| | PAGE |
| INTRODUCTION. | |
| Chinese books on Nâgasena | xi |
| The Buddhist canon | xv |
| Vasubandhu's reference to Nâgasena | xvii |
| Kshemendra's reference to Milinda | xvii |
| The Mahâvamsa on Assagutta and Vattaniya | xviii |
| The Kathâ Vatthu | xx |
| Milinda and other authorities on the soul theory | xxi |
| The Milinda later than the Kathâ Vatthu | xxvi |
| TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT. | |
| Book IV. The Solving of Dilemmas. | |
| 41st Dilemma. Why should houses (Wihâras) be built for the houseless ones? | 1 |
| 42nd Dilemma. Was not the Buddha immoderate in food? | 4 |
| 43rd Dilemma. Was not Bakkula said to be superior (in health) to the Buddha? | 8 |
| 44th Dilemma. Why is the Buddha's teaching called both new and old? | 13 |
| 45th Dilemma. Did not the Bodisat once kill animals in sacrifice? | 16 |
| 46th Dilemma. Did not the Bodisat once abuse the Buddha? | 20 |
| 47th Dilemma. Was not Kassapa the Buddha less powerful than the potter? | 23 |
| 48th Dilemma. Why is the Buddha called both Brahman and king? | 25 |
| 49th Dilemma. Did not the Buddha teach for hire? | 31 |
| 50th Dilemma. Did not the Buddha once doubt? (See no. 34.) | 38 |
| p. viii | |
| 51st Dilemma. Was not the Buddha taught by others? | 43 |
| 52nd Dilemma. Why can there be only one Buddha at a time? | 47 |
| 53rd Dilemma. Did not the Buddha put the Order above himself? | 51 |
| 54th Dilemma. As a layman can reach Arahatship, why enter the Order? | 56 |
| 55th Dilemma. Did not the Buddha, having tried and abandoned asceticism, nevertheless still insist on it? | 60 |
| 56th Dilemma. Men sometimes throw off the robes. Why not test candidates before initiation? | 63 |
| 57th Dilemma. How is it that Arahats suffer bodily pain? | 75 |
| 58th Dilemma. Why cannot an offender, who is not aware of his offence, enter the Path? | 78 |
| 59th Dilemma. How can a guilty Samana purify gifts? | 82 |
| 60th Dilemma. The 'soul' in water | 85 |
| 61st Dilemma. Why does the Order trouble itself about learning, and about buildings and gifts? | 92 |
| 62nd Dilemma. Why cannot a layman, who can become an Arahat, continue as one? | 96 |
| 63rd Dilemma. How is it that an Arahat can do wrong? | 98 |
| 64th Dilemma. What is there that is, but not in the world? | 101 |
| 65th Dilemma. What is there that is without a cause? | 103 |
| 66th Dilemma. Karma-born, cause-born, and season-born | 107 |
| 67th Dilemma. What becomes of dead devils? | 108 |
| 68th Dilemma. Why did not the Buddha promulgate all the Rules of the Order at once? | 109 |
| 69th Dilemma. How does the sun get cool? | 111 |
| 70th Dilemma. Why is the sun hotter in winter? | 112 |
| 71st Dilemma. How can Vessantara's giving away of his children be approved? | 114 |
| 72nd Dilemma. Why did the Bodisat undergo penance? | 132 |
| 73rd Dilemma. Which is stronger, virtue or vice? | 144 |
| 74th Dilemma. Do the dead derive advantage from gifts given here? | 151 |
| 75th Dilemma. Dreams and sleep | 157 |
| 76th Dilemma. Is death ever premature? | 162 |
| p. ix | |
| 77th Dilemma. How can there be wonders at the graves of Arahats? | 174 |
| 78th Dilemma. Cannot all men be converted? | 176 |
| 79th Dilemma. Is Nirvâna all bliss, or partly pain? | 181 |
| 80th Dilemma. The form, figure, duration, &c., of Nirvâna | 186 |
| 81st Dilemma. The realisation of Nirvâna | 195 |
| 82nd Dilemma. The place of Nirvâna | 202 |
| Book V. The Problem of Inference. | |
| § 1. How can you know that the Buddha ever lived? | 206 |
| 4. The ordinary city, and its architect, shops, and inhabitants | 208 |
| 5. The City of Righteousness, and its architect | 211 |
| 6. The flower bazaar therein | 212 |
| 7. The perfume bazaar therein | 214 |
| 8. The fruit bazaar therein | 215 |
| 10. The antidote bazaar therein | 217 |
| 11. The medicine bazaar therein | 218 |
| 12. The ambrosia bazaar therein | 219 |
| 13-20. The jewel bazaar therein, and the seven jewels of the Truth | 220 |
| 21. The general store bazaar therein | 229 |
| 22. The inhabitants of the City of Righteousness | 231 |
| 23. The generals in the City of Righteousness | 234 |
| The chaplains in the City of Righteousness | 234 |
| The lamplighters in the City of Righteousness | 235 |
| The peace-officers in the City of Righteousness | 236 |
| The shop-keepers in the City of Righteousness | 237 |
| The drunkards (!) in the City of Righteousness | 238 |
| The watchmen in the City of Righteousness | 238 |
| The lawyers and judges in the City of Righteousness | 238 |
| The bankers in the City of Righteousness | 239 |
| 24. The conclusion drawn by inference | 240 |
| Book VI. The Voluntary Extra Vows. | |
| § 1. Can laymen attain Nirvâna? | 244 |
| 6. The twenty-eight advantages of the vows | 251 |
| 7. The eighteen good qualities that come from keeping them | 252 |
| p. x | |
| § 10. No Arahatship without having kept them | 254 |
| 12-15. Similes | 255 |
| 16. He who, being unworthy, takes the vows | 261 |
| 18. He who, being worthy, takes the vows | 264 |
| 20. Details of the thirteen extra vows | 268 |
| 24. The example of Upasena | 270 |
| 25. The thirty graces of the true recluse | 271 |
| 26. The example of Sâriputta | 273 |
| Book VII. Similes of Arahatship. | |
| § 11. Detailed list of these similes, sixty-seven being still preserved, and thirty-eight being now lost | 275 |
| 19. Wonders at the conclusion of Nâgasena's solution of the three hundred and four puzzles | 373 |
| 20. Conversion of Milinda the king | 373 |
| 21. Milinda enters the Order, and becomes an Arahat | 374 |
| Additions and Corrections | 377 |
| Index of Proper Names | 379 |
| Index of Subjects | 381 |
| Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Translations of the Sacred Books of the East | 385 |