Islam
History of Philosophy in Islam: Contents
History of Philosophy in Islam, by T.J. de Boer [1904]
| | CHAPTER I. | |
| | INTRODUCTION. | |
| | | Page |
| 1. | The Theatre | 1-6 |
| | 1. Ancient Arabia | 1 |
| | 2. The first Caliphs. Medina. The Shi‘ites | 2 |
| | 3. The Omayyads. Damascus, Basra and Kufa | 3 |
| | 4. The Abbasids. Bagdad | 3 |
| | 5. Minor States. Fall of the Caliphate | 5 |
| 2. | Oriental Wisdom | 6-11 |
| | 1. Semitic Speculation | 6 |
| | 2. Persian Religion. Zrwanism | 8 |
| | 3. Indian Wisdom | 8 |
| 3. | Greek Science | 11-30 |
| | 1. The Syrians | 11 |
| | 2. The Christian Churches | 11 |
| | 3. Edessa and Nisibis | 12 |
| | 4. Harran | 13 |
| | 5. Gondeshapur | 14 |
| | 6. Syriac Translations | 14 |
| | 7. Philosophy among the Syrians | 16 |
| | 8. Arabic Translations | 17 |
| | 9. The Philosophy of the Translators | 19 |
| | 10. Range of Tradition | 21 |
| | 11. Continuation of Neo-Platonism | 22 |
| | 12. The "Book of the Apple" | 24 |
| | 13. The "Theology of Aristotle" | 25 |
| | 14. Conception of Aristotle | 27 |
| | 15. Philosophy in Islam | 28 |
| | p. x | |
| | CHAPTER II. | |
| | PHILOSOPHY AND ARAB KNOWLEDGE. | |
| | | Page |
| 1. | Grammatical Science | 31-35 |
| | 1. The several Sciences | 31 |
| | 2. The Arabic Language. The Koran | 31 |
| | 3. The Grammarians of Basra and Kufa | 32 |
| | 4. Grammar influenced, by Logic. Metrical Studies | 33 |
| | 5. Grammatical Science and Philosophy | 35 |
| 2. | Ethical Teaching | 36-41 |
| | 1. Tradition and Individual Opinion (Sunna, Hadith, Ra’y) | 36 |
| | 2. Analogy (Qiyas). Consensus of the Congregation (Idjma) | 37 |
| | 3. Position and Contents of the Muslim Ethical System (al-Fiqh) | 38 |
| | 4. Ethics and Politics | 40 |
| 3. | Doctrinal Systems | 41-64 |
| | 1. Christian Dogmatic | 41 |
| | 2. The Kalam | 42 |
| | 3. The Mutazilites and their Opponents | 43 |
| | 4. Human and Divine Action | 44 |
| | 5. The Being of God | 46 |
| | 6. Revelation and Reason | 48 |
| | 7. Abu-l-Hudhail | 49 |
| | 8. Nazzam | 51 |
| | 9. Djahiz | 53 |
| | 10. Muammar and Abu Hashim | 54 |
| | 11. Ashari | 55 |
| | 12. The Atomistic Kalam | 57 |
| | 13. Mysticism or Sufism | 62 |
| 4. | Literature and History | 65-61 |
| | 1. Literature | 65 |
| | 2. Abu-l-Atahia. Mutanabbi. Abu-l-Ala. Hariri | 65 |
| | 3. Annalistic. Historical Tradition | 67 |
| | 4. Masudi and Muqaddasi | 69 |
| | CHAPTER III. | |
| | THE PYTHAGOREAN PHILOSOPHY. | |
| 1. | Natural Philosophy | 72-80 |
| | 1. The Sources | 72 |
| | 2. Mathematical Studies | 73 |
| | 3. Natural Science | 75 |
| | 4. Medicine 76 | |
| | 5. Razi | 77 |
| | 6. The Dahrites | 80 |
| | p. xi | |
| | | Page |
| 2. | The Faithful Brethren of Basra | 81-96 |
| | 1. The Karmatites | 81 |
| | 2. The Brethren and their Encyclopaedia | 82 |
| | 3. Eclecticism | 84 |
| | 4. Knowledge | 85 |
| | 5. Mathematics | 87 |
| | 6. Logic | 89 |
| | 7. God and the World | 90 |
| | 8. The Human Soul | 92 |
| | 9. Philosophy of Religion | 93 |
| | 10. Ethics | 94 |
| | 11. Influence of the Encyclopaedia | 95 |
| | CHAPTER IV. | |
| | THE NEO-PLATONIC ARISTOTELIANS OF THE EAST. | |
| 1. | Kindi | 97-106 |
| | 1. His Life | 97 |
| | 2. Relation to Theology | 99 |
| | 3. Mathematics | 100 |
| | 4. God; World; Soul | 101 |
| | 5. Doctrine of the Spirit (‘aql) | 102 |
| | 6. Kindi as an Aristotelian | 104 |
| | 7. The School of Kindi | 105 |
| 2. | Farabi | 106-128 |
| | 1. The Logicians | 106 |
| | 2. Farabi's Life | 107 |
| | 3. Relation to Plato and Aristotle | 108 |
| | 4. Farabi's Conception of Philosophy | 110 |
| | 5. His Logic | 111 |
| | 6. His Metaphysics. Being. God | 114 |
| | 7. The Celestial World | 115 |
| | 8. The Terrestrial World | 117 |
| | 9. The Human Soul | 118 |
| | 10. The Spirit in Man | 119 |
| | 11. Farabi's Ethics | 121 |
| | 12. His Politics | 122 |
| | 13. The Future Life | 123 |
| | 14. General Survey of Farabi's System | 124 |
| | 15. Effects of his Philosophy. Sidjistani | 126 |
| 3. | Ibn Maskawaih | 128-131 |
| | 1. His Position | 128 |
| | 2. The Nature of the Soul | 128 |
| | 3. The Principles of his Ethics | 129 |
| | p. xii | |
| | | Page |
| 4. | Ibn Sina (Avicenna) | 131-148 |
| | 1. His Life | 131 |
| | 2. His Work | 132 |
| | 3. Branches of Philosophy. Logic | 134 |
| | 4. Metaphysics and Physics | 135 |
| | 5. Anthropology and Psychology | 139 |
| | 6. The Reason | 141 |
| | 7. Allegorical Representation of the Doctrine of the Reason | 143 |
| | 8. Esoteric Teaching | 144 |
| | 9. Ibn Sina's Time. Beruni | 145 |
| | 10. Behmenyar | 146 |
| | 11. Survival of Ibn Sina's Influence | 147 |
| 5. | Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen) | 148-153 |
| | 1. Scientific Movement turning Westward | 148 |
| | 2. Ibn al-Haitham's Life and Works | 149 |
| | 3. Perception and Judgment | 150 |
| | 4. Slender effect left by his Teaching | 152 |
| | CHAPTER V. | |
| | THE OUTCOME OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE EAST. | |
| 1. | Gazali | 154-168 |
| | 1. Dialectic and Mysticism | 154 |
| | 2. Gazali's Life | 155 |
| | 3. Attitude towards his Time: Hostility to Aristotelianism | 158 |
| | 4. The World as the Production of God's Free Creative Might | 159 |
| | 5. God and Divine Providence | 162 |
| | 6. Doctrine of the Resurrection | 163 |
| | 7. Gazali's Theology | 164 |
| | 8. Experience and Revelation | 166 |
| | 9. Estimate of Gazali's Position and Teaching | 168 |
| 2. | The Epitomists | 169-171 |
| | 1. Position of Philosophy in the East, after Gazali's Time | 169 |
| | 2. Philosophical Culture | 170 |
| | CHAPTER VI. | |
| | PHILOSOPHY IN THE WEST. | |
| 1. | Beginnings | 172-175 |
| | 1. The Age of the Omayyads | 172 |
| | 2. The Eleventh Century | 174 |
| | p. xiii | |
| | | Page |
| 2. | Ibn Baddja (Avempace) | 175-181 |
| | 1. The Almoravids | 175 |
| | 2. Ibn Baddja's Life | 176 |
| | 3. The Character of his Works | 177 |
| | 4. His Logic and Metaphysics | 177 |
| | 5. His Opinions regarding Soul and Spirit | 178 |
| | 6. The Individual Man | 179 |
| 3. | Ibn Tofail (Abubacer) | 181-187 |
| | 1. The Almohads | 181 |
| | 2. Ibn Tofail's Life | 182 |
| | 3. "Hai ibn Yaqzan" | 182 |
| | 4. "Hai" and the Development of Humanity | 184 |
| | 5. "Hai's" Ethics | 185 |
| 4. | Ibn Roshd (Averroes) | 187-199 |
| | 1. His Life | 187 |
| | 2. Ibn Roshd and Aristotle | 188 |
| | 3. Logic. Attainability of Truth | 189 |
| | 4. The World and God | 191 |
| | 5. Body and Spirit | 193 |
| | 6. Spirit and Spirits | 194 |
| | 7. Estimate of Ibn Roshd as a Thinker | 196 |
| | 8. Summary of his Views on the Relations of Theology, Religion and Philosophy to one another. Practical Philosophy | 197 |
| | CHAPTER VII. | |
| | CONCLUSION. | |
| 1. | Ibn Khaldun | 200-208 |
| | 1. The Conditions of his Time | 200 |
| | 2. Ibn Khaldun's Life | 201 |
| | 3. Philosophy and Worldly Experience | 202 |
| | 4. Philosophy of History. Historical Method | 204 |
| | 5. The Subject of History | 205 |
| | 6. Characterization | 206 |
| 2. | The Arabs and Scholasticism | 208-213 |
| | 1. Political Situation. The Jews | 208 |
| | 2. Palermo and Toledo | 209 |
| | 3. Parisian Averroism in the Thirteenth Century | 211 |