History of the Devil, by Paul Carus, [1900]
| | PAGE |
| Frontispiece | vi |
| Demonolatrous Ceremonies of the Old Inhabitants of Haiti. After Picart | 11 |
| Human Sacrifices Among the Greeks. After an ancient cameo in Berlin | 12 |
| A Hind Substituted for Iphigenia. After a Pompeian fresco | 13 |
| Apapi (Apophis) and Atmu. After Rawlinson | 16 |
| Forms of Taourt. After Rawlinson | 16 |
| Seth. After Brugsch | 16 |
| The Soul Visiting the Mummy. From the Ani Papyrus | 16 |
| Set Teaching the King the Art of War. After Erman | 18 |
| The Weighing of the Heart in the Hall of Truth. After Lepsius's reproduction of the Turin papyrus | 21 |
| The Abode of Bliss. After Lepsius's reproduction of the Turin papyrus | 25 |
| Xisuthrus (the Babylonian Noah) in the Ark. After an ancient Babylonian cylinder. Reproduced from Smith | 32 |
| Wall Decorations of the Royal Palace at Nineveh in Their Present State. After Place, reproduced from Lenormant | 33 |
| Sacred Tree and Serpent. From an ancient Babylonian cylinder. After Smith | 35 |
| The Tree of Life. Decorations on the embroidery of a royal mantle. British Museum | 36 |
| Merodach Delivering the Moon-God from the Evil Spirits. From a Babylonian cylinder. Smith | 37 |
| The Chaldean Trinity Blessing the Tree of Life. British Museum | 40 |
| p. vi | |
| | PAGE |
| The Goddess Anna. Bas-relief in the British Museum | 40 |
| Fight Between Bel-Merodach and Tiamat. British Museum | 41 |
| Evil Demons. British Museum | 43 |
| Demon of the Southwest Wind. Statue in the Louvre. After Lenormant | 44 |
| Nirgalli. British Museum. After Lenormant | 45 |
| An Ancient Assyrian Bronze Tablet Representing the World in the Clutches of an Evil Demon. Collection of M. de Clercq. After Lenormant | 46 |
| An Assyrian Cameo | 59 |
| A Persian Cameo | 59 |
| Assyrian Cylinder | 59 |
| Sculptures on a Royal Tomb. Lenormant | 60 |
| Bas-Relief of Persepolis. Lenormant | 61 |
| The King Slaying a Unicorn. Bas-relief of Persepolis | 63 |
| Saul and the Witch of Endor. After Schnorr von Carolsfeld | 68 |
| Assyrian Goat Demons. Carvings on a boulder. After Lenormant | 69 |
| The Brahman Trimurti. After Coleman | 75 |
| Brahma. Fragment of a car. Musée Guimet | 76 |
| Brahma and Suraswati. Reproduced from Hermann Göll | 77 |
| Vishnu, Lakshmi, and Brahma. After a native illustration, reproduced from Hermann Göll | 78 |
| The Matsya Avatar or Fish Incarnation. From Picart | 79 |
| The Kurm Avatar or Tortoise Incarnation From Picart | 79 |
| The Varâha Avatar or Wild Boar Incarnation. From Picart | 79 |
| The Narasinha Avatar or Man-Lion Incarnation. From Picart | 79 |
| Lakshmi, the Goddess of Beauty. Musée Guimet | 80 |
| Vishnu Narasinha. Fragment of a car. Musée Guimet | 81 |
| Hanuman, the Monkey King, Building the Bridge Over the Strait Between India and Lanka. Reproduced from Hermann Göll | 82 |
| The Vâmana Avatar or Dwarf Incarnation | 83 |
| The Parashura Avatar, or Battle-Ax Incarnation | 83 |
| The Râma Chandra Avatar | 83 |
| The Krishna Avatar | 83 |
| p. vii | |
| | PAGE |
| The Monkey King Sugriva Fighting. Reproduced from Coleman | 84 |
| Vishnu and Shri-Lakshmi as Râma Chandra and Sita After Their Happy Reunion. Reproduced from Coleman | 85 |
| Hanuman Reciting His Adventures to Râma Chandra and Sita. Reproduced from Coleman | 86 |
| Krishna Nursed by Devaki. Reproduced from Moore's Hindu Pantheon | 87 |
| Krishna. Bronze statue, Musée Guimet | 88 |
| Krishna, the Favorite of the Country Lasses of Gokula. Reproduced from Coleman | 89 |
| Krishna's Adventures. Reproduced from Coleman | 90 |
| The Battle Between the Kurus and Pandus on the Field of Kurukshetra. Reproduced from Wilkins | 91 |
| Jagannath with His Two Companions. After Schlagintweit | 92 |
| Shiva with Parvati. Musée Guimet | 93 |
| Shiva-Trimurti. Musée Guimet | 93 |
| Shiva Dancing Surrounded by a Halo of Flames. Bronze Statue, Musée Guimet | 94 |
| The Buddha Avatar or Vishnu's Incarnation as the Enlightened Teacher of Mankind. Reproduced from Picart | 95 |
| The Kalki Avatar or the White-Horse Incarnation. From Picart | 95 |
| Shiva Worship. From Picart | 95 |
| Shiva and Parvati. From Göll | 96 |
| Kali. After an Indian picture. From Schlagintweit | 97 |
| Durga. Indian sculpture. From Schlagintweit | 98 |
| mKha's Groma, the Tibetan Kali. Musée Guimet | 99 |
| Kali-Durga in the Hindu Pantheon. From Wilkins | 100 |
| Hari Hara. From Wilkins | 101 |
| Ganesa. From Wilkins | 102 |
| Agni. From Hermann Göll | 102 |
| Kama. From Wollheim da Fonceka | 102 |
| Shiva Slaying a Demon. From Wilkins | 102 |
| The Demon of Lightning. A Japanese temple statue | 106 |
| The Demon of Thunder. A Japanese temple statue | 107 |
| p. viii | |
| | PAGE |
| Mara's Army. Gandhara sculptures. Museum of Lahore. From Grünwedel | 110 |
| Buddha, Tempted by Mara's Daughters. Gandhara sculptures. Reproduced from Grünwedel | 114 |
| An Indian Wheel of Life. From L. E. Waddell's picture | 119 |
| A Tibetan Wheel of Life. From Bastian | 121 |
| A Japanese Wheel of Life. From Bastian | 123 |
| Meifu, the Dark Tribunal. From Karma | 128 |
| Kongo, the Sheriff. From a Japanese art print | 130 |
| Emma, the Judge. From a Japanese art print | 130 |
| The Devil as a Monk. Japanese wood carving, Musée Guimet | 131 |
| Oni-no-Nembutzu. After a wood carving in the author's possession | 132 |
| Hono-Kuruma, the Cart of Hell. After an old Japanese painting | 133 |
| Tibetan Devil's Altar. From Waddell | 134 |
| Buddha Extending His Help to a Sufferer in Hell. From Karma | 136 |
| The Christian Trinity, God Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Reproduced from Muther | 139 |
| Asmodi, an Evil Spirit, Cast Out by Prayer. After Schnorr von Carolsfeld | 141 |
| Heaven and Hell. After H. F., an unknown Old-German master | 144 |
| The Holy Trinity in the Vatican. After Pietro Berrettini | 146 |
| The Buddhist Trinity, the Buddha, the Dharma, the Sangha. Musée Gulmet | 147 |
| The Trinity and Mary. After Lübke | 148 |
| The Christian Trinity. From Bastian | 149 |
| The Trinity of Salerno. Sketched by the artist of the Gartenlaube | 150 |
| Jacob Böhme | 151 |
| Vignette of Jacob Böhme's Book on the Threefold Life of Man | 152 |
| The Three Principles. Frontispiece of Jacob Böhme's book | 153 |
| Jesus Casting Out Devils. After Schnorr von Carolsfeld | 158 |
| p. ix | |
| | PAGE |
| The Fiend, Sowing Tares Among the Wheat. From a German Picture-Bible | 158 |
| Dives Enjoying Life, and Lazarus Suffering. From a German Picture-Bible | 160 |
| Dives Tormented in Hell. From a German Picture-Bible | 160 |
| Cast Into Outer Darkness Where There Shall be Weeping and Gnashing of Teeth. From a German Picture-Bible | 161 |
| The Day of the Lord. After Michelangelo | 162 |
| The Last judgment. A fresco in the Campo Santo, Pisa | 164 |
| The Christian World-Dispensation According to St. John the Divine. After Schnorr von Carolsfeld | 169 |
| The Four Riders of the Apocalypse. Wall-painting on the Campo Santo, Berlin | 170 |
| The Woman of Abominations. By Albrecht Dürer | 172 |
| Christ's Descent Into Hell. By Sasha Schneider | 176 |
| Christian Representation of the Last judgment. From Klassischer Skulpturenschatz | 180 |
| Christian Representation of Hell. From Klassischer Skulpturenschatz | 181 |
| The Typical Conception of Hell. German woodcut of the age of the Reformation | 185 |
| Weighing the Evil and the Good of the Soul. From the cathedral in Autun, France | 188 |
| The Doom of the Damned. After Luca Signorelli | 189 |
| The Trinity Ideal of Mediæval Christianity. Reproduced from Muther | 190 |
| Hades. From Mon. Inst. | 194 |
| Human Sacrifices at the Funeral Pyre of Patroclus. From Michaelis, Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte | 195 |
| Christ's Death on the Cross and its Prototypes. Biblia Pauperum. Woodcut of the fifteenth century | 196 |
| Tuchulcha, the Demon of Infernal Tortures According to the Belief of the Etruscans. Part of a wall-picture of a tomb in Corneto | 197 |
| Charun, the Etruscan Demon of Death, Waiting for a Victim. From an Etruscan vase | 197 |
| p. x | |
| | PAGE |
| Oknos and the Daughters of Danaos in Hades. Frieze of a Roman wall decoration | 197 |
| Ixion on the Fiery Wheel | 198 |
| Gigantomachy; the Giants Storming Heaven. Vatican Museum | 199 |
| Zeus Conquering Typhœus. Baumeister | 199 |
| Gigantomachy; the Giants Storming Heaven. Greek frieze | 200 |
| War in Heaven. By Albrecht Dürer | 201 |
| Chimæra of Arezzo. Now at Florence | 202 |
| Theseus and Pirithous. Baumeister | 203 |
| Perseus with the Head of the Decapitated Medusa. Baumeister | 204 |
| Perseus and Andromeda. Baumeister | 205 |
| Sicilian Coin with Medusa Head | 206 |
| The Gorgoneion on the Shield of Phidias's Athene | 206 |
| Gorgoneion, Ancient Face of the Gorgon Medusa. Glyptothek, Munich | 207 |
| Medusa Rondanini. Glyptothek, Munich | 207 |
| Bellerophon Slaying the Chimæra. British Museum | 208 |
| The Lion-Killing Hero of Khorsabad | 209 |
| Prometheus Tied by Zeus to the Stake (or Cross) and Exposed to the Eagle; Rescued by Hercules. Vase now at Berlin, Baumeister | 210 |
| The Myth of Prometheus on a Sarcophagus | 212 |
| The Temptations of Christ. Mosaic in the cathedral of Monreale, Sicily | 213 |
| Christian Gem | 218 |
| Mithras Monument of Ostburken | 220 |
| Mithraic Symbols. From C. W. King | 220 |
| Mithras the Saviour. Borghesi monument, the Louvre | 221 |
| Æon of Zrvan Akarana. From Layard | 225 |
| Abraxas Gem | 227 |
| Agathodæmon. From C. W. King | 227 |
| Iao Gem | 227 |
| Serapis | 228 |
| Serapis Gem | 229 |
| p. xi | |
| | PAGE |
| Hermes, Saviour of Souls | 230 |
| Staff of Hermes | 230 |
| Hermes as Jupiter | 230 |
| A Ship Symbolising the Church | 233 |
| A Christian Gem with Serpent | 233 |
| A Gnostic Gem | 233 |
| Christian Symbols of the Catacombs | 234 |
| Aramæan Warriors, Wearing the Cross as an Amulet for Protection in Battle. After Wilkinson | 235 |
| St. Anthony Fighting the Devil with the Cross. After Salvator Rosa | 236 |
| St. George, the Princess and the Dragon | 236 |
| Archangel Michael Conquering Satan. By Raphael. In the Louvre | 238 |
| Archangel Michael Holding the Scales for Weighing Souls. After Lorenzo Sabbatieri | 238 |
| Hel, the Goddess of the Nether World. By Johannes Gehrts | 242 |
| Ragnarok, or Doomsday of the Teutons. By Johannes Gehrts | 244 |
| Dante's Ice Hell. By Gustave Doré | 248 |
| St. Dunstan and the Devil. From Scheible | 255 |
| The Legend of St. Cuthbert. From the Ingoldsby Legends | 257 |
| The Legend of St. Medard. From the Ingoldsby Legends | 258 |
| The Devil's Bridge Over the Reuss | 260 |
| Modern Snake Charmers. Reproduced from Brehm | 262 |
| Moses and Aaron Performing the Snake Miracle Before Pharaoh. After Schnorr von Carolsfeld | 263 |
| The Egyptian Snake Naja Haje Made Motionless by a Pressure on the Neck. From Verworn after photographs | 264 |
| A Successful Rain-Maker Slaying His Rivals. After Schnorr von Carolsfeld | 267 |
| Tenskwatawa, the Shawano Prophet in 1808. Reproduced from the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology | 268 |
| Tenskwatawa, the Shawano Prophet in 1831. Reproduced from the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology | 269 |
| p. xii | |
| | PAGE |
| The Ecstasy of the Ghost Dance of the North American Indians | 271 |
| The Blessing. A Ceremony In the Ghost Dance of the North American Indians | 273 |
| Henricus Cornelius Agrippa ab Nettesheim. Reproduced from the original edition of his works | 274 |
| Illustrations from the Original Edition of Occulta Philosophia | 276,277 |
| Exorcising by the Cross. Bas-relief on a water vessel found near Pisama | 278 |
| Text of the Baptismal Abjuration Formula in Old Low-German. From O. Henne am Rhyn | 281 |
| Specimen Page of an Illuminated Initial in Heisterbach's Dialogus Miraculorum. Original in Royal Library at Düsseldorf | 283 |
| Witches Conjuring a Hail-Storm | 285 |
| The Devil of Conceit as Seen by a Clergyman on the Dress of a Fashionable Lady | 285 |
| The Main Actors in Mediaeval Mysteries. From Dr. Gustav Könnecke | 288 |
| Witches. From Horndorff | 290 |
| The Witches' Sabbath. After Picart | 291 |
| Virgulta Divina. From an old MS. by George Conrad Horst | 294 |
| A Seal of Petrus de Albano for Conjuring Good Spirits | 295 |
| The Twelve Houses of a Horoscope. From Gerhard | 295 |
| The Sign of the First Hour of Sunday | 296 |
| The Divine Name Arranged for Conjuration | 296 |
| Knight and Devil | 297 |
| The Bishop of Lodi Preaching at the Trial of John Huss. From Castelar | 301 |
| Savonarola | 302 |
| Savonarola Praying in His Cell. From Castelar | 303 |
| Burning of Savonarola. After Don Ricardo Balaca | 304 |
| Pope Urban V. Proclaiming the Bull In Cæna Domini, 1362, Condemning Heretics | 311 |
| The Banner of the Spanish Inquisition. From Picart | 312 |
| p. xiii | |
| | PAGE |
| The Banner of the Inquisition of Goa. From Picart | 312 |
| The Chamber of the Inquisition. From Picart | 313 |
| Various Manners of Cross-Examining the Defendants. From Picart | 314 |
| A Man and a Woman Convicted of Heresy. From Picart | 315 |
| Heretics Condemned to be Burned. From Picart | 316 |
| A Man and a Woman Condemned to be Burned. From Picart | 317 |
| The Inquisition in Session on the Market Square at Madrid. From Picart | 318 |
| Procession of the Inquisition of Goa. From Picart | 319 |
| The Last Sermon Preached to the Condemned. From Picart | 319 |
| The Heretics' Death on the Fagots. From Picart | 320 |
| The Water Ordeal | 327 |
| The Torture-Room at Nuremberg. After C. Rau. Reproduced from B. E. König | 329 |
| Agnes Bernauer Drowned as a Witch at the Request of Ernest, Duke of Bavaria. Reproduced from B. E. König | 335 |
| Satanic Temptations and the Ladder of Life. From Heradis von Lansperg's Hortus Deliciarum | 339 |
| Calvinism Tearing Down the Roman Empire | 340 |
| The Kingdom of Satan or the Seven-Headed beast of the Revelation | 341 |
| Temptation. A Protestant Conception of Evil. German woodcut of the time of Luther | 344 |
| The Race for Fortune. After Henneberg's oil painting | 345 |
| The Devil of Unchastity. From a German woodcut | 346 |
| The Devil of Niggardliness Making the Miser Hard-Hearted. By Hans Holbein | 347 |
| The Latest Fad In Clothes Pilloried. From Sigismund Feyerabend's Theatrum Diabolorum | 347 |
| Scenes from M. Jacob Ruff's Religious Drama | 348 |
| Macbeth Consulting the Witches | 349 |
| The Natural State of Man | 354 |
| The Holy Ghost Illumines the Heart | 354 |
| The Holy Ghost in Possession | 355 |
| p. xiv | |
| | PAGE |
| The Passion of Christ in the Heart | 355 |
| The Holy Trinity Resides in the Heart | 356 |
| New Temptations | 356 |
| Satan's Return with Seven Other Spirits More Wicked than Himself | 357 |
| The Impious Man Is Doomed When He Dies | 357 |
| A Heart Fortified in Christ | 358 |
| The Pious Man is Saved at Death | 358 |
| Poster of the Sixteenth Century | 361 |
| Facsimile of the Contract Which Urban Grandier is Reported to have Made with the Devil | 364 |
| Apparitions of the Cross. From Grünbeck | 371 |
| Friedrich von Spee. After a picture in the Marzellen-Gymnasium at Cologne | 376 |
| Illustrations from the Drutenzeitung, 1627 | 378 |
| Balthasar Bekker. From a portrait on the title-page of Die bezauberte Welt | 380 |
| Bekker's Autograph. From his original handwriting | 381 |
| Christian Thomasius. From a copper engraving by M. Bernigroth | 382 |
| Signature of Christian Thomasius | 383 |
| Schottel's Wheel of Hell | 385 |
| The Christian Hell | 388 |
| Schwenter's Hen Experiment. Reproduced by Father Athanasius Kircher | 391 |
| Pater Gassner. Etching by Daniel Chodowiecki | 392 |
| Demons on the Tomb of Dagobert. Church of St. Denys, near Paris | 412 |
| Covetousness. Library of St. Geneviève, Paris | 413 |
| Faust Signing the Contract with the Devil in Blood. By Franz Simm | 414 |
| The Legend of Theophilus. From Monk Conrad's illumined MS. | 416 |
| Mephistopheles Making His Appearance in Faust's Study. After Schnorr von Carolsfeld | 419 |
| p. xv | |
| | PAGE |
| Faust Beholding the Emblem of the Macrocosm. After p. Rembrandt | 419 |
| Faust Riding on a Barrel out of Auerbach's Cellar. Fresco | 420 |
| The Sense-Illusions of the Riotous Students and Faust's Escape. After p. Cornelius | 420 |
| Faust Enjoying Himself in Auerbach's Cellar. Fresco | 421 |
| Mephistopheles Having Faust Buried by the Devils. After Retzsch | 421 |
| Studying Black Magic. Widman's Faust | 426 |
| Conjuring the Devil. Widman's Faust | 426 |
| Some Pleasantries of Black Magic. Widman's Faust | 426 |
| Miracles and Conjurations. Widman's Faust | 426 |
| Last Hours and Death. Widman's Faust | 427 |
| Wagner Conjuring the Devil Auerhan | 428 |
| Auerhan's Services | 428 |
| Wagner's jokes | 428 |
| Last Hours and Death | 428 |
| The Devil in the Puppet Play | 429 |
| Witches Celebrating Walpurgis Night. By Franz Simm | 431 |
| Der Teuffel lest Keyn Lantzknecht mehr inn die Helle faren. Hans Sachs | 432 |
| Hell According to Dionysius Klein's Tragico-Comœdia. Reproduced from Bastian's Die Denkschöpfung | 433 |
| The Devil in Modern Satirical Journals | 436 |
| Hell Up To Date. By permission from A. Young's Hell Up To Date | 437 |
| Egyptian Devil. Post-classic age | 440 |
| Mahâmâya, the Slayer of Mahisha. From Moor's Hindu Pantheon | 440 |
| The Christian View of the Chained Ruler of Hell. Didron | 441 |
| Persian Devil. Didron | 442 |
| Turkish Devil. From a Turkish MS | 442 |
| Satan Accusing Job. Fresco in the Campo Santo at Pisa | 443 |
| Satan in His Ugliness. From a MS. in the National Library, Paris | 444 |
| p. xvi | |
| | PAGE |
| Satan in His Ugliness. From an Anglo-Saxon MS. in the British Museum | 444 |
| The Trinity Fighting Behemoth and Leviathan. After Didron | 445 |
| A Trinity of the Tenth Century. From Müller and Mathe's Archæology | 445 |
| Milton's Satan. After Doré | 451 |
| Lucifer Before the Fall. From the Hortus Deficiarum | 462 |
| The Fallen Lucifer. After Doré | 463 |
| The Feeling of Dependence. After Sasha Schneider | 470 |
| Time as a Trinity of Past, Present, and Future. French miniature | 472 |
| The Divine Trinity. From a MS. in the Bibliothèque de Sainte Geneviève | 472 |
| Italian Trinity. Didron | 473 |
| Satanic Trinity. Didron | 473 |
| The Trinity. From a window in the Church of Notre Dame, at Chalons, France | 474 |
| The Trinity of Evil. From a French MS. in the Bibliothèque Royale at Paris | 474 |
| The Three-Headed Serapis. From Bartoli's Lucernæ Veterum Sepulchrales | 475 |
| Aziel, the Guardian of Hidden Treasures. From Francisci's Proteus infernalis | 475 |
| God Supporting the World. Fresco in the Campo Santo of Pisa | 476 |
| Hercules with Cerberus. From a vase found in Alta mura | 477 |
| St. Anthony Assaulted by Devils. After Schoengauer's copper engraving, 1420-1499 | 479 |
| The Good Lord and the Devil. By Franz Simm | 480 |
| The Devil in the Campo Santo (Pisa) | 485 |
| Seal of Satan. Didron | 486 |