{"collection":"Texts of Islam","full_text_available":false,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/sacred_texts_v1_isl_isl_isl20_htm/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/sacred_texts_v1_isl_isl_isl20_htm","id":"sacred_texts_v1_isl_isl_isl20_htm","license":"unknown_pending_legal_review","rights_basis":"sacred_texts_v1_preview_gate_primary_text_only; acquisition-method/ToS and compilation-copyright questions still open, not resolved by this gate","source":"sacred_texts_v1","source_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/browse/isl/isl/isl20.htm","summary":"This is an anthology of primary source excerpts from classical Islamic legal texts, drawn primarily from the Hanafi jurist al-Marghin\u0101n\u012b and the 14th-century Egyptian Sh\u0101fi'\u012b scholar Ibn al-Ukh\u016bwa, covering practical regulations of Islamic law (fiqh) as they applied to daily life in premodern Muslim societies. The central subject is the concept of \u1e25isba \u2014 the Islamic duty to enjoin right conduct and forbid wrong \u2014 and its institutional expression in the office of the mu\u1e25tasib, a market inspector and public morals officer who enforced legal norms in commerce, public space, and personal conduct. The texts cover specific rulings on ritual animal slaughter (dhaba\u1e25), sacrifice, land cultivation, and market practices such as fraudulent pottery sales, overloaded ships, money-changing, and the conduct of barber-surgeons. A distinctive feature is the running record of juristic disagreement: the Hanafi, Sh\u0101fi'\u012b, and M\u0101lik\u012b schools are repeatedly set against one another on questions such as whether omitting God's name during slaughter voids the meat, or whether sacrifice is obligatory or merely praiseworthy. The excerpts also include a notably frank discussion of circumcision as a religious obligation for both men and women under the Sh\u0101fi'\u012b school, as well as a graduated theory of enforcement \u2014 from prohibition to admonition to verbal rebuke \u2014 with explicit limits on what ordinary subjects versus authorities may do. Readers interested in the texture of Islamic legal practice, the sociology of premodern market regulation, or intra-Sunni juristic debate will find this a dense but concrete set of primary materials.","tags":[],"text":null,"title":"Islam: Chapter Three: The Law: Fiqh, Shar\u012b\u2018a: 4. The Bidding Unto Good (Al-amr bi al-Ma\u2018ruf)","tradition":"Texts of Islam","translated_text":null,"word_count":1487}