit eventus: neque ipsas\nFormicarum Nymphas alimenti jam non indigas unquam sine ipsis Formicis\npotui fotu artificiali excludere._ J. Swammerd. Epilog. ad Hist. Insect.\np. 153.\n\nSir _Edward King_, who was very curious in examining the Generation of\n_Ants_, observes their great Care and Diligence, 1. About their Sperm,\nor true Eggs, which is a fine white Substance, like Sugar, which they\ndiligently gather together into a Heap, when scattered; and on which they\nlie in Multitudes. (I suppose, by way of Incubation.) 2. I have observed,\nsaith he, in Summer, that in the Morning they bring up those of their\nYoung (call\u2019d Ant-Eggs) towards the Top of the Bank: So that you may from\n10 in the Morning, until 5 or 6 Afternoon, find them near the Top\u2014\u2014for\nthe most Part on the South-side the Bank. But towards 7 or 8 at Night,\nif it be cool, or likely to rain, you may dig a Foot deep before you can\nfind them. _Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52. 23. or _Lowthorp_\u2019s _Abridg._ V. 2. p. 7.\nand 9.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. VI.\n\n_Of the Care of INSECTS about their ~Young~._\n\n\nThe other notable Instinct I am to treat of, is the peculiar Art and\nCare of the Insect-Tribe, about the Preservation of their Species.\nHere I might speak of many Things, but I have occasionally mentioned\ndivers of them before, under some or other of the general Heads, and\ntherefore shall fix only upon two Things relating to their special Art\nand Care about the Production[a] of their Young, which have not been so\nparticularly spoken to as they deserve.\n\nOne Thing is their singular Providence for their Young, in making or\nfinding out such proper Receptacles and Places for their Eggs and Seed,\nas that they may receive the Advantage of a sufficient Incubation,\nand that the Young, when produced, may have the Benefit of proper and\nsufficient Food for their Nurture and Education, till they are able to\nshift for themselves. It is admirable to see with what Diligence and\nCare the several Species of Insects lay up their Eggs or Sperm in their\nseveral proper Places; not all in the Waters, in Wood, or on Vegetables;\nbut those whose Subsistence is in the Waters[b], in the Water; those to\nwhom Flesh is a proper Food; in Flesh[c]; those to whom the Fruits[d] or\nLeaves of Vegetables are Food, are accordingly reposited, some in this\nFruit, some on this Tree[e], some on that Plant[f], some on another, and\nanother; but constantly the same Family on the same Tree or Plant, the\nmost agreeable to that Family. And as for others that require a constant\nand greater Degree of Warmth, they are accordingly provided by the\nParent-Animal with some Place in or about the Body of other Animals; some\nin the Feathers of Birds[g]; some in the Hair of Beasts[h]; some in the\nvery Scales of Fishes[i]; some in the Nose[k]; some in the Flesh[l]; yea,\nsome in the very Bowels[m]; and inmost Recesses of the Bodies of Man\nand other Creatures[n]: And as for others to whom none of these Methods\nare proper, but make themselves Nests by Perforations in the Earth, in\nWood, or Combs they build, or such like Ways; \u2019tis admirable to see\nwith what Labour and Care they carry in, and seal up Provisions, that\nserve both for the Production of their Young, as also for their Food and\nNurture when produc\u2019d[o].\n\nThe other Piece of remarkable Art and Care about the Production of their\nYoung, is their Curiosity and Neatness in repositing their Eggs, and in\ntheir Nidification.\n\nAs to the first of which, we may observe that great Curiosity, and nice\nOrder is generally observ\u2019d by them in this Matter. You shall always see\ntheir Eggs laid carefully and commodiously up[p]. When upon the Leaves of\nVegetables, or other Material on Land, always glu\u2019d thereon with Care,\nwith one certain End lowermost, and with handsom juxta-Positions[q].\nOr if in the Waters, in neat and beautiful Rows oftentimes, in that\nspermatick, gelatine Matter, in which they are reposited, and that Matter\ncarefully ty\u2019d and fastned in the Waters, to prevent its Dissipation[r],\nor if made to float, so carefully spread and poised, as to swim about\nwith all possible Artifice.\n\nAnd as to their other Faculty, that of Nidification, whether it be\nexerted by boring the Earth or Wood, or building themselves Cells[s],\nor spinning and weaving themselves Cases and Webs, it is all a wonderful\nFaculty of those poor little Animals, whether we consider their Parts\nwherewith they work, or their Work it self. Thus those who perforate the\nEarth, Wood, or such like, they have their Legs, Feet, Mouth, yea, and\nwhole Body accommodated to that Service; their Mouth exactly formed to\ngnaw those handsome round Holes, their Feet as well made to scratch and\nbore[t], and their Body handsomely turned and fitted to follow. But for\nsuch as build or spin themselves Nests, their Art justly bids Defiance\nto the most ingenious Artist among Men, so much as tolerably to copy the\nnice Geometrical Combs of some[u], the Earthen Cells of others, or the\nWebs, Nets and Cases[w] woven by others. And here that natural Glue[x]\nwhich their Bodies afford some of them to consolidate their Work, and\ncombine its Materials together, and which in others can be darted out\nat Pleasure, and spun and woven by them into silken Balls[y] or Webs.\nI say, this so peculiar, so serviceable a Material, together with the\ncurious Structure of all Parts ministring to this textrine Power, as mean\na Business as it may seem, is such as may justly be accounted among the\nnoble Designs and Works of the infinite Creator and Conservator of the\nWorld.\n\nIn the last Place, there is another prodigious Faculty, Art, Cunning, or\nwhat shall I call it? that others of those little Animals have, to make\neven Nature it self serviceable to their Purpose; and that is the making\nthe Vegetation and Growth of Trees and Plants, the very Means of the\nbuilding of their little Nests and Cells[z]; such, as are the Galls and\nBalls found on the Leaves and Branches of divers Vegetables, such as the\nOak, the Willow[aa], the Briar, and some others.\n\nNow this is so peculiar an Artifice, and so far out of the Reach of any\nmortal Understanding, Wit, or Power, that if we consider the Matter, with\nsome of its Circumstances, we must needs perceive manifest Design, and\nthat there is the Concurrence of some great and wise Being, that hath,\nfrom the Beginning, taken Care of, and provided for the Animal\u2019s Good:\nFor which Reason, as mean as the Instance may seem, I might be excused,\nif I should enlarge upon its Particulars. But two or three Hints shall\nsuffice.\n\nIn the first Place, \u2019tis certain that the Formation of those _Cases_ and\n_Balls_ quite exceeds the Cunning of the Animal it self; but it is the\nAct partly of the Vegetable, and partly of some Virulency (or what shall\nI call it?) in the Juyce, or Egg, or both, reposited on the Vegetable\nby the Parent Animal[bb]. And as this Virulency is various, according\nto the Difference of its Animal, so is the Form and Texture of the\nCases and Balls excited thereby; some being hard Shells[cc], some tender\nBalls[dd], some scaly[ee], some smooth[ff], some Hairy[gg], some Long,\nsome Round, some Conical, _&c._[hh]. And in the last Place, let us add,\nThat those Species of Insects are all endowed with peculiar and exactly\nmade Parts for this Service, to bore and pierce the Vegetable, and to\nreach and inject their Eggs and Juice into the tender Parts thereof.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] The Doctrine of \u00c6quivocal Generation, is at this Day so sufficiently\nexploded by all learned Philosophers, that I shall not enter the\nDispute, but take it for granted, that all Animals spring from other\nParent-Animals. If the Reader hath any doubt about it, I refer him to\n_Seigneur Redi de Gen. Insect._ and M. _Ray_\u2019s _Wisd. of God_, &c. p.\n344. See also before, _Book IV. Ch. 15. Note (a)._\n\n[b] It would be endless to specify the various Species of Insects, that\nhave their Generation in the Waters. And therefore I shall only observe\nof them, 1. That their Eggs are always laid up with great Care, and in\ngood Order. And also, 2. Where proper and sufficient Food is. 3. That in\ntheir _Nympha_-State in the Waters, they have Parts proper for Food and\nMotion; and in many, or most of them, very different from what they have\nin their _Mature_-State, a manifest Argument of the Creator\u2019s Wisdom and\nProvidence. For an Instance, see _Note (r)._\n\n[c] As _Seigneur Redi_ was one of the first that made it his Business to\ndiscard Anomalous Generation, so he tried more Experiments relating to\nthe Vermination of Serpents, Flesh, Fish, putrified Vegetables; and in\nshort, whatever was commonly known to be the Nursery of Maggots, more I\nsay probably, than any one hath done since. And in all his Observations,\nhe constantly found the Maggots to turn to _Aureli\u00e6_, and these into\n_Flies_. But then, saith he, _Dubitare c\u0153pi, utr\u00f9m omne hoc vermium in\ncarne genus, ex solo Muscarum semine, an ex ipsis putrefactis carnibus\noriretur, tantoque magis confirmabar in hoc meo dubio, quanto in\nomnibus generationibus\u2014\u2014sapi\u00f9s videram, in carnibus, antequ\u00e0m verminare\ninciperent, resedisse ejusdem speciei Muscas, cujus propago postea\nnascebatur._ Upon this he tells us, he put Fish, Flesh, _&c._ into Pots,\nwhich he covered close from the Flies with Paper, and afterwards (for the\nfree Air sake) with Lawn, whilst other Pots were left open, with such\nlike Flesh, _&c._ in them; that the Flies were very eager to get into the\ncovered Pots; and that they produced not one Maggot, when the open ones\nhad many. _Fr. Redi de Gener._ _Insect._\n\nAmong the Insects that come from the Maggots he mentions, he names\n_Culices_. Now from the most critical Observations I have made, I never\nobserved any sort of _Gnat_ to come from putrified Flesh, Vegetables, or\nany other Thing he taxeth with them. So that either he means by _Culex_,\nsome Fly that we call not by the Name of _Gnat_; or else their _Gnats_ in\n_Italy_, vary in their Generation from ours in _England_. For among above\n30, near 40 distinct Species of _Gnats_ that I have observed about the\nPlace where I live, I never found any to lay their Eggs in Flesh, Filth,\n_&c._ but the largest Sort, called by _Aldrovand_, _Culices maximi_, by\n_Swammerdam_, _Tipul\u00e6 terrestres_, lay their Eggs in Meadows, _&c._ under\nthe Grass; one of the larger middle Sort, in dead Beer, Yeast, _&c._\nlying on the Tops, or in the Leaks of Beer-Barrels, _&c._ and all the\nrest (as far as ever I have observed) lay and hatch in the Waters, as in\n_Note (r)._\n\nThe Generation of the Second of these being akin to some of the foregoing\ninstances, and a little out of the way, may deserve a Place here. This\n_Gnat_ lays its Eggs commonly in dead Beer, _&c._ as I said, and probably\nin Vinegar, and other such Liquors. Some Time after which, the Maggots\nare so numerous, that the whole Liquor stirreth as if it was alive;\nbeing full of Maggots, some larger, some smaller; the larger are the\noff-spring of our _Gnat_, the smaller, of a small dark coloured Fly,\ntending to reddish; frequent in Cellars, and such obscure Places. All\nthese _Maggots_ turn to _Aurelia_, the larger of which, of a Tan-Colour,\nsuch as our _Gnat_. This _Gnat_ is of the unarmed Kind, having no Spear\nin its Mouth. Its Head is larger than of the common _Gnats_, a longer\nNeck, short jointed _Antenn\u00e6_, spotted Wings, reaching beyond its slender\n_Alvus_; it is throughout of a brown Colour, tending to red, especially\nin the Female: The chief Difference between the Male and Female, is (as\nin other _Gnats_, yea, most Insects) the Male is less than the Female,\nand hath a slenderer Belly, and its _Podex_ not so sharp as the Female\u2019s\nis.\n\n[d] The Insects that infest Fruits, are either of the _Ichneumon-Fly_\nKind, or _Phal\u00e6n\u00e6_. Plums, Pease, Nuts, _&c._ produce some or other\n_Ichneumon-Fly_. That generated in the _Plum_ is black, of a middle Size,\nits _Body_ near \u00b3\u2044\u2081\u2080 Inch long, its Tail not much less, consisting of\nthree Bristles, wherewith it conveys its Eggs into Fruits: Its _Antenn\u00e6_,\nor Horns, long, slender, recurved; its Belly longish, tapering, small\ntowards the _Thorax_; _Legs_ reddish; _Wings_ membranaceous, thin and\ntransparent, in Number 4, which is one Characteristic of the _Ichneumon\nFly_.\n\nThe _Pease Ichneumon-Fly_, is very small, Wings large, reaching beyond\nthe _Podex_; _Antenn\u00e6_ long; _Alvus_ short, shaped like an Heart, with\nthe Point towards the _Anus_; it walketh and flieth slowly. No Tail\nappears as in the former; but they have one lieth hidden under the Belly,\nwhich they can at Pleasure bend back to pierce Pease when they are young\nand tender, and other Things also, as I have Reason to suspect, having\nmet with this (as indeed the former two) in divers Vegetables.\n\n_Pears_ and _Apples_ I could never discover any Thing to breed in, but\nonly the lesser _Phal\u00e6na_, about \u2074\u2044\u2081\u2080 Inch long, whitish underneath;\ngreyish brown above (dappled with brown Spots, inclining to a dirty Red)\nall but about a third Part at the End of the Wings, which is not grey,\nbut brown, elegantly striped with wavey Lines, of a Gold Colour, as if\ngilt; its Head is small, with a Tuft of whitish brown in the Forehead;\n_Antenn\u00e6_ smooth, moderately long. The _Aurelia_ of this Moth is small,\nof a yellowish brown. I know not what Time they require for their\nGeneration out of Boxes; but those I laid up in _August_, did not become\nMoths before _June_ following.\n\n[e] There are many of the _Phal\u00e6n\u00e6_ and _Ichneumon-Fly_ Tribes, that\nhave their Generation on the Leaves or other Parts of Trees and Shrubs,\ntoo many to be here reckoned up. The _Oak_ hath many very beautiful\n_Phal\u00e6n\u00e6_, bred in its convolved Leaves, white, green, yellow, brown\nspotted prettily, and neatly dappled, and many more besides; and its\nBuds afford a Place for Cases, and Balls of various Sorts, as shall be\nshewn hereafter; its Leaves expanded, minister to the Germination of\nglobular, and other sph\u00e6roidal Balls, and flat _Thec\u00e6_, some like Hats,\nsome like Buttons excavated in the Middle, and divers others such like\nRepositories, all belonging to the _Ichneumon-Fly_ Kind. And not only the\n_Oak_, but the _Maple_ also, the _White-Thorn_, the _Briar_, _Privet_,\nand indeed almost every Tree and Shrub.\n\n[f] And as Trees and Shrubs, so Plants have their peculiar Insects. The\n_White-Butterfly_ lays its voracious Offspring on Cabbage-Leaves; a very\nbeautiful reddish ocellated one, its no less voracious black Off-spring\nof an horrid Aspect, on the Leaves of Nettles; as also doth a very\nbeautiful, small, greenish _Ichneumon-Fly_, in Cases on the Leaves of\nthe same Plant: And to name no more (because it would be endless) the\nbeautiful _Ragwort-Moth_, whose upper Wings are brown, elegantly spotted\nwith red and underwings edged with brown; these, I say, provide for their\ngolden ring\u2019d _Eruce_ upon the _Ragwort-Plant_.\n\n[g] Many, if not most Sort of Birds, are infested with a distinct Kind of\nLice, very different from one another in Shape, Size, _&c._ For Figures\nand Descriptions of them, I shall refer to _Signieur Redi of Insects_.\nSee also _Moufet_, L. 2. _c. 23._ These Lice lay their Nits among the\nFeathers of the respective Birds, where they are hatched and nourished;\nand as _Aristotle_ saith, would destroy the Birds, particularly\n_Pheasants_, if they did not dust their Feathers. _Loco infr. citat._\n\n[h] And as Birds, so the several Sorts of Beasts have their peculiar\nSorts of Lice; all distinct from the two Sorts infesting Man: Only the\n_Ass_, they say, is free, because our _Saviour_ rode upon one, as some\nthink; but I presume it is rather from the Passage in _Pliny_, L. 11.\nc. 33. or rather _Arist. Hist. Animal_. L. 3. c. 31. who saith, _Quibus\npilus est, non carent eodem ~[Pediculo]~ excepto Asino, qui non Pediculo\ntant\u00f9m, ver\u00f9m etiam Redivio immunis est._ And a little before, speaking\nof those in Men, he shews what Constitutions are most subject to them,\nand instanceth in _Alcman_ the Poet, and _Pherecydes Syrius_ that died\nof the _Pthiriasis_, or Lowly Disease. For which foul Distemper, if\nMedicines are desired, _Moufet de Insect._ p. 261. may be consulted. Who\nin the same Page hath this Observation, _Animadverterunt nostrates\u2014\u2014ubi\nAsores insulas \u00e0 tergo reliquerint, Pediculos confestim omnes tabascere:\natque ubi eas reviserint, iterum innumeros alios subit\u00f2 oriri._ Which\nObservation is confirmed by Dr. _Stubs._ Vid. _Lowth. Abridg._ V. 3. p.\n558. And many Seamen have told me the same.\n\n[i] Fishes, one would think, should be free from Lice, by Reason they\nlive in the Waters, and are perpetually moving in, and brushing through\nthem; but yet have their Sorts too.\n\nBesides which, I have frequently found great Numbers of long slender\nWorms in the Stomachs, and other Parts of Fish, particularly _Codfish_,\nespecially such as are poor; which Worms have work\u2019d themselves deeply\ninto the Coats and Flesh, so that they could nor easily be gotten out:\nSo _Aristotle_, saith of some Fishes, _Ballero & Tilloni Lumbricus,\ninnascitur, qui debilitat, ~&c.~ Chalcis vitio infestatur diro, ut\nPediculi sub Branchiis innati qu\u00e0m multi interimant._ Hist. An. L. 8. c.\n20.\n\n[k] Of Insects bred in the Nose of Animals, those in the Nostrils of\n_Sheep_ are remarkable. I have my self taken out not fewer at a Time than\ntwenty or thirty rough Maggots, lying among the _Lamin\u00e6_ of the Nostrils.\nBut I could never hatch any of them, and so know not what Animal they\nproceed from: But I have no great doubt, they are of the _Ichneumon-Fly_\nKind; and not improbably of that with a long Tail, call\u2019d _Triseta_,\nwhose three Bristles seem very commodious for conveying its Eggs into\ndeep Places.\n\nI have also seen a rough whitish Maggot, above two Inches within the\n_Intestinum rectum_ of Horses, firmly adhering thereto, that the hard\nDung did not rub off. I never could bring them to Perfection, but suspect\nthe _Side-Fly_ proceeds from it.\n\n[l] In the Backs of _Cows_, in the Summer-Months, there are Maggots\ngenerated, which in _Essex_ we call _Wornils_; which are first only a\nsmall Knot in the Skin; and I suppose no other than an Egg laid there by\nsome Insect. By Degrees these Knots grow bigger, and contain in them a\nMaggot lying in a purulent Matter: They grow to be as large as the End of\none\u2019s Finger, and may be squeez\u2019d out at a Hole they have always open:\nThey are round and rough, and of a dirty White. With my utmost Endeavour\nand Vigilance, I could never discover the Animal they turn into; but as\nthey are somewhat like, so may be the same as those in the Note before.\n\nIn _Persia_ there are very long slender Worms, bred in the Legs, and\nother Parts of Men\u2019s Bodies, 6 or 7 Yards long. In _Philos. Trans._ Mr.\n_Dent_, and Mr. _Lewis_, relate divers Examples of _Worms_ taken out of\nthe Tongue, Gums, Nose, and other Parts, by a Woman at _Leicester_, which\nthey were Eye-witnesses of. These, and divers others mention\u2019d in the\n_Transactions_, may be seen together in Mr. _Lowthorp_\u2019s _Abridg._ Vol.\n3. p. 132.\n\n_Narrat mihi vir fide dignus\u2014\u2014Casp. Wendlandt\u2014\u2014se in Poloni\u00e2,\npuero cuidam rustico duorum annorum, Vermiculum album \u00e8 palbebr\u00e2\nextraxisse,\u2014\u2014magnitudinis Eruc\u00e6.\u2014\u2014Similem fere huic casum mihi\n~[Schulzio]~ & D. Segero narravit hoc. Anno 1676. chirurgus noster Ant.\nStatlender, qui cuidam puero, ex Aure, extraxit Vermiculum talem, qualis\nin nucibus avellanis perforatis latitare solet, sed paul\u00f2 majorem,\ncoloris albissimi; alteri minores 5 ejusdem generis similiter ex Aure:\nOmnes aliquot horas supervixerunt\u2014\u2014Vermiculos adhuc viventes oculis\nnostris vidimus._ Ephem. Germ. T. 2. Obs. 24. ubi Vermiculi Icon. Many\nother Instances may be met with in the same Tome. Obs. 147, 148, 154.\n\nThe Worms in _Deer_ are mention\u2019d often among ancient Writers.\n_Aristotle_ saith, \u03a3\u03ba\u03ce\u03bb\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc7 \u03b6\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2,\n&c. _They ~[Deer]~ all have Live Worms in their Heads; bred under the\nTongue, in a Cavity near the ~Vertebra~, on which the Head is plac\u2019d;\ntheir Size not less than of the largest Maggots; they are bred all\ntogether, in number about twenty._ Aristot. Hist. Animal. l. 2. c. 15.\n\nTo these Examples may be added the Generation of the _Ichneumon-Fly_\nin the Bodies of Caterpillars, and other _Nymph\u00e6_ of Insects. In many\nof which, that I have laid up to be hatch\u2019d in Boxes, instead of\n_Papilios_, &c. as I expected, I have found a great Number of small\n_Ichneumon-Flies_, whose Parent-Animal had wounded those _Nymph\u00e6_, and\ndarted its Eggs into them, and so made them the Foster-Mother of its\nYoung. More Particulars of this Way of Generation may be seen in the\ngreat Mr. _Willughby_\u2019s Observations in _Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52. 76. But\nconcerning the farther Generation of this Insect, I have taken Notice of\nother Particulars in other places of these Notes.\n\n[m] The Animals ordinarily bred in the Stomach and Guts, are the three\nSorts of Worms call\u2019d _Lati_, _Teretes_, and _Ascarides_; concerning\nwhich, it would be irksome to speak in Particular, and therefore I shall\nrefer to _Moufet_, L. 2. c. 31, 32, 33. Dr. _Tyson_\u2019s Anatomy of them in\nMr. _Lowthorp_\u2019s _Abridg._ V. 3. p. 121. _Seignior Redi_\u2019s _Obs_. and\nothers that have written of them.\n\nAnd not only _Worms_, but other Creatures also are said to be found in\nthe Stomach; Instances of which are so innumerable, that I shall only\nselect a few related by Persons of the best Credit. And first of all, by\nsome of our own Countrymen. Dr. _Lister_, (whose Credit and Judgment will\nhastily be question\u2019d,) gives an Account of true _Caterpillars_, vomited\nup by a Boy of nine Years old; and another odd Animal by a poor Man. Mr.\n_Jessop_, (another very judicious, curious and ingenious Gentleman,) saw\n_Hexapods_ vomited up by a Girl; which _Hexapods_ liv\u2019d and fed for five\nWeeks. See _Lowth._ ib. p. 135.\n\nAnd to Foreigners, it is a very strange Story (but attested by Persons\nof great Repute,) of _Catharina Geileria_, that dy\u2019d in _Feb_. 1662, in\nthe Hospital of _Altenburg_, in _Germany_, who for twenty Years voided by\nVomit and Stool, _Toads_ and _Lizzards_, &c. _Ephemer. Germ._ T. 1. Obs.\n103. See also the 109. Observation of a Kitten bred in the Stomach, and\nvomited up; of Whelps also, and other Animals, bred in like Manner. But\nI fear a Stretch of Fancy might help in some of those last Instances, in\nthose Days when spontaneous Generation was held, when the Philosophers\nseem to have more slightly examined such Appearances than now they do.\nBut for the breeding of _Frogs_ or _Toads_, or _Lacert\u00e6 Aquatic\u00e6_ in the\nStomach, when their Spawn happeneth to be drank, there is a Story in the\nsecond _Tome_ of the _Ephem. Germ._ Obs. 56. that favours it, _viz._ _In\nthe Year 1667, a ~Butcher\u2019s~ Man going to buy some Lambs in the Spring,\nbeing thirsty, drank greedily of some standing Water, which a while\nafter, caus\u2019d great Pains in his Stomach, which grew worse and worse, and\nended in dangerous Symptoms. At last he thought somewhat was alive in his\nStomach, and after that, vomited up three live Toads; and so recover\u2019d\nhis former Health._\n\nSuch another Story Dr. _Sorbait_ tells, and avoucheth it seen with his\nown Eyes, of one that had a Toad came out of an Abscess, which came upon\ndrinking foul Water. _Obs._ 103.\n\n[n] Not only in the Guts, and in the Flesh; but in many other Parts of\nthe Body, Worms have been discover\u2019d. One was voided by Urine, by Mr.\n_Mat. Milford_, suppos\u2019d to have come from the Kidneys. _Lowth._ ib.\np. 135. More such Examples _Moufet_ tells of. _Ibid._ So the _Vermes\nCucurbitini_ are very common in the Vessels in Sheeps Livers: And Dr.\n_Lister_ tells of them, found in the Kidney of a Dog, and thinks that\nthe Snakes and Toads, _&c._ said to be found in Animals Bodies, may be\nnothing else. _Lowth._ ib. p. 120. Nay, more than all this: In Dr. _Bern.\nVerzascha_\u2019s sixth Observation, there are divers Instances of Worms bred\nin the _Brain_ of Man. One, a patient of his, troubled with a violent\nHeadach, and an itching about the Nostrils, and frequent Sneezing; who,\nwith the Use of a Sneezing-Powder, voided a Worm, with a great deal of\nSnot from his Nose. A like Instance he gives from _Bartholine_, of a Worm\nvoided from the Nose of _O. W._ which he guesseth was the famous _Olaus\nWormius_: Another, from a Country Woman of _Dietmarsh_; and others in\n_Tulpius_, _F. Hildanus_, _Schenchius_, &c. These Worms he thinks are\nundoubtedly bred in the Brain: But what way they can come from thence,\nI can\u2019t tell. Wherefore I rather think, they are such Worms as are\nmentioned in _Note (k)_, and even that Worm that was actually found in\nthe Brain of the _Paris Girl_ (when opened) I guess might be laid in the\n_Lamin\u00e6_ of the Nostrils, by some of the _Ichneumon_, or other Insect\nKind, and might gnaw its way into the Brain, through the _Os cribiforme_.\nOf this he tells us from _Bartholine_, _Tandem c\u00f9m tabida obiisset,\nstatim aperto cranio pr\u00e6sentes Medici totam cerebelli substantiam, qu\u00e6 ad\ndexterum vergit, \u00e0 reliquo corpore sejunctam, nigr\u00e2que tunic\u00e2 involutam\ndeprehenderunt: h\u00e6c tunica rupt\u00e6, latentem Vermem vivum, & pilosum,\nduobus punctis splendidis loco oculorum prodidit, ejusdem fere molis\ncum reliqu\u00e2 Cerebri portione, qui duarum horaram spacio supervixit._ B.\nVerzas. Obs. Medic\u00e6, p. 16.\n\n_Hildanus_ tells us such another Story, _viz._ _Filius Theod. aust\nder Roulen, Avunculi mei, diuturno vexabatur dolore capitis.\u2014\u2014Deinde\nfebricul\u00e2 & sternutatione exort\u00e2, ruptus est Abscessus circa os\ncribrosum\u2014\u2014& Vermis prorepsit._ By his Figure of it, the Maggot was an\nInch long, and full of Bristles. _Fabri Hildan. Cent._ 1. Obs.\n\n_Galenus Wierus_ (Physician to the _Princ. Jul. & Cleve_) he saith, told\nhim, that he had, at divers Times, found Worms in the _Gall-bladder_ in\nPersons he had opened at _Dusseldorp_. Id. ib. Obs. 60.\n\n[o] See before _Book IV. Chap. 13. Note (c)._\n\n[p] Some Insects lay up their Eggs in Clusters, as in Holes of Flesh,\nand such Places, where it is necessary they should be crowded together;\nwhich, no question, prevents their being too much dried up in dry Places,\nand promotes their hatching. But,\n\n[q] As for such as are not to be clustered up, great Order is used.\nI have seen upon the Posts and Sides of Windows, little round Eggs,\nresembling small Pearl, which produced small hairy Caterpillars, that\nwere very neatly and orderly laid. And to name no more, the _White\nButterfly_ lays its neat Eggs on the Cabbage Leaves in good Order,\nalways gluing one certain End of the Egg to the Leaf. I call them neat\nEggs, because if we view them in a Microscope, we shall find them very\ncuriously furrowed, and handsomely made and adorned.\n\n[r] By Reason it would be endless to specify the various Generation of\nInsects in the Water, I shall therefore (because it is little observed)\nraise _Pliny_\u2019s Instance of the _Gnat_, a mean and contemned Animal, but\na notable Instance of Nature\u2019s Work, as he saith.\n\nThe first Thing considerable in the Generation of this Insect is (for\nthe Size of the Animal) its vast _Spawn_, being some of them above an\nInch long, and half a quarter Diameter; made to float in the Waters,\nand tied to some Stick, Stone, or other fix\u2019d Thing in the Waters, by\na small Stem, or Stalk. In this gelatine, transparent Spawn, the Eggs\nare neatly laid; in some Spawns in a single, in some in a double spiral\nLine, running round from end to end, as in Fig. 9, and 10; and in some\ntransversly, as Fig. 8.\n\nWhen the Eggs are by the Heat of the Sun, and Warmth of the Season\nhatched into small Maggots, these Maggots descend to the bottom, and\nby means of some of the gelatine Matter of the Spawn (which they take\nalong with them) they stick to Stones, and other Bodies at the bottom,\nand there make themselves little Cases or Cells, which they creep\ninto, and out of at Pleasure, until they are arrived to a more mature\n_Nympha-State_, and can swim about here and there, to seek for what Food\nthey have occasion; at which Time, they are a kind of Red-worms, above\nhalf an Inch long, as in Fig. 11.\n\nThus far this mean Insect is a good Instance of the divine Providence\ntowards it. But if we farther consider, and compare the three States\nit undergoes after it is hatched, we shall find yet greater Signals of\nthe Creator\u2019s Management, even in these meanest of Creatures. The three\nStates I mean, are its _Nympha-Vermicular_ State, its _Aurelia_, and\n_Mature_-State, all as different as to Shape and Accoutrements, as if\nthe Insect was three different Animals. In its _Vermicular_-State, it is\na Red-Maggot, as I said, and hath a Mouth and other Parts accommodated\nto Food: In its _Aurelia_-State it hath no such Parts, because it then\nsubsists without Food; but in its _Mature_, _Gnat_-State, it hath a\ncurious well-made Spear, to wound and suck the Blood of other Animals.\nIn its _Vermicular_-State, it hath a long Worm-like Body, and something\nanalogous to Fins or Feathers, standing erect near its Tail, and running\nparallel with the Body, by means of which resisting the Waters, it is\nenabled to swim about by Curvations, or flapping its Body, side-ways,\nthis way and that, as in Fig. 12.\n\nBut in its _Aurelia_-State, it hath a quite different Body, with a\n_Club-Head_ (in which the Head, _Thorax_, and Wings of the _Gnat_ are\ninclosed) a slender _Alvus_, and a neat _finny Tail_, standing at right\nAngles with the Body, quite contrary to what it was before; by which\nmeans, instead of easy flapping side-ways, it swims by rapid, brisk\nJirks, the quite contrary way; as is in some measure represented in Fig.\n13. But when it becomes a _Gnat_, no finny Tail, no Club-Head, but all\nis made in the most accurate manner for Flight and Motion in the Air, as\nbefore it was for the Waters.\n\n[s] See _Book IV. Chap. 13. Notes (n), (o)._\n\n[t] Thus the Mouths and other Parts of the _Ichneumon-Wasps_ in _Book IV.\nChap. 13. Note (t)._ So the Feet of the _Gryllotalpa_, _ibid._ _Note (s)._\n\n[u] See the last cited Places, _Note (o)._\n\n[w] Of the textrine Art of the _Spider_, and its Parts serving to that\nPurpose, see the last cited Place, _Note (x)._\n\nBesides these, _Caterpillars_, and divers other Insects, can emit\nThreads, or Webs for their Use. In this their _Nympha-State_, they secure\nthemselves from falling, and let themselves down from the Boughs of\nTrees, and other high Places, with one of these Threads. And in the Cases\nthey weave, they secure themselves in their _Aurelia-State_.\n\nAnd not only the Off-spring of the _Phal\u00e6na-Tribe_, but there are some\nof the _Ichneumon-Fly_ Kind also, endowed with this textrine Art. Of\nthese I have met with two Sorts; one that spun a Milk-white, long, round,\nsilken Web, as big as the top of ones Fingers, not hollow within, as\nmany are, but filled throughout with Silk. These are woven round Bents,\nStalks of Ribwort, &c. in Meadows. The other is a lump of many yellow,\nsilken Cases, sticking confusedly together on Posts, under Cole-worts,\n_&c._ These Webs contain in them, small, whitish Maggots; which turn\nto a small, black, _Ichneumon-Fly_, with long, capillary _Antenn\u00e6_;\nTan-coloured Legs; long Wings reaching beyond their Body, with a black\nSpot near the middle; the _Alvus_, like an Heart; and in some, a small\nsetaceous Tail. Some of these Flies were of a shining, beautiful green\nColour. I could not perceive any Difference, at least, not specifical,\nbetween the Flies coming from those two Productions.\n\n[x] I have often admired how _Wasps_, _Hornets_, _Ichneumon-Wasps_, and\nother Insects that gather dry Materials for building their Nests, have\nfound a proper matter to cement and glue their Combs, and line their\nCells; which we find always sufficiently context and firm. But in all\nProbability, this useful Material is in their own Bodies; as \u2019tis in\nthe _Tinea vestivora_, the _Cadew Worm_, and divers others. _Goedart_\nobserves of his _Eruca_, _Num._ xx. 6. that fed upon _Sallow-Leaves_,\nthat it made its Cell of the comminuted Leaves, glued together with its\nown Spittle, _h\u00e6c pulveris aut aren\u00e6 instar comminuit, ac pituitoso\nquodam sui corporis succo ita maceravit, ut inde accommodatum subeund\u00e6\nmutationi instanti locum sibi extruxerit. Domuncula h\u00e6c \u00e0 communi Salicum\nligno nihil differre videbatur, nisi qu\u00f2d long\u00e8 esset durior, ade\u00f2 ut\ncultro vix disrumpi posset._\n\n[y] _An ingenious Gentlewoman of my Acquaintance, Wife to a learned\nPhysician, taking much Pleasure to keep Silk-Worms, had once the\nCuriosity to draw out one of the oval Cases, which the Silk-Worm\nspins\u2014\u2014into all the Silken Wire it was made up of, which, to the great\nWonder as well of her Husband, as her self,\u2014\u2014appeared to be, by measure,\na great deal above 300 Yards, and yet weighed but two Grains and an\nhalf._ Boyl Subtil. of Effluv. ch. 2.\n\n[z] Since my penning this, I have met with the most sagacious\n_Malpighi_\u2019s Account of _Galls_, &c. and find his Descriptions to\nbe exceedingly accurate and true, having traced my self many of the\nProductions he hath mentioned. But I find _Italy_ and _Sicily_ (his\nBook _de Gallis_ being published long after he was made Professor\nof _Messina_) more luxuriant in such Productions than _England_, at\nleast, than the Parts about _Upminster_ (where I live) are. For many,\nif not most of those about us, are taken Notice of by him, and several\nothers besides that I never met with; although I have for many Years as\ncritically observed all the Excrescences, and other morbid Tumors of\nVegetables, as is almost possible, and do believe that few of them have\nescaped me.\n\nAs to the Method how those _Galls_ and _Balls_ are produced, the most\nsimple, and consequently the most easy to be accounted for, is that in\nthe Gems of Oak, which may be called _Squamous-Oak-Cones_, _Capitula\nsquamata_, in _Malpighi_: Whose Description not exactly answering our\n_English-Cones_ in divers Respects, I shall therefore pass his by, and\nshew only what I have observed my self concerning them.\n\nThese _Cones_ are, in outward Appearance, perfectly like the Gems, only\nvastly bigger; and indeed they are no other than the Gems, encreased in\nBigness, which naturally ought to be pushed out in Length: The Cause of\nwhich Obstruction of the Vegetation is this: Into the very Heart of the\nyoung tender Gem or Bud (which begins to be turgid in _June_, and to\nshoot towards the latter end of that Month, or beginning of the next;\ninto this, I say) the Parent-Insect thrusts one or more Eggs, and not\nperhaps without some venomous Ichor therewith. This Egg soon becomes\na Maggot, which eats it self a little Cell in the very Heart or Pith\nof the Gem, which is the Rudiment of the Branch, together with its\nLeaves and Fruit, as shall be hereafter shewn. The Branch being thus\nwholly destroyed, or at least its Vegetation being obstructed, the Sap\nthat was to nourish it, is diverted to the remaining Parts of the Bud,\nwhich are only the scaly Teguments; which by these Means grow large and\nflourishing, and become a Covering to the Insect-Case, as before they\nwere to the tender Branch and its Appendage.\n\nThe _Case_ lying within this Cone, is at first but small, as the Maggot\nincluded in it is, but by degrees, as the Maggot increaseth, so it\ngrows bigger, to about the Size of a large white Pease, long and round,\nresembling the Shape of a small Acorn.\n\nThe _Insect_ it self, is (according to the modern Insectologers) of the\n_Ichneumon-Fly_ Kind; with four Membranaceous _Wings_, reaching a little\nbeyond the Body, articulated _Horns_, a large _Thorax_, bigger than the\nBelly; the _Belly_ short and conical; much like the Heart of Animals: The\n_Legs_ partly whitish, partly black. The _Length_ of the Body from Head\nto Tail, about \u00b2\u2044\u2081\u2080 of an Inch; its _Colour_, a very beautiful shining\nGreen, in some tending to a dark Copper-Colour. Figures both of the\nCones, Cases, and Insects, may be seen among _Malpighi_\u2019s Cuts of Galls,\nTab. 13. and Tab. 20. Fig. 72. which Fig. 72. exhibits well enough some\nothers of the _Gall-Insects_, but its _Thorax_ is somewhat too short for\nours.\n\n[aa] Not only the Willow, and some other Trees, but Plants also, as\n_Nettles_, _Ground-Ivy_, &c. have Cases produced on their Leaves, by\nthe Injection of the Eggs of an _Ichneumon-Fly_. I have observed those\nCases always to grow in, or adjoining to some Rib of the Leaf, and their\nProduction I conceive to be thus, _viz._ The Parent-Insect, with its\nstiff setaceous Tail, terebrates the Rib of the Leaf, when tender, and\nmakes Way for its Egg into the very Pith or Heart thereof, and probably\nlays in therewith, some proper Juice of its Body, to pervert the regular\nVegetation of it. From this Wound arises a small Excrescence, which (when\nthe Egg is hatched into a Maggot) grows bigger and bigger, as the Maggot\nincreases, swelling on each Side the Leaf between the two Membranes, and\nextending it self into the parenchymous Part thereof, until it is grown\nas big as two Grains of Wheat. In this Case lies a small, white, rough\nMaggot, which turns to an _Aurelia_, and afterwards to a very beautiful\ngreen, small _Ichneumon-Fly_.\n\n[bb] What I suspected my self, I find confirmed by _Malpighi_, who in his\nexact and true Description of the Fly bred in the _Oaken Galls_, saith,\n_Non sat fuit natur\u00e6 tam miro artificio Terebram seu Limam condidisse;\nsed inflicto vulnere, vel excitato foramine infundendum exinde liquorem\nintra Terebram condidit: quare fract\u00e2 per transversam muscarum terebr\u00e2\nfrequentissim\u00e8, vivente animali, gutt\u00e6 aliquot diaphani humoris\neffluunt._ And a little after, he confirms, by ocular Observation,\nwhat he imagin\u2019d before, viz. _Semel prope Junii finem vidi Muscam,\nqualem superi\u00f9s delineavi, insidentum quercin\u00e6 gemm\u00e6, adhuc germinanti;\nh\u00e6rebat etenim foliola stabili ab apice hiantis gemm\u00e6 erumpenti;\n& convulso in arcum corpore, terebram evaginabat, ipsamque sensam\nimmittebat; & tumefacto ventre circa terebr\u00e6 radicem tumorem excitabat,\nquem interpolatis vicibus remittebat. In folio igitur, avuls\u00e0 Musc\u00e2,\nminima & diaphana reperii ejecta ova, simillima iis, qu\u00e6 adhuc in tubis\nsupererant. Non licuit iterum idem admirari spectaculum, ~&c.~_\n\nSomewhat like this, which _Malpighi_ saw, I had the good Fortune to\nsee my self once some Years ago: And that was, the beautiful, shining\n_Oak-Ball Ichneumon_ strike its _Terebr\u00e6_ into an Oak-Apple divers Times,\nno doubt to lay its Eggs therein. And hence I apprehend we see many\n_Vermicules_ towards the Outside of many of the Oak-Apples, which I guess\nwere not what the Primitive Insects laid up in the Gem, from which the\nOak-Apple had its Rise, but some other supervenient, additional Insects,\nlaid in after the Apple was grown, and whilst it was tender and soft.\n\n[cc] The _Aleppo-Galls_, wherewith we make Ink, may be reckoned of this\nNumber, being hard, and no other than Cases of Insects which are bred in\nthem; who when come to Maturity, gnaw their Way out of them; which is\nthe Cause of those little Holes observable in them. Of the Insects bred\nin them, see _Philos. Transact._ N\u1d52. 245. Of this Number also are those\nlittle smooth Cases, as big as large Pepper-Corns, growing close to the\nRibs under Oaken-Leaves, globous, but flattish; at first touched with\na blushing red, afterwards growing brown; hollow within, and an hard\nthin Shell without. In this lieth commonly a rough, white Maggot, which\nbecomes a little long winged, black _Ichneumon-Fly_, that eats a little\nHole in the Side of the Gall, and so gets out.\n\n[dd] For a Sample of the tender Balls, I shall choose the globous Ball,\nas round, and some as big as small Musket-Bullets, growing close to the\nRibs, under Oaken-Leaves, of a greenish yellowish Colour, with a blush\nof red; their Skin smooth, with frequent Risings therein. Inwardly\nthey are very soft and spongy; and in the very Center is a Case with a\nwhite Maggot therein, which becomes an _Ichneumon-Fly_, not much unlike\nthe last. As to this Gall, there is one Thing I have observed somewhat\npeculiar, and I may say providential, and that is, that the Fly lies\nall the Winter in these Balls in its Infantile-State, and comes not\nto its Maturity till the following Spring. In the Autumn, and Winter,\nthese Balls fall down with their Leaves to the Ground, and the Insect\ninclosed in them is there fenced against the Winter Frosts, partly by\nother Leaves falling pretty thick upon them, and especially by the thick,\nparenchymous, spongy Walls, afforded by the _Galls_ themselves.\n\nAnother Sample shall be the large _Oak-Balls_, called _Oak-Apples_,\ngrowing in the Place of the Buds, whose Generation, Vegetation and\nFigure, may be seen in _Malpig. de Gallis_, p. 24. and Tab. 10. Fig. 33,\n_&c._ Out of these Galls, he saith various Species of Flies come, but he\nnames only two, and they are the only two I ever saw come out of them:\n_Frequenter_ (saith he) _subnigr\u00e6 sunt musc\u00e6 brevi munit\u00e6 terebr\u00e2. Inter\nhas aliqu\u00e6 observantur aure\u00e6, levi viridis tinctur\u00e2 suffus\u00e6, oblong\u00e2\npollentes terebr\u00e2._ These two differently coloured Flies, I take to be no\nother than Male and Female of the same Species. I have not observed Tails\n(which are their _Terebr\u00e6_) in all, as _Malpighi_ seems to intimate:\nPerhaps they were hid in their _Thec\u00e6_, and I could not discover them:\nBut I rather think there were none, and that those were the Males: But in\nothers, I have observed long, recurvous Tails, longer than their whole\nBodies. And these I take to be the Females. And in the _Oak-Apples_\nthemselves, I have seen the _Aureli\u00e6_, some with, some without Tails. And\nI must confess, \u2019twas not without Admiration as well as Pleasure, that\nI have seen with what exact Neatness and Artifice, the Tail hath been\nwrapt about the _Aurelia_, whereby it is secured from either annoying the\nInsect, or being hurt it self.\n\n[ee] See before _Note (z)._\n\n[ff] As in the preceding Note.\n\n[gg] Of the rough or hairy Excrescences, those on the _Briar_, or\n_Dog-Rose_, are a good Instance. These _Spongiol\u00e6 villos\u00e6_, as Mr. _Ray_,\n_Gall\u00e6 rumos\u00e6_, as Dr. _Malpighi_ calls them, are thus accounted for by\nthe latter; _Ex copiosis relictis ovis ita turbatur affluens ~[Rubi]~\nsuccus, ut strumosa fiant complura tubercula simul confus\u00e8 congesta,\nqu\u00e6 utriculorum seriebus, & fibrarum implicatione contexta, ramosas\npropagines germinant, ita ut minima quasi sylva appareat. Qualibet\npropago ramos, hinc inde villosos edit. Hinc inde pili pariter crumpunt,\n~&c.~_\n\nThese Balls are a safe Repository to the Insect all the Winter in its\nVermicular-State. For the Eggs laid up, and hatched the Summer before,\ndo not come to mature Insects until the Spring following, as Mr. _Ray_\nrightly observes in _Cat. Cantab._\n\nAs to the _Insects_ themselves, they are manifestly _Ichneumon-Flies_,\nhaving four Wings, their _Alvus_ thick and large towards the Tail;\nand tapering up till it is small and slender at its setting on to\nthe _Thorax_. But the _Alvi_ or Bellies are not alike in all, though\ncoloured alike. In some they are as is now described, and longer, without\n_Terebr\u00e6_, or Tails; in some shorter with Tails: And in some yet shorter,\nand thick, like the Belly of the _Ant_, or the Heart of Animals, as in\nthose before, _Note (z)._ But for a farther Description of them, I shall\nrefer to Mr. _Ray_, _Cat. Plant. circa Cantab._ under _Rosa Sylvest._\n\n[hh] It being an Instance somewhat out of the Way, I shall pitch upon\nit for an Example here, _viz._ The _gouty Swellings_ in the Body, and\nthe Branches of the _Blackberry-Bush_; of which _Malpighi_ hath given us\ntwo good Cuts in Tab. 17. Fig. 62. The Cause of these is manifestly from\nthe Eggs of Insects laid in (whilst the Shoot is young and tender) as\nfar as the Pith, and in some Places not so deep; Which for the Reasons\nbefore-mentioned, makes the young Shoots tumify, and grow knotty and\ngouty.\n\nThe Insect that comes from hence is of the former Tribe, a small, shining\nblack _Ichneumon-Fly_, about a tenth of an Inch long; with jointed, red,\ncapillary Horns, four long Wings, reaching beyond the Body, a large\n_Thorax_, red Legs, and a short, heart-like Belly. They hop like Fleas.\nThe Males are less than the Females; are very venereous, endeavouring\na _Co\u00eft_ in the very Box in which they are hatch\u2019d; getting up on the\nFemales, and tickling and thumping them with their Breeches and Horns, to\nexcite them to Venery.\n\n\n\n\n_The CONCLUSION._\n\n\nAnd now these Things being seriously considered, what less can be\nconcluded, than that there is manifest Design and Forecast in this Case,\nand that there must needs be some wise Artist, some careful, prudent\nConservator, that from the very Beginning of the Existence of this\nSpecies of Animals, hath with great Dexterity and Forecast, provided for\nits Preservation and Good? For what else could contrive and make such a\nSet of curious Parts, exactly fitted up for that special Purpose: And\nwithal implant in the Body such peculiar Impregnations, as should have\nsuch a strange uncouth Power on a quite different Rank of Creatures? And\nlastly, what should make the Insect aware of this its strange Faculty and\nPower, and teach it so cunningly and dextrously to employ it for its own\nService and Good?\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK IX.\n\n_Of REPTILES, and the Inhabitants of the WATERS._\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. I.\n\n_Of REPTILES._\n\n\nHaving dispatch\u2019d the insect Tribe, there is but one _Genus_ of\nthe Land-Animals remaining to be survey\u2019d; and that is, that of\n_Reptiles_[a]. Which I shall dispatch in a little Compass, by Reason I\nhave somewhat amply treated of others, and many of the Things may be\napply\u2019d here. But there are some Things in which this Tribe is somewhat\nsingular, which I shall therefore take Notice of briefly in this Place.\nOne is their Motion, which I have in another Place[b] taken Notice of to\nbe not less curious, than it is different from that of other Animals,\nwhether we consider the Manner of it, as vermicular, or sinuous[c], or\nlike that of the Snail[d], or the Caterpillar[e], or the Multipedous[f]\nor any other Way, or the Parts ministring to it, particularly the\nSpine[g], and the Muscles co-operating with the Spine, in such as have\nBone, and the annular and other Muscles, in such as have none, all\nincomparably made for those curious, and I may say, geometrical Windings\nand Turnings, Undulations, and all the various Motions to be met with in\nthe reptile Kind.\n\nAnother Thing that will deserve our Notice, is, the Poyson[h] that many\nof this Tribe are stock\u2019d with. Which I the rather mention, because some\nmake it an Objection against the divine Superintendence and Providence,\nas being a Thing so far from useful, (they think,) that \u2019tis rather\nmischievous and destructive of God\u2019s Creatures. But the Answer is easy,\n_viz._ That as to Man, those Creatures are not without their great Uses,\nparticularly in the Cure of[i] some of the most stubborn Diseases;\nhowever, if they were not, there would be no Injustice for God to make\na Set of such noxious Creatures, as Rods and Scourges, to execute the\ndivine Chastisements upon ungrateful and sinful Men. And I am apt to\nthink that the Nations which know not God, are the most annoy\u2019d with\nthose noxious Reptiles, and other pernicious Creatures. As to the Animals\nthemselves, their Poyson is no doubt of some great and especial Use to\nthemselves, serving to the more easy Conquest, and sure Capture of their\nPrey, which might otherwise be too resty and strong, and if once escap\u2019d,\nwould hardly be again recover\u2019d, by Reason of their swifter Motion, and\nthe Help of their Legs; besides all which, this their Poyson may be\nprobably of very great Use to the Digestion of their Food.\n\nAnd as to the innocuous Part of the Reptile-Kind, they as well deserve\nour Notice for their Harmlesness, as the others did for their Poyson. For\nas those are endow\u2019d with Poyson, because they are predaceous; so these\nneed it not, because their Food is near at hand, and may be obtain\u2019d\nwithout Strife and Contest, the next Earth[k] affording Food to such as\ncan terebrate, and make Way into it by their Vermicular Faculty; and the\nnext Vegetable being Food to others that can climb and reach[l], or but\ncrawl to it.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] Notwithstanding I have before, in _Book IV. Chap. 12. Note (p)_,\ntaken Notice of the _Earth-Worm_; yet it being a good Example of the\nCreator\u2019s wise and curious Workmanship, in even this meanest Branch of\nthe Creation, I shall superadd a few farther Remarks from Drs. _Willis_\nand _Tyson_. Saith _Willis_, _Lumbricus terrestris, licet vile &\ncontemptibile habetur, Organa vitalia, necnon & alia viscera, & membra\ndivino artificio admirabiliter fabrefacta sortitur: totius corporis\ncompages musculorum annularium catena est, quorum fibr\u00e6 orbiculares\ncontract\u00e6 quemque annulum, prius amplum, & dilatum, angustiorem &\nlongiorem reddunt._ [This Muscle in Earth-Worms, I find is spiral, as\nin a good Measure is their Motion likewise; _so that by this Means they\ncan, (like the Worm of an Augre,) the better bore their Passage into the\nEarth. Their reptile Motion also, may be explain\u2019d by a Wire wound on a\nCylinder, which when slipp\u2019d off, and one End extended and held fast,\nwill bring the other nearer it. So the Earth-Worm, having shot out, or\nextended its Body, (which is with a Wreathing,) it takes hold by those\nsmall Feet it hath, and so contracts the hinder Part of its Body._ Thus\nthe curious and learned Dr. _Tyson_, Phil. Trans. N\u1d52. 147.] _Nam proinde\nc\u00f9m portio corporis superior elongata, & exporrecta, ad spatium alterius\nextenditur, ibidemque plano affigitur, ad ipsum quasi ad centrum portio\ncorporis inferior relaxata, & abbreviata facile pertrabitur. Pedunculi\nserie quadruplici, per totam longitudinem Lumbrici disponuntur; his\nquasi totidem uncis, partem mod\u00f2 hanc, mod\u00f2 istam, plano affigit, dum\nalteram exporrigit, aut post se ducit. Supra oris hiatum, Proboscide, qu\u00e2\nterram perforat & elevat, donatur._ And then he goes on with the other\nParts that fall under View, the _Brain_, the _Gullet_, the _Heart_, the\n_spermatick Vessels_, the _Stomachs_ and _Intestines_, the _Foramina_\non the Top of the Back, adjoyning to each Ring, supplying the Place of\nLungs, and other Parts. _Willis de Anim. Brut._ P. 1. c. 3.\n\n[b] In _Book IV. Chap. 8._\n\n[c] There is a great Deal of geometrical Neatness and Nicety, in the\nsinuous Motion of Snakes, and other Serpents. For the assisting in which\nAction, the annular Scales under their Body are very remarkable, lying\ncross the Belly, contrary to what those in the Back, and rest of the\nBody do; also as the Edges of the foremost Scales lye over the Edges\nof their following Scales, from Head to Tail; so those Edges run out\na little beyond, or over their following Scales; so as that when each\nScale is drawn back, or set a little upright by its Muscle, the outer\nEdge thereof, (or Foot it may be call\u2019d,) is rais\u2019d also a little from\nthe Body, to lay hold on the Earth, and so promote and facilitate the\nSerpent\u2019s Motion. This is what may be easily seen in the Slough, or Belly\nof the Serpent-kind. But there is another admirable Piece of Mechanism,\nthat my Antipathy to those Animals hath prevented my prying into; and\nthat is, that every Scale hath a distinct Muscle, one End of which is\ntack\u2019d to the Middle of its Scale; the other, to the upper Edge of its\nfollowing Scale. This Dr. _Tyson_ found in the _Rattle-Snake_, and I\ndoubt not is in the whole Tribe.\n\n[d] The wise Author of Nature, having deny\u2019d Feet and Claws to enable\nSnails to creep and climb, hath made them amends in a Way more commodious\nfor their State of Life, by the broad Skin along each Side of the\nBelly, and the undulating Motion observable there. By this latter \u2019tis\nthey creep; by the former, afflicted with the glutinous Slime emitted\nfrom the Snail\u2019s Body, they adhere firmly and securely to all Kinds of\nSuperficies, partly by the Tenacity of their Slime, and partly by the\nPressure of the Atmosphere. Concerning this Part, (which he calls the\n_Snail\u2019s Feet_,) and their Undulation, See Dr. _Lister_\u2019s _Exercit.\nAnat._ 1. \u00a7. 1. and 37.\n\n[e] The motive Parts, and Motion of Caterpillars, are useful, not only\nto their Progression and Conveyance from Place to Place; but also their\nmore certain, easy and commodious gathering of Food. For having Feet\nbefore and behind, they are not only enabled to go by a kind of Steps\nmade by their fore and hind Parts; but also to climb up Vegetables, and\nto reach from their Boughs and Stalks for Food at a Distance; for which\nServices, their Feet are very nicely made both before and behind. Behind,\nthey have broad Palms for sticking too, and these beset almost round\nwith small sharp Nails, to hold and grasp what they are upon: Before,\ntheir Feet are sharp and hook\u2019d, to draw Leaves, _&c._ to them, and to\nhold the fore-part of the Body, whilst the hinder-parts are brought up\nthereto. But nothing is more remarkable in these Reptiles, than that\nthese Parts and Morton are only temporary, and incomparably adapted only\nto their present _Nympha-State_; whereas in their _Aurelia-State_, they\nhave neither Feet nor Motion, only a little in their hinder parts: And in\ntheir _Mature-State_, they have the Parts and Motion of a flying Insect,\nmade for Flight.\n\n[f] It is a wonderful pretty Mechanism, observable in the going of\n_Multipedes_, as the _Juli_, _Scolopendr\u00e6_, &c. that on each Side the\nBody, every Leg hath its Motion, one very regularly following the other\nfrom one End of the Body to the other in a Way not easy to be describ\u2019d\nin Words; so that their Legs in going, make a kind of Undulation, and\ngive the Body a swifter Progression than one would imagine it should\nhave, where so many Feet are to take so many short Steps.\n\n[g] _Vertebrarum Apophysos breviores sunt, pr\u00e6cipu\u00e8 juxta caput, cujus\npropterea flexus in aversum, & latera, facilis Viperis est: secus\nLeonibus, ~&c.~\u2014\u2014Incumbit his Ossibus ingens Musculorum minutorum\npr\u00e6sidium, tum spinas tendinum exilium magno apparatu diducentium, tum\nvertebras potissimum in diversa flectentium, atque erigentium. Adeoque\nillam corporis miram agilitatem, non tant\u00f9m (ut Aristot.) \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2\n\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f41\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 quoniam faciles ad flexum, & cartilagineas\nproduxit vertebras, sed quia etiam multiplicia mot\u00fbs localis instrumenta\nmusculos fabrefecit provida rerum Parens Natura, consecuta fuit._ Blas.\nAnat. Anim. P. 1. c. 39. de Viper\u00e2 \u00e8 Veslingio.\n\n_That which is most remarkable in the ~Vertebr\u00e6~ ~[of the _Rattle-Snake_,\nbesides the other curious Articulations,]~ is, that the round Ball in\nthe lower Part of the upper ~Vertebra~, enters a Socket of the upper\nPart of the lower ~Vertebra~, like as the Head of the ~Os Femoris~ doth\nthe ~Acetabulum~ of the ~Os Ischii~; by which Contrivance, as also the\nArticulation with one another, they have that free Motion of winding\ntheir Bodies any Way._ Dr. _Tyson_\u2019s Anat. of the _Rattle-Snake_ in\n_Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 144. What is here observ\u2019d of the _Vertebr\u00e6_ of this\n_Snake_, is common to this whole _Genus_ of Reptiles.\n\n[h] My ingenious and learned Friend, Dr. _Mead_, examined with his\nMicroscope, the Texture of a _Viper_\u2019s _Poyson_, and found therein at\nfirst only _a Parcel of small Salts nimbly floating in the Liquor; but\nin a short Time the Appearance was chang\u2019d, and these saline Particles\nwere shot out into Crystals, of an incredible Tenuity and Sharpness, with\nsomething like Knots here and there, from which they seem\u2019d to proceed;\nso that the whole Texture did in a Manner represent a Spider\u2019s Web,\nthough infinitely finer._ Mead of Poysons, p. 9.\n\nAs to the Nature and Operation of this _Poyson_, see the same ingenious\nAuthor\u2019s Hypothesis, in his following Pages.\n\nThis _Poyson_ of the _Viper_, lieth in a Bag in the Gums, at\nthe Upper-end of the Teeth. It is separated from the Blood by a\n_conglomerated Gland_, lying in the anterior lateral Part of the _Os\nSincipitis_; just behind the Orbit of the Eye: From which Gland lieth a\nDuct, that conveys the Poyson to the Bags at the Teeth.\n\nThe Teeth are tubulated, for the Conveyance, or Emission of the Poyson\ninto the Wound, the Teeth make; but their Hollowness doth not reach to\nthe _Apex_, or Top of the Tooth, (that being solid and sharp, the better\nto pierce;) but it ends in a long slit below the Point, out of which the\nPoyson is emitted. These Perforations of the Teeth, _Galen_ saith, the\nMountebanks us\u2019d to stop with some kind of Paste, before they suffer\u2019d\nthe Vipers to bite them before their Spectators. Cuts of these Parts,\n_&c._ may be seen in the last cited Book of Dr. _Mead_. Also Dr. _Tyson\u2019s\nAnat. of the Rattle-Snake_, in _Philos. Transact._ N\u1d52. 144.\n\n[i] That Vipers have their great Uses in Physick, is manifest from their\nbearing a great Share in some of our best Antidotes, such as _Theriaca\nAndromachi_, and others; also in the Cure of the _Elephantiasis_, and\nothers the like stubborn Maladies, for which I shall refer to the medical\nWriters. But there is so singular a Case in the curious Collection of Dr.\n_Ol. Worm._ related from _Kircher_, that I shall entertain the Reader\nwith it. Near the Village of _Sassa_, about eight Miles from the City\n_Bracciano_ in _Italy_, saith he, _Specus feu caverna (vulg\u00f2 La Grotta\ndelli Serpi) duorum hominum capax, fistulosis quibusdam foraminibus in\nformam cribri perforata cernitur, ex quibus ingens qu\u00e6dam, principio\nveris, diversicolorum Serpentum, null\u00e2 tamen, ut dicitur, singulari\nveneni qualitate imbutorum progenies quotannis pullulare solet. In h\u00e6c\nspelunc\u00e2 Elephantiacos, Leprosos, Paralyticos, Arabriticos, Podagricos,\n~&c.~ nudos exponere solent, qui mox halituum subterraneorum calore\nin sudorem resoluti, Serpentum propullulantium, totum corpus infirmi\nimplicantium, suctu linctuque ita omni vitioso virulentoque humore\nprivare dicuntur, ut repetito hoc per aliquod tempus medicamento, tandem\nperfecta sanitati restituantur._ This Cave _Kircher_ visited himself,\nfound it warm, and every Way agreeable to the Description he had of it;\nhe saw their Holes, heard a murmuring hissing Noise in them; but although\nhe missed seeing the Serpents (it being not the Season of their creeping\nout) yet he saw great Numbers of their _Exuvi\u00e6_, or _Sloughs_, and an Elm\ngrowing hard by laden with them.\n\nThe Discovery of this Cave, was by the Cure of a _Leper_ going from\n_Rome_ to some Baths near this Place; who losing his Way, and being\nbenighted, happened upon this Cave; and finding it very warm, pull\u2019d off\nhis Cloaths, and being weary and sleepy, had the good Fortune not to feel\nthe Serpents about him, till they had wrought his Cure. _Vid._ _Museum\nWorm._ L. 3. c. 9.\n\nThe before-commended Dr. _Mead_, thinks our Physicians deal too\ncautiously and sparingly, in their prescribing only small Quantities\nof the Viper\u2019s Flesh, _&c._ in the _Elephantiasis_, and stubborn\n_Leprosies_: But he recommendeth rather the Gelly or Broth of Vipers; or,\nas the ancient Manner was, to boil Vipers, and eat them like Fish; or at\nleast to drink Wine, in which they have been long infused. _Vid._ _Mead.\nubi supr._ p. 34.\n\n[k] That _Earth-worms_ live upon Earth, is manifest from the little\ncurled Heaps of their Dung ejected out of their Holes. But in _Philos.\nTransact._ N\u1d52. 291, I have said, it is in all Probability Earth made of\nrotted Roots and Plants, and such like nutritive Things, not pure Earth.\nAnd there is farther Reason for it, because Worms will drag the Leaves of\nTrees into their Holes.\n\n[l] _Snails_ might be in Danger of wanting Food, if they were to live\nonly upon such tender Plants as are near the Ground, within their Reach\nonly; to impower them therefore to extend their Pursuits farther, they\nare enabled by the Means mentioned in _Note (d)_, to stick unto, and\ncreep up Walls and Vegetables at their Pleasure.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. II.\n\n_Of the Inhabitants of the WATERS._\n\n\nI have now gone through that Part of the Animal World, which I proposed\nto survey, the Animals inhabiting the Land.\n\nAs to the other Part of the Terraqueous Globe, the Waters, and the\nInhabitants thereof, not having Time to finish what I have begun, on\nthat large Subject, I shall be forced to quit it for the present, altho\u2019\nwe have there as ample and glorious a Scene of the Infinite Creator\u2019s\nPower and Art, as hath been already set forth on the dry Land. For the\nWaters themselves are an admirable Work of God[a], and of infinite\nUse[b] to that Part of the Globe already surveyed; and the prodigious\nVariety[c], and Multitudes of curious and wonderful Things observable in\nits Inhabitants of all Sorts, are an inexhaustible Scene of the Creator\u2019s\nWisdom and Power. The vast Bulk of some[d], and prodigious Minuteness of\nothers[e], together with the incomparable Contrivance and Structure of\nthe Bodies[f] of all; the Provisions and Supplies of Food afforded to\nsuch an innumerable Company of Eaters, and that in an Element, unlikely\none would think, to afford any great Store of Supplies[g]; the Business\nof Respiration perform\u2019d in a Way so different from, but equivalent to\nwhat is in Land Animals[h]; the Adjustment of the Organs of Vision[i] to\nthat Element in which the Animal liveth; the Poise[k], the Support[l],\nthe Motion of the Body[m], forwards with great Swiftness, and upwards\nand downwards with great Readiness and Agility, and all without Feet and\nHands, and ten thousand Things besides; all these Things, I say, do lay\nbefore us so various, so glorious, and withal so inexhaustible a Scene of\nthe divine Power, Wisdom and Goodness, that it would be in vain to engage\nmy self in so large a Province, without allotting as much Time and Pains\nto it, as the preceding Survey hath cost me. Passing by therefore that\nPart of our Globe, I shall only say somewhat very briefly concerning the\n_insensitive_ Creatures, particularly those of the _vegetable Kingdom_,\nand so conclude this Survey.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] Besides their absolute Necessity, and great Use to the World, there\nare several Topics, from whence the Waters may be demonstrated to be\nGod\u2019s Work; as, the creating so vast a Part of our Globe; the placing it\ncommodiously therein, and giving it Bounds; the Methods keeping it sweet\nand clean, by its Saltness, by the Tides, and Agitations by the Winds;\nthe making the Waters useful to the Vegetation of Plants, and for Food to\nAnimals, by the noble Methods of sweetning them; and many other Things\nbesides, which are insisted on in that Part of my Survey.\n\n[b] _Pliny_ having named divers _Mirabilia Aquarum_, to shew their Power;\nthen proceeds to their Uses, viz. _E\u00e6dem cadentes omnium terr\u00e2 nascentium\ncausa fiunt, prorsus mirabili natur\u00e2, siquis velit reputare, ut fruges\ngignantur, arbores fruticesque vivant, in c\u0153lum migrare aquas, animamque\netiam herbis vitalem inde deferre: just\u00e2 confessione, omnes terra quoque\nvires aquarum esse beneficii. Quapropter ante omnia ipsarum potentia\nexempla ponemus: Cunctas enim quis mortalium enamerare queat?_ And then\nhe goes on with an Enumeration of some Waters famed for being medicinal,\nor some other unusual Quality. _Plin._ L. 31. c. 1. & 2.\n\n[c] _Pliny_ reckons 176 Kinds in the Waters, whose Names may be met with\nin his L. 32. c. 11. but he is short in his Account.\n\n[d] _Pliny_, L. 9. c. 3. saith, that in the _Indian_ Sea there are\n_Balen\u00e6 quatern\u00fbm jugerum_ (i.e. 960 Feet) _Pristes 200 cubitorum_ (i.e.\n300 Feet.) And L. 32. c. 1. he mentions _Whales_ 600 Foot long, and 360\nbroad, that came into a River of _Arabia_. If the Reader hath a mind, he\nmay see his Reason why the largest Animals are bred in the Sea, L. 9. c.\n2.\n\n[e] As the largest, so the most minute Animals are bred in the Waters, as\nthose in Pepper-water; and such as make the green Scum on the Waters, or\nmake them seem as if green, and many others. See _Book IV. Chap. 11. Note\n(n), (v)._\n\n[f] It might be here shewn, that the Bodies of all the several\nInhabitants of the Waters are the best contrived and suited to that Place\nand Business in the Waters, which is proper for them; that particularly\ntheir Bodies are cloathed and guarded, in the best Manner, with Scales,\nor Shells, _&c._ suitable to the Place they are to reside in, the Dangers\nthey may there be exposed unto, and the Motion and Business they are\nthere to perform: That the Center of Gravity (of great Consideration in\nthat fluid Element,) is always plac\u2019d in the fittest Part of the Body:\nThat the Shape of their Bodies, (especially the more swift,) is the\nmost commodious for making Way through the Water, and most agreeable to\ngeometrical Rules; and many other Matters besides would deserve a Place\nhere, were they not too long for Notes, and that I shall anticipate what\nwill be more proper for another Place, and more accurately treated of\nthere.\n\n[g] See before _Book IV. Chap. 11._\n\n[h] _Galen_ was aware of the Respiration of Fishes by their _Branchi\u00e6_.\nFor having said, that Fishes have no Occasion of a Voice, neither\nrespire through the Mouth as Land Animals do, he saith, _Sed earum, quas\nBranchias nuncupamus, constructio, ipsis vice Pulmonis est. C\u00f9m enim\ncrebris ac tenuibus foraminibus sint Branchi\u00e6 h\u00e6 intercept\u00e6, a\u00ebri quidem\n& vapori perviis, subtilioribus tamen qu\u00e0m pro mole aqu\u00e6; hanc quidem\nextra repellunt, illa autem prompt\u00e8 intromittunt._ Galen de Us. Part.\nL. 6. c. 9. So also _Pliny_ held, that Fishes respired by their Gills;\nbut he saith _Aristotle_ was of a different Opinion. _Plin._ L. 9. c. 7.\nAnd so _Aristotle_ seems to be in his _Hist. Animal._ L. 8. c. 2. and in\nother Places. And I may add our famous Dr. _Needham_. See his _De form.\nF\u0153tu_, Chap. 6. and _Answer to ~Severinus~_.\n\n[i] A protuberant Eye would have been inconvenient for Fishes, by\nhindring their Motion in so dense a Medium as Water is; or else their\nbrushing through so thick a Medium would have been apt to wear, and\nprejudice their Eyes; therefore their _Cornea_ is flat. To make amends\nfor which, as also for the Refraction of Water, different from that of\nthe Air, the wise Contriver of the Eye, hath made the _Crystalline_\nspherical in Fishes, which in Animals, living in the Air, is\n_lenticular_, and more flat.\n\n[k] As I have shew\u2019d before, that the Bodies of Birds are nicely pois\u2019d\nto swim in the Air; so are those of Fishes for the Water, every Part\nof the Body being duly balanc\u2019d, and the Center of Gravity, (as I said\nin _Note (f)_), accurately fix\u2019d. And to prevent Vacillation, some of\nthe Fins serve, particularly those of the Belly; as _Borelli_ prov\u2019d by\ncutting off the Belly-fins, which caus\u2019d the Fish to reel to the right\nand left Hand, and render\u2019d it unable to stand steadily in an upright\nPosture.\n\n[l] To enable the Fish to abide at the Top, or Bottom, or any other Part\nof the Waters, the Air-Bladder is given to most Fishes, which as \u2019tis\nmore full or empty, makes the Body more or less buoyant.\n\n[m] The _Tail_ is the grand Instrument of the Motion of the Body; not the\nFins, as some imagine. For which Reason, Fishes are more musculous and\nstrong in that Part, than in all the rest of their Body, according as it\nis in the motive Parts of all Animals, in the pectoral Muscles of Birds,\nthe Thighs of Man, _&c._\n\nIf the Reader hath a Mind to see the admirable Method, how Fishes row\nthemselves by their Tail, and other Curiosities relating to their\nSwimming; I shall refer him to _Borelli_ _de mot. Anim._ Part. 1. Chap.\n23. particularly to Prop. 213.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK X.\n\n_Of VEGETABLES._\n\n\nThe Vegetable Kingdom, although an inferiour Branch of the Creation,\nexhibits to us such an ample Scene of the Creator\u2019s Contrivance,\nCuriosity, and Art, that I much rather chuse to shew what might be\nsaid, than engage too far in Particulars. I might insist upon the great\nVariety there is, both of Trees and Plants provided for all Ages, and\nfor every Use and Occasion of the World[a]; some for Building, for Tools\nand Utensils of every Kind; some hard, some soft; some tough and strong,\nsome brittle; some long and tall, some short and low; some thick and\nlarge, some small and tender; some for Physick[b], some for Food, some\nfor Pleasure; yea, the most abject[c] Shrubs, and the very Bushes and\nBrambles themselves, the Husbandman can testify the Use of.\n\nI might also survey here the curious Anatomy and Structure of their\nBodies[d], and shew the admirable Provision made for the Conveyance\nof the lymphatick and essential Juices, for communicating the Air, as\nnecessary to Vegetable, as Animal Life[e]: I might also speak of, even\nthe very Covering they are provided with, because it is a curious Work\nin Reality, although less so in Appearance: And much more therefore\nmight I survey the neat Variety and Texture of their Leaves[f], the\nadmirable Finery, Gaiety, and Fragrancy of their Flowers[g]. I might\nalso inquire into the wonderful Generation and Make of the Seed[h], and\nthe great Usefulness of their Fruit: I might shew that the Rudiments and\nLineaments of the Parent-Vegetable, though never so large and spacious,\nis locked up in the little Compass of their Fruit or Seed, though some\nof those Seeds are scarce visible to the naked Eye[i]. And forasmuch as\nthe Perpetuity and Safety of the Species depends upon the Safety of the\nSeed and Fruit in a great measure, I might therefore take notice of the\npeculiar Care the great God of Nature hath taken for the Conservation and\nSafety hereof: As particularly in such as dare to shew their Heads all\nthe Year, how securely their Flower, Seed or Fruit is locked up all the\nWinter, together with their Leaves and Branches, in their Gems[k] and\nwell fenced and covered there with neat and close Tunicks. And for such\nas dare not so to expose themselves, with what Safety are they preserved\nunder the Coverture of the Earth, in their Root [l], Seed [m], or Fruit,\ntill invited out by the kindly Warmth of the Spring! And when the whole\nVegetable Race is thus called out, it is very pretty to observe the\nMethods of Nature in guarding those insensitive Creatures against Harms\nand Inconveniencies, by making some (for Instance) to lie down prostrate,\nand others, to close themselves up [n] upon the Touch of Animals, and\nthe most to shut up their Flowers, their Down [o], or other their like\nGuard, upon the Close and Cool of the Evening, by Means of Rain, or other\nMatters that may be prejudicial to the tender Seed.\n\nAnd now to these Considerations relating to the Seed, I might add the\nvarious Ways of Nature in dissipating and sowing it, some being for this\nend, winged with light Down, or Wings, to be conveyed about by the Winds;\nothers being laid in elastick, springy Cases, that when they burst and\ncrack, dart their Seed at convenient Distances, performing thereby the\nPart of a good Husbandman[p]; others by their agreeable Taste and Smell,\nand salutary Nature, inviting themselves to be swallow\u2019d, and carry\u2019d\nabout by the Birds, and thereby also fertiliz\u2019d by passing through their\nBodies[q]; and others not thus taken Care of, do many of them by their\nUsefulness in human Life, invite the Husbandman and Gardiner carefully to\nsow and nurse them up.\n\nTo this so singular a Care about the Propagation and Conservation of\nthe Species of Vegetables, I might add the nice Provision that is made\nfor their Support and Aid, in standing and growing, that they may keep\ntheir Heads above Ground, and not be rotted and spoil\u2019d in the Earth\nthemselves, nor thereby annoy us; but on the contrary, minister to\nall their Ends, and our Uses; to afford us Houses, Utensils, Food[r],\nPhysick, Cloathing, yea, Diversion too, by the Beauty of their Looks, by\nthe Fragrancy of their Smell, by creating us pleasant Shades against the\nscorching Beams of Summer, and skreening us against the piercing Winds,\nand Cold of Winter[s].\n\nAnd it is very observable what admirable Provisions are made for this\nPurpose of their Support and Standing, both in such as stand by their\nown Strength, and such as need the Help of others. In such as stand by\ntheir own Strength, it is, by Means of the stronger and more ligneous\nParts, (equivalent to the Bones in Animals,) being made not inflexible,\nas Bones; because they would then be apt to break; but of a yielding\nelastick Nature, to escape and dodge the Violence of the Winds; and by\nMeans also of the Branches spreading handsomely and commodiously about,\nat an Angle of about 45 gr. by which Means they equally fill up, and at\nthe same Time make an \u00c6quilibration of the Top[t].\n\nAnd as for such Vegetables as are weak, and not able to support\nthemselves, \u2019tis a wonderful Faculty they have, so readily and naturally\nto make Use of the Help of their Neighbours, embracing and climbing up\nupon them[u], and using them as Crutches to their feeble Bodies: Some\nby their odd convolving Faculty, by twisting themselves like a Screw\nabout others; some advancing themselves, by catching and holding with\ntheir curious _Claspers_ and _Tendrels_, equivalent to the Hands; some\nby striking in their rooty Feet; and others by the Emission of a natural\nGlue, closely and firmly adhering to something or other that administers\nsufficient Support unto them. All which various Methods being so nicely\naccommodated to the Indigencies of those helpless Vegetables, and not to\nbe met with in any besides, is a manifest Indication of their being the\nContrivance and Work of the Creator, and that his infinite Wisdom and\nCare condescends, even to the Service, and well-being of the meanest,\nmost weak, and helpless insensitive Parts of the Creation.\n\nIn the last Place, to the Uses already hinted at, I might add a large\nCatalogue of such among Vegetables, as are of peculiar Use and Service\nto the World, and seem to be design\u2019d as \u2019twere on Purpose, by the most\nmerciful Creator, for the Good of Man, or other Creatures[w]. Among\n_Grain_, I might name the great Fertility[x] of such as serves for Bread,\nthe easy Culture and Propagation thereof, and the Agreement of every\nSoil and Climate to it. Among Trees, and Plants, I might instance in\nsome that seem to be design\u2019d, as \u2019twere on Purpose, for almost every\nLife[y], and Convenience; some to heal the most stubborn and dangerous\nDistempers[z], to alleviate and ease the Pains[aa] of our poor infirm\nBodies, all the World over: And some designed for the peculiar Service\nand Good of particular Places, either to cure such Distempers as are\npeculiar to them, by growing more plentifully there than elsewhere[bb];\nor else to obviate some Inconvenience there, or to supply some constant\nNecessity, or Occasion, not possible, or at least not easy, to be\nsupplied any other Way[cc]. \u2019Tis, for Instance, an admirable Provision\nmade for some Countries subject to Drought, that when the Waters every\nwhere fail, there are Vegetables which contain not only Moisture enough\nto supply their own Vegetation and Wants, but afford Drink also both to\nMan and other Creatures, in their great Extremities[dd]; and a great\ndeal more might be instanced in of a like Nature, and Things that bear\nsuch plain Impresses of the Divine Wisdom and Care, that they manifest\nthe Super-intendence of the infinite Creator.\n\nThus I have given a Sketch of another Branch of the Creation, which\n(although one of the meanest, yet) if it was accurately viewed, would\nabundantly manifest it self to be the Work of God. But because I have\nbeen so long upon the other Parts, although less than they deserve, I\nmust therefore content my self with those general Hints I have given;\nwhich may however serve as Specimens of what might have been more largely\nsaid about this inferiour Part of the animated Creation.\n\nAs to the _Inanimate Part_, such as Stones, Minerals, Earths, and\nsuch-like, that which I have already said in the Beginning shall suffice.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] The fifth Book of _Theophrastus_\u2019s _Hist. Plant._ may be here\nconsulted: Where he gives ample instances of the various Constitutions\nand Uses of Trees, in various Works, _&c._ See also before _Book IV.\nChap. 13. Note (a)._\n\n[b] _Invisis quoque herbis inseruit ~[Natura]~ remedia: quippe c\u00f9m\nmedicinas dederit etiam aculeatis\u2014\u2014in quibus ipsis providentiam Natur\u00e6\nsatis admirari amplectique non est.\u2014\u2014Inde excogitavit aliquas aspectu\nhispidas, tactu truces, ut tant\u00f9m non vocem ipsius fingentis illas,\nrationemque reddentis exaudire videamur, ne se depascat avida Quadrupes,\nne procaces manus rapiant, ne neglecta vestigia obterant, ne insidens\nAles infringat: his muniendo Aculeis, telisque armando, remediis ut\ntuta ac salva sint. Ita hoc quoque quod in iis odimus, hominum causa\nexcogitatum est._ Plin. N. H. L. 22 c. 6.\n\n_Are some of the Species of Nature noxious? They are also useful\u2014\u2014Doth\na Nettle sting? It is to secure so good a Medicine from the Rapes of\nChildren and Cattle. Doth the Bramble cumber a Garden? It makes the\nbetter Hedge; where if it chanceth to prick the Owner, it will tear the\nThief._ Grew Cosmolog. L. 3. c. 2. \u00a7. 47.\n\n[c] That the most abject Vegetables, _&c._ have their Use, and are\nbeneficial to the World, may in some measure appear from the Use\nthe Northern People put rotten Wood, _&c._ unto. _Satis ingeniosum\nmodum habent populi septentrionales in nemoribus nocturno tempore\npertranseuntes, imo & diurno, quando in remotioribus Aquilonis partibus\nante, & post Solstitium hyemale continu\u00e6 noctes habentur. Quique his\nremediis indigent, Cortices quercinos inquirunt putres, easque collocant\ncerto interstitio itineris instituti, ut eorum splendore, qu\u00f2 voluerint,\nperficiant iter. Nec sol\u00f9m hoc pr\u00e6stat Cortex, sed & Truncus putrefactus,\nac fungus ipse Agaricus appellatus, ~&c.~_ Ol. Mag. Hist. L. 2. c. 16.\n\nTo this we may add _Thistles_ in making Glass, whose Ashes Dr. _Merret_\nsaith, are the best, _viz._ the Ashes of the _Common-way Thistle_,\nthough all _Thistles_ serve to this Purpose. Next to _Thistles_ are\n_Hop-strings_, cut after the Flowers are gathered. Plants that are Thorny\nand Prickly, seem to afford the best and most Salt. _Merret_\u2019s _Observ.\non Anton. Ner._ p. 265.\n\n _Quid majora sequar? Salices, humilesque Genist\u00e6._\n _Aut ill\u00e6 pecori frondem, aut pastoribus umbram_\n _Sufficiunt, Sepemque satis, & pabula melli._\n\n Virg. Georg. L. 2. \u2123. 434.\n\n[d] Dr. _Beal_ (who was very curious, and tried many Experiments upon\nVegetables) gives some good Reasons to imagine, that there is a direct\nCommunication between the Parts of the Tree and the Fruit, so that the\nsame Fibres which constitute the Root, Trunk, and Boughs, are extended\ninto the very Fruit. And in old _Horn-beams_, I have observed something\nvery like this; in many of which, there are divers great and small Ribs\n(almost like Ivy, only united to the Body) running from the Root up along\nthe outside of the Body, and terminating in one single, or a few Boughs:\nWhich Bough or Boughs spread again into Branches, Leaves and Fruit. See\nwhat Dr. _Beal_ hath in _Lowth. Abr._ V. 2. p. 710.\n\nBut as to the particular Canals, and other Parts relating to the Anatomy\nof Vegetables, it is too long a Subject for this Place, and therefore I\nshall refer to _Seigneur Malpighi_\u2019s and Dr. _Grew_\u2019s Labours in this\nkind.\n\n[e] _Tanta est Respirationis necessitas, & usus, ut Natura in singulis\nviventium ordinibus varia, sed analoga, paraverit instrumenta, qu\u00e6\nPulmones vocamus_ [and so he goes on with observing the _Apparatus_ made\nin the various _Genera_ of Animals, and then saith] _In Plantis ver\u00f2,\nqu\u00e6 infirmum animalium attingunt ordinem, tantam Trachearum copiam &\nproductionem extare par est, ut his minim\u00e6 Vegetantium partes pr\u00e6ter\ncorticem irrigentur.\u2014\u2014Plant\u00e6 igitur (ut conjectari fas est) cum sint\nviventia, visceribus infixa terr\u00e6, ab hac, seu potius ab aqu\u00e2 & a\u00ebre,\ncommixtis & percolatis \u00e0 terr\u00e2, Respirationis su\u00e6 materiam recipiunt,\nipsarumque Trache\u00e6 ab halitu terr\u00e6, extremas radices subingresso,\nreplentur._ Malpig. Op. Anat. Plant. p. 15.\n\nThese _Trache\u00e6_ or _Air-Vessels_, are visible, and appear very pretty\nin the Leaf of _Scabious_, or the Vine, by pulling asunder some of its\nprincipal Ribs, or great Fibres; between which, may be seen the Spiral\n_Air-Vessels_ (like Threads of Cob-web) a little uncoyled: A Figure\nwhereof, Dr. _Grew_ hath given us in his _Anat. Plant._ Tab. 51. 52.\n\nAs to the curious coyling, and other Things relating to the Structure\nof those _Air-Vessels_. I refer to _Malpig._ p. 14. and Dr. _Grew_, ib.\nL. 3. c. 3. \u00a7. 16 _&c._ and L. 4. c. 4. \u00a7. 19. of Mr. _Ray_, from them\nsuccinctly, _Hist. Plant._ L. 1. c. 4.\n\n[f] Concerning the _Leaves_, I shall note only two or three Things. 1. As\nto the _Fibres of the Leaf_, they stand not in the _Stalk_, in an even\nLine, but always in an Angular, or Circular Posture, and their vascular\nFibres or Threads, are 3, 5, or 7. The Reason of their Position thus,\nis for the more erect Growth and greater Strength of the Leaf, as also\nfor the Security of its Sap. Of all which see, Dr. _Grew_, L. 1. c. 4.\n\u00a7. 8. _&c._ and L. 4. Par. 1. c. 3. also Tab. 4. Fig. 2. to 11. Another\nObservable in the Fibres of the Leaf, is their orderly Position, so as to\ntake in an eighth Part of a Circle, as in _Mallows_; in some a tenth, but\nin most a twelfth, as in _Holy-Oak_; or a sixth, as in _Sirynga_. Id. ib.\nTab. 46, 47.\n\n2. The Art in _Folding up the Leaves_ before their Eruption out of their\nGems, _&c._ is incomparable, both for its Elegancy and Security, _viz._\n_In taking up (so as their Forms will bear) the least room; and in being\nso conveniently couched as to be capable of receiving Protection from\nother Parts, or of giving it to one another, ~e.g.~ First, there is\nthe Bow-lap, where the Leaves are all laid somewhat convexly one over\nanother, but not plaited\u2014\u2014but where the Leaves are not so thick set, as\nto stand in the Bow-lap, there we have the Plicature, or the Flat-lap;\nas in Rose-tree, ~&c.~_ And so that curious Observer goes on shewing\nthe various Foldings, to which he gives the Names of the _Duplicature_,\n_Multiplicature_, the _Fore-rowl_, _Back-rowl_, and _Tre-rowl_, or\n_Treble-rowl_. Grew. ib. L. 1. c. 4. \u00a7. 14, _&c._ To these he adds some\nothers, L. 4. P. 1. c. 1. \u00a7. 9. Consult also _Malpig. de Gemmis_, p. 22.\n&c.\n\nTo these curious Foldings, we may add another noble Guard by the\nInterposition of _Films_, _&c._ of which Dr. _Grew_ saith, there are\nabout six Ways, _viz._ _Leaves_, _Surfoyls_, _Ingerfoyls_, _Stalks_,\n_Hoods_, and _Mantlings_. Grew. ib. and Tab. 41, 42. Malpig. ibid.\n\n[g] In the _Flower_ may be considered the _Empalement_, as Dr. _Grew_;\nthe _Calix_, or _Perianthium_, as Mr. _Ray_ and others, call it, designed\nto be a Security, and Bands, to the other Parts of the Flower. _Floris\nvelut basis & fulcimentum est._ Ray Hist. L. 1. c. 10. Flowers, whose\n_Petala_ are strong (as Tulips) have no _Calix_. _Carnations_, whose\n_Petala_ are long and slender, have an Empalement of one Piece: And\nothers, such as the _Knap-weeds_, have it consisting of several Pieces,\nand in divers Rounds, and all with a counterchangeable Respect to each\nother, for the greater Strength and Security of themselves, and the\n_Petala_, &c. they include.\n\nThe next is the _Foliation_, as Dr. _Grew_, the _Petala_, or _Folia_,\nas Mr. _Ray_, and others. In these, not only the admirable Beauty, and\nluxuriant Colours are observable, but also their curious _Foldings_ in\nthe _Calix_, before their Expansion. Of which Dr. _Grew_ hath these\nVarieties, _viz._ The _Close-Couch_, as in _Roses_; the _Concave-Couch_,\nas in _Blattaria flore albo_; the _Single-Plait_, as in _Pease-Blossoms_;\nthe _Double-Plait_, as in _Blue-Bottles_, &c. the _Couch_ and _Plait_\ntogether, as in _Marigolds_, &c. the _Rowl_, as in _Ladies Bower_; the\n_Spire_, as in _Mallows_; and lastly, the _Plait_ and _Spire_ together,\nas in _Convolvulus Doronici folio_. L. 1. c. 5. \u00a7. 6. and Tab. 54.\n\nAs to the _Stamina_ with their _Apices_, and the _Stylus_, (called the\n_Attire_ by Dr. _Grew_) they are admirable, whether we consider their\nColours, or their Make, especially their Use, if it be as Dr. _Grew_,\nMr. _Ray_, and others imagine, namely, as a _Male Sperm_, to impregnate\nand fructify the Seed. Which Opinion is corroborated by the ingenious\nObservations of Mr. _Sam. Morland_, in _Philos. Trans._ N\u1d52. 287.\n\n_Reliqua usus alimentique grati\u00e2 genuit ~[Natura]~ ideoque secula\nannosque tribuit iis. Flores ver\u00f2 odoresque in diem gignit: magn\u00e2 (ut\npalam est) admonitione hominum, qu\u00e6 spectatissim\u00e8 floreant, celerrim\u00e8\nmarcescere._ Plin. N. H. L. 21. c. 1.\n\n[h] As to the curious and gradual Process of Nature in the Formation of\nthe Seed or Fruit of Vegetables, Cuts being necessary, I shall refer to\nDr. _Grew_, p. 45, and 209, and _Malpig._ p. 57.\n\n[i] _Vetus est Empedoclis dogma, Plantarum semina Ova esse, ab iisdem\ndecidua\u2014\u2014Inest in eo ~[Ovo vel Semine]~ velut in cicatrice, non sola\nviventis carina, sed cum minimo trunco assurgentes partes, Gemma\nscilicet, & insignis radicis Conus, ~&c.~_ Malpig. ib. p. 81. vid. plura\nin tract. _de Seminum veget._ p. 14. & passim.\n\nIn _Malpighi_\u2019s Life, a Debate may be seen between him and _Seign.\nTriumphetti_, the Provost of the Garden at _Rome_, whether the whole\nPlant be actually in the Seed. The Affirmative is maintained by\n_Malpighi_, with cogent Arguments; among which, this is one; _Non\npr\u00e6occupat\u00e2 mente, oculis microscopio armatis, lustret qu\u00e6so Phaseolorum,\nseminalem plantulam nondum satam, in qu\u00e2 folia stabilia, h\u00e6cque ampla\nevidenter observabit; in e\u00e2dem pariter gemmam, nodos, seu implantationes\nvarias foliorum caulis deprehendet. Caulem insignem fibris ligneis, &\nutriculorum seriebus constantem conspicu\u00e8 attinget._ And whereas _S.\nTriumphetti_ had objected, that _vegetatione, metamorphosi, inedi\u00e2\nplantas in alias degenerare, ut exemplo plurium ~[constat]~ pr\u00e6cipu\u00e8\ntritici in lolium, & lolii in triticum versi._ In answer to this, (which\nis one of the strongest Arguments against _Malpighi_\u2019s Assertion)\n_Malpighi_ replies, _Nondum certum est de integritate, & successu\nexperimenti, nam facienti mihi, & amicis, tritici metamorphosis non\ncessit. Admissa tamen metamorphosi, quoniam h\u00e6c neglecta cultura, aut\nvitio soli, aut a\u00ebris contingit\u2014\u2014ideo ex morboso & monstruoso affectu\nnon licet inferre permanentem statum \u00e0 Natur\u00e2 intentum. Observo plantas\nsylvestres cultur\u00e2 varias reddi, ~&c.~_ I have more largely taken notice\nof _Malpighi_\u2019s Answer, because he therein shews his Opinion about the\nTransmutation of Vegetables. _Vid._ _Malpig. Vit._ p. 67.\n\nSo Mr. _Lewenhoeck_, after his nice Observations of an _Orange-Kernel_,\nwhich he made to germinate in his Pocket, _&c._ concludes, _Thus we see,\nhow small a Particle, no bigger than a course Sand ~(as the Plant is\nrepresented)~ is increased, ~&c.~ A plain Demonstration, that the Plant,\nand all belonging to it, was actually in the Seed, in the young Plant,\nits Body, Root, ~&c.~_ Philos. Trans. N\u1d52. 287. See also _Raii Cat. Cant._\nin _Acer maj._ from Dr. _Highmore_. But in all the Seeds which I have\nviewed, except the _Maple_, the Plant appears the plainest to the naked\nEye, and also very elegant, in the _Nux Vomica_. _Natura non observat\nmagnitudinis proportionem inter semina & plantas ab iisdem ortas, ita ut\nmajus semen majorem semper producat plantam, minus minorem. Sunt enim in\ngenere herbarum non pauca, quarum semina arborum nonnullarum seminibus\nnon dico \u00e6qualia sunt, sed multo majora. Sic ~v.g.~ Semina Fab\u00e6, ~&c.~\nsemina Ulmi, ~&c.~ multis vicibus magnitudine superant._ Raii ubi supr\u00e0,\nL. 1. c. 13.\n\n_Filicem reliquasque Capillares herbas Semine carere Veteres\nplerique\u2014\u2014prodidere; quos etiam secuti sunt \u00e8 Recentioribus nonnulli,\nDodon\u00e6us, ~&c.~\u2014\u2014Alii \u00e8 contr\u00e0, Bauhinus, ~&c.~ Filices & congeneres\nspermatophoras esse contendunt: Partim quia Historia Creationis_, Genes.\nii. 12. &c.\u2014\u2014_Hanc sententiam verissimam esse\u2014\u2014autopsia convincit._\n_Fredericus C\u00e6sius_, he saith, was the first that discovered these Seeds\nwith the Help of a Microscope. And since him, Mr. _W. C._ hath more\ncritically observed them. Among other Things observed by that ingenious\nGent. are these, _Pixidul\u00e6 seu capsul\u00e6 semina continentes in plerisque\nhoc genus plantis perquam exili granulo aren\u00e6 vulgaris cinere\u00e6 plus\nduplo minores sunt; im\u00f2 in nonnullis speciebus vix tertiam quartamve\narenul\u00e6 partem magnitudine \u00e6quant, vesicularum quarundam annulis aut\nfasciolis vermiformibus obvolutarum speciem exhibentes. Nonnulle ex his\nvesiculis 100 circiter semina continere deprehendebantur.\u2014\u2014ade\u00f2 eximi\u00e2\nparvitate ut nudo oculo prorsus essent invisibilia, nec nisi microscopii\ninterventu detegi possent.\u2014\u2014Osmunda Regalis, qu\u00e6 aliis omnibus Filicis\nspeciebus mole\u2014\u2014antecellit\u2014\u2014vascula seminalia obtinet \u00e6qu\u00e8 cum reliquis\ncongeneribus magnitudinis\u2014\u2014quorum immensa & visum fugiens parvitas cum\nmagnitudine plant\u00e6 collata\u2014\u2014ade\u00f2 nullam gerere proportionem invenietur,\nut tantam plantam \u00e8 tantillo semine produci attentum observatarem merit\u00f2\nin admirationem rapiat._ Ray, ibid. L. 3. pag. 132. This _W. C._ was Mr.\n_Wil. Cole_, as he owneth in a Letter I have now in my Hands of his to\nMr. _Ray_, of _Octob. 18, 1684._\n\n[k] _Vegetantium genus, ut debitam magnitudinem sortiatur, & su\u00e6\nmortalitatis jacturam sucessiv\u00e2 prolis eductione reparet, statis\ntemporibus novas promit partes, ut tandem emergentes Uteri, recentes\nedant Soboles. Emanantes igitur a caule, caudice, ramis, & radicibus\nnovell\u00e6 hujusmodi partes, non illico laxat\u00e6 extenduntur, sed compendio\nquodam coagmentat\u00e6 intra folii axillam cubantes, non parum subsistunst,\nGemm\u00e6 appellantur, ~&c.~_ And then that great Man goes on to shew the\nadmirable various Methods of Nature, in repositing in that little\nCompass, so large a Part of a Tree or Plant, the curious Structure of the\nGems, the admirable Guard afforded them, and the Leaves, Flowers and Seed\ncontained in them, _&c._ Of which having taken Notice before, I pass over\nit now, and only refer to our Author _Malpighi_, and Dr. _Grew_, in the\nPlaces cited in _Note (f) and (g)._\n\n[l] Of _Bulbous_, and a great many more, probably of the far greater\nNumber of _Perennial Roots_ of Herbs, as _Arum_, _Rape-Crowfoot_, &c. it\nis very observable, that their Root is annually renewed, or repaired out\nof the Trunk or Stalk it self. That is to say, the _Basis_ of the _Stalk_\ncontinually, and by insensible Degrees descending below the Surface of\nthe Earth, and hiding it self therein, is thus both in Nature, Place\nand Office, changed into a true Root.\u2014\u2014So in _Brownwort_, the Basis of\nthe Stalk sinking down by Degrees, till it lies under Ground, becomes\nthe upper Part of the Root; and continuing still to sink, the next\nYear becomes the lower Part: And the next after that, rots away; a new\nAddition being still yearly made out of the Stalk, as the elder Parts\nyearly rot away. _Grew._ _ibid._ L. 2. pag. 59. _ubi plura vid._\n\n[m] How safe and agreeable a Conservatory the Earth is to Vegetables,\nmore than any other, is manifest from their rotting, drying, or being\nrendred infecund in the Waters, or the Air; but in the Earth their\nVigour is long preserved. Thus Seeds particularly, Mr. _Ray_ thinks\nsome, may probably retain their Fecundity for ten Years, and others lose\nit in five; but, saith he, _In terr\u00e6 gremio latitantia, quamvis tot\ncaloris, frigoris, humoris & siccitatis varietatibus ibidem obnoxia,\ndiuti\u00f9s tamen (ut puto) fertilitatem suam tuentur qu\u00e0m ab hominibus\ndiligentissim\u00e8 custodita; nam & ego & alii ante me multi observ\u00e2runt\nSinapeos vim magnam enatam in aggeribus fossarum rec\u00e8ns factis inque\nareis gramineis effossis, ubi post hominum memoriam nulla unquam Sinapeos\nseges succreverat. Quam tamen non spont\u00e8 ortam suspicor, sed \u00e8 seminibus\nin terra per tot annos resuduis etiam prolificis._ Ray. Hist. Pl. L. 1.\nC. 13.\n\n[n] _Plant\u00e6 nonnull\u00e6 \u00c6schynomen\u00e6 Veteribus dict\u00e6, Recentioribus Viv\u00e6, &\nSensitiv\u00e6, & Mimos\u00e6, haud obscura sensus indicia produnt; siquidem folia\nearnum manu aut baculo tacta, & paululum compressa, pleno etiam meridie,\nsplendente Sole, illico se contrahunt; in nonnullis etiam speciebus\ncauliculi teneriores concidunt & velut marcescunt; quod idem ab a\u00ebre\nfrigidiore admissa patiuntur._ Ray. Hist. Pl. T. 1. L. 18. App. S. 2. c.\n2. p. 978.\n\n[o] I have observed that many, if not most Vegetables, do expand their\nFlowers, Down, _&c._ in warm, Sun-shiny Weather, and again close them\ntowards Evening, or in Rain, _&c._ especially at the Beginning of\nFlowering, when the Seed is young and tender; as is manifest in the\nDown of _Dandelion_, and other Downs; and eminently in the Flowers of\n_Pimpernel_; the opening and shutting of which, are the Country-Man\u2019s\nWeather-wiser; whereby _Gerard_ saith, he foretelleth what Weather shall\nfollow the next Day; for saith he, _if the Flowers be close shut up, it\nbetokeneth Rain and foul Weather; contrarywise, if they be spread abroad,\nfair Weather._ Ger. Herb. B. 2. c. 183.\n\n_Est & alia ~[arbor in Tylis]~ similis, foliosior tamen, roseique floris;\nquem noctu comprimens, aperire incipit Solis exortu, meridie expandit.\nIncol\u00e6 dormir\u00e6 eam dicunt._ Plin. Nat. Hist. L. 12. c. 11.\n\n[p] _So soon as the Seed is ripe, Nature taketh several Methods for\nits being duly Sown; not only in the opening of the ~Uterus~, but also\nin the make of the Seed it self. For, First, The Seeds of many Plants,\nwhich affect a peculiar Soil or Seat, as of ~Arum~, ~Poppy~, ~&c.~ are\nheavy and small enough, without further Care, to fall directly down into\nthe Ground\u2014\u2014But if they are so large and light, as to be expos\u2019d to the\nWind, they are often furnish\u2019d with one or more Hooks, to stay them from\nstraying too far from their proper Place\u2014\u2014So the Seeds of ~Avens~ have\none single Hook; those of ~Agrimony~ and ~Goose-grass~, many; both the\nformer loving a warm Bank; the latter, an Hedge for its Support. On the\ncontrary, many Seeds are furnish\u2019d with Wings or Feathers; partly with\nthe Help of the Wind to carry them, when ripe, from off the Plant, as\nof ~Ash~, ~&c.~\u2014\u2014and partly to enable them to make their Flight more\nor less abroad, that so they may not, by falling together, come up too\nthick; and that if one should miss a good Soil or Bed, another may hit.\nSo the Kernels of ~Pine~ have Wings\u2014\u2014yet short\u2014\u2014whereby they fly not\ninto the Air, but only flutter upon the Ground. But those of ~Typha~,\n~Dandelion~, and most of the pappous Kind\u2014\u2014have long numerous Feathers,\nby which they are wafted every Way.\u2014\u2014Again, there are Seeds which are\nscatter\u2019d not by flying abroad, but by being either spirted or flung\naway. The first of those are Wood sorrel, which having a running Root,\nNature sees fit to sow the Seeds at some Distance. The doing of which is\neffected by a white sturdy Cover, of a tendinous or springy Nature.\u2014\u2014This\nCover, so soon as it begins to dry, bursts open on one Side, in an\ninstant, and is violently turn\u2019d Inside outward\u2014\u2014and so smartly throws\noff the Seed. The Seeds of ~Hart\u2019s-tongue~, is flung or shot away\u2014\u2014by\nthe curious Contrivance of the Seed-case, as in ~Codded-Asmart~, only\nthere the spring moves and curls inward, but here outward, ~viz.~ Every\nSeed-case\u2014\u2014is of a spherick Figure, and girded about with a Sturdy\nSpring.\u2014\u2014The Surface of the Spring resembles a fine Screw.\u2014\u2014So soon\nas\u2014\u2014this Spring is become stark enough, it suddenly breaks the Case into\ntwo Halfs, like two little Cups, and so flings the Seed._ Grew. ib.\np. 199. and in Tab. 72. all these admirable Artifices are handsomely\nrepresented.\n\n_Quin si quantitas modica seminum ~(Filicis Phyiltitidis quoque)~ \u00e0\nfoliis in subjectam charte mund\u00e6\u2014\u2014schedam decutiatur, detergat\u00farve,\n& deinde in acervum converratur, vesicularum seminalium plurimis un\u00e0\ndissilientibus, & sibi invicem allisis, acervulus vari\u00e8 moveri per partes\nvidebitur, non secus ac si Syronibus aut istiusmodi bestiolis repletus\nesset\u2014\u2014quin si locus tranquillus sit, aura proxim\u00e8 admot\u00e2 crepitantium\ninter rumpendum vasculorum sonitus\u2014\u2014percipietur; & si microscopio chartam\noculis oberres, semina per eam undique sparsa, & ad notabilem ab acervo\ndistantiam projecta comperies._ _Ray_ ibid. p. 132.\n\n_The admirable Contrivance of Nature, in this Plant is most plain. For\nthe Seed-Vessels being the best Preserver of the Seed, \u2019tis there kept\nfrom the Injuries of Air and Earth, \u2019till it be rainy, when it is a\nproper Time for it to grow, and then it is thrown round the Earth, as\nGrain by a skilful Sower.\u2014\u2014When any Wet touches the End of the Seed\nVessels, with a smart Noise and sudden Leap it opens it self, and with a\nSpring scatters its Seed to a pretty Distance round it, where it grows._\nDr. Sloane Voy. to Jamaica, p. 150. of the _Gentianella flore c\u0153ruleo_,\n&c. or _Spirit-Leaf_.\n\nThe Plants of the _Cardamine-Family_, and many others, may be added\nhere, whose Cods fly open, and dart out their Seed, upon a small Touch\nof the Hand. But the most remarkable Instance is in the _Cardamine\nimpatiens, cujus Siliqu\u00e6_ (saith Mr. _Ray_) _vel leviter tact\u00e6, actut\u00f9m\nejaculantur ~[Semina]~ im\u00f2, quod long\u00e8 mirabilius videtur, etsi filiquas\nnon tetigeris, si tamen manum velut tacturus proxim\u00e8 admoveas, semina\nin approprinquantem evibrabunt; quod tum Morisonus se s\u00e6pi\u00f9s expertum\nscribit, tum Johnstonus apud Gerardum verum esse affirmat._ Hist. Plant.\nL. 16. c. 20.\n\nNeither is this Provision made only for Land Vegetables, but for such\nalso as grow in the Sea. Of which I shall give an Instance from my before\ncommended Friend Dr. _Sloane_. _As to the Fuci,\u2014\u2014their Seed hath been\ndiscover\u2019d, (and shew\u2019d me first,) by the Industry of the ingenious\nHerbarist, Mr. ~Sam. Doody~, who found on many of this Kind, solid\nTubercules, or Risings in some Seasons, wherein were lodg\u2019d several round\nSeeds, as big as Mustard-Seed, which, when ripe, the outward Membrane of\nthe Tubercule breaking, leaveth the seed to float up and down with the\nWaves. The Seed coming near Stones, or any solid Foundation, by Means of\na Mucilage it carries with it, sticks to them, and shoots forth ~Ligul\u00e6~\nwith Branches, and in Time comes to its Perfection and Magnitude._ Sloan\nVoy. Jamaica, p. 50.\n\nBut although Mr. _Doody_ had hinted, and conjectur\u2019d at the Thing; yet\nthe first that discover\u2019d the Seeds in _Fuci_, was the before commended\nDr. _Tancred Robinson_; as may be seen by comparing what Mr. Ray saith\nin his _Synops. Stirp. Brit._ p. 6. with his _Append. Hist._ p. 1849.\nBesides which _Fuci_, the Dr. tells me, he observ\u2019d Vessels and Seed in\n_Coralloid Shrubs_, as also in several _Fungi_, not only in the Species\nof _Crepitus Lupi_, but also between the _Lamell\u00e6_ of other Species, and\nin that subterraneous Kind call\u2019d _Truffles_, whose Seed and Vessels open\nin the Cortex, at some Seasons he saith, like that of Mallows in Shape.\n\nAs to the _Crepitus Lupi_, I have more than once examin\u2019d their Powder,\nwith those excellent Microscopes of Mr. _Wilson_\u2019s Make: But the most\nsatisfactory View Mr. _Wilson_ himself gave me; by which I found the\nSeeds to be so many exceeding small _Puff-Balls_, with round Heads, and\nlonger than ordinary sharp-pointed Stalks, as if made on purpose to\nprick easily into the Ground. These Seeds are intermix\u2019d with much dusty\nMatter, and become hurtful to the Eyes, probably by their sharp Stalks\npricking and wounding that tender Organ.\n\n[q] The ancient Naturalists do generally agree, that _Misseltoe_ is\npropagated by its Seeds carried about by, and passing through the Body\nof Birds. Thus _Theophrastus de Caus. Plant._ L. 2. c. 24. \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78\n\u03c3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c1\u03bd\u03af\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd, &c. _Initium ver\u00f2 \u00e0 pastu avium:\u2014\u2014Quippe Visco detracto\nconfect\u00f3que in alve\u00efs, quod frigidissimum est, semen cum excremento\npurum dimittitur, & fact\u00e2 mutatione aliqu\u00e2 in arbore Stercoris caus\u00e2\npullulat, erumpitque, ~&c.~_ So also _Pliny_ saith, viz. _Omnino\nautem satum ~[Viscum]~ nullo modo nascitur, nec nisi per alvum Avium\nreddittum, maxim\u00e8 Palumbis ac Turdi. H\u00e6c est natura, ut nisi maturatum\nin ventre Avium, non proveniat._ Plin. N. H. L. 16. c. 44. Whether what\n_Theophrastus_ and _Pliny_ affirm, be conducive to the better fertilizing\nthe Seeds of _Misseltoe_, I know not; but that it is not of absolute\nNecessity, I can affirm upon mine own Experience, having seen the Seeds\ngerminate, even in the Bark of Oak. But although they shot above an\nInch, and seem\u2019d to root in the Tree, yet they came to nothing, whether\ndestroy\u2019d by Ants, _&c._ which I suspected, or whether disagreeing with\nthe Oak, I know not. But I since find the Matter put out of doubt by Mr.\n_Doody_, which see in Mr. _Ray_\u2019s _Hist. Plant. App._ p. 1918.\n\n_Nutmegs_ are said to be fertiliz\u2019d after the same Manner, as _Tavernier_\nsaith was confirm\u2019d to him by Persons that lived many Years in those\nParts; whose Relation was, The _Nutmeg_ being ripe, several Birds come\nfrom the Islands toward the South, and devour it whole, but are forced\nto throw it up again, before it be digested: And that the _Nutmeg_, then\nbesmear\u2019d with a viscous Matter, falling to the Ground, takes Root, and\nproduces a Tree, which would never thrive, was it planted. _Tavern. of\nthe Commod. of the ~G. Mogul~._ And _Monsieur Thevenot_, in his Travels\nto the _Indies_, gives this Account; The Tree is produc\u2019d after this\nManner; there is a kind of Birds in the Island, that having pick\u2019d off\nthe green Husk, swallow the Nuts, which having been some Time in their\nStomach, they void by the ordinary Way; and they fail not to take rooting\nin the Place where they fall, and in Time to grow up to a Tree. This Bird\nis shap\u2019d like a _Cuckow_, and the _Dutch_ prohibit their Subjects under\nPain of Death, to kill any of them. _Vid._ _Sir T. Pope Blunt_\u2019s _Nat.\nHist._\n\nBut Mr. _Ray_ gives a somewhat different Account: _Hunc fructum ~[Nucem\nMoschatam]~ vari\u00e6 quidem aves depascuntur, sed maxim\u00e8 Columb\u00e6 genus album\n& parvum, qu\u00e6 dehiscente nucamento, illect\u00e6 suavitate Macis, hunc cum\nNuce eripiunt & devorant, nec nisi replet\u00e2 ingluvie capacissim\u00e2 saginam\ndeserunt. Nostrates ibi mercatores Columbis istis ~Nut-eaters~ sive\nNucivoris nomen imposuerunt. Quas autem vorant Nuces, post integras per\nalvum reddunt. Reddit\u00e6 citi\u00f9s deinde germinant utpote pr\u00e6macerat\u00e6 fervore\nVentriculi. Arbores inde nat\u00e6 ceu pr\u00e6cociores, facil\u00e8 sunt corruptioni\nobnoxi\u00e6 fructumque ferunt c\u00e6teris multo viliorem, & h\u00e2c causa neglectum\nincolis contemptumque, prater Macin, quem ad adulterandum meliorem\nadhibent._ Ray H. P. L. 27. c. 4.\n\n[r] _Arbores blandioribus fruge succis hominem mitigavere. Ex iis\nrecreans membra Olei liquor, viresque potus Vini: tot denique sapores\nannui sponte venientes: & mensa depugnetur licet earum causa cum feris, &\npasti naufragorum corporibus pisces expetantur, etiamnum tamen secund\u00e6.\nMille pr\u00e6terea sunt usus earum, sine quibus vita degi non possit. Arbore\nsulcamus maria, terrasque admovemus, arbore ex\u00e6dificamus tecta._ Plin. N.\nH. L. 12. c. 1.\n\n[s] _Plantaram Usus latissime patet, & in omni vita parte occurrit. Sine\nillis laute, sine illis commode non vivitur, at nec vivitur omnino:\nQu\u00e6cunque ad victum necessaria sunt, qu\u00e6cunque ad delicias faciunt,\ne locupletissimo suo penu abunde subministrant. Quanto ex iis mensa\ninnocentior, mundior, salubrior quam ex Animalium c\u00e6de & laniena? Homo\ncerte natura Animal carnivorum non est; nullis ad pr\u00e6dam & rapinam armis\ninstructum, non dentibus exertis & serratis, non unguibus aduncis. Manus\nad fructus colligendos, dentes ad mandendas comparati. Non legimus ei\nante Diluvium carnes ad esum concessas. At non victum tantum nobis\nsuppeditant, sed & Vestitum, & Medicinam & Domicilia aliaque, \u00e6dificia,\n& Navigia, & Supellectilem, & Focum, & Oblectamenta Sensuum Animique: Ex\nhis naribus odoramenta & sussumigi\u00e6 parantur. Horum flores inenarrabili\ncolorum & Schematum varietate, & elegantia, oculos exhilarant, suavissima\nodorum quos expirant fragantia spiritus recreant. Horum fructus gule\nillecebra mensas secundas instruunt, & languentem appetitum excitant.\nTaceo virorem ami\u0153nissimum oculis amicum, quem per prata paseua agros,\nsylvas spatiantibus objiciunt & umbras quas contra \u00e6stum & solis ardores\npr\u00e6bent._ Ray. ib. L. 1. c. 24. p. 46.\n\n[t] All Vegetables of a tall and spreading Growth, seem to have a\nnatural Tendency to a hemispherical Dilation, but generally confine\ntheir Spreading within an Angle of 90 _gr._ as being the most becoming\nand useful Disposition of its Parts and Branches. Now the shortest Way\nto give a most graceful and useful filling to that Space of dilating and\nspreading out, is to proceed in strait Lines, and to dispose of those\nLines, in a Variety of Parallels, _&c._ And to do that in a quadrantal\nSpace, _&c._ there appears but one way possible, and that is, to form\nall the Intersections which the Shoots and Branches make, with Angles\nof 45 _gr._ only. And I dare appeal to all if it be not in this Manner,\nalmost to a Nicety observ\u2019d by Nature, _&c._ A visible Argument that the\nplastic Capacities of Matter are govern\u2019d and dispos\u2019d by an all-wise and\ninfinite Agent, the native Strictnesses and Regularities of them plainly\nshewing from whose Hand they come. _Account of the Origine and Format. of\nFoss. Shells, ~&c.~_ _Print._ Lond. 1705. pag. 38. 41.\n\n[u] _In Heder\u00e2, sui culi & rami hinc inde claviculos, quasi radiculas\nemittunt, qu\u00e6 parietibus, vel occurrentibus arboribus veluti digitis\nfirmantur, & in altum suspenduntur. Hujusmodi radicul\u00e6 subrotund\u00e6 sunt,\n& pilis cooperiuntur: & quad mirum est, glutinosum fundunt humorem,\nseu Terebinthinam, qu\u00e2 arcte lapidibus nectuntur & agglutinantur.\u2014\u2014Non\nminori industri\u00e2 Natura utitur in Vite Canadensi, ~&c.~_ The admirable\nand curious Make of whose Tendrels and their Feet, see in the illustrious\nAuthor, _Malpig. de Capreolis_, &c. p. 48.\n\nClaspers are of a compound Nature, between that of a Root and a Trunk.\nTheir Use is sometimes for Support only; as in the Claspers of Vines,\nBriony, _&c._ whose Branches being long, slender and fragile, would\nfall by their own Weight, and that of their Fruit; but these Claspers\ntaking hold of any Thing that is at Hand: Which they do by a natural\nCircumvolution which they have; (those of Briony have a retrograde Motion\nabout every third Circle, in the Form of a double Clasp; so that if they\nmiss one Way, they may catch the other.) Sometimes the Use of Claspers is\nalso for a Supply, as in the Trunk Roots of Ivy; which being a Plant that\nmounts very high, and being of a closer and more compact Substance than\nthat of Vines, the Sap would not be sufficiently supply\u2019d to the upper\nSprouts, unless these assisted the Mother Root; but these serve also for\nSupport too. Sometimes also they serve for Stabiliment, Propagation and\nShade; for the first of these serve the Claspers of Cucumers; for the\nsecond, those, or rather the Trunk-Roots of _Chamomil_; and for all three\nthe Trunk-Roots of _Strawberries_. Harris _Lex. Tech. in verb._ Claspers.\n\n[w] Vegetables afford not only Food to Irrationals, but also Physick,\nif it be true which _Aristotle_ saith, and after him _Pliny_; which\nlatter in his 8th Book, Chap. 27. specifies divers Plants made use of as\nSpecificks, by divers, both Beasts and Birds: As _Dittany_ by wounded\n_Deer_, _Celandine_ by _Swallows_, to cure the sore Eyes of their Young,\n_&c._ And if the Reader hath a Mind to see more Instances of this Nature,\n(many of them fanciful enough,) he may consult _Mersenne in Genes._ pag.\n933.\n\n[x] See before _Book IV. Chap. 11. Note (b)._\n\n[y] _Planta h\u00e6c unica ~[Aloe Americana]~ inquit Fr. Hernandez, quicquid\nvit\u00e6 esse potest necessarium pr\u00e6stare facil\u00e8 potest, si esset rebus\nhumanis modus. Tota enim illa lignorum s\u00e6piendorumque agrorum usum\npr\u00e6stat, caules tignorum, folia ver\u00f2 tecta regendi imbricum, lancium:\neorundem nervuli, & fibra eundem habent usum ad linteamina, calceos, &\nvestimenta conficienda quem apud nos Linum, Cannabis, Gossipium, ~&c.~\nE mucronibus siunt clavi, aculei, subula, quibus perforandis auribus,\nmacerandi corporis grati\u00e2, Indis uti mos erat c\u00f9m D\u00e6monum vacarent\ncultui; item acicul\u00e6, acus, tribuli militares & rastilla idonea pectendis\nsubtegminibus. Pr\u00e6terea \u00e8 succo mananti, cujus evulsis germinibus\ninternis foliisve tenerioribus cultis ~[Yztlinis]~ in mediam cavitatem,\nstillat planta, unica ad 50 interdum amphoras (quod dictu est mirabile)\nVina, Mel, Acetum ac Saccharum parantur ~[The Methods of which he\ntells]~. Idem succus menses ciet, alvum lenit, Urinam evocat, Renes &\nVesicam emundat. E radice quoque Restes fiunt firmissim\u00e6. Crassiores\nfoliorum partes, truncusque, decocta sub terr\u00e2, edendo sunt apta,\nsapiuntque Citrea frusta saccharo condita: quin & vulnera recentia mir\u00e8\nconglutinant.\u2014\u2014Folia quoque assa & affecto loco imposita convulsionem\ncurant, ac dolores leniunt (pr\u00e6cipu\u00e8 si succus ipse calens bibatur)\nquamvis ab Indic\u00e2 proficiscantur lue, sensum hebetant, atque torporem\ninducunt. Radicis succus luem Veneream curat apud Indos ut Dr. ~Palmer~._\nRay. ib. L. 21. c. 7. See also Dr. _Sloane_ _Voy. to ~Jamaica~_, _p. 247_.\n\nThere are also two Sorts of _Aloe_ besides, mentioned by the same Dr.\n_Sloane_, one of which is made use of for Fishing-Lines, Bow-Strings,\nStockings, and Hammocks. Another hath Leaves that hold Rain-Water, to\nwhich Travellers, _&c._ resort to quench their Thirst, in Scarcity of\nWells, or Waters, in those dry Countries. _Ibid._ p. 249.\n\n[z] For an Instance here, I shall name the _Cortex Peruvianus_, which Dr.\n_Morton_ calls _Antidotus in levamen crumnarum vit\u00e6 human\u00e6 plurimarum\ndivinitus concessa._ De Febr. Exer. v. c. 3. _In Sanitatem Gentium\nproculdubio \u00e0 Deo O. M. conditus. Cujus grati\u00e2, Arbor vit\u00e6, siqua alia,\njure merit\u00f2 appellari potest._ Id. ib. c. 7. _Eheu! quot convitiis\nHerculea & divina h\u00e6c Antidotus jactabatur?_ Ibid.\n\nTo this (if we may believe the _Ephemer. German._ Ann. 12. Obser. 74. and\nsome other Authors) we may add _Trifolium paludosum_, which is become the\n_Panacea_ of the _German_ and Northern Nations.\n\n[aa] _Pro doloribus quibuscunque sedandis pr\u00e6stantissimi semper usus\nOpium habetur; quamobrem merit\u00f2 ~Nepenthe~ appellari solet, & remedium\nver\u00e8 divinum existit. Et quidem sat\u00ecs mirari vix possumus, quomodo\nurgente viscerit aut membri cujuspiam tortur\u00e2 insigni, & intolerabili\ncruciatu, pharmacum hoc, incantamenti instar, levamen & \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd\nsubitam, imm\u00f2 interdum absque somno, aut saltem pri\u00f9s qu\u00e0m advenerit,\nconcedit. Porr\u00f2 adhuc mag\u00ecs stupendum est, quod donec particul\u00e6 Opiatic\u00e6\noperari, & potentiam suam narcoticam exerere continuant, imm\u00f2 etiam\naliquamdiu postquam somnus finitur, summa aleviatio, & indolentia in\nparte affect\u00e2 persisti._ Willis, Phar. rat. par. 1. S. 7. c. 1. \u00a7. 15.\n\n[bb] _Tales Plantarum species in quacunque regione, \u00e0 Deo creantur\nquales hominibus & animalibus ibidem natis maxim\u00e8 conveniunt; im\u00f2 ex\nplantarum nascentium frequenti\u00e2 se fere animadvertere posse quibus morbis\n~[endemiis]~ qu\u00e6libet regio subjecta sit, scribit Solenander. Sic apud\nDanos, Frisios, Hollandos, quibus, Scorbutus frequens, Cochlearia copiose\nprovenit._ Ray. H. Pl. L. 16. c. 3.\n\nTo this may be added _Elsner_\u2019s Observations concerning the Virtues of\ndivers Things in his Observations _de Vincetoxico Scrophularum remedio_.\nF. Germ. T. 1. Obs. 57.\n\n_John Benerovinus_, a Physician of _Dort_, may be here consulted, who\nwrote a Book on purpose to shew, that every Country hath every Thing\nserving to its Occasions, and particularly Remedies afforded to all the\nDistempers it is subjected unto. V. _Bener._ \u1f08\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, _Batav. sive\nIntrod. ad Medic. indigenam._\n\n[cc] The Description Dr. _Sloane_ gives of the _Wild-Pine_ is, that\nits Leaves are chanelled fit to catch and convey Water down into their\nReservatories, that these Reservatories are so made, as to hold much\nWater, and close at Top when full, to hinder its Evaporation; that these\nPlants grow on the Arms of the Trees in the Woods every where [in those\nParts] as also on the Barks of their Trunks. And one Contrivance of\nNature in this Vegetable, he saith, is very admirable. The Seed hath\nlong and many Threads of _Tomentum_, not only that it may be carried\nevery where by the Wind\u2014\u2014but also that it may by those Threads, when\ndriven through the Boughs, be held fast, and stick to the Arms, and\nextant Parts of the Barks of Trees. So soon as it sprouts or germinates,\nalthough it be on the under Part of a Bough,\u2014\u2014its Leaves and Stalk rise\nperpendicular, or strait up, because if it had any other Position, the\nCistern (before-mentioned, by which it is chiefly nourished\u2014\u2014) made of\nthe hollow Leaves, could not hold Water, which is necessary for the\nNourishment and Life of the Plant\u2014\u2014In Scarcity of Water, this Reservatory\nis necessary and sufficient, not only for the Plant it self, but likewise\nis very useful to Men, Birds, and all Sorts of Insects, whither they come\nin Troops, and seldom go away without Refreshment. _Id. ib. p. 188._ and\n_Phil. Trans._ N\u1d52. 251, where a Figure is of this notable Plant, as also\nin _Lowthorp\u2019s Abridg. V. 2. p. 669._\n\nThe _Wild-Pine_, so called, _&c._ hath Leaves that will hold a Pint and\na half, or Quart of Rain-Water; And this Water refreshes the Leaves,\nand nourishes the Root. When we find these Pines, we stick our Knives\ninto the Leaves, just above the Root, and that lets out the Water, which\nwe catch in our Hats, as I have done many Times to my great Relief.\n_Dampier_\u2019s _Voy. to Campeachy_, _c. 2. p. 56._\n\n[dd] _Navarette_ tells us of a Tree called the _Bejuco_, which twines\nabout other Trees, with its End hanging downwards; and that Travellers\ncut the Nib off it, and presently a Spout of Water runs out from it, as\nclear as Crystal, enough and to spare for six or eight Men. I drank,\nsaith he, to my Satisfaction of it, found it cool and sweet, and would\ndrink it as often as I found it in my Way. It is a Juice and natural\nWater. It is the common Relief of the Herds men on the Mountains. When\nthey are thirsty, they lay hold on the _Bejuco_, and drink their Fill.\n_Collect. of Voy. and Trav. Vol. 1. in the Suppl. to ~Navarette~\u2019s\nAccount of ~China~, p. 355._\n\nThe _Waterwith_ of _Jamaica_ hath the same Uses, concerning which, my\nbefore-commended Friend, Dr. _Sloane_, favoured me with this Account from\nhis Original Papers: _This Vine growing on dry Hills, in the Woods, where\nno Water is to be met with, its Trunk, if cut into Pieces two or three\nYards long, and held by either End to the Mouth, affords so plentifully a\nlimpid, innocent, and refreshing Water, or Sap, as gives new Life to the\ndroughty Traveller or Hunter. Whence this is very much celebrated by all\nthe Inhabitants of these Islands, as an immediate Gift of Providence to\ntheir distressed Condition._\n\nTo this we may add what Mr. _Ray_ takes notice of concerning the\n_Birch-Tree_. _In initiis Veris antequam folia prodiere, vulnerata dulcem\nsuccum copios\u00e8 effundit, quem siti pressi Pastores in sylvis s\u00e6penumer\u00f2\npotare solent. Nos etiam non semel eo liquore recreati sumus, c\u00f9m\nherbarum grati\u00e2 vastas peragravimus sylvas, inquit Tragus._ Raii Cat.\nPlant. circa. Cantab. in Betula.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK XI.\n\n_Practical INFERENCES from the foregoing SURVEY._\n\n\nHaving in the preceding Books carried my Survey as far as I care at\npresent to engage my self, all that remaineth, is to draw some Inferences\nfrom the foregoing Scene of the great Creator\u2019s Works, and so conclude\nthis Part of my intended Work.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. I.\n\n_That GOD\u2019s Works are Great and Excellent._\n\n\nThe first Inference I shall make, shall be by way of Confirmation of the\nText, That the _Works of the Lord are great_[a]. And this is necessary\nto be observed, not against the Atheist only, but all other careless,\nincurious Observers of God\u2019s Works. Many of our useful Labours, and\nsome of our best modern Books shall be condemned with only this Note\nof Reproach, That they are about trivial Matters[b], when in Truth\nthey are ingenious and noble Discoveries of the Works of _GOD_. And how\noften will many own the World in general to be a Manifestation of the\nInfinite Creator, but look upon the several Parts thereof as only Toys\nand Trifles, scarce deserving their Regard? But in the foregoing (I may\ncall it) transient View I have given of this lower, and most slighted\nPart of the Creation, I have, I hope, abundantly made out, that all the\nWorks of the Lord, from the most regarded, admired, and praised, to the\nmeanest and most slighted, are great and glorious Works, incomparably\ncontrived, and as admirably made, fitted up, and placed in the World. So\nfar then are any of the Works of the _LORD_, (even those esteemed the\nmeanest) from deserving to be disregarded, or contemned by us[c], that on\nthe contrary they deserve (as shall be shewn in the next Chapter) to be\n_sought out, enquired after_, and _curiously_ and _diligently pryed into_\nby us; as I have shewed the Word in the Text implies.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Equidem ne laudare quidem sat\u00ecs pro merito possum ejus Sapientiam ac\nPotentiam, qui animalia fabricatus est. Nam ejusmodi opera non Laudibus\nmod\u00f2, ver\u00f9m etiam Hymnis sunt majora, qu\u00e6 priusquam inspexissemus, fieri\nnon posse persuasum habeamus, conspicati ver\u00f2, falsos nos opinione fuisse\ncomperimus._ Galen. de Us. Part. L. 7. c. 15.\n\n[b] _Non tamen pigere debet Lectores, ea intelligere, quemadmodum ne\nNaturam quidem piguit ea reips\u00e0 efficere._ Galen. ibid. L. 11. fin.\n\n[c] _An igitur etiamsi quemadmodum Natura h\u00e6c, & ejusmodi, summ\u00e2 ratione\nac providenti\u00e2 agere potuit, ita & nos imitari aliquando possemus? Ego\nver\u00f2 existimo multis nostrum ne id quidem posse, neque enim artem Natur\u00e6\nexponunt: Eo enim modo omnino eam admirarentur, Sin min\u00f9s, eam saltem non\nvitaperarent._ Galen. ib. L. 10. c. 3.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. II.\n\n_That GOD\u2019s Works ought to be enquir\u2019d into, and that such Enquiries are\ncommendable._\n\n\nThe _Creator_ doubtless did not bestow so much Curiosity, and exquisite\nWorkmanship and Skill upon his Creatures, to be looked upon with a\ncareless, incurious Eye, especially to have them slighted or contemned;\nbut to be admired by the rational Part of the World, to magnify his\nown Power, Wisdom and Goodness throughout all the World, and the Ages\nthereof. And therefore we may look upon it as a great Error, not to\nanswer those Ends of the infinite _Creator_, but rather to oppose and\naffront them. On the contrary, my Text commends _GOD_\u2019s Works, not\nonly for being great, but also approves of those curious and ingenious\nEnquirers, that _seek them out_, or _pry into them_. And the more we pry\ninto, and discover of them, the greater and more glorious we find them to\nbe, the more worthy of, and the more expressly to proclaim their great\n_Creator_.\n\nCommendable then are the Researches, which many amongst us have, of late\nYears, made into the Works of Nature, more than hath been done in some\nAges before. And therefore when we are asked, _Cui Bono?_ To what Purpose\nsuch Enquiries, such Pains, such Expense? The Answer is easy, It is to\nanswer the Ends for which _GOD_ bestowed so much Art, Wisdom and Power\nabout them, as well as given us Senses to view and survey them; and an\nUnderstanding and Curiosity to search into them: It is to follow and\ntrace him, when and whither he leads us, that we may see and admire his\nHandy-work our selves, and set it forth to others, that they may see,\nadmire and praise it also. I shall then conclude this Inference with what\n_Elihu_ recommends, Job xxxvi. 24, 25. _Remember that thou magnify his\nWork, which Men behold. Every Man may see it, Men may behold it afar off._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. III.\n\n_That GOD\u2019s Works are manifest to all: Whence the Unreasonableness of\nInfidelity._\n\n\nThe concluding Words of the preceding Chapter suggests a third Inference,\nthat the Works of GOD are so visible to all the World, and withal such\nmanifest Indications of the Being, and Attributes of the infinite\nCreator, that they plainly argue the Vileness and Perversness of the\nAtheist, and leave him inexcusable. For it is a sign a Man is a wilful,\nperverse Atheist, that will impute so glorious a Work, as the Creation\nis, to any Thing, yea, a mere _Nothing_ (as Chance is) rather than to\n_GOD_[a]. \u2019Tis a sign the Man is wilfully blind, that he is under the\nPower of the Devil, under the Government of Prejudice, Lust, and Passion,\nnot right Reason, that will not discern what _every one can see, what\nevery Man may behold afar off_, even the Existence and Attributes of the\n_CREATOR_ from his Works. For as _there is no Speech or Language where\ntheir Voice is not heard, their Line is gone out through all the Earth,\nand their Words to the End of the World_: So all, even the barbarous\nNations, that never heard of GOD, have from these his Works inferred the\nExistence of a Deity, and paid their Homages to some Deity, although they\nhave been under great Mistakes in their Notions and Conclusions about\nhim. But however, this shews how naturally and universally all Mankind\nagree, in deducing their Belief of a God from the Contemplation of his\nWorks, or as even _Epicurus_ himself, in _Tully_[b] saith, from _a Notion\nthat Nature it self hath imprinted upon the Minds of Men. For_, saith he,\n_what Nation is there, or what kind of Men, that without any Teaching or\nInstructions, have not a kind of Anticipation, or preconceived Notion of\na Deity?_\n\nAn Atheist therefore (if ever there was any such) may justly be esteemed\na Monster among rational Beings; a Thing hard to be met with in the\nwhole Tribe of Mankind; an Opposer of all the World[c]; a Rebel against\nhuman Nature and Reason, as well as against his _GOD_.\n\nBut above all, monstrous is this, or would be, in such as have heard\nof _GOD_, who have had the Benefit of the clear Gospel-Revelation. And\nstill more monstrous this would be, in one born and baptized in the\nChristian Church, that hath studied Nature, and pried farther than others\ninto God\u2019s Works. For such an one (if it be possible for such to be) to\ndeny the Existence, or any of the Attributes of _GOD_, would be a great\nArgument of the infinite Inconvenience of those Sins of Intemperance,\nLust, and Riot, that have made the Man abandon his Reason, his Senses,\nyea, I had almost said his very human Nature[d], to engage him thus to\ndeny the Being of _GOD_.\n\nSo also it is much the same monstrous Infidelity, at least betrays the\nsame atheistical Mind, to deny _GOD_\u2019s Providence, Care and Government of\nthe World, or (which is a Spawn of the same _Epicurean Principles_) to\ndeny _Final Causes_[e] in God\u2019s Works of Creation; or with the Profane in\n_Psal._ lxxiii. 11. to say, _How doth God know? And is there Knowledge\nin the most High?_ For as the witty and eloquent _Salvian_ saith[f],\n_They that affirm nothing is seen by _GOD_, will, ~in all Probability~,\ntake away the Substance, as well as Sight of God.\u2014\u2014But what so great\nMadness_, saith he, _as that when a Man doth not deny _GOD_ to be the\nCreator of all Things, he should deny him to be the Governour of them? Or\nwhen he confesseth him to be the Maker, he should say, _GOD_ neglecteth\nwhat he hath so made?_\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Galen_ having taken notice of the neat Distribution of the Nerves\nto the _Muscles_, and other Parts of the Face, cries out, _H\u00e6c enim\nfortun\u00e6 sunt opera! C\u00e6ter\u00f9m tum omnibus ~[partibus]~ immitti, tantosque\nesse singulos [nervos] magnitudine, quanta particul\u00e6 erat necesse; haud\nscio an hominum sit sobriorum ad Fortunam opisicem id revocare. Alioqui\nquid tandem erit, quod cum Providenti\u00e2 & Arte efficitur? Omnino enim hoc\nei contrarium esse debet, quod Casu ac Fortuit\u00f2 fit_. And afterwards,\n_H\u00e6c quidem atque ejusmodi Artis scil. ac Sapienti\u00e6 opera esse dicemus,\nsi mod\u00f2 Fortun\u00e6 tribuenda sunt qu\u00e6 sunt contraria; fietque jam quod\nin proverbiis\u2014\u2014Fluvii sursum fluent; si opera qu\u00e6 nullum habent neque\nornamentum neque rationem, neque modum Artis esse; contraria ver\u00f2 Fortun\u00e6\nduxerimus, ~&c.~_ Galen. ubi supra. L. 11. c. 7.\n\n[b] _Prim\u00f9m esse Deos, quod in omnium animis, ~&c.~_ And a little after,\n_C\u00f9m enim non instituto aliquo, aut more, aut lege sit opinio constituta,\nmaneatque ad unum omnium firma consensio, intelligi necesse est, esse\nDeos, quoniam insitas eorum vel poti\u00f9s innatas cognitiones habemus. De\nquo autem omnium Natura consentit, id verum esse necesse est. Esse igitur\nDeos confitendum est._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. L. 1. c. 16. 17.\n\n[c] The Atheist in denying a God, doth, as _Plutarch_ saith,\nendeavour\u2014\u2014_immobilia movere, & bellum inferre non tant\u00f9m longo tempori,\nsed & multis hominibus, gentibus, & familiis, quas religiosus Deorum\ncultus, quasi divino furore correptas, tenuit._ Plutar. de Iside.\n\n[d] See before _Note (b)._\n\n[e] _Galen_ having substantially refuted the _Epicurean_ Principles\nof _Asclepiades_, by shewing his Ignorance in Anatomy and Philosophy,\nand by Demonstrating all the _Causes_ to be evidently in the Works of\n_Nature_, viz. _Final_, _Efficient_, _Instrumental_, _Material_ and\n_Formal Causes_, concludes thus against his fortuitous Atoms, _ex quibus\nintelligi potest: Conditorem nostrum in formandis particulis unum hunc\nsequi scopum, nempe ut quod melius est eligat._ Galen. de Us. Part. L. 6.\nc. 13.\n\n[f] _De Gubern. Dei._ L. 4. p. 124. _meo Libro_; also L. 7. c. 14.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. IV.\n\n_That GOD\u2019s Works ought to excite us to Fear and Obedience to GOD._\n\n\nSince the Works of the Creation are all of them so many Demonstrations\nof the infinite Wisdom and Power of God, they may serve to us as so many\nArguments exciting us to the constant _Fear of God_, and to a steady,\nhearty _Obedience_ to all his Laws. And thus we may make these Works as\nserviceable to our spiritual Interest, as they all are to our Life, and\ntemporal Interest. For if whenever we see them, we would consider that\nthese are the Works of our infinite _Lord_ and _Master_, to whom we are\nto be accountable for all our Thoughts, Words and Works, and that in\nthese we may see his infinite Power and Wisdom; this would check us in\nSinning, and excite us to serve and please him who is above all Controul,\nand who hath our Life and whole Happiness in his Power. After this\nmanner _GOD_ himself argues with his own _foolish People, and without\nUnderstanding, who had Eyes, and saw not, and had Ears, and heard not_,\nJer. v. 21, 22. _Fear ye not me? saith the Lord: will ye not tremble at\nmy Presence, which have placed the Sand for the Bound of the Sea, by a\nperpetual Decree, that it cannot pass it; and though the Waves thereof\ntoss themselves, yet can they not prevail; though they roar, yet can they\nnot pass over it?_\n\nThis was an Argument that the most ignorant, stupid Wretches could not\nbut apprehend; that a Being that had so vast and unruly an Element, as\nthe Sea, absolutely at his Command, ought to be feared and obeyed; and\nthat he ought to be considered as the Sovereign Lord of the World, on\nwhom the World\u2019s Prosperity and Happiness did wholly depend; v. 24.\n_Neither say they in their Heart, let us now fear the Lord our God, that\ngiveth Rain, both the former and the latter in his Season: He reserveth\nunto us the appointed Weeks of the Harvest._\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. V.\n\n_That GOD\u2019s Works ought to excite us to Thankfulness._\n\n\nAs the Demonstrations which _GOD_ hath given of his infinite _Power_ and\n_Wisdom_ should excite us to Fear and Obedience; so I shall shew in this\nChapter, that the Demonstrations which he hath given of his infinite\n_Goodness_ in his Works, may excite us to due Thankfulness and Praise.\nIt appears throughout the foregoing Survey, what Kindness _GOD_ hath\nshewn to his Creatures in providing every Thing conducing to their Life,\nProsperity, and Happiness[a]; how they are all contrived and made in\nthe best Manner, placed in the fittest Places of the World for their\nHabitation and Comfort; accoutered in the best Manner, and accommodated\nwith every, even all the minutest Things that may minister to their\nHealth, Happiness, Office, Occasions, and Business in the World.\n\nUpon which Account, Thankfulness and Praise is so reasonable, so just a\nDebt to the _Creator_, that the _Psalmist_ calleth upon all the Creatures\nto praise God, in _Psalm_ cxlviii. _Praise him all his Angels, Praise him\nall his Hosts; Sun, Moon, Stars of Light, Heavens of Heavens, and Waters\nabove the Heavens._ The Reason given for which is, \u2123. 5, 6. _For he\ncommanded, and they were created; he hath also established them for ever\nand ever; he hath made a Decree which they shall not pass._ And not these\nCelestials alone, but the Creatures of the Earth and Waters too, even the\nMeteors, _Fire and Hail, Snow and Vapours, stormy Winds fulfilling his\nWord._ Yea, the very _Mountains and Hills, Trees, Beasts, and all Cattle,\ncreeping Things, and flying Fowl._ But in a particular manner, all the\nRanks and Orders, all the Ages and Sexes of Mankind are charged with\nthis Duty; _Let them praise the Name of the Lord, for his Name alone is\nexcellent; his Glory is above the Earth and Heavens_, \u2123. 13.\n\nAnd great Reason there is we should be excited to true and unfeigned\nThankfulness and Praise[b] to this our great Benefactor, if we reflect\nupon what hath been shewn in the preceding Survey, that the _Creator_\nhath done for Man alone, without any regard to the rest of the Creatures,\nwhich some have held were made for the Sake of Man. Let us but reflect\nupon the Excellence and Immortality of our Soul; the incomparable\nContrivance, and curious Structure of our Body; and the Care and Caution\ntaken for the Security and Happiness of our State, and we shall find,\nthat among the whole Race of Beings, Man hath especial Reason to magnify\nthe Creator\u2019s Goodness, and with suitable ardent Affections to be\nthankful unto him.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] _Si pauca quis tibi don\u00e2sset jugera, accepisse te diceres beneficium:\nimmensa terrarum lat\u00e8 patentium spatia negas esse beneficium? Si pecuniam\ntibi aliquis donaverit,\u2014\u2014beneficium vocabis: tot metalla defodit, tot\nflumina emisit in \u00e6ra, super qu\u00e6 decurrunt sola aurum vehentia: argenti,\n\u00e6ris, ferri immane pondus omnibus locis obrutum, cujus investigandi tibi\nfacultatem dedit,\u2014negas te accepisse beneficium? Si domus tibi donetur,\nin qu\u00e2 marmoris aliquid resplendeat, ~&c.~ Nam mediocre munus vocabis?\nIngens tibi domicilium, sine ullo incendii, aut ruin\u00e6 metu struxit,\nin quo vides non tenues crustas\u2014\u2014sed integras lapidis pretiosissimi\nmoles, ~&c.~ negas te ullum munus accepisse? Et c\u00f9m ista qu\u00e6 habes magno\n\u00e6stimes, quod est ingrati hominis, nulli debere te judicas? Unde tibi\nistum quem trahis spiritum? Unde istam, per quam ductus vit\u00e6 tu\u00e6 disponis\natque ordinas, lucem? ~&c.~_ Senec. de Benef. L. 4. c. 6.\n\n[b] _Tempestivum tibi jam fuerit, qui in hisce libris versaris\nconsiderare, in utram Familiam recipi malis, ~Platonicamne~ ac\n~Hippocraticam~, & aliorum virorum, qui Natur\u00e6 opera mirantur; an eorum\nqui ea insectantur, quod non per Pedes natura constituit effluere\nExcrementa._ Of which having told a Story of an Acquaintance of his\nthat blamed Nature on this Account, he then goes on, _At ver\u00f2 si de\nhujusmodi pecudibus plura verba focero, melioris mentis homines merit\u00f2\nmihi forte succenseant, dicantque me polluere sacrum sermonem, quem\nego _CONDITORIS_ nostri verum Hymnum compono, existimoque in eo veram\nesse pietatem,\u2014\u2014ut si noverim ipse primus, deinde & aliis exposuerim,\nqu\u00e6nam sit ipsius Sapientia, qu\u00e6 Virtus, qu\u00e6 Bonitas. Quod enim cultu\nconveniente exornaverit omnia, nullique bona inviderit, id perfectissim\u00e6\nBonitatis specimen esse statuo; & h\u00e6c quidem ratione ejus Bonitas Hymnis\nnobis est celebranda. Hoc autem omne invenisse quo pacto omnia potissim\u00f9m\nadornarentur, summa Sapientia est: effecisse autem omnia, qua voluit,\nVirtutis est invicta._ Galen. de Us. Part. L. 3. c. 10.\n\n\n\n\nCHAP. VI.\n\n_That we ought to pay GOD all due Homage and Worship, particularly that\nof the Lord\u2019s Day._\n\n\nFor a Conclusion of these Lectures, the last Thing I shall infer, from\nthe foregoing Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of _GOD_, shall\nbe, that we ought to pay _GOD_ all that _Homage_ and _Worship_ which his\nRight of Creation and Dominion entitle him unto, and his great Mercies\ncall for from us. And forasmuch as the _Creator_ appointed, from the\nvery Creation, one Day in seven to his Service, it will not therefore be\nimproper to say something upon that Subject: And if I insist somewhat\nparticularly and largely thereon, the Congruity thereof to the Design of\nthese Lectures, and the foregoing Demonstration, together with the too\ngreat Inadvertency about, and Neglect of this ancient, universal, and\nmost reasonable and necessary Duty, will, I hope, plead my Excuse. But\nthat I may say no more than is necessary on this Point, I shall confine\nmy self to two things, the _Time_ God hath taken, and the _Business_ then\nto be performed.\n\nI. The _Time_ is one Day in seven, and one of the ancientest Appointments\nit is which _GOD_ gave to the World. For as soon as _GOD_ had finished\nhis six Days Works of Creation, it is said, _Gen._ ii. 2, 3. _he rested\non the seventh Day from all his Work which he had made. And _GOD_ blessed\nthe seventh day, and sanctified it, because that in it he had rested from\nall his Work._ This Sanctification[a], and blessing the Seventh Day, was\nsetting it apart, as a Day of Distinction from the rest of the Week-Days,\nand appropriating it to holy Uses and Purposes, namely, the Commemoration\nof that great Work of the Creation, and paying Homage and Worship to that\ninfinite Being, who was the Effector of it.\n\nThis Day, thus consecrated from the Beginning, for the Celebration of the\n\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd the _World\u2019s Birth-Day_, as _Philo_ calls it, was\nprobably in some measure forgotten in the following wicked Ages, which\nGod complains of, _Gen._ vi. 5. and so after the Flood likewise. But\nafter the Return out of _\u00c6gypt_, when _GOD_ settled the _Jewish_ Polity,\nhe was pleased to renew this Day, and to establish it for a perpetual\nstanding Law. And accordingly it was observed down to our blessed\n_SAVIOUR_\u2019s Time, countenanced, and strictly observed by our great _LORD_\nand Master himself, and his Apostles and Disciples in, and after his\nTime; and although for good Reasons the Day was changed by them, yet a\nseventh Day hath been constantly observed in all Ages of Christianity,\ndown to our present Time.\n\nThus we have a Day appointed by _GOD_ himself, and observed throughout\nall Ages, except some few perhaps, which deserve not to be brought into\nExample.\n\nAnd a wise Designation of Time this is, well becoming the divine Care\nand Precaution; serving for the recruiting our Bodies, and dispatching\nour Affairs, and at the same Time to keep up a Spiritual Temper of Mind.\nFor by allowing six Days to labour, the Poor hath Time to earn his\nBread, the Man of Business Time to dispatch his Affairs, and every Man\nTime for the Work of his respective Calling. But had there been more,\nor all our Time allotted to Labour and Business, and none to rest and\nrecruit, our Bodies and Spirits would have been too much fatigued and\nwasted, and our Minds have been too long engaged about worldly Matters,\nso as to have forgotten divine Things. But the infinitely wise Ruler of\nthe World, having taken the seventh Part of our Time to his own Service,\nhath prevented these Inconveniencies; hath given a Relaxation to our\nselves; and Ease and Refreshment to our wearied Beasts, to poor fatigued\nSlaves, and such as are under the Bondage of avaritious, cruel Masters.\nAnd this is one Reason _Moses_ gives of the Reservation and Rest on the\nSeventh Day, _Deut._ v. 13, 14, 15. _Six Days shalt thou labour, and do\nall thy Work; but the Seventh is the Sabbath of the _LORD_ thy _GOD_; in\nit thou shalt not do any Work, thou, ~nor thy Children, Servants, Cattel,\nor Stranger~, that thy Man Servant and Maid Servant may rest as well as\nthou. And remember, that thou wast a Servant, ~&c.~ therefore the Lord\nthy God commanded thee to keep the Sabbath Day._ That carnal, greedy\nPeople, so bent upon Gain, without such a Precept, would have scarce\nfavoured their own Bodies, much less have had Mercy upon their poor\nBonds-men and Beasts, but by this wise Provision, this great Burden was\ntaken off. But on the other hand, as a longer Liberty would too much have\nrobbed the Master\u2019s Time, and bred Idleness, so by this wise Provision,\nof only one Day of Rest, to six of Labour, that inconvenience was also\nprevented.\n\nThus the wise Governour of the World, hath taken Care for the Dispatch of\nBusiness. But then as too long Engagement about worldly Matters, would\ntake off Mens Minds from God and divine Matters, so by this Reservation\nof every Seventh Day, that great Inconvenience is prevented also; all\nbeing then bound to worship their great Lord and Master, to pay their\nHomages, and Acknowledgments to their infinitely kind Benefactor; and\nin a word, to exercise themselves in divine, religious Business, and so\nkeep up that spiritual Temper of Mind, that a perpetual, or too long\nApplication to the World would destroy.\n\nThis, as it was a good Reason for the Order of a Sabbath to the _Jews_;\nso is as good it Reason for our Saviour\u2019s Continuance of the like Time in\nthe Christian Church.\n\nAnd a Law this is, becoming the infinitely wise Creator and Conservator\nof the World, a Law, not only of great Use to the perpetuating the\nRemembrance of those greatest of God\u2019s Mercies then commemorated, but\nalso exactly adapted to the Life, Occasions, and State of Man; of Man\nliving in this, and a-kin to another World: A Law well calculated to\nthe Dispatch of our Affairs, without hurting our Bodies or Minds. And\nsince the Law is so wise and good, we have great Reason then to practise\ncarefully the Duties incumbent upon us; which will fall under the\nConsideration of the\n\nII. Thing I proposed, the _Business_ of the Day, which God hath reserved\nto himself. And there are two Things enjoyned in the Commandment, a\n_Cessation_ from Labour and worldly Business, and that we _remember to\nkeep_ the Day holy.\n\n1. There must be a Cessation from worldly Business, or a Rest from\nLabour, as the Word _Sabbath_[b] signifies. _Six Days thou shalt do all\nthy Work, but the Seventh is the Sabbath of the Lord thy _GOD_ ~(not thy\nDay but his)~ in which neither thou, nor any belonging to thee, shall\ndo any Work._ In which Injunction it is observable, how express and\nparticular this Commandment is, more than others, in ordering all Sorts\nof Persons to cease from Work.\n\n2. We must _remember to keep the Day holy_. Which _Remembrance_ is\nanother Thing also in this, more than in the other Commandments, and\nimplies,\n\n_1st_, That there is great Danger of our forgetting, neglecting, or being\nhindred from keeping the Day holy, either by the Infirmity and Carnality\nof our own Nature, or from the Avocations of the World.\n\n_2ly_, That the keeping it holy, is a Duty of more than ordinary\nConsequence and Necessity. And of greatest Consequence this is,\n\n_First_, To perpetuate the Remembrance of those grand Works of _GOD_\ncommemorated on that Day; in the first Ages of the World, the Creation;\nin the middle Ages, the Creation and Delivery from _\u00c6gypt_; and under\nChristianity, the Creation and Redemption by Christ. Which Mercies,\nwithout such frequent Occasions, would be ready to be forgotten, or\ndisregarded, in so long a Tract of Time, as the World hath already stood,\nand may, by God\u2019s Mercy still stand.\n\n_Secondly_, To keep up a spiritual Temper of Mind, by those frequent\nweekly Exercises of Religion, as hath been already mention\u2019d.\n\n_Thirdly_, To procure _GOD_\u2019s Blessing upon the Labours and Business of\nour six Days, which we can never expect should be prosperous, if we are\nnegligent of _GOD_\u2019s Time. For how can we expect _GOD_\u2019s Blessing upon\na Week so ill begun, with a Neglect, or Abuse of _GOD_\u2019s first Day? And\ntherefore if we become unprosperous in the World; if Losses, Troubles or\nDangers befall us, let us reflect how we have spent the _Lord\u2019s_ Day;\nwhether we have not wholly neglected it, or abused it in Riot, or made it\na Day for taking Journeys, for more private Business, and less scandalous\nLabour, as the Custom of too many is.\n\nThus having shewn what Reason there is to _remember_ to keep holy the\nDay dedicated to _GOD_, I shall consider how we are to keep it holy,\nand so conclude. Now the Way to keep it holy, is not by bare resting\nfrom Work; for that, as a Father saith, is _Sabbatum Boum & Asinorum, a\nSabbath of Beasts_: But holy Acts are the proper Business for a holy Day,\ncelebrated by rational Beings. Among all which, the grand, principal,\nand most universally practis\u2019d, is the _Publick Worship of _GOD_, the\nassembling at the _publick Place_ of his _Worship_, to pay (with our\nFellow-Creatures) our Homages, Thanks, and Praises to the infinite\n_Creator_ and _Redeemer_ of the World. This as it is the most reasonable\nService, and proper Business for this Day, so is what hath been the\nPractice of all Ages. It was as early as _Cain_ and _Abel_\u2019s Days, _Gen._\niv. 3. what was practis\u2019d by religious Persons in the following Ages,\ntill the giving of the Law; and at the giving of that, God was pleas\u2019d\nto order Places, and his particular Worship, as well as the seventh\nDay. The Tabernacle and Temple were appointed by God\u2019s express Command;\nbesides which, there were Synagogues all over the Nation; so that in our\nSaviour\u2019s Time, every great Town or Village had one, or more in it, and\n_Jerusalem_ 460, or more[c].\n\nThe Worship of these Places, our blessed SAVIOUR was a constant and\ndiligent frequenter of. \u2019Tis said, _He went about all the Cities and\nVillages, Teaching in their Synagogues, and Preaching, and Healing,\n~&c.~_ _Mat._ ix. 35. And St. _Luke_ reporteth it as his constant Custom\nor Practice, _Luke_ iv. 16. _And as his Custom was, he went into the\nSynagogue on the Sabbath-Day._\n\nHaving thus mention\u2019d the Practice of CHRIST, it is not necessary I\nshould say much of the Practice of his _Apostles_, and the following\npurer Ages of Christianity, who, in short, as their Duty was, diligently\nfollow\u2019d their great Master\u2019s Example. _They did not think it enough\nto read and pray, and praise God at Home, but made Conscience of\nappearing in the publick Assemblies, from which nothing but Sickness and\nabsolute Necessity did detain them; and if Sick, or in Prison, or under\nBanishment, nothing troubled them more, than that they could not come to\nChurch, and joyn their Devotions to the common Services. If Persecution\nat any Time forc\u2019d them to keep a little Close; yet no sooner was there\nthe least Mitigation, but they presently return\u2019d to their open Duty, and\npublickly met all together. No trivial Pretences, no light Excuses were\nthen admitted for any ones Absence from the Congregation, but according\nto the Merit of the Cause, severe Censures were pass\u2019d upon them, ~&c.~_\nto express it in the Words of one of our best Antiquaries[d].\n\nThe _publick Worship_ of GOD then, is not a Matter of Indifference, which\nMen have in their own Power to do, or omit as they please; neither is\nit enough to read, pray, or praise God at Home, (unless some inevitable\nNecessity hindereth;) because the appearing in GOD\u2019s Home, on _his_\nDay, is an Act of _Homage_ and _Fealty_, due to the CREATOR, a _Right\nof Sovereignty_ we pay him. And the with-holding those Rights and Dues\nfrom GOD, is a kind of rejecting GOD, a disowning his Sovereignty, and\na withdrawing our Obedience and Service. And this was the very Reason\nwhy the Profanation of the Sabbath was punish\u2019d with Death among the\n_Jews_, the Sabbath being a Sign, or Badge of the _GOD_ they own\u2019d and\nworshipp\u2019d.[e] Thus _Exod._ xxii. 13. _My Sabbaths ye shall keep; for\nit is a SIGN between me and you, throughout your Generations; that ye\nmay know that I am the LORD, that doth sanctify you_; or as the Original\nmay be render\u2019d, _a Sign to acknowledge, that I ~Jehovah~ am your\nSanctifier_, or _your God_: For as our learned _Mede_ observes, _to be\nthe Sanctifier of a People, and to be their God, is all one_. So likewise\nvery expressly in _Ezek._ xx. 20. _Hallow my Sabbaths, and they shall\nbe a Sign between me and you, that ye may know that I am the LORD your\nGOD_; or rather as before, _to acknowledge that I JEHOVAH am your GOD_.\n\nThe Sabbath being thus a Sign, a Mark, or Badge, to acknowledge God\nto be their God, it follows, that a Neglect or Contempt of that Day,\nredounded to GOD; to slight that, was slighting God; to profane that, was\nto affront God; for the Punishment of which, What more equitable Penalty\nthan Death? And although under Christianity, the Punishment is not made\nCapital, yet have we no less Reason for the strict Observance of this\nholy Day, than the _Jews_, but rather greater Reasons. For the GOD we\nworship, is the same: If after six Days Labour, he was, by the Seventh,\nown\u2019d to be _GOD_, the _Creator_; no less is he by our Christian Lord\u2019s\nDay: If by the Celebration of the Sabbath, the Remembrance of their\nDeliverance from the _\u00c6gyptian_ Bondage was kept up, and GOD acknowledged\nto be the Effecter thereof; we Christians have a greater Deliverance, we\nown our Deliverance from Sin and Satan, wrought by a greater Redeemer\nthan _Moses_, even the blessed JESUS, whose Resurrection, and the\nCompletion of our Redemption thereby, was perform\u2019d on the Christian\nLord\u2019s-Day.\n\nAnd now to sum up, and conclude these Inferences, and so put an End to\nthis Part of my Survey: Since it appears, that the Works of the LORD\nare so great, so wisely contriv\u2019d, so accurately made, as to deserve\nto be enquired into; since they are also so manifest Demonstrations\nof the Creator\u2019s Being and Attributes, that all the World is sensible\nthereof, to the great Reproach of Atheism: What remaineth? But that we\nfear and obey so great and tremendous a Being; that we be truly thankful\nfor, and magnify and praise his infinite Mercy, manifested to us in\nhis Works. And forasmuch as he hath appointed a Day on Purpose, from\nthe Beginning, for these Services, that we may weekly meet together,\ncommemorate and celebrate the great Work of Creation, that we may pay\nour Acts of Devotion, Worship, Homage and Fealty to him; and since this\nis a wise and excellent Distribution of our Time, What should we do, but\nconscientiously and faithfully pay GOD these his Rights and Dues? And as\ncarefully and diligently manage GOD\u2019s Time and Discharge his Business\nthen, as we do our own upon our six Days; particularly that with the\npious _Psalmist_, _We love the Habitation of God\u2019s House, and the Place\nwhere his Honour dwelleth_; and therefore take up his good Resolution in\n_Psal._ v. 7. with which I shall conclude; _But as for me, I will come\ninto thine House in the Multitude of thy Mercy, and in thy Fear will I\nworship towards thy holy Temple._\n\nNow to the same infinite _GOD_, the omnipotent Creator and Preserver\nof the World, the most gracious Redeemer, Sanctifier, and Inspirer of\nMankind, be all Honour, Praise and Thanks, now and ever. _Amen._\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n[a] \u200e\u200f\u05e7\u05d3\u05e9\u200f\u200e _Usibus divinis accommodavit, \u00e0 communi & profano usu\nsegregavit, in usum sacrum ad cultum Dei destinavit._ Kirch. Concord. p.\n1336. _Destinari ad aliquid, Sacrari, ~&c.~_ Buxtorf. in Verbo.\n\n[b] \u200e\u200f\u05e9\u05d1\u05ea\u200f\u200e _Cessatio_, _Requies_.\n\n[c] Vid. _Lightfoot_\u2019s Works, Vol. 2. p. 35. _and_ 646.\n\n[d] Dr. _Cave_\u2019s _Prim. Christ._ Par. 1. c. 7.\n\n[e] At this Day it is customary for Servants to wear the Livery of their\nMasters, and others to bear Badges of their Order, Profession, Servility,\n_&c._ So in former Ages, and divers Countries, it was usual to bear\nBadges, Marks and Signs on divers Occasions. In _Ezek._ ix. 4. _A Mark\nwas to be set on the Forehead of those that lamented the Abominations\nof the City_. The like was to be done upon them in _Rev._ vii. 3. and\nix. 4. So the Worshippers of the Beast, _Rev._ xiii. 16. were to receive\na \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, _A Mark in their right Hind, on their Foreheads_. Those\n\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03a3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2, _Badges_, &c. were very common. Soldiers and Slaves\nbare them in their Arms or Foreheads; such as were matriculated in the\n_Heteri\u00e6_, or Companies, bare the Badge or Mark of their Company; and\nwhoever listed himself into the Society of any of the several _Gods_,\nreceived a \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, or a Mark in his Body, (commonly made with red-hot\nNeedles, or some burning in the Flesh,) of the God he had listed himself\nunder. And after Christianity was planted, the Christians had also\ntheir _Sign of the Cross_. And not only Marks in their Flesh, Badges\non their Cloaths, _&c._ were usual; but also the Dedication of Days to\ntheir imaginary Deities. Not to speak of their Festivals, _&c._ the\nDays of the Week were all dedicated to some of their Deities. Among\nthe _Romans_, Sunday and Monday, to the _Sun_ and _Moon_; Tuesday to\n_Mars_, Wednesday to _Mercury_, &c. So our _Saxon_ Ancestors did the\nsame; Sunday and Monday, (as the _Romans_ did,) to the _Sun_ and _Moon_;\nTuesday to _Tuysco_; Wednesday to _Woden_; Thursday to _Thor_; Friday to\n_Friga_; and Saturday to _Seater_: An Account of which Deities, with the\nFigures under which they were worshipp\u2019d, may be met with in our learned\n_Verstegan_, Chap. 3. p. 68.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration: Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 4.\n\nFig. 3. Cornu Alexand. Mag. quo Exercit. ad 100 Stad. coegit Fig. 5. Fig.\n6. Fig. 7.\n\nFig. 8. Fig. 9.\n\nFig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13.\n\nFig. 14. Fig. 15.\n\nFig. 16. Fig. 17.\n\nFig. 18. Fig. 23. Fig. 19.\n\nFig. 20.\n\nFig. 21. Fig. 22.\n\nPlace this to fold out at the End fronting the left hand.]\n\n\n\n\nA\n\nTABLE\n\nOF THE\n\nPrincipal Matters contain\u2019d in this\n\nBOOK.\n\n\n A\n\n Abstinence unusual, 211\n\n Age of Man in all Ages of the World, 172\n\n Aged Persons, 173\n\n Ages of Learning and Ignorance, 272\n\n Air, 4\n Innate, 121\n Necessary to Vegetable-Life, 9\n Vessels in Vegetables, 406\n Bladder of Fishes, 402\n Pump, Experiments in it, 5\n Use in enlightning the World, 12\n Heat under the Line, and in Lat. 81., 13\n\n Alce and Machlis, 317\n\n Aloe Americana, 420\n\n Amphibious Creatures, 157\n\n Anatomy comparative , 318\n\n Anger, 307\n\n Animals in general, 84\n In Particular, 260\n Places destroy\u2019d by vile ones, 56\n\n Animalcules of the Waters, 186, 187, 401\n In Pepper-Water, 368\n\n Ant, 212, 371\n\n Antipathy, 135\n\n Aqueous Humour of the Eye repair\u2019d, 106\n\n Arabians, 273\n\n Archytas\u2019s Dove, 256, 276\n\n Art and Nature compar\u2019d, 426\n\n Armature of Animals, 238\n\n Arteries, 301\n\n Arts, by whom invented, 276\n\n Ascent of Liquors, 52\n\n Asclepiades, 160, 190, 430\n\n Aspera Arteria in Birds, 341\n\n Ass free from Lice, 377\n\n Atmosphere, 4\n\n Attraction, 32, 40, 52\n\n Auditory Nerves, 128\n\n Augustus C\u00e6sar\u2019s Height, 209\n\n Augustus King of Poland, 291\n\n Austrian-Wells, how made, 76\n\n \u1f08\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, 422\n\n\n B\n\n Back-bone, 160\n\n Badges, their Antiquity, 442\n\n Balance of Animals, 168\n\n Balls on Vegetables, 234, 387\n\n Bat, 8, 316\n\n Beaver, 316\n\n Bees, 232, 240\n\n Beetles, 363\n\n Bejuco-Tree, 423\n\n Bembsbury-Camp, 64\n\n Birch-Tree, 223\n\n Birds, 333\n Bills, 192, 341, 344\n Boyancy, 9, 346\n Ears, 124, 342\n Incubation, 352\n A wonderful Instinct of one, 232\n Migration, 347\n Motion, 164\n Necks and Legs, 165, 346\n Rapacious, 256\n Stomachs, 345\n\n Births, Burials, &c., 174\n\n Blood, its Contrivance, 201, 329\n\n Blood-Hound, 204\n\n Blushing, how caused, 307\n\n Bohaques, 212\n\n Bonasus, 242\n\n Bones structure, &c., 159, 294, 300\n\n Brachmans, 269\n\n Brain, 319\n\n Branches of Vegetables, 418\n\n Bread, 185\n\n Breasts, 255\n\n Breath short on high Mountains, 6\n\n Bredon-hill, 64\n\n Breezes, Sea and Land, 18, 19\n\n Briar-Balls, 390\n\n Brutes out-do Man in some Things, 80, 85\n\n Bulbous Plants, 411\n\n Butterflies Colours, 365\n White ones, 370, 376\n\n\n C\n\n Cabbage Excrescences, 249\n\n Cadews, 234\n\n Camel, 324\n\n Canales Semicirculares, 127\n\n Capillary Plants have Seed, 410\n\n Cardamine, 414\n\n Carotid Arteries, 321\n\n Carps, 7\n\n Cartes vindicated, 271\n\n Cassada Plant, 58\n\n Cases on Willow and other Vegetables, 387\n\n Castor, 198, 316\n\n Caterpillars, 241, 395\n\n Caves bellowing, 130\n Goutieres and others, 64, 67\n\n Celandine, 420\n\n Cham\u00e6leon, 91, 240\n\n Chance, 189, 194, 313, 435\n\n Cheop\u2019s Height, 290\n\n Chickens, 210\n\n Children numerous, 178\n\n China, 279\n\n Chyle, 200\n\n Circulation of the Blood restor\u2019d, 146\n\n Claspers, 419\n\n Clocks Variation under the \u00c6quinoctial, 39\n\n Clock-work, its Invention, 235\n\n Cloathing of Animals, 214\n\n Clouds, 20, 49, 74\n\n Cold, how provided against in the northern Regions, 217\n\n Colours felt, 143\n\n Colymbi, 355\n\n Combs of Bees, &c., 232\n\n Coneys, 229\n\n Consent of Parts, whence, 305\n\n Cormorants Eye, 104\n\n Cortex Peruvianus, 421\n\n Countenance, whence its variation arises, 308\n\n Cranes, 208\n\n Cricket, 365\n Mole, 233, 365\n\n Crocodile, 238, 243\n\n Cross-Bill, 193\n\n Crow, 307\n\n Crystalline Humour, 104\n\n Cuntur of Peru, 169\n\n Cup of a Pepper Corn, 367\n\n\n D\n\n Dandelion, 412\n\n Dangerous Things not easily discover\u2019d, 266\n\n Daniel, 270\n\n Day and Night, 45\n\n Days of the Week, 436\n\n Dead Persons found in the same Posture as alive, 24\n\n Deaf Persons cured by a Fever, 304\n Understand by the Motion of the Lips, 113\n Hear by the Help of a Noise, 126\n\n Death-Watch, 59\n\n Deer, Worms in their Heads, 379\n\n Degree, its Measure, 43\n\n Descent of heavy Bodies, 32\n\n Destruction of Places by vile Animals, 55\n\n Dialects, 309\n\n Diamonds grow, 64\n\n Diastole of the Heart, 147\n\n Digestion, 189\n\n Diseases sometimes useful, 304\n\n Distribution of the Earth and Waters is well, 47\n\n Dittany, 420\n\n Divers, 132\n\n Dog-Fish, 209\n\n Dogs, 197, 204\n\n Dolphin, 238\n\n Douckers, 355\n\n _Drebell\u2019s_ submarine Ship, 5\n\n Drink afforded by Plants, 422\n\n Dromedary, 199, 324\n\n Drowned Persons reviving, 155\n\n Ducklings naturally run to the Water, 168, 188\n\n Ducks Bills, 193, 205\n\n Dugs, 255\n\n Dung a guard to Animals, 242\n\n\n E\n\n Eagle, 206, 230, 347\n Wooden one of _Regiomontanus_, 276, 356\n\n Ear, outer in divers Animals, 115, 117\n inward, 120\n in the Womb, 120\n Consent with other Parts, 128\n Effects of its Loss, 118\n Muscles, 119\n Wax, 121\n\n Earth-worm, 223, 393, 399\n\n Earwig, 365\n\n Eels, 203\n\n Eggs, 351\n Cicatricula and Treddles, 352\n Of Insects well laid up, 382\n due Number laid, 252\n\n Egypt famed for Art, 269\n\n Elephant, 256, 316, 323\n\n Elephantiasis, 398\n\n Queen _Elizabeth_\u2019s Height, 290\n\n Elk, 316\n\n Elm Leaves, a Scarab bred therein, 250\n\n Ephemeron, 182, 234, 247\n\n Epicurus, 160, 190\n\n Erect Vision, 111\n\n Evaporations, 35\n how caused, 48\n\n Excellence of God\u2019s Works, 425\n\n Eye, 87\n of Birds and Fishes, 103\n Monocular, 93\n Shining or Feline, 101\n Wounds of it cured, 106\n\n Eye-lids, Structure, &c., 107\n\n\n F\n\n Face, 308, 309\n\n Farcy cured, 58\n\n Fearful Animals couragious when they have Young, 208, 254\n\n Feathers, 221, 334, 336\n\n Feeding the Young, 255\n\n Feeling, 142\n\n Fern-seed, 410, 414\n\n Feet, 163, 206, 233, 338\n\n Figure of Man\u2019s Body, 288\n\n Fingers, 283\n\n Fishes Agreement with Birds, 103, 341, 402\n Boyancy whence, 10\n Lowsy, 378\n Motion, _&c._, 402\n Teeth, 195\n\n Flowers, 407\n\n Flesh-fly, _&c._, 248\n\n Fly of Iron, 276\n\n Flying, 338\n Of Man, 267, 337\n\n F\u0153tus, Blood\u2019s Circulation in it, 153\n\n Folding of Leaves and Flowers, 407\n\n Food of Animals, 179, 254\n\n Fool, Observables in one opened, 329\n\n Foot, 285, 316\n\n Foramen Ovale, 154, 157, 326\n\n Fossiles, 63\n\n Fountains where found, 65\n Origine, 23, 25, 51, 75\n\n Fox, 204\n\n Fr\u0153dlicius\u2019s Observations on Mount _Carpathus_, 131\n\n Frogs, 163, 325\n Rain, 245\n\n The great Frost, 218\n\n Fruits, where Insects hatch, 375\n communicate with the Root, 405\n\n Fuci, Fungi, _&c._ and their Seed, 414\n\n\n G\n\n _Galen_\u2019s Arguments against Chance, 26, 428, 430\n his Hymns to God, 425, 434\n\n Galli Sylvestres, 212, 229\n\n Galls, 388\n\n Gascoigne Knight, 134\n\n Gems, and Stories of them, 311\n of Vegetables, 407\n\n Generation, 244, 245\n \u00c6quivocal, 244, 380\n Of Insects, 374\n\n Genius of Man, 264\n\n Giants, 289\n\n Gifts of Man are of God, 263, 268\n to be improved, 281\n\n Gills of Fishes, 402\n\n Gizzard, 199, 345\n\n Glama, 242\n\n Glands, 196\n\n Glasses broken with the Voice, 135\n\n Glaucus, 209\n\n Gnat, 191, 367\n Generation, 375, 383\n\n Goat tame and wild, 317\n\n Grashoppers, 363\n\n Gratitude from _Seneca_, 432\n\n Gravity, 31\n\n _Green, Anne_, revived after being hanged, 156\n\n Green Scum on the Waters, 187\n\n Grotta delli Serpi, 398\n\n Grottos, 67\n Podpetschio, 68\n\n Growth of Grain speedy in the frigid Zone, 184\n\n Gryllotalpa, 233, 365\n\n Guira Tangelma, 232\n\n Gullet, 196\n\n Guns heard afar off, 133\n Shot, its Velocity, 28\n\n Guts, 200\n\n Gymnosophists, 269\n\n\n H\n\n Habitations of Animals, 226\n\n Hair, 220\n\n Hand, 282, 298\n Writing, 308\n\n Hanged Persons reviving, 146\n\n Hang-Nest, 232\n\n Hare, 241\n\n Hawks, 206\n\n Head of Birds, 340\n\n Headless People, 89\n\n Hearing, 113\n How perform\u2019d, 124, 342\n\n Heart, 298, 325\n Of the Lamprey, 300\n Situation in Quadrupeds, 326\n\n Heat Subterraneous, 49\n Of the torrid Zone, 17, 50\n Of our Bodies, 17\n And Cold not Effects, but Causes of the Variations of the Winds, 15\n\n Heavy Bodies descent, 32\n\n Hedge-hog, 239\n\n Hemlock, 58\n\n Heron, 256, 347\n\n Hills run East and West, 74\n\n Hollanders saw the Sun sooner than ordinary near the Pole, 13\n\n Homer ascribes Men\u2019s Endowments to God, 263\n\n Honeywood, Mrs. Mary, 275\n\n Hop-strings Use, 405\n\n Visible Horizon, 283\n\n Hornets, 191, 257\n\n Horse-Fly, 248\n\n Hurtful Creatures few, 170, 252\n\n Hy\u00e6na, 205\n\n Hydrocanthari, 363\n\n\n I\n\n Jaws, 194\n\n Ichneumon-Fly, 375, 379, 385, 388\n Wasp, 371, 384, 385\n\n _Henry Jenkin_\u2019s Age, 173\n\n Ignorant Ages, 272\n\n Imposthume unusually discharged, 302\n\n Incubation, 253, 351\n\n Inclinations of Men, 263\n\n Incus Auris, 123\n\n Infant\u2019s Ear in the Womb, 120\n\n Inferiour Creatures cared for, 58, 213, 258\n\n Insects, 359\n Antenn\u00e6, 361, 362\n Care of their Young, 207, 229, 373\n Conveyance from Place to Place singular, 364\n Cornea and Eyes, 359\n Male and Female how known, 363\n Mouth, 189, 193, 233\n Nidification, 383\n Poises, 366\n Sagacity, 369\n Shape, 359\n\n Instinct, 203, 214, 229, 231, 237\n\n Intercostal Muscles, 152\n Nerves, 328, 330\n\n Invention, 265\n of the Ancients, 276\n\n _Job_, 269\n\n Joints, 161\n\n Iron in the Forest of Dean, 63\n\n Islands, why warmer than the Continents, 49\n\n Issue numerous, 178\n\n July, 396\n\n Ivy, 418\n\n\n K\n\n Kissing, whence it affects, 306\n\n Knives, _&c._ swallowed and discharged, 302\n\n\n L\n\n Labyrinth of the Ear, 127\n\n Lacteals, 200\n\n Lakes, 217\n\n Larynx, 148\n\n Laughter, how caused, 306\n\n Learned Men, 273\n Ages, 272\n\n Leaves of Vegetables, 250\n Insects bred in them, 250, 376\n\n Legs, 206, 298, 316, 338\n\n Levity, 35\n\n Lice, 377\n\n Life in Vacuo, 8\n in compressed Air, 5\n its Length, 172\n Cause of long Life, 173\n Proportion to Death, 176\n\n Light, 12, 26\n its Velocity, 28, 29\n Expansion and Extent, 30\n\n Likeness of Men, 308\n\n Lion\u2019s Bones, 318\n\n Listning, what it doth, 126\n\n Long-tail\u2019d Titmouse, 231\n\n Lord\u2019s-Day, 435\n Why Capital among the Jews to prophane it, 443\n\n Lungs, 145, 150\n Full of Dust, 151\n of Birds, 346\n\n Luxury, 310\n\n\n M\n\n Maggots in Sheeps Noses, Cows Back, _&c._, 378\n\n Magnet, 274\n\n Magnus Orbis, 33\n\n Males and Females Proportions, 175\n\n Malleus auris, by whom discovered, 123\n\n Man, 270\n Whether all Things made for him, 55\n\n _Mandeville_, Sir _John_, 89\n\n Mansor, 278\n\n Marsh-Trefoil, 421\n\n Marriages, Births and Burials, 174\n\n Mastication, 196\n\n Medicine, 57, 420\n Local, 421\n\n Memory, 262\n\n Metallick Trades, by whom invented, 266\n\n Mice, 212, 220\n\n Migration of Birds, 347\n\n Milk, 255\n\n Minerals and Metals grow, 63\n\n Misseltoe, 415\n\n Mole, 8, 92, 199, 205, 319\n Ear, 116\n\n Money, 311\n\n Moths Colours, 365\n\n Motion of Animals, 158\n of the Terraqueous Globe, 43\n\n Motory-Nerves of the Eye, 106\n\n Mountains and Valleys, 70\n Their Riches and Poverty, 75\n\n Mouth, 189\n Whence affected by the Sight, 307\n\n Muscles, 158, 294, 298\n \u00c6quilibrations of those of the Eye, 96\n Triangular, 153\n\n Musick, by whom invented, 266\n Effects, 134\n\n Mustard Seed, 411\n\n\n N\n\n Neck of Beasts, 322\n\n Nerves in Birds Bills, 205, 344\n Different in Man and Beasts, 328, 330\n Fifth Pair, 306\n\n Water-Newt, 163\n\n Nictitating Membrane, 109\n\n Nidification, 232\n\n Nidiots or Niditts, 191\n\n Nocturnal Animals Eyes, 100\n\n Northern Nations, speedy Growth of Vegetables there, 184\n Provisions against their Cold, 217\n\n Nostrils, 137\n\n Noxious Creatures, 56, 82, 252\n Remedies against them, 57\n\n Nutmegs, 416\n\n\n O\n\n Oak-Apples and Galls, 388\n\n Objects, how painted on the Retina, 111\n\n Observatory at _Pekin_ in _China_, 279\n\n Odours, 137\n\n Old Persons, 172\n\n Opium, 421\n\n Opossum, 206, 208\n\n Original of Nations and Arts, 276\n\n Orkney Islands, 218\n\n Os Orbiculare, by whom discovered, 124\n\n Ostrich, 259, 353, 354\n\n Ottele\u2019s Age and Beard, 173\n\n Otter, 316\n\n Oyl-Bag, 334\n\n\n P\n\n Parrots, 192\n \u00c6thiopian, 208\n\n Par Vagum, 328\n\n Passions and Affections, 330\n\n Pectinated Work in Birds Eyes, 103\n\n Pectoral Muscles, 337\n\n Pendulums Variation under the Line, 39\n\n Pericardium in Man and Beasts, 285, 327\n\n Perpetual Motion, 267\n\n Perspiration insensible, 219\n\n Phaeton in a Ring, 367\n\n Phal\u00e6n\u00e6, Generation of some of them, 225, 376\n\n Pharmacy, 57\n\n Phrygane\u00e6, 234\n\n Pigeons Incubation, 253\n\n Pimpernel Flowers, 412\n\n Place of Animals, 166\n\n Plague, its Cause, 16\n Prevented or cured by the Winds, _ibid._\n Sore discharged unusually, 302\n\n Planets Motion round their Axes, 33\n Figure, 39\n\n Plants, no Transmutation of them, 409\n Poysonous, 58\n\n Plexus Cervicalis, 328\n\n Plumb-Stones, the Danger of swallowing them, 302\n\n Poising of the Body, 281\n\n Polygamy unnatural, 175\n\n Posture of Man, 281\n\n Poyson, 397\n\n Preening and Dressing of Birds, 334\n\n Printing, its Invention, 275, 278\n\n Pronunciation, 309\n\n Propagation of Mankind, 174\n\n Providence divine, Objections against it answer\u2019d, 55\n\n Pulices Aquatici, 186\n\n Pumps, cause why Water riseth in them, 11\n\n Pupil of the Eye, 99, 100\n\n Pythagoras, 269\n\n\n Q\n\n Quadrupeds, 315\n\n Quail Migration and Strength, 350\n\n\n R\n\n Rain, how made, 20\n Its Use, ibid.\n Most about the \u00c6quinoxes, 22\n More in the Hills than Vales, 78\n Bloody, and other preternatural, 23, 245\n Of divers Places, 23, 79\n\n Rapacious Birds, 339\n\n Rattles, Inventions of them, 276\n\n Rattle-Snake, 57, 396\n\n Rats, 208, 220\n\n Raven, 183, 205\n\n Refractions, 13, 284\n\n The Reformation, 278\n\n Reptiles, 393\n\n Respiration, 145\n Of watery Animals, 7\n In Vegetables, 406\n In compressed Air, 5\n In rarify\u2019d Air, 6\n Uses, 145\n\n Rete mirabile, 322\n\n Ribs, 152, 161\n\n Rivers Origin, 75\n Changing the Hair, 224\n Long Tract of some, 52\n\n Rotten-Wood, its use to the northern People, 405\n\n Royal Society vindicated, 416\n\n Rumination, 200, 324\n\n Rushes, Animals bred in them, 349\n\n\n S\n\n Sagacity of Animals about Food, 202\n\n Salamander, 241\n\n Saltness of the Sea, 400\n\n Skeleton of Sexes different, 160\n\n Scolopendra, 396\n\n Sea-Calf, 157, 325\n\n Sea-Pie, 193\n\n Secretion, 300\n\n Security of the Body against Evils, ibid.\n\n Seed of Vegetables, 407, &c.\n\n Self-Preservation, 238\n\n Semination, 412\n\n The five Senses, 85\n\n Sensitive Plants, 412\n\n Serpents, 394\n\n Shark, 57, 243\n\n Shells, 239\n\n Sight, its Accuracy in some, 87\n Actuated by Disease, 304\n Why not double with two Eyes, 94\n\n Silk-Worms, 385\n\n Skin, 299\n\n Sky, why azure, 12\n\n Sleep procur\u2019d, 58\n Prejudicial after Sun-rising, 46\n\n Smellen Cave, 130\n\n Smelling, 137, 204\n\n Smoak emitted through the Ears, 123\n\n Snails, 91, 110, 395, 399\n\n Snakes, 394\n\n Snipes, 192\n\n Snow, its Use, 24\n\n Soils and Moulds, 61\n\n Sound in Air rarify\u2019d and condens\u2019d, 130\n In Italy, and other Places, 133\n On the Tops of high Mountains, 131\n Velocity, 28, 133\n\n Soul, 261\n\n Speaking-Trumpet, 119\n\n Specifick Medicines, 422\n\n Spiders Eyes, 90\n Darting their Webs, 364\n Textrine Art, 235, 384\n Poyson, 236\n\n Spinning, by whom invented, 266\n\n Springs Origins, 23, 51, 76\n Where found, 65, 77\n\n Squaring the Circle, 266\n\n Squatina, 209\n\n Squillul\u00e6 Aquatic\u00e6, 190, 364\n\n Squnck or Stonck, 242\n\n Stalactites, 64\n\n Stapes Auris, by whom found out, 123\n\n Stature, Size, and Shape of Man, 288, 290\n\n Sting of Bees, &c., 240\n\n Stoicks Arguments for a Deity in _Tully_, 2, 37, 44, 54, 99, 108,\n 120, 137, 144, 159, 167, 177, 180, 182, 203, 207, 220, 241,\n 264, 282, 297, 298\n\n Stomach, 197, 324\n Of Birds, 345\n Animals found in it, 379\n\n Stones eaten by Worms, 192, 247\n\n Storm in 1703, 245\n\n Strata of the Earth, 63\n\n Straw-Worms, 234\n\n Strong Men, 291\n\n Subterraneous Trees, &c., 11\n\n Sucking, 209, 255\n\n Summer if cold, why wet, 22\n\n Sun\u2019s Distance from the Earth, 29, 30\n Motion round its own Axis, 33\n Standing still, &c., 44, 45\n\n Swallows and Swifts, 339, 349\n\n Swans Aspera Arteria, 341\n\n Swine, 205, 212, 254, 319\n\n Sword-Fishes Eye, 105\n\n Sycophantick-Plants, 415\n\n Syracusian Sot, 351\n\n\n T\n\n Tabon or Tapun Bird, 353\n\n Tadpole, 163\n\n Tail of Birds, 337\n\n Tarantula\u2019s Bite, 135\n\n Taste, 140\n Consent with the Smell, 141\n\n Tears, 108, 307\n\n Teeth, 193\n\n Telescopes, Invention of them, 275\n Long ones, 39\n\n Tents, their Inventer, 266\n\n Terraqueous Globe balanced, 48\n Bulk and Motions, 43\n Figure, 39\n Situation and Distribution, 46, 47\n Objections against its Structure answer\u2019d, 47, 70, 80\n Cause of its Sph\u00e6ricity, 40\n\n Thankfulness to God from Seneca, 54, 81, 216, 433\n\n Thistles useful in making Glass, 405\n\n Thornback, 202\n\n Tides, 400\n\n Tongue, 149, 295\n Its Loss, 149\n\n Tortoise, 158, 211, 224, 239, 325\n\n Trades, Inventors of them, &c., 266\n\n Transmutation of Plants, 409\n\n Trees delight in various Soils, 61\n how nourished, ibid.\n\n Tronningholm Gardiner, 155\n\n Tuba Eustachiana, 122\n\n The hot Tuesday, 17\n\n Tunicks of the Eye, why lin\u2019d with black, 96\n\n Turnep Excrescences, 249\n\n Tympanum of the Ear, 123\n\n\n V\n\n Valleys and Mountains, 70\n\n Vapours what, and how rais\u2019d, 20, 48\n Quantity rais\u2019d, 35\n How precipitated, 22\n\n Variety of Things for the World\u2019s Use, 53, 181, 404, 420\n\n Vegetables, 404\n\n Vegetation, 61\n\n Veins, 298\n\n Ventriloquous Persons, 149\n\n Vertue, its great Use and Benefit, 83\n\n Vesicul\u00e6 of the Lungs whether musculous, 151\n\n Vesp\u00e6-Ichneumons, 228, 363, 371, 385\n\n Vipers, 394, 397\n Cloathing, 224\n\n Viscera, 298\n\n Vision double, 95\n Erect, 111\n\n Unisons, 135\n\n Voice, 308\n\n Volcano\u2019s, 68\n\n Upminster Register, 174\n how much above the Sea, 51\n\n Useful Creatures most plentiful, 169\n Things soonest discover\u2019d, 266\n\n\n W\n\n Wandering Jew, 173\n\n Wasps Nidification, 191, 233, 257, 385\n\n Waters, 400\n Forcible Eruptions of them, 77\n\n Waterwith of Jamaica, 423\n\n Weather heavy and dark, 20\n Presages of it, 50, 412\n\n Wells how dug in Austria, &c., 76\n\n Whales, 401\n\n Wheat, 181\n Raining it, 244\n\n Whispering-Places, 119\n\n Wild-Fire, 422\n\n Dr. Willis\u2019s Representation of Respiration, 145\n\n Winds, 14\n Healthful, 15, 16\n The Author\u2019s Observations, 19\n Trade Winds, 42\n The Product, not cause of Heat and Cold, 15\n\n Wind-Pipe in divers Animals, 149\n\n Wings of Birds, 335\n Of Insects, 365\n\n Winter, the Preservation of Animals therein, 211\n\n Wisdom, where seated, 329\n\n Wood, 227\n\n Woodcocks, 192, 205\n\n Wood-Peckers, 193, 339, 342\n\n Works of Nature and Art compar\u2019d, 38, 361\n\n World visible and invisible, 41\n Beginning asserted by Aristotle, 177\n Kept clean, 183\n\n Worms in the Flesh, 378\n In the Guts, 380\n In other Parts, ibid.\n\n Wornils, 378\n\n Worship of God, 441\n\n Wry-Neck, 225, 241\n\n\n Y\n\n Yolk of the Egg its Use, 351\n\n Young taken Care of, 207\n In a certain Number, 168, 252\n\n\n Z\n\n Zirchnitzer Sea, 68\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n_FINIS._","title":"Physico-theology : $b Or, a demonstration of the being and attributes of God, from His works of creation","tradition":"scripture-revelation","translated_text":null,"word_count":166818}