Pagan Christs: Appendices: Index

Pagan Christs, by John M. Robertson, [1911] Aaron, 175 Abammon, 16 Abipones, the, 49 n. Abraham, 48, 51 n., 175, and Isaac, 64, 65, 124, 153, 162, 302 n. Abraxas, 334 Abtinas, 159 Achan, 149 n. Acolhuan civilisation, 348 n., 366 Acts of Pilate, 202 Addison, L., quoted, 169 Admetus, 324 Adonai, 49 Adonis, Vegetation-God, 307; cult of, 99, 181, 195, 319, 433; resurrection of, 145, 190, 206, 307 Adulterers, eaten, 136 n. Adversary, doctrine of, 86 Æschylus, 172 Æsculapius, 206 African religion, 41; sacrifices, 106, 117 n., 122; absence of interest in heavenly bodies, 171 Agapæ, Christian, 314, 326, 412 Agesilaus, 127 n. Agni, gives Gods immortality, 51; origin of, 53, 100, 318; as messenger of the Gods, 216, 221; as Logos, 221, 290; in Vedas, 284; as dove, 290; as bull, 299 Agnostics and atheists, religious by definition, 19 n.; the term "agnostic," 233 Ahura Mazda, origin of, 284-5; relation of to Mithra, 288 ff., 294, 296, 311, 315, 410; a husband and father, 294 n.; in Avesta, 288 ff., 308 n., 311; in trinity, 315; and Ameshaspentas, 317 Ai, 150 Ainu, the, 30 Akatuira, 43 Akkadian civilisation, 78-9, 128, 343 Albanians, human sacrifices by, 125 Alexander Severus, 278 Alexandria, human sacrifice at, 126 Algonkins, human sacrifice by, 156 Allegory in religion, 328-9 Allen, Grant, on Christian origins, xxiii-v; on human sacrifices, 210 n., 317 n. Alpha and Omega, 142, 164, 294 Altars, 317 n. Ambassador, sacrificial, 159, 190 Amenthes, Egyptian, 309 n. America, religions of ancient, 339 ff.; races of, 339 ff.; civilisations of, 345 ff., 347, 380 Ameshaspentas, 296, 311, 317, 320 Amhaaretz, sacrifice of, 160 Amosis, 61 Amun, 92, 95, 205 n.; sacrifice of ram to, 131, 301, 303, 320 n. Anahid, 293 Anahuac, 342 Anaitis, 217 n., 293, 296, 322, 326 Anathema, 138 Ancestor-worship, 31-2, 40 ff., 47 ff., 103 Andhras, the, 247 n. Androphagoi, 128 Angels, belief in, 86, 105; the angel in the Pentateuch, 163, 218, 220, 315, 428 Animals, sacred, 184 Anna, 97 Anointing, in sacrifice, 112, 125; of priests, 158; of Jesus, 201 Anquetil, 294 n. Anthropology, 98 Anthropophagy. See Cannibalism Anu, 221 Aphroditê, 295; as masculine, 297 n. Apocalypse, Jesus in, 142, 164; Lamb in, 142, 164, 208, 330; Judaic character of, 164; elders in, 179; Mithraic details in, 205, 208; tau in, 310; Mazdean elements in, 142, 164, 330 Apollo, evolution of, 95, 96, 176 n., 322; cult of, 320 n.; descent to Hades of, 307; human sacrifice to, 124; and Thargelia, 148; titles of, 332; as Teaching-God, 214, 217, 222; Destroyer and helper, 293; as feminine, 297 n.; Cave-God, 304 n.; God of Rocks, 305 n. Apollonius of Tyana, 57, 274-80; and Jesus, 277; birth-story of, 277 Aquarius, 337 Arabs, life of, 53 n.; use of cross by, 157; treatment of camels by, 184 n.; human sacrifices by, 126, 131-2, 134 n., 137 n. Arahatship, in Buddhism, 248 Arbitrary, meaning of word, 5 Archelaus, 264-5 Ardivisura, 293 Arianism, 96 Arishtanemi, 252 Aristobula, 188 Aristophanes, cited, 127 Aristotle, 198 Armenia, Mazdeism in, 291 Arminius, 57 Arnold, 77 n. Art, Greek, 329; Assyrian and Persian, 300; Mexican, 344 Artaxerxes Mnemon, 290-1 Artemis, human sacrifices to, 60, 188; a saviour, 206 Arthur's Oon, 282 Aryans, religion of early, 53, 71 n. Ascension, the, 401 Asia, and Oceanic peoples, 153; and America, xxiii, 156, 340 ff. Assyrian religion, 68, 75, 285; empire, 79; temples, 182 n. Asuras, 51 Asvamedha sacrifice, 183 Atheism in Brahmanism and Buddhism, 250 Athenæus, cited, 293 n. Athênê, evolution of, 95; and Parthenos, 135; epithets of, 167 n.; as teacher, 215, 217; origin of, 217 n.; a virgin mother, 322 Athenians, human sacrifices by, 127 Atman, doctrine of the, 251 Atonement, Jewish Day of, 158, 160, 165, 168 Attis, evolution of, 95; cult of, 99, 181, 195, 196; resurrection of, 206, 307; Vegetation-God, 307: tree of, 318 n.; in Orphicism, 322; epithets of, 332 n. Augustine, as cult founder, 57; cited, 268 n., 272 Augustus, sacrifices to, 129 Aurelian, 325 n. Australians, aboriginal, 41 n., 44 n., 71, 104, 209 n., 410-1; Frazer and Lang on, 12; ancestor-worship among, 41, 43, 48; ethics of, 71, 72; names of, 100 n., 103; food supply of, 104 and note Avebury, Lord, 102 n. Aziluth, 315 Aztecs, religion of, 346 ff.; human sacrifices of, 137, 360 ff., 369 ff., 373; civilisation of, 342, 369, 380 ff. Bâbism, xvi-xviii Babylonian creation myth, 130; taboo of God-names, 49; deluge epic, 51; civilisation, 78-9; religion, 51, 303 n., 364; higher aspects, 97; influence on Judaism, 74 ff., 80 ff., 86, 167; on Mithraism, 291-2, 300, 315; human sacrifices, 128; Logos, 218 ff.; hymns and priestly schools, 222 n.; Messianism, 166 Bachichi, the, 134 n. Baentsch, 84 n. Bah, the God, 142 Bahram, 266 Bancroft, H. H., cited, 350, 371 Bandelier, 391 ff. Baptism, Mithraic, 380; Mexican, 356, 379 Barabbas, meaning of name, 146; annual sacrifice of, 162, 182, 185, 186, 198, 400 Barbary, Jewish sacrifices in, 169 Barth, 261 Bataks, religion of, 2 n., 31-2, 42-3; taboo of names among, 49; human sacrifices by, 116, 126; animal sacrifices by, 126, 184; symbolic sacrifices by, 139; ritual cannibalism of, 135, 389 Batchelor, 30 Baur, cited, 244, 259, 326 n.; on Manichæus, 267; on Apollonius of Tyana, 276 ff. Beatitudes, the, 219 n. Beausobre, 264 n., 265, 267 n. Bechuanaland, magic in, 18; names in, 103 Behnya, 117 n. Belief, nature of, 25 Belisama, 215 Belloguet, cited, 137 Bellona, 129 Beloved Gods, origin of, 3, 263; as Christs, 4; sacramentally eaten, 144; in Judaism, 163, 166-7, 268; in Greece, 167; in Manichæism, 268; their relation to history, 279; in Mazdeism, 294; survival values of, 328-9; in America, 370 ff.; attributes of, 375 n. Belti, 297 Bentley, 143 n. Bernard, St., 426 Bhagavâ, 244 Bibliolatry, 66 Bimbisâra, 252 Bishops, Christian, their rites and robes, 331 Black in sacrifice, 171 Blavatsky, Mme., as cult-founder, 58 Bleek, discussed, 159 n. Blood, religious use of, 111, 115, 128, 129, 130, 141, 189, 213 n., 320 and note, 362, 373 Bodhisatvas, 257 Boeckh and Burckhardt, cited, 94 Bonny, sacrifices at, 133, 183 Book of the Great Decease, 245 Boora Pennu, 64 n., 109 ff., 215 Boughs, symbolic meanings of, 191 n. Bouphonia, 130-1 Bousset, xiv Brahmanism and magic, 13, 21; and pantheism, 76; Logos in, 218-9; creation doctrine of, 221; and Babylonia, 221; and Buddhism, 250, 254 ff., 260, 263 Brahmans deified, 138 n. Brazil, civilisation of, 348 Bread, sacramental, medicinal virtue of, 144; evolution of, 207 n. "Brethren of the Lord," xix, 399 ff. Brinton, cited and discussed, 345 n., 368 n., 375 n., 382 Brown, Dr. G., 351 n. Brugsch, cited, 77 n. Bryant, 223 Buckland, A. H., cited, 342 n. Buckle, 348 Buddha, 4, 57, 238; legend of, 239 ff.; sayings attributed to, 240 ff.; alleged essential teachings of, 241; alleged founding of society by, 242 ff.; meaning of name, 243; multiplicity of, 243 ff., 262; cruces of record of, 246 ff.; details concerning, 250-2; and Asoka, 253 ff.; unhistorical, 256 ff.; Senart on, 258 ff.; alleged tomb remains of, 260-1; inscriptions relating to, 429 Buddhaghosa, 243 Buddhavansa, the, 243 Buddhism, 56; history of, 239 ff.; derivative character of, 247 ff., 256, 260; failure of, 263; in Thibet and Japan, 344 Budini, the, 267 Buffalo, sacred, sacrifice of, 110, 114, 116, 126, 183 n. Bull, sacred, 184; sacrament of, 140; symbolical meaning of, 298 ff., 320 Burckhardt, cited, 94 Burning and burying of bodies, 312 Burying alive, 379 n. Byron, Constant on, 58 n. Caiaphas, 122 Calendar, the Jewish, 145-6; the Mexican and Mongolian, 342 Calf, sacrifice of, as God, 130 Callatians, 128 Calvin, as cult-founder, 57 Camel, white, sacrifice of, 131 Cancer and Capricorn, 323, 337 Cannibalism, 47 n., 65, 104 n., 106; ritual, 106, 132-3, 134, 140 ff., 173, 351, 354, 364 ff., 389; and civilisation, 385 Canning, Major, cited, 389 Capacocha, 378 Carpenter, J. E., 194 n., 305 n., 396; criticised, 427-35; on Prof. Drews, 432 ff. Carthage, human sacrifices in, 61, 124, 126, 189, 356 n. Catacombs, religion in, 208, 326, 411 Catholicism and the backward races, 381 ff. Cave, myths of, 266, 272, 304 ff., 321 ff.; temples, 107 n., 303 ff. Cecrops, 60 Chaldean religion. See Babylonia Chambers, E. K., 196 n., 198 n. Chance in nature, 14 n. Chandragupta, 253 ff. Chastity, in pagan cults, 326, 350, 366 Cheetham, 143 n. Cherubim, the, 309 n. Child-God, 322 Child-sacrifice, Hebrew, 64, 152, 158; Carthaginian, 65, 124, 126; American, 124, 351, 353; Semitic, 124, 161, 344; Zulu, 124; Arab, 124; Mexican, 124, 344, 356, 373; Polynesian, 154 n.; symbolic, among Christians, 207, 368; Peruvian, 378 Chinese religion, 51 n., 53 n.; human sacrifices, 61 and note; civilisation, 345; Spring Festival, 139-40 Chosroes, fire-temple of, 282 Chrestus, xiv, 406 Christ, the Jewish, 2, 89, 91, 95, 175, 179 Christianity, and magic, 31; and monotheism, 93; anthropophagy in, 141; foundation of, 190; causes of success of, 328-9, 330 Christmas, 293 n., 305, 332, 373 Christs, pagan, 4, 206, 212, 263, 328-9, 370 ff. Chrysostom, 278 Chuenaten = Akhunaton, 60, 75, 84 n. Cilician pirates, the, 316 n., 325 Cimbri, human sacrifice among, 123 n., 191 n. Civilisation, development of, 37 ff. Claudius, 129 Clavigero, cited, 348 n., 355 n. Clemen, Prof., criticised, xv, 435-7 Clemens Alexandrinus, cited, 174n., 272 Coatlicue, 359 Cock, sacrifice of, 118 n.; Jewish sacrifice of, 168 ff.; African sacrifice of, 170-1; Greek sacrifice of, 171; Ghasiya sacrifice of, 172; Chinese sacrifice of, 171 n.; in legend of Peter, 333 Codooloos, the, 114 Colenso, xv Communion, Christian, 212; theories of, 143. See Eucharist and Sacrament Comte, cited, 15; on law of three stages, 384; as cult-founder, 58 Confucius, 239 Congo, sacrifices in, 170 Conquest and civilisation, 36, 79 Consciousness, religious, 24, 25, 27, 34, 60, 62 Constant, B., cited and discussed, 58 n., 384 Constantine, 325 Convents, pagan, 353 Cortès, 371 Cosmic emotion, 58 Couperie, 61 n. Cow, the sacred, 130 Crawley, Rev. E., criticised, xiv, 402 ff. Criminals, sacrificed, 125, 127, 134 ff., 182 Criobolium, the, 208, 303, 335 Crocodile, sacrifices to, 155 Cross, the, in human sacrifice, 112-13, 118, 151, 154, 157; Judaic symbol, 157, 158; meanings of, 190; in Osirian cult, 190 n., 196; in other cults, 319, 368; Arab symbol, 157; Hindu symbol, 157 n.; Mithraic symbol, 309 Crowns, in sacrifice, 112, 114 n., 178, 191; in Mithraism, 314, 319 n. Crucifixion, the Christian, 118 ff., 144 ff.; Roman resort to, 120 n., 126; mode of, 152; of Prometheus, 167; of Cyrus, 167; of Manichæus, 266; mystical, 196; in pagan cults, 319, 389, 433 Crux Ansata, the, 189 Cubricus. See Manichæus Cudworth, cited, 419 Culin, S., cited, 341 n. Culture-history, difficulties of, 349; value of American civilisations for, 349 Cumont, services of to hierology, xxii; on distribution of Mithraic monuments, 282 n.; on Gods as fathers, 294 n.; on Chaldean elements in Mithraism, 300 n.; on cave-worship, 304 n.; on Apuleius, 321 n.; on Roman Mithræums, 324 n.; on women in Mithraism, 326 n.; and Fr. Martindale, 426 Cunningham, J. F., 107 Cup, the mystic, 318 Custom, dissolution of, 37 Cyprus, human sacrifices in, 61 Cyrus, debt of Judaism to, 67, 83; and Sacæa, 148 n.; crucifixion of, 167; and history, 232; tomb of, 273; birth of, 321 Dabaiba, 350 Dagon, 208 Dahomey, human sacrifices in, 61, 136; cannibalism in, 141 Dall, cited, 346 n. Damascius, 220 Damis, 276 Daniel, 316 Dapper, 109 n. Darius, 290 Darmesteter, on age of Avesta, 285; on Ormazd and Mithra, 288-9; on Mazdean literature, 290; on Logos in Mazdeism, 296 n.; on Mithraic bull, 298 n.; on Mithraic trials, 308 n.; on [paragraph continues] Judaism and Persia, 315 n.; on stable-birth, 322-3 n. Daumer, xxv Davids, Prof. Rhys, services of to hierology, xxvi; on Buddhism, 240 ff. Davies, Prof. T. W., on magic and religion, 12-13 Death, savage views of, 1, 48; in ritual, 308 Deformed persons sacrificed, 139 Deissmann, 429-30 De la Roche, cited, 278 Delitzsch, 75 n. Dêmêtêr, epithets of, 167 n.; cult of, 142, 176 n., 191, 195; as teacher, 215 Descent to Hades, of Apollonius of Tyana, 277; an astronomic myth, 303; of Herakles, 307; of Mithra, 307, 323, 421; of Apollo, 307 De Soyres, 274 n. Despotism and civilisation, 36, 38 Deutsch, cited, 314 Devil, notion of, 86 Dewadatta, 252 Dhammapada, the, 241, 244, 257 Dinga, 109 Dio Cassius, cited, 125 n. Dionysius the pseudo-Areopagite, 418 Dionysos, origin of, 53 and note, 100; evolution of, 96, 97, 321; Omêstês, 123; cult of, 97, 99, 130, 132, 144, 167, 176 n., 181, 195, 330; sacrifices to, 123, 130, 140, 301; the Liberator, 167; two-formed, 180; myths of, 64 n., 185, 206, 321 and note, 323; Eucharist of, 142, 195, 207, 318; as teacher, 214-15; as feminine, 297 n.; epithets of, 167, 206; vegetation-God, 307 Dioscuri, the, 206 Diphilus, 61 Disease, savage views of, 1 Dissent, scientific aspect of, 96 Dods, Dr. M., cited, 265 Dog, sacramentally sacrificed, 140, 352; sanctity of, 312; the symbolic, 299 Dove, sacred symbol, 92 n., 223, 290 Drama, conditions of, 197, 198; Peruvian, 377-8. See Mystery-Drama Draper, cited, 380 n. Dreams, belief in, 44 Drews, Prof. A., xi, xii, 398, 432 Drugging in sacrifice, 113, 114, 116, 119, 140 n., 155 Druids, human sacrifices of, 128, 129 Drummond, 226 Drunkenness, religious, 293 n. Durkheim, cited, 19 Easter, lamb sacrificed at, 143, 318, 320; image of child eaten at, 207; a solar festival, 306 "Eating the God," 136, 141, 368. See Eucharist and Sacraments Ebritum, sacrifices at, 132 Economics of religion, 79, 88, 92, 280, 324, 327, 369, 372 Eddy, Mrs., as cult-founder, 58 Egeria, 217 Egg, the Easter—a cosmic symbol, 208, 221; blessing of, 143 Egyptian religion, 15, 21 n., 23, 44, 60, 67, 68, 75, 76, 77, 87 n., 92 n., 105; human sacrifices, 61; sacraments, 142; hieroglyphics, 190 n., 345; deification of kings, 47; taboo of God names, 49; influence on Hebrews, 67; monotheism, 77; ethics, 77; cross, 189; Teaching-Gods, 214; symbols, 309 n. Elagabalus, 125, 129 n., 326 n. Eleezer, Rabbi, 178 n. El Elyon, 175 Elias of Crete, 308 n. Ellis, A. B., cited, on Gods of fear, 2; on thank offerings, 105 n.; on slain messengers, 108 n.; on African sacrifices, 117 n.; on white in sacrifice, 151 n. El Shaddai, 67 n. Enemies, sacrificed, 135 n., 351, 364 Epimenides, 149 Epiphanius, 204 n. Er, 272 Erua, 221 Eskimo religion, 14 n. Esoteric religion, 330 Esther, 145 Ethical Societies, Crawley on, 404 Ethics, Christian and pagan, 32, 426; and early law, 54-5; and religion, 40, 55, 56, 58, 72, 76 ff.; Hebrew, 68 ff.; sacrificial, 32, 72; Mithraic, 288-9, 311, 326; Mazdean, 288-9, 312; Ancient American, 366 ff.; Brahmanic, 290 n.; of Apollonius of Tyana, 279; and supernaturalism, 383 ff. Euboulos, 304 Eucharists, Egyptian, 142; heredity of, 31, 90; Jewish, 164, 168 ff.; Dionysiak, 142, 195, 207, 318; Mithraic, 142-3, 174, 207, 307 ff., 318, 332 n.; other pagan, 207 n.; Christian, 141, 206-7; total evolution of, 209-13; ancient American, 144, 351, 352, 364 ff., 368, 373 Euripides, 97 Eurynomos, 94 n. Evangelists, emblems of, 309 n. Evans, A. J., cited, 304 n., 345 Ewald, 67 Executions, sacrificial, 135 ff. Exorcism, 31 Ezekiel, 157 Ezra, book of, 83 Fabricius, V., cited, 15 n. Family and religion, 45, 52, 54 Farrar, A. S., cited, 75 Fasts, pagan, 350 Fate as ruling the Gods, 15 Fawckner, 138 n. Fear, Gods of, 1-3; religion of, 11, 27, 40, 41 Feathers as sacred symbols, 359, 360 Feeling and religion, xv, 29, 33 Feridun, 232 Festivals, dates of, 324 Fichte, 56 Fiji, priest-kings in, 36; religion in, 343 n., 386; cannibalism in, 133, 134 n., 365 Fire, symbolic, 206; cult of, 373, 377 Fire-God, sacrifices to, 119, 271, 344, 373; as Logos, 221; Babylonian, 269; American, 119, 271, 368, 373; origin of, 285, 318; festival of, 368; sacrament of, 368, 373 Firmicus, 296, 306, 310 n., 318 First-born, 296; sacrifices of, 123, 128, 152; name of Logos, 218, 222, 224, 296 Fish, the divine, 207, 301-2, 364 Fison, Mr., cited, 41 Flaubert, 82 Flaying, in human sacrifice, 137, 190, 266, 270, 344, 364, 373 Fleet, Dr., 261 Florus, cited, 125 n. Fohsu, 117 n. Folklore, xxii Fomagata, 360 Founder, place of in religion, 57-8 Four, sacred number and symbols, 309 n. Francis Island, cannibalism in, 135 Francis, Saint, 57 Fraud, religious, 63 Frazer, J. G., services of, to hierology, xxiii; theory of, as to Christian sacra, 118, 144 ff.; on magic and religion, 11 ff., 20, 24, 36; on the Christian crucifixion, 118; on Athenian human sacrifices, 127; on Barabbas, 162; on Purim, 143, 145, 168; on Firmicus, 306 n., 319 n.; on Vegetation-Gods, 307; on magic and progress, 35 ff.; on magic and art, 35 n.; on Adonis, 433; on Godhood of kings, 47 n.; on primitive idea of duration, 47; on totemism, 99 n., 102 n.; on Porphyry, 137 n.; on Gods and animals, 320 n.; on entry into Jerusalem, 185; on sacrificial scourging, 189 n. Freethinkers, duty of, 383 Furuhers, 294 n. Fustel de Coulanges, discussed, 54 Gall in the mysteries, 191 Gallwey, quoted, 154 Gammadion, the, 309 Ganesa, 157 n. Garcilasso, 378 Gauls, human sacrifices by, 137 Gebelezeis, 269 Gelele, King, 61 Gelon, 61 Genius, moral, and religious reform, 60, 72, 78 George, St., 333 Gezo, King, 61 Ghasiyas, sacrifice by, 172 Ghillany, xxiv, xxv, 150 n., 173 Ghosts, savage ideas of, 41 ff., 54 Gill, cited, 43 Girard, discussed and cited, 50 n., 94 Gladstone, cited, 68 n. Glass, as cult-founder, 57 Gnosticism, and ancestor Gods, 47; and Judaism, 95; and the early Church, 96; and mystery dramas, 204 n.; and fish symbol, 208; and Babylonian theosophy, 222, 267; and Mithra, 334 Goat-God, the, 85, 106, 302, 323; sacrifice of, 106, 151 Goddesses evemerised, 166 n. Gods, origins of, 1-2, 3, 41 ff., 47 ff., 53; names tabooed, 49; as eaters of human flesh, 47 n.; evolution of, 50 ff.; relation of, to men, 1, 8, 12, 13, 15, 20, 22, 28, 40, 42 ff., 52, 71, 79; supreme, 24, 71, 86, 87, 96, 358; secondary, 89, 95 ff., 99 ff.; creative, 43, 87, 96, 350, 358, 363, 376; Saviour, 99, 294; sacrificed, 99 ff., 130 ff., 362, 363; teaching, 214 ff.; as children, 322 Gold Coast, sacrifices on, 117 n. Golden Rule, in Lao Tsze, 219 n. Goldziher, discussed, 70 n. Gonds, cannibal sacrament of, 132; symbolism of, 139 Gore, Bishop, 404 Gospels, the, crucifixion details in, 119 ff., 192, 193; theophagy in, 141; text of mystery drama in, 197 ff.; their value as history, 228 ff., 234-6; brethren of the Lord in, 399-400; the Primitive, 201 Gracchus, 331 Granger, cited, 2 n. Grannos, 215 Gratian, 331 Gratitude in religion, 3, 8, 29, 40 Graves, evolution of, 317 n. Greek religious thought, 15, 52, 94; influence on Judaism, 88, 90; influence on Semitic culture, 218 n.; influence on Islam, 93; influence on Rome, 45-6; science, 38; human sacrifices, 60, 64, 135; animal sacrifices, 171; ethics and Jewish, 68 n.; culture, value of, 76 Gregorie, 176 n. Gregory, St., 331 Griffin, 300 n. Grote, on human sacrifice, 127; on historical evidence, 231 ff. Guatemala, human sacrifice in, 354, 362-3 Gubernatis, xxvi Guerinot, 252 n. Guiana, sorcery in, 23 n. Guizot, 294 n. Gunkel, 437 Hades, 53 Hadrian, 125 Haeckel, cited, 341 Haidas, sacrifices of, 171 n. Haigh, on Dionysus, 97 n. Hair, cutting of, for sacrifice, 111, 307 Hanging as mode of sacrifice, 149-50, 151 Harnack, xii Harrison, Miss, on the religion of fear, 3 n.; on origin of Dionysus, 53 n.; on sacrifice, 106 n., 171 Harvest, sacrifices at, 149 Hathor, 53 Haug, cited and discussed, 286 n., 288 Havet, cited, 315 Hawaii, Teaching-Gods of, 215 Haynes, cited, 340 n. Hebrew religion, 16, 42, 47 n., 48, 49, 51, 64, 80 ff., 180; monotheism, 66 ff., 74, 76 ff., 80 ff., 87; ethics, 68 ff., 75 ff., 81, 93; polytheism, 67 ff., 86, 91; effects on, of Exile, 65; aspects of, at Return, 72-3, 82, 83, 85 ff.; overvaluation of, 74 ff., 76 ff., 84; literature, 72, 74 ff., 84, 85; culture and commerce, 88; temple finance, 88; expansion, 89; fraudulent history, 80 ff.; festivals, 145 ff.; human sacrifices, 64, 135 n., 149-50, 158 ff., 189; taboo of names, 49; dualism, 86; prophets as cult-founders, 57; high-priests, 88; cosmology, 75; superstition, 86-7, 93; eucharists, 168 ff.; obsession of blood, 189 Heifer, sacrifice of, 158 Heinrici, xiii Hell, the Christian, 205 Herakleitos, Logos of, 218 n., 222 Herakles, in Homer, 81 n.; labours of, 308, 336; cult of, 99, 131, 167, 195, 337; sacrifices to, 130, 195, 337; crown of, 191; cave God, 304 n.; resurrection of, 195 n., 307; a Saviour, 206; and history, 234 Hercules, 337 Heresy, 96 Hermes, as teacher of Apollo, 214; rival and son of Apollo, 292; Logos, 217, 222; epithets of, 299; birth of, 304 n., 321 n.; as lamb bearer, 332 Herod the Great, character of, 90; and Antigonus, 181; theatres built by, 204 —— Antipas, in Gospels, 193, 199 Herodotus, cited, on Egyptian sacrifices, 123, 131; on Scythians, 127-8; on Herakles in Egypt, 191; on Osirian mysteries, 194; on the Budini, 267; on Zalmoxis, 269; on Persian religion, 295 Hershon, 168 Hervey Islands, religion in 43, 181 Hiawatha, 352 Hibbert Journal, review in criticised, xii, 396 ff. Hierocles, 278 Hierology, purpose and principles of, xxii, 98, 387 High-places, Assyrian, 182 n.; vogue of sacrifices on, 292-3; Asiatic and American compared, 343, 354; Polynesian, 343; Mexican sacrifices on, 362; in legend of Quetzalcoatl, 366 Hillebrandt, 290 n. Hillel, 179 Hindus, religion of early, 41, 47 n. History, critical method in, 231 ff. Hobbes, 29 Holden, 124 n. Holy Spirit, sex of, 92, 220, 297 n.; in Judaism and Jesuism, 92; the Christian, 96-7; in paganism, 206; evolution of, 220; in Philo, 227-8 Hommel, discussed, 74 n. Horace, 129 Hormisdas, 266 Horos, 131 n., 206, 306, 319 n.; as fish, 208, 302 n. Horse, sacrifice of, 183-4 Hubert et Mauss, cited, 134 n. Huitzilopochtli, 144; as teacher, 214; symbols of, 357; temples of, 343; evolution of, 357 ff.; sacrifices to, 362, 363; eucharist of, 373 Human origins, 340 ff. Hume, 384 Huxley, services of, to hierology, xxvi; on Hebrew development, 65 n.; on Hebrew monotheism, 76, 77 n.; on the Bible, 77 n.; on agnosticism, 233; on witch of Endor, 233; Crawley on, 402 Hyde, cited, 265 n. Ibsen, 197 Ibus, the, sacrifice among, 136 n. Idolatry, resistance to, 70, 82, 85, 298 Idols, Mexican, 353 Ifa, 217 Ihering, von, 53-4 Ihne, 45 Immortality, idea of, 47 ff.; acquired by Gods, 51; doctrine of, in Mithraism, 311, 314; Gnostic, 222; baneful effect of, 385 Imperialism, ancient, 79, 324-5, 328; and human sacrifice, 361 Incas, 366, 376 ff.; rationalism among, 383 India, sacred animals in, 184 Indian religion, 44, 47 n., 51, 72, 218-9 (see also Buddhism); human sacrifices, 122, 212; use of cross, 157 n. Indra, evolution of, 95 Indulgences, 380 Initiation, rites of, 308; grades of, 309 Inquisition, in Mexico, 381, 402 Iphicrates, 61 Irrational, meaning of word, 4 ff. Isaac, 51 n., 64, 65, 124, 153, 162 Isaacs, Hyam, 168 Isaiah, and suffering Messiah, 166-7; and the mystic rock, 316-7 Ishmael, 162 Isis, 16; as magic-worker, 21 n.; cows sacred to, 159 n.; and Nephthys, 195; in Plutarch, 299; mysteries of, 204 n., 308 n., 321 n.; as teacher, 215 Israel (Kronos), 161, 162 n., 186 Issedones, 128 Ixion, 318 n. Jacobi, cited and discussed, 250, 251 ff. Jainism, 243 Jairus’ daughter, story of, 277 Jakri, the, 110 Jamblichus, cited, 16 James "brother of the Lord," xviii, xix, 399 ff. Jansen, 57 Jansenism, 196 n. Janus, Jevons on, 45; evolution of, 46; as teacher, 214; and Mithra, 325; and Peter, 332-3, 406 Japan, ancestor-worship in, 43; human sacrifices in, 61, 138, 183 Jastrow, cited, 76 n. Jensen, 437 Jerome, on Gospel According to Hebrews, 192 n.; on Archelaus, 264; on Mithraic initiation, 308-9, 416; on Bethlehem cave, 321 Jerusalem, siege of, 191 Jesus (= Joshua), cult of, 57, 90 ff., 95; crucifixion legend of, 118 ff., 144 ff., 192; the Apocalyptic, 142, 164, 205 n., 208; a pre-Christian God, 162 ff., 398; a demi-god in the "Teaching of the Twelve Apostles," 164, 188; unhistorical, xvii ff., 228 ff., 396 ff.; as Fish, 207, 302; in Pauline epistles, 237, 400; in Manichæism, 273; as Rock, 317; litany of name of, 332, 423-4; pagan attributes of, 332 — high-priest of the Return, 86 n., 91, 166 — son of Ananus, 193 — the Talmudic, 91, 194, 205, 237, 397, 405 Jevons, F. B., discussed, xxvi, 4 ff., 20 ff., 52, 59, 62, 65 n., 67 n., 70, 74 n., 94, 384; on earliest Gods, 1, 22, 23, 41; on taboos, 4-7, 25, 384; on rise of idea of duty, 6, 55; on superstition, 8; on magic and religion, 9-11, 14, 20, 22, 46; definitions of religion by, 20 ff., 24, 34, 60 n.; on the sacramental meal, 22, 59; on Egyptian religion, 23; on Supreme Gods, 24; on Pantheism, 24; on animism, 24; on belief, 25; on mythology, 26; on religious evolution, 27, 59-65 n.; on the Eleusinian mysteries, 28; on totemism, 27, 44, 99 n., 100 n., 102 n.; on ancestor worship, 41, 44, 52; on human sacrifices, 154 n., 209 n.; on sacred stones, 317 n.; on king-priests, 374; on Mexican priests, 375 n.; on Roman religion, 45; on religious reformers, 62; on Monotheism, 65 n., 69 n. Jews, contemporary, rites of, 152. See Hebrews Johnston, Sir H., on negro religion, 40, 170-1 Jolley, A. J., cited, 201 Jonah, book of, 85 Josephus, on siege of Jerusalem, 120 n.; on Jewish human sacrifice, 173; on temple miracle, 191; on Herod's theatres, 204 Joshua (= Jesus) the high-priest, 86 n., 91, 166; myths of, 64, 72, 163, 396, 428; sacrifices to, 64 n.; the hero, 91; sacrificial acts of, 150, 181; an Evemerised deity, 163 ff. Josiah, 82 Jovian, 328 Judas, 121-2, 197, 198, 199, 398, 401 Julius Cæsar, sacrifices by and to, 129; cited, 137 Juno, 359 Jupiter, human sacrifices to, 128, 129 Justi, cited, 291 n. Justin Martyr, on the paschal lamb, 157 n.; on Mithraic eucharist, 307, 421; on Mithraic rock, 316 Ka, the Egyptian, 44 Kafirs of Hindu-Kush, sacrifices by, 184 Kalmucks, the, 134 n. Kalthoff, A., xiv Kanerki, 316 n. Kant, 56 Kapparoth, the, 168 ff. Karaboodi, 111 Karhada Brahmans, human sacrifice by, 119 Karma, 248 Kasyapa, 244 Keane, A. H., 346 n. Kepler, 93 n. Kern, 261 Keys, the divine, 206, 292, 298, 330 n., 333 Khonds, ancestral Gods of, 47 n., 108; human sacrifices of, 64 n., 72, 108 ff., 118, 130, 183 n.; and images, 71 n., 108, 109 n.; ethics of, 72; religion of, 108-9; of Maliahs, 109, 110 n., 111 n., 113; myths, 111; ritual, 111 ff., 182, 193, 307 n.; liberty of victim among, 185; Teaching-Gods of, 215; mnemonics of, 345; priests of, 366 Khonsu, evolution of, 95; and Amun, 131, 320 n.; attributes of, 206 Khorda Avesta, 285 Khosrus, religion of, 319 n. See Chosroes Kidd, 402 Kin eating, 136 King, C. W., cited, 282, 332 n. Kings as Gods, 47 n.; sacrifices of, 137, 145, 148 ff., 161, 181, 182, 186; and priests, 288 n., 353; and progress, 35-6, 75, 361; abolition of human sacrifice by, 60 ff., 361 Kingsborough, Lord, 349 n. Kingsley, Miss, 41 Kinvad bridge, 311 Kista, 315 Kitimba, 155 Koeppen, 242 n. Kollmann, P., cited, 30 Koreamoku, 215 Krishna, evolution of, 95; and Buddha, 239, 252, 262; cult of, 284; and Jainism, 252 Kronos, human sacrifices to, 126, 137, 161, 162 n., 186; cult of, as Zervan, in Mithraism, 283, 291, 417 Kuenen, cited, 67 n., 68 n., 260 Kulischer, xxiv Lactantius, 278; cited and discussed, 121 n., 129, 279 Laing, S., 402 Lajard, services of, to hierology, xxii; on Riccio, 283; on Mithraic origins, 300 n.; on Mithraic degrees, 309, 417; on Mithraic monuments, 325 n. Lake of fire, the, 205 Lamb, the divine, 142, 208; the God, in the Apocalypse, 142, 164, 205 n., 320; substituted for children in sacrifice, 153, 213 n.; sacrificed by Christians, 143, 207, 318, 320; as crucified, 157 n. Lampridius, 313 Lang, A., cited: on taboo, 4; on Dr. Frazer's definition of religion, 12 n.; on ancestor-worship and name-taboo, 48, 49; on Zulu religion, 50 n.; on Supreme Gods, 71, 384, 386; on Dr. Frazer's theory, 146, 148 n., 149; on the paschal massacre, 152 n.; on scourging of victims, 188; on the Golden Bough, 191 n.; on sacrifices, 209 n.; on savage survivals, 384; on Australian religion, 12; on primitive idea of immortality, 47; on totemism, 100 n., 102 n. Language, evolution of, 346 Lao-Tsze, 219 and note Lardner, cited, 278 Lares Praestites, the, 46 Las Casas, 381 Law, early, and religion, 55 ff. Leibnitz, 283 Lenormant, cited, 296 n. Lent, 306 Leonard, Major, 133 n., 134 n. Letourneau, cited, 209 n. Letronne, 300 n. Leucadia, sacrifice at, 139 Libra, 323 Lillie, cited and discussed, 254 n. Limb-breaking, in sacrifice, 113, 119, 153, 155, 156 Lion-headed God, 283, 291, 298 Literatures, ancient, 78 Livy, cited, 129 n. Logoi, 226 Logos, doctrine of, in Jewry, 86, 90, 163-4, 178, 218, 222, 226; in the Apocalypse, 205 n.; in Egypt, 217; in Mazdeism, 218, 289; in Mithraism, 292, 296, 314 ff., 409; evolution of, 218 ff.; in Brahmanism, 218-9; in China, 219; in Plato, 220; in Babylonia, 220 ff.; in Philo, 220, 223-8; in Mexico, 375 n.; in Clem. Alex., 174 n.; in Greece, 217, 218 n. Lord's Day, 175, 180, 305, 429 Lubbock, Sir J., 102 n. Lucian, 73 Lunus, 177 Luther, as cult-founder, 57 Lyall, Sir A. C., on magic and religion, 11; on origins of Gods, 231 ff. Lycaon, 123 Lycurgus, 238 Lydus, Johannes, 305 n. Mabon, 215 Maccabees, the, 89 Macdonald, Rev. D., 43 and note, 102 n. Macpherson, 108 Macrobius, 419 Madagascar, taboo in, 50 n. Magi, the, 322-3 n. Magic, origin of, 10, 15, 23, 28; and religion, 7, 9 ff., 28 ff., 99; in Brahmanism, 13; in Egypt, 13; in Chaldea, 14; primitive, 13 ff., 21; among Jews, 16, 21 n., 30; "sympathetic" and "art," 16, 28, 29, 182; and progress, 35 ff.; and art, 35 n.; private and public, 29 Mahaffy, cited and discussed, 127 Maimonides, 179 Maistre, Joseph de, cited, 381 Maitreya, 257 Malabar, human sacrifice in, 138 Malachi, 87 Malagasy, taboo of names by, 50 n. Malayan human sacrifices, 122; animal sacrifices, 170-1 Malcolm, cited, 119 Maleus, 161 Mamili, 117 Manah, 177 n. Manco Capac and Mama Ocello, 215, 342 Manes, the, 46 Mangaia, 152 n. Manichæism, 96, 273; and Mithraism 334 Manichæus, legend and problem of 264 ff.; flaying and crucifixion of 266; name of, 268; story of, and cave, 269; mystery-drama of, 272 writings of, 273 Manna, 177 n. Manu, Queen, 61 Manyema, the, 155 Maoris, magic and religion among, 13 14; and images, 71 n.; cannibalism of, 104 n., 365; human sacrifices by 122, 161 n., 209 n.; and colour red 271 n. March, 359 Marcion, 274 Marduk. See Merodach Margoliouth, Dr., discussed, 396 Mariner, cited, 116 n., 365 n. Mark, gospel of, 229 n. Markham, C., discussed, 378 n. Mark on the forehead, the mystic, 309. Mars, human sacrifices to, 129; symbol of, 319, 357; names of, 357; and Mithra, 325; origin and evolution of, 358-9; the star, worship of and sacrifices to, 271 Marti, 84 n. Martindale, Fr., criticised, 413 ff. Marucchi, 335 n. — Magdalene, 185 Masai, the, 36 n.; taboo of names among, 50 Mashya and Mashyana, 294 n. Maspero, cited, 13 Mass, the, origin of name, 425 Massey, G., cited, 297 n. Massilia, human sacrifice at, 139 n. Matarisvan, 221 n. Maui, 43 Maury, 136 n. Mazdeism, origins of, 288 ff., 291; prayer in, 305 n.; and Judaism, 83, 85-6, 166, 218 ff., 320, 422-3 Mead, G. R. S., 204 n. Mediatorial Gods, 206, 222, 294 and note, 314, 412 Medicine, from the Gods, 215 Meir, Rabbi, 165 n. Meis, 266 Melchizedek, 175-6 Melkarth, human sacrifice to, 126; and Athamas, 302 n. Menahems, 268 Menelaus, 123 Menu, 238 Meredith, G., quoted, 229 Meriah, 110 ff. Merodach, and Ea, 95, 216; in creation myth, 130; and book of Esther, 145; as mediator, 206, 222 n.; as Logos, 216; as Saviour, 222 n.; festival of, 292; and Nabu, 292 Mesi, King, 62 n. Mesopotamian culture, 69, 74, 75, 78-80 Messenger, sacrificed, 105 ff., 190; of the Gods, 216, 217, 269, 270, 344 Messiah, rise of doctrine of, 79, 89, 166, 180; as priest, 158, 175, 179; in Book of Enoch, 89, 167; the two Messiahs, 167, 268-9; the suffering Messiah, 120, 166-7, 269 n.; Mexican, 370 ff. Metatron, the, 163, 220 n., 314-5 Methana, sacrifices at, 171 Mexico, religion of ancient, 355 ff.; human sacrifices in, 132, 151, 271, 360 ff.; ethics of ancient, 366 ff.; eucharist in, 144; Teaching-Gods of, 216; language of, 382 n.; modern civilisation of, 382 Mexitli, 358 Meyer, E., cited, 51 n., 217 n. Michelet, cited, 379 n. Mihrgan, 323 Mihrvard, 322 n. Milinda, King, 249 Mills, L. H., cited and discussed, 286 ff., 295 n. Minayeff, 260 Minos, 217 Minucius Felix, 129 Miriam, 165-6 Mirror as symbol, 344 Missa, 332 n. Mithra, symbols of, 142, 298 ff., 309; sacrament of, 143, 174-5, 207, 307, 318, 332 n.; two-formed, 180, 296; three-formed, 296; resurrection of, 195, 306, 317; cult of, 181, 205. 208, 281 ff., 303 ff., 310 ff.; attributes of, 206, 288 ff.; sacrifice of, 299, 300, 303, 320; festivals of, 293 n.; mysteries of, 195, 302, 305, 306 ff., 314, 317 ff., 415 ff.; as tree-God, 319; and Lunus, 177; titles of, 429-30; evolution of, 95, 288 ff.; human sacrifice to, 126, 292, 312-3; names containing name of, 291 n.; a Pagan Christ, 294; name of month, 323; descent of, into Hades, 323 Mithradates, 325 Mithraism, 281 ff.; vogue of, 281, 324, 413; monumental remains of, 282 ff.; derivation of, 283 ff.; absorption of, in Christianity, 310 ff., 327 ff., 424; organisation of, 330; didactic side of, 310 ff.; ethics of, 288-9, 311, 326; Tisdall on, 408 ff.; Martindale on, 413 ff. Moabites, human sacrifice among, 161 Mockler-Ferryman, 134 n. Mohammed, 64, 65, 238-9. See Islam Mokoiro, 43 Monarchy and monotheism, 69, 76, 86 Monkey sacrificed, 117 Monotheism, evolution of, 66 ff., 76, 82 ff., 84 n., 87 Moon-worship, 159, 170-1, 177. See Mên Mordecai, 145 Moses, 57; and Mithra, 16; as God, 17; myth of, 67, 80, 175, 190, 217, 238, 239, 273 n., 316-7; in Philo, 226-7 Mother-Goddess, Babylonian, 220; in Christianity, 228, 333; in Paganism, 321-2, 333; Mexican, 364 Mounds, the Mississippi, 343, 354 Mount, the heavenly, 287 n. Mourning, ritual, 306 Moymis, 220 Muggleton, 58 Muir, 218-9 Müller, J. G., cited and discussed, on monotheism and polytheism, 69 n.; on theophagy, 144; on Asia and America, 347; on feather symbol, 359 n.; on humanity in religion, 366 n. — K. O., on Dionysus, 97 n.; on Apollo, 307 — Max, his teaching, 71 n.; on the Logos doctrine, 218; on Brahmanism and Buddhism, 253 n.; on Mitra, 293 n. Mundus, 304 Murray, Gilbert, quoted, 97 Musæus, 238 Mylitta, 295-6 Mystery-drama, the Eleusinian, 28, 195; the Christian, xi, xxi, xxv, 187, 188, 193, 194-204, 212, 396 ff., 436; first Christian production of, 204; the Rhodian, 187; in the pagan cults, 181, 194, 205, 308-14; survivals of, 391 ff.; the Manichæan, 272 Mythology, significance of, xxii; arbitrary treatment of, 41; definitions of, 26 Myths, origin of, 52; and history, 231 ff. Nagasena, 249 Nairyô-sangha, 312 Names, magical virtue of, 21 n., 49, 163, 220; origin of, 100 ff. Narcotics in human sacrifice, 113, 114, 116, 119, 138, 140 n., 153, 155, 390 Narrinyeri, taboo of names among, 49; ngaitye of, 103; Teaching-Gods of, 214 Natchez, religion of, 353 Nature, idea of law in, 16 Nazarite, Jesus as, 186 Ndengei, 365 n. Neander, 267 Nebo. See Nabu Nehemiah, book of, Persian influence on, 83, 86 Nergal, 172 n. Nero, 129 n. Neumann, cited, 322 n. New Hebrides, religion in, 43 — F. W., 65 n. New-Year days, 146, 160-1, 292 Nietzsche, 403 Nigeria, human sacrifices in, 132, 135; cross in, 154; animal sacrifices in, 170; cattle sacred in, 184; Teaching-Gods of, 217; trinity in, 223; creation in, 221 Nile, sacrifice to, 135 Nine, sacrifice of, 107 and note Ninlil, 297 Nonnus, 416 Nous, 315 Nubia, cannibalism in, 133 Numina and Gods, 45 Nurundere, 214 Nuruz, 319 n. Obubura sacrifices, 151 Occult, idea of, 15 Oceanic peoples, Asiatic origin of, 153 Oddēs, the, 125 n. Odin, cult of, 151; as teacher, 215 Odyssey, the, 81 n. Oki, 351 Oldenberg, cited, 13; on Buddhism, 245, 247, 255, 259 Olympic Gods, 86 Omar Khayyam, cited, 309 n. Only-begotten, sacrifice of, 137, 162, 187, 351; name of the Logos, 218, 222; saviours, 167 Onophrius, 190 n. Origen, 21 n., 92, 162, 302, 328 Ormuzd, 283. See Ahura Mazda Orpheus, descent of, to Hades, 191 n., 307; as teacher, 217; and the bough, 191 n.; a day God, 307; and history, 238 Orphicism, egg in, 208; Attis in, 322 Osiris, 16, 53; resurrection of, 92 n., 144, 189, 306, 318; cult of, 99, 181, 306; as child, 131 and note; evolution of, 53, 95; mysteries of, 194-5, 196, 205, 217, 306, 319, 433; names of, 190 n.; attributes of, 206, 330; as Teaching-God, 214; in Plutarch, 299 Ostiaks, sacrifice by, 115 n. Ouranos, 217 Padæans, 128 Palanque, ruins of, 348 Pallas, 313 n. Pantheism, 24; rise of, 76, 84, 87 Papa = Pope, 335 Papuan religion, 14 n.; cannibalism, 134 n. Parnapishtim, 51 Parsees, the, 89 Partridge, C., 150-1 Passion plays, 391 ff. Passover, date of, 145-6; and crucifixion, 149; rite of, 152, 157, 163, 213 n. Pater Patrum, 336 ff. Patroclus, 107 n. Paul, as cult-founder, 57; and Jesus, xiii, xviii, 121, 234-5, 236, 237, 397 ff.; on the crucifixion, 196; and his converts, 314 Peacock, symbol, 109 Pelopidas, 127 n. Penitentes, 391 ff. Persephonê, 167 n., 191 n., 195, 306 n. Persian religion, influence of on Jewish, 83, 84, 85-6, 315 n.; human sacrifices, 123 Peru, ancient religion of, 215-6, 272, 376 ff.; civilisation of, 347, 380; drama in, 193, 377 Peter, and cock, 199, 333; treason of, 199, 202; and rock, 202, 317, 330; and Proteus, 332-3; and Janus, 332-3; chair of, 334 ff. Petronius, cited, 1 Pfleiderer, xiii, 435 n. Philo, Logos doctrine of, 220, 223-8; relation of, to Hebrew sacred books, 227 n.; his conception of sacrifice, 177-8, 227 and note Philostratus, 275 ff. Phœnician human sacrifices, 61, 64, 124, 126 Phrixos, 302 Phrygia, religion in, 274, 318 Pidyen haben, 152 Pig, sacred, sacrifice of, 154 — "Acts of," 202 Plato, Logos of, 220, 222; birth story of, 239, 277 Plunkett, Miss, 285 n., 300 n. Plutarch, cited, 125 n.; his Isis and Osiris, 299; on Mithra, 412 Polynesia, intoxicants in, 116; mystic rock in, 316; human sacrifice in, 122, 154, 209 n.; symbolic use of boughs in, 191 n.; pyramid-temples in, 343 n. Polytheism, 66 ff.; ethics of, 69, 70, 71 ff., 77 ff. Pompey, 325 Pomponius Mela, cited, 128 Porphyry, and Abammon, 16; on human sacrifices, 129, 137; on the Rhodian sacrifice, 137, 187; on Mithra, 299 n., 319, 320, 337, 430; on sacred caves, 304; on Mithraic initiation, 308-9 Poseidon, 330 Prajapati, 219 Prah, 117 n. Pratt, A. E., cited, 14 n., 134 n. Prayer, logic of, 19, 21, 32; psychology of, 35 Preller, 180 n. Priests, as taboo-makers, 6; and religion, 6, 13, 17; inspired by the God, 216; and Kings, 62, 288 n., 374; as promoters of human sacrifice, 361, 364-5, 366, 374 ff.; hostility of to magic, 30; reduction of status of Gods by, 51; and reform of religion, 60, 62; psychology of, 367 Privileges of victims, among Codooloos, 114; among Khonds, 111, 116; at Bombay, 119; among Albanians, 125; at Rhodes, 137; in Polynesia, 154; in America, 354, 363; at Bonny, 183; among Native Americans, 183; among Hindus, 183-4 Prometheus, crucifixion of, 167 Prophets, sincerity of, 62-3 Protestantism and the backward races, 382 Psychology of religion, 34-5, 39 Punjab, religion in ancient, 253 ff. Purgatory, doctrine of, 333 Purity of sacrificial victims, 135, 151, 153, 161, 352 Pushan, 284 n. Pyramid-temples, Assyrian, 182 n.; vogue of, 273, 292; Asiatic and American, 343, 354; Polynesian, 343; Mexican, 362, 366 Quetzalcoatl, 216 n., 360, 368 n., 370 ff. Quipus, 345 Quma, 342 n. Ra, 216 Rain, God of, women sacrificed to, 135, 151; Hebrew sacrifices to, 150; in Mexico, 356, 368 n. Ram, sacrificed, 117, 131, 319, 320; the mystic, 298 n., 301-2, 319, 320 Rama, 259 Rangi, 43 Ransom in sacrifice, 170 Rasmussen, cited, 14 n. Rawlinson, cited and discussed, 290, 298 n. Reason and religion, 39 Reclus, Elie, cited and discussed, 111 n., 114, 115 Red, colour, in human sacrifice, 112, 114, 119, 158, 270-1, 272, 344 Redemption, Jewish rites of, 152 Native Americans, religion of, 15, 343; cannibalism among, 133; taboo of names among, 49 n.; crucifixion among, 151 n.; sacrifices of, 106, 122, 124, 133, 151, 152 n., 183 Reinach, S., on religion, 58 n.; on totemism, 99 n., 100 n. Religion, meaning of, 7, 8, 11, 12, 28, 32; definition of, 57-8; and taboo, 6, 7, 25, 33-4; and philosophy, 32 ff., 39, 56; and magic, 9 ff., 12 ff., 28 ff.; and totems, 19, 44; and law, 54-6; scientific view of, 20, 28 ff., 52, 56, 57-8, 385; evolution of, 66, 94 ff.; and reform, 60 ff.; fixation in, 66; retrogression in, 41 n., 140; and ethics, 367-8; Constant on, 58 n., 384; Reinach on, 58 n.; Réville on, 58 n.; Crawley on, 402 ff. Renaissance, culture of, 39 Renan, 66; on the Jews, 94; on the Greeks, 94; on night in the East, 198; on Mithraism, 330 n.; on Bâbism, xvii Renouf, Le Page, cited, 77 n., 87 n. Resurrection, idea of, 144, 189; of the saints, 192, 200. See Immortality, and Osiris, Mithra, Dionysos, Herakles, etc. Réville, A., on religion, 58 n.; on burying alive, 379 n.; on polytheism, 71 n.; on Apollonius of Tyana, 276, 277 n.; on Judaic science, 93 n.; on American civilisations, 342; on Jansenism, 196 n.; on cross-symbol, 368 n.; on Christianity and Mythology, 435 — J., 277 n. Rhodes, human sacrifices at, 65 n., 137, 186, 187 Riccio, 283 Ritter, 267 Rix, Herbert, xvi Robe, the Buddhist, 242 n., 344; the seamless, 330; of righteousness, 364 Rock, of Israel, 175, 316, 317; in Jesuism, 202, 316, 330, 331, 335; in Mithraism, 305, 316 ff., 410; in other cults, 316 Roman symbolism, 139; human sacrifice, 128-9, 135 n.; religion, 2 n., 32, 45 ff., 51 n., 53, 68; law, 53 n.; imperialism, 80; civilisation, 39; taboo of God names, 49 Romulus, 238 Rongo, 43 Roscher, xxii Roskoff, cited, 57 n. Rossi, 283 — de, 336 Russia, human sacrifice in, 122 Ruth, book of, 85 Sabbath, institution of, 82, 175 Sacraments, nature of, 28; and totemism, 99; cannibal, 22, 65, 124, 128, 141 ff.; Polynesian, 154; of Native Americans, 156; Hebrew, 168 ff.; Dionysiak, 195; Mithraic, 142-3, 174, 207; Pagan, 207 n.; Christian, 143, 207; total genealogy of, 211; American, 351, 352; Mexican, 364 ff., 373; Peruvian, 378-9; Scythian, 128 Sacrifices, ethic of, 32; Hebrew, 106, 168 ff. — human, disused in prosperity, 64; revived in disaster, 65, 140; forms of, 105 ff.; in Greece, 60-1, 123, 129, 135, 139; in Egypt, 61, 123, 129, 135; Phœnician, 61, 64, 124, 126, 129; Polynesian, 61, 122, 150 n., 151, 154, 156, 189; Japanese, 61. 127, 183; in Dahomey, 61, 136, 270; Chinese, 61, 366; Hebrew, 64, 65, 107 n., 124, 149-50, 158 ff., 168 ff., 186, 189; Athenian, 106, 127; in Uganda, 107, 125 n., 155; at Benin, 107-8, 135, 138 n., 151, 154; in Sumatra, 116, 126; in Nigeria, 132, 134, 136 n., 150; to the Rain God, 135; to the Nile, 135; in Malabar, 138; in Brazil, 350-1; American, 106, 122, 183, 350 ff.; Mexican, 119, 151, 271, 360 ff.; Peruvian, 366, 378; Khond, 108 ff.; universal, 122 ff.; Albanian, 125; to Zeus, 123, 125; to Jupiter, 128, 129; ancient Mesopotamian, 128; Persian, 123; Roman, 128-9; Arab, 126, 129; Rhodian, 137; analogous to executions, 135; evolution of theory and practice of, 138 ff., 156, 186 ff., 209-13, 361; Teutonic, 151; to Dionysos, 123; to Kronos, 126, 137; to Melkarth, 126; to Mithra, 126, 312; Scythian, 127-8, 269, 270; to the sea, 129 n., 183; in Bombay, 119; African, 122, 132-3, 151; Malay, 122; Indian, 122, 127; Russian, 122; Maori, 122, 365; Aryan, 122; Slavonic, 123; in modern Greece, 125; by Catalinarian conspirators, 125; in Gaul, 137 Sagan, the, 159 Sahagun, 381 Salamis, human sacrifices at, 125, 127 Salih, 270 n. Sallust, cited, 125 n. Samaritan religion, 85, 86, 92, 163, 213 n. Samoans, taboo of names by, 50 n.; human sacrifices by, 61, 150 n.; religion of, 103, 386 Samson, an Evemerised god, 81, 292; a deliverer, 167; only begotten, 167; as Nazarite, 186; Sun-God, 186, 307; and Mithra, 292; death of, 307; labours of, 308 Sancu, 379 Sandeman, 57 Sandwich Islands, human sacrifice in, 156 Saoshyant, and Jewish Messianism, 166; characteristics of, 206, 322; and Mithra, 322, 420; Tisdall on, 411 Saracen culture, 39 Sargon, 317 Sarpanitum, 221 Satapatha Brāhmana, 117 Saturn, sacrifices to, 126; as Teaching-God, 214. See Kronos Saturnalia, 186 Saul, 233; sons of, sacrificed, 149, 161, 181, 189 Saussaye, C. de la, 45 Savages, progress among, 35 ff.; forward races and, 381 ff.; psychology of, 42 Saviour-Gods, 99 ff., 206, 222 Sayce, cited, 14, 220; discussed, 74 n., 411 Scalping, 344 Scapegoat, 184; sacrifice of, 105 ff., 138, 158-9, 189 Schmiedel, xi, 229 ff.; his nine trustworthy texts, xix, 230 ff. Schürer, cited, 92 n., 160 n., 174 Schwab, cited, 159 n. Schweitzer, Dr. A., xiv, 435 n. Scourging, sacrificial, 188-9 Scythians, cannibalism among, 127; human sacrifices by, 127-8, 269, 270 Seel, H., 414 Seeman, B., 343 n. "Self-made" Gods, 175 Semites, ethics of, 53 n.; sacrifices of, 64, 65, 124, 135; modern, 152, 157; sun-and-moon-worship of, 171. See also Hebrew and Phœnician Senart, cited and discussed, 252 n.; 258 ff. Sepher Toledoth Jeschu, the, 220, 406 Serapis, 95 Seven, sacred number, 164, 181, 205 n. 309 n., 317 Sex, ethic of, 77-8 Sexes, union of in deity, 293, 296-8, 418 Sexual liberty of sacrificial victim, among Khonds, 111, 185; among Codooloos, 114; among Native Americans, 183; in Mexico, 363 Shakespeare, 197 Shamai, 179 Sheep, sacrifice of, 131, 272, 379; sacred, 184 Shekinah, 86 Shema, 49 Shew-bread, 178-9 Shintoism, 344 Sidonius Apollinaris, cited, 278 Silenus, 215 Simon of Cyrene, 199 — Magus, 252 Sin, theory of, 404 Sin-offerings, 189 Sioux, human sacrifice by, 351 Siün, 61 n. Skeat, W. W., 171 n. Skins, sacrosanct, in Mexico, 137, 271, 344, 364, 368, 373; in Scythia, 190, 270 Smith, Prof. Robertson, cited and discussed, on origin of Gods 1 n.; on origins of religion, 52; on Mohammed, 65 n.; on Jewish monotheism, 69; on animal sacrifice, 131: on Arab sacrifices, 132 n., 134 n.; on executions and sacrifice, 150 n.; on Jewish mystery revivals, 173; as editor, 281, 431; on Mexican sacrifices, 363 n.; on sacred skins, 364; on decay of cannibalism, 365 n. — Adam, cited, 15 — Prof. W. B., xi, 398 Sokrates (Ecclesiastical Historian), on Mithraic sacrifices, 126, 313; on Manichæus, 264 Solomon, 85 Soma, the, gives Gods immortality, 51; feast of, 175; origin of, 53; in Persia, 285; deification of, 100, 318 Son of God, notion of, 95 ff., 322; sacrifice of, 161-2 Sophia, doctrine of, in Judaism, 90, 92, 221, 222; evolution of, 219, 221, 222; in Philo, 223, 227; in Christianity, 228; in Gnosticism, 315 Sophocles, 195 Spartans, sacrifices of, 135 n. Spencer, H., 71 n.; cited, 40, 50 n.; on origin of Gods, 42; services of, xxiii, xxvi; on origin of totem, 100-1; on funeral sacrifices, 209; on tree of knowledge, 318 n.; on evolution of altars, 317 n. Spiegel, cited, 269, 274 n., 409 Spitta, F., xii, xiii Sraosha, 296 n., 314, 315, 322, 410 Stable, the sacred, 322-3 n. Steinthal, cited, 17 n. Stevenson, W. B., cited, 342 n. Strabo, on Leucadian sacrifice, 124; on Albanian sacrifice, 125; on Sacæa, 148 n.; on Omanus, 296 Strack, H. L., 160 n. Substitution in sacrifice, among Greeks, 60, 131; in Japan, 61; by kings, 60, 61; among Koyis, 117; among Brahmans, 117; in India, 118 n.; in Polynesia, 118 n., 154; among Arabs, 131; in Egypt, 131; reason of, 134; among Malays, 171 n.; in Fiji, 365 n.; in Mexico, 369 Suetonius, cited, xiv, 129, 406 Suidas, quoted, 314 Sun-Gods, 293-4, 299 ff., 305; titles of, 175; symbols of, 190; births of, 321; Hebrew sacrifices to, 150; sacrifice of horse to, 184; and Goat-Gods, 302 Sun-worship, 172, 350, 356, 363, 376-7 Supernatural, meaning of word, 1, 20; idea of, 9, 20 Superstition, meaning of, 8-9; Hebrew, 86-7, 93; in times of crisis, 140 ff. Supper, Holy, 143, 174, 176, 196. See Eucharists Survival, laws of, in religion, 27, 280, 328 Swastika, the, 309 Sword = cross, 319 Symbolism, in sacrifice, 139, 144; in Mithraism, 298 ff.; in Plutarch, 299; in ancient religions, 328 Synagogues of dispersion, 168 Syncretism in religion, 294 n. Taaroa, 316 Taboo, origin of, 5-6; effects of, 7; and religion, 6, 7, 49, 55, 57, 404; and social obligation, 6, 55; of names, 49 ff.; among Hebrews, 49; force of, 100 Tacitus, on the Christians, 406 Tahiti, sacrificial usages at, 151, 152 n., 365; cannibalism in, 133 Talmud, 78 n., 119 n., 158, 268, 428 Tammuz, resurrection of, 145, 189; name of, 162, 301; cult of, 162, 185, 321 Tangaloa, 216 Tannese, the, 109 n. Tao or Tau, 219 Tarsus, religions of, 195, 316 n. Taurobolium, the, 208, 303, 335 Tauthê, 220 Taylor, Rev. R., on Maori magic, 1314; on Godhood of chiefs, 41; on Maori images, 71 n. Teaching-God, notion of, 56; primary, 214-8; Mexican, 370 Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, 164, 188 Tears, in Jewish ritual, 159; sacrificial value of, 115, 189 Tell, William, 239 Temple, Jewish legends of, 191-2 Temptation-myth, modern criticism of, xii, xiii Teraphim, 353 Terebinthus, 264 Tertullian, cited, on child sacrifice, 126; on sacred blood, 129; on willingness of victim, 121 n.; on Mithraism, 308; on cult of Herakles, 337; on mysteries of Osiris, 306 Tezcatlipoca, as son and lover, 322 n.; symbol of, 344; attributes of, 358, 363, 375; festival of, 363; and Quetzalcoatl, myth of, 370 Tezcucans, civilisation of, 348 n., 366 Thadda Pennu, 109 Thargelia, 106, 127, 139, 148, 188 Thartaboodi, 111 Theism, 12, 19, 33; and kingship, 55 Themistocles, 127 Theodosius, 95 n. Thomas, St., 349 n. Thomson, B., 134 n. Thoth, and magic, 21 n.; and seven, 205 n.; as teacher, 214, 216; moon-god, 217, 221; influence of, on Judaism, 221 Thrace, human sacrifice in, 129 Three, sacrifice of, 115, 181 ff. Thunder-God, sacrifices to, 141 Tibet, 136 Tiele, on Hebrew religion, 76 n.; on Hermes, 217 n.; on magic of names, 220; on Anaitis, 296 n. Tisdall, Dr., criticised, 408 ff. Tlascalans, civilisation of, 345, 368 Toleration, ancient, 75 Toltecs, 348, 361; religion of, 370 ff. Tonga Islands, human sacrifice in, 61, 151; enemies eaten in, 133; child sacrifice in, 154 n., 365; religion in, 216 Torquemada, cited, 355 n. Torture in human sacrifice, 115, 119, 133 Totem, deification of, 44, 100; eating of, 99, 104 Totemism, 19, 27, 44, 99; and civilisation, 37 n.; origin of, 100 ff.; sacrifices relating to, 110 n., 210 Transfiguration, the, 203, 204 Tree, the sacred, 118, 318, 319; Mithra in, 319. See Cross Trinity, doctrine of, 87, 295; in Egypt, 206, 295; in China, 219; in Judaism, 228; in Mazdeism, 309 n., 315; in Akkad, 297; in Babylonia, 206, 297; in Hinduism, 295; in Nigeria, 220; in Christianity, 228 Trumbull, cited, 213 Tu, 215 Tupinambos, human sacrifice by, 350-1 Turner, quoted, 103 Twelve, eucharist of, 175, 179; apostles, 164, 180, 399; labours, 308, 335, 336; tables, 238; sacrifice of, 107 n. Two-sexed deities, 297 n., 322 Tylor, cited, 342-3, 372 n., 382 Tyre, human sacrifice in, 126 Uganda, limb-breaking in, 155; cannibalism in, 136; human sacrifice in, 107, 125 n. Ui, 61 Unas, King, 47 n. Unitarianism and Christian origins, 431 Upavasatha, the, 175 Uranus, myth of, 53 n. Usher, 268 Usury among Hebrews, 87 Vacca, 283 Vaggians, tribe of, 245 Valverde, 381 Van Manen, xviii, 237 n., 259 n., 398, 400 Varro, 134 n. Vasishtha, 251 Vatea, 43 Vatican Mount, the, 335 ff. Veda, first created thing, 219; second created, 219; Agni's mouth, 219 Vedantism, 219 Vegetation-Gods, 191 n., 195, 307, 358, 433 Venus, 53; double sex of, 297 n.; the star, 351 Vestals, 379 n. Vinet, xxv Viracocha, 376 Virgil, 191 n. Virgin-birth, myths of, 316, 321-2, 359, 410, 420 Virgins, sacrificed, 135; Pagan, 353 Vishnu, 262 Visions, psychology of, 34 Visperâd, 285 Vitality in religion, 402 ff. Vizaresha, 311 Vohumano, influence of on Judaism, 222; in Mazdeism, 226; character and attributes of, 296; in Vendidad, 311; = Sraosha, 322, 410; and Mithra, 332, 410, 418 Voltaire, xv Votan, 371 WAFER, the sacred, 207 n., 208 Wakamba, the, 2 n. Wakeman, 402 Wamyamwezi, the, 2 n. Ward, Lester, 33 n. War-Gods, evolution of, 358-9 Warneck, cited, 2 n., 32 n., 42-3, 136 Water, sacrament of, 143; and the Spirit, 221; Goddess of, 356 Weber, cited, 221 n.; discussed, 250 ff. Week of the Son, the, 166 Wellhausen, cited, xii, 67 White in sacrifice, 151, 168, 170, 172, 184, 352 Whydah, sacrifices at, 133 Wiedemann, 47 n. Williams, T., cited, 386 Winckler, cited, 296 n. Windischmann, xxii Winds, sacrifices to, 171 Wine, sacrament of, 142 ff., 175 ff.; given to victims, 119 ff., 137, 354; God of, in Mexico, 375. See Dionysos, Soma, and Haoma Wisdom, Book of, 227 Wisdom. See Sophia Witchcraft, effects of, 31 Witch of Endor, 233 Women, position of in ancient world, 78; in Mithraism, 325-6; in Polynesia, 365; sacrifices of, 135, 364; pregnant, in Jewish ritual, 158; Christian Messiah and, 185; and Buddhism, 249 Word. See Logos Writing, art of, 81 Xerxes, 231 Xipe, human sacrifices to, 137, 390 Xiuhteuctli, 119, 271, 368, 373 YAHWEH, name of, 220; sacraments of, 174, 175, 177; name tabooed, 49; priestly theory of, 68; as bull, 70 n.; frauds upon, 72, 87; nature of, 73; worship of, 67, 70 n., 78, 152; rise of, 81 ff., 95; as rain-giver, 73, 82, 178; as Saviour, 206 Yakuts, the, of Siberia, 184 Yama, 41 Yashts, the, 285 Yasna, 285 Yasoda, 252 Yeschu, 162 Yima, 299 Yoke, the mystic, 206 Yom Kippur. See Atonement, day of Yucatan, religion of, 353; civilisation of, 354 Yuluca, 359 Zaden, 291 n. Zahn, Prof., xii Zapotecs, the, religion of, 356 n. Zarathustra, as cult founder, 57; and Saoshyant, 166, 322; unhistorical, 238, 286; and Er, 272; and cave, 272, 304; Mills on, 286 ff.; cult of, 286 ff.; in Vendidad, 311, 314; his descent to Hades, 324 n.; his birth story, 324 n. Zechariah, cited, 73, 317; and Mazdeism, 422-3 Zervan, 283 Zeus, 64 n., 96, 294 n.; Lycæus, 60, 127; human sacrifice to, 125, 127; rain-giver, 177; a Saviour, 206; reason of, 217; lawgiver, 217; cave-born, 321 n. Zipaltonal, 360 Zodiac, and lamb sacrifice, 142; in Judaism, 179 n.; in Christism, 185; in Mithraism, 299, 337; bull in, 298 n.; origin and antiquity of, 300 and note; and evangelist symbols, 309 n.; and cults of antiquity, 299 ff.; and chair of Peter, 336 Zoganes, the, 160 Zoroaster, 57, 272. See Zarathustra Zulus, human sacrifice by, 124 PRINTED BY WATTS AND CO., JOHNSON'S COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C.