| a | Like a in German Mann. |
| e | Like e in helmet. |
| i | Like i in it. |
| o | Like o in German Mord. |
| u | Like u in German Furcht. |
| â | Like a in car. |
| ê | Like ea in great. |
| î | Like ee in teem. |
| ô | Like o in rose. |
| û | Like oo in loo. |
| êi | Long e with an i-tinge. |
| ôu | Long o with a u-tinge. |
| í, ú | Vowels of very short quantities. |
| ä | As in German wählen. |
| a , e, i, E | Superior vowels indicated only by the position of the mouth. |
| E | Obscure vowel. |
| ai | Like i in island. |
| au | Like ou in mouth. |
| eu | Diphthong e + u. |
| q | Velar k. |
| q! | Same as preceding, with very great stress of explosion. |
| ɣ | Velar spirant produced way back in the palate, which often sounds like weak r. |
| x | Like ch in German Bach. |
| g, k | As in English, sonants and surds difficult to distinguish. |
| k! | Like k, with very great stress of explosion. |
| g. | Palatized g. |
| k. | Palatized k. |
| k.! | Palatized explosive k. |
| x. | Palatized ch. |
| d, t | As in English, surds and sonants difficult to distinguish. |
| t! | Like t, with very great stress of explosion. |
| t` | Aspirated t. |
| s | As in English. |
| c | Like sh in English she. |
| dj | Like j in English judge. |
| ts | As in English sits. |
| tc | Like ch in English church. |
| p. 4 | |
| ts!, tc! | Same as preceding, but with very great stress of explosion. |
| b, p | As in English, surds and sonants difficult to distinguish. |
| p! | Like p, with very great stress of explosion. |
| l, m, n | As in English. |
| n | Vocalized n. |
| l, m, n | Very long. |
| ɫ | Spirant lateral. |
| L | Sonant lateral pronounced very much like dl. |
| L | Surd lateral pronounced very much like tl. |
| L! | Same as preceding, with very great stress of explosion. |
| ? | Glottal catch. |
| x | Velar aspiration. |
| x. | Palatal aspiration. |
| h, y, w | As in English. |
| ' | Stress accent. |
| ~ | Accent with an interrogative intonation. |