Christmas in Ritual and Tradition: Part II. Pagan Surviva...
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Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, by Clement A. Miles, [1912]
INDEX
- Abbots Bromley, horn-dance at, 201
- Abruzzi, All Souls’ Eve in, 192;
- “Adam,” drama, 127
- Adam and Eve, their Day, 271
- Adam of St. Victor, 33
- “Adeste, fideles,” 63
- Advent, 90;
- “Advent images,” 118;
- Klöpfelnächte, 216
- Alexandria, pagan rites at, 20
- All Saints’ Day, and the cult of the dead, 173,
189
- All Souls’ Day, and the cult of the dead, 173,
181,
189
- Alsace, Christkind in, 230;
- Alsso of Brĕvnov, 183
- Ambrose, St., 31
- Amburbale, 353
- Amiens, Feast of Fools at, 305
- Anatolius, St., hymn of, 100
- Ancestor-worship, 181,
253,
290,
341
- Andrew, St., his Day, 173,
213,
277
- Animals, carol of, 69;
- ox and ass at the Nativity, 155;
- cult of, 174;
- masks of, 175,
199;
- on Christmas Eve, 233;
- specially fed at Christmas, 289;
- wassailing, 346
- Ansbach, Martinmas in, 206
- Antwerp, soul-cakes at, 194;
- St. Martin at, 206;
- St. Thomas's Day at, 224
- Apples, customs with, 195,
207,
278
- Ara Coeli, Rome, 115
- Ardennes, St. Thomas's Day in, 224
- Armenian Church, Epiphany in, 22
- Artemis and St. Nicholas, 218
- Aryan and pre-Aryan customs, 163
- Aschenklas, 219,
231
- Ashes, superstition about, 258
- Ass, Prose of the, 304
- Athens, New Year in, 331
- Aubrey, J., 308
- Augury, 182,
195,
214,
225,
237,
321
- Augustine, St. (of Canterbury), 21,
179
- Aurelian, 23
- Austria, Christmas poetry in, 45;
- Christmas drama in, 143;
- soul-cakes in, 194;
- St. Nicholas in, 218;
- St. Lucia's Eve in, 223;
- St. Thomas's Eve in, 225;
- Frau Perchta, etc., in, 241,
342;
- Sylvester in, 274.
- See also Bohemia, Carinthia, Styria, Tyrol
- Awdlay, John, 47
- Bach, J. S., 73
- Baden, All Souls’ Eve in, 192
- Balder, 273
- Baptism of Christ, celebrated at Epiphany, 20,
101
- Barbara, St., her festival, 268
- Bari, festival of St. Nicholas at, 221
- Barring out the master, 224
- Bartel, 219
- Basil, St., his festival, 331
- Basilidians, 21
- Basle, Council of, 305
- Bavaria, St. Martin's rod in, 207;
- Christmas-trees in, 266;
- sacrificial feast in, 286;
- St. John's wine in, 314
- Beauvais, Feast of the Ass at, 305
- Bede, Venerable, 181,
203p. 392
- Bees on Christmas Eve, 234
- Befana, 244,
278,
343
- Belethus, Johannes, 302
- Belgium, All Souls’ Eve in, 192,
194;
- St. Hubert's Day in, 202;
- Martinmas in, 204;
- St. Catherine's Day in, 213;
- St. Nicholas in, 219;
- St. Thomas's Day in, 224
- Bentzon, Madame Th., 96
- Berchta. See Perchta
- Berlin, pyramids in, 266;
- Bernard, St., of Clairvaux, 33
- Berry, cake customs in, 287,
339
- Bethlehem, Christmas at, 94,
107
- Biggar, bonfires at, 327
- Bilfinger, Dr. G., 172
- Birds fed at Christmas, 289
- Blindman's buff, 293
- Boar's head, 284,
348
- Bohemia, the “star” in, 152;
- fifteenth-century Christmas customs in, 183;
- St. Andrew's Eve in, 215;
- St. Thomas's Eve in, 224
- Boniface, St., 171
- Boy Bishop, 212,
306;
- connection with St. Nicholas, 220,
307
- “Breast-strip” rites, 328
- Breviary, the Roman, 90
- Briid, 354
- Brimo, 21
- Brittany, Herod play in, 141;
- Magi actors in, 151;
- All Souls’ Eve in, 191;
- Christmas Eve superstitions in, 233,
236;
- Christmas log in, 256;
- New Year in, 323;
- aguillanneuf in, 330;
- weather superstition in, 332
- Brixen, cradle-rocking at, 111
- Brixlegg, Christmas play at, 143 f.
- Bromfield, Cumberland, barring out the master at, 224
- Brough, Westmoreland, Twelfth Night tree at, 270
- Brunnen, Epiphany at, 341
- Budelfrau, 220
- Burchardus of Worms, 181
- Burford, Christmas holly at, 275
- Burghead, “Clavie” at, 327
- Burns, Robert, 197
- “Bush, burning the,” 346
- Buzebergt, 220
- Byrom, John, 84
- Caballero, Fernan, 66,
117,
151
- Caesarius of Arles, 170,
181
- Cakes, “feasten,” 177;
- Calabrian minstrels, 112
- Calamy, 185
- Caligula, 168
- Callander, Hallowe'en at, 198
- Cambridge, St. Clement's Day at, 212
- Canada, Christmas Eve superstition in, 234
- Candlemas, 350,
352
- Candles, on St. Lucia's Day, 212;
- Cards, Christmas, 279
- Carinthia, St. Stephen's Day in, 312
- Carnival, 300,
349
- Carols, meaning of the word, 47;
- English sacred, 47,
76,
84;
- Welsh, 69;
- Irish, 69;
- Highland, 70
- Catholicism and Christmas, 27,
186
- Celtic New Year, 172,
189,
195,
203,
321
- Centaurs, 247
- Cereal sacraments, 177.
- Chambers, Mr. E. K., 5,
125,
299,
302,
348
- Charlemagne, coronation of, 96
- Charms, New Year, 182,
195,
321
- Cheshire, Old Hob in, 199;
- poultry specially fed at Christmas, 289
- Chester plays, 128,
133
- Chesterton, Mr. G. K., 85
- Childermas, 315
- Children's festivals, 205,
218,
223,
359
- China, New Year in, 324
- Chios, Christmas rhamna in, 270
- Christkind as gift-bringer, 205,
230,
277
- Christmas, pagan and Christian elements in, 18,
161,
357;
- names of, 20;
- establishment of, 20;p. 393
- its connection with earlier festivals, 20;
- becomes humanized, 25,
34;
- in poetry, 31;
- liturgical aspects of, 89;
- in popular devotion, 104;
- in drama, 121;
- its human appeal, 155,
357;
- attracts customs from other festivals, 173,
226,
277,
284;
- decorations, 178,
272;
- feasting, 178,
283;
- presents, 276;
- masking customs, 297;
- log, see Yule Log
- Christmas Eve, 229;
- superstitions about the supernatural, 233;
- log customs, 251;
- fish supper on, 286
- Christmas-tree, 168,
178,
263;
- Christpuppe, 231
- Chrysostom, 269
- Church, Dean, 34
- Circumcision, Feast of, 101,
302.
- Clement, St., his Day, 211
- Cleobury Mortimer, curfew at, 258
- Clermont, shepherd play at, 141
- Coffin, Charles, 64
- Communion, sacrificial, 174
- “Comte d'Alsinoys,” 56,
58
- Cornwall, Hallowe'en custom in, 196;
- blackbird pie in, 293;
- Childermas in, 315
- Coventry plays, 128,
130,
138
- Cradle-rocking, 108
- Crashaw, 79
- Crib, Christmas, 105,
113;
- possible survivals in England, 118,
274
- Crimmitschau, 112
- Crivoscian customs, 231,
253,
276,
346
- Croatia, St. Andrew's Eve in, 215;
- Christmas log customs in, 251
- Cronia, 166
- Dalmatia, Yule log customs in, 252
- Dancing, 47,
293,
298,
302
- Daniel, Jean, 56,
58
- Dannhauer, J. K., 265
- Dasius, St., 167
- Dead, feasts of the, 173,
180,
189,
235,
240,
253,
341
- Decorations, evergreen, 168,
178,
350,
355
- Denisot, Nicholas, 56,
58
- Denmark, “star-singing” in, 151;
- animal masks in, 202;
- Martinmas goose in, 203;
- St. Lucia's Eve in, 223;
- St. Thomas's Day in, 223;
- Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235;
- Yule candles in, 259;
- Christmas-tree in, 267;
- pig's head eaten in, 286;
- Yule-bishop in, 308
- Derbyshire, “kissing-bunch” in, 274;
- Devil, and beast masks, 202;
- Devon, “Yeth hounds” in, 240;
- “ashton faggot” in, 258;
- wassailing fruit-trees in, 345
- Dew, Christmas, 288
- Dickens, Charles, 359
- Dinan, Herod play at, 141
- Dionysus, as child-god, 21;
- Dorstone, Hallowe'en at, 197
- Drama, Christmas, in Latin, 121;
- in English, 128;
- in French, 128,
138;
- in Spanish, 128,
148;
- in German, 143;
- in Italian, 147,
150;
- survivals of, 150;
- St. Nicholas plays, 220,
232;
- pagan folk-drama, 298
- Drinking customs, 36,
204,
285,
314,
327
- Druids and mistletoe, 273
- Duchesne, Monsignor, 20,
24
- Durham, Candlemas at, 353
- Düsseldorf, Martinmas at, 206
- Dyzemas, 315
- Eckhart, 42,
157
- Edinburgh, New Year in, 325
- Eiresione, 270
- Encina, Juan del, 149
- England, Christmas poetry in, 47,
76;
- Midnight Mass in, 99;
- possible survivals of the Christmas crib in, 118,
274;
- the Nativity in the miracle cycles, 128;
- “souling” in, 192;
- Hallowe'en in, 195;
- Guy Fawkes Day in, 198;
- animal masks in, 199;p. 394
- Martinmas in, 203;
- St. Clement's Day in, 211;
- St. Catherine's Day in, 212;
- St. Andrew's Day in, 213;
- St. Thomas's Day in, 225;
- Christmas Eve superstitions in, 234;
- Yule log in, 257;
- Yule candle in, 259;
- pyramids and Christmas-trees in, 266,
270;
- the Holy Thorn in, 268;
- evergreen decorations in, 272;
- Christmas boxes in, 279;
- Christmas fare in, 283;
- sacrificial survivals and Christmas games in, 292;
- mummers and sword-dancers in, 297;
- Feast of Fools in, 305;
- Boy Bishop in, 220,
306;
- St. Stephen's Day in, 292,
311;
- Holy Innocents’ Day in, 315;
- New Year's Day in, 321,
332;
- Epiphany customs in, 337,
345;
- Candlemas in, 350,
353;
- Rock Day in, 351;
- Plough Monday in, 352
- Ephraem Syrus, 31,
239
- Epiphanius, 21
- Epiphany, early history of the festival, 20;
- in the Roman Church, 101;
- in the Greek Church, 102;
- Blessing of the Waters at, 102,
244,
246,
344;
- Italian religious ceremonies at, 116;
- in drama, 125;
- old German name for, 243;
- folk customs on, 293;
- Twelfth Night cakes and kings, 337;
- expulsion of evils, 341;
- the Befana and the Magi, 343;
- wassailing, 345;
- “Haxey Hood,” 347;
- farewells to Christmas, 349
- Erzgebirge, Christmas plays in, 144,
232;
- St. John's tree in, 269;
- pfeffern in, 316
- Eschenloh, berchten at, 342
- Esthonians, All Souls’ Day among, 191
- Ethelred, laws of, 21
- Etzendorf, St. Martin's rod at, 207
- Evans, Sir Arthur, 253
- Eves, importance of for festival customs, 196
- Expulsion rites, 104,
181,
217,
327,
341,
344
- Fabriano, Gentile da, 148
- Fare, Christmas, 283
- Feasting, connected with sacrifice, 178,
284;
- at Martinmas, 202;
- at Christmas, 283;
- at New Year, 321;
- at Epiphany, 337
- Feien, 231
- Feilberg, Dr. H. F., 6,
236,
313
- Festivals, origin and purpose of, 17;
- relation of pagan and Christian, 19,
169
- Fire, not given out at Christmas or New Year, 170,
257;
- bonfires, 182,
198,
204,
327,
346;
- new fire lit, 198;
- Christmas log and ancestor-worship, 251;
- the Yule log and candle in western Europe, 254;
- Candlemas fires and lights, 352
- “First-foots,” 208,
252,
323
- Fish eaten on Christmas Eve, 287
- Flagellants, 146
- Flamma, Galvano, 147
- Fletcher, Giles, 82
- Florence, Nativity plays at, 147;
- Fools, Feast of, 180,
302
- Football, 349
- Fowler, Dr. W. Warde, 167
- France, Christmas poetry in, 55;
- Midnight Mass in, 96;
- Christmas drama in, 124,
138;
- All Souls’ Eve in, 191;
- Christmas Eve superstitions in, 234;
- Christmas log in, 254;
- Christmas-tree in, 267;
- Harvest May in, 271;
- presents brought by le petit Jésus, 278;
- Christmas cakes in, 287;
- Feast of Fools in, 302;
- Boy Bishop in, 308;
- Innocents’ Day in, 316;
- New Year in, 322;
- aguillanneuf in, 329;
- Epiphany in, 339,
344,
349;
- Candlemas candles in, 353
- Francis, St. (of Assisi), and Christmas, 36,
105,
157,
289
- Frazer, Dr. J. G., 6,
167,
180,
182,
199,
276,
288,
324
- Frick, Frau, 241
- Frigg, 241
- Friuli, All Souls’ Day in, 194
- Frumenty, 285
- Games, Christmas, 293p. 395
- Gaude, Frau, 241
- Gautier, Théophile, 64
- Gay, 196
- Geese-dancers, 299
- Genealogy, chanting of the, 93
- George, St., in mummers’ plays, 299
- Gerhardt, Paul, 73
- Germanicus, 202
- Germany, Christmas established in, 21;
- Christmas poetry in Catholic, 42;
- Protestant hymns in, 70;
- Christmas services in, 98;
- the crib and Kindelwiegen in, 107;
- Christmas drama in, 143;
- “star-singing” in, 152;
- Roman customs in, 171;
- pre-Christian New Year in, 171;
- soul-cakes in, 194;
- the Schimmel and other animal masks in, 199;
- Martinmas customs in, 202;
- St. Andrew's Eve in, 214;
- St. Nicholas in, 218,
229;
- St. Thomas's Eve in, 225;
- Christmas Eve in, 229,
237;
- Twelve Days superstitions in, 240;
- Frau Berchta, etc., in, 241;
- werewolves in, 246;
- Christmas log in, 256;
- Christmas-tree in, 263,
359;
- Harvest May in, 271;
- Christmas presents in, 277;
- Christmas fare in, 286;
- sacrificial relics in, 292;
- St. Stephen's Day in, 312,
315;
- St. John's Day in, 314;
- Holy Innocents’ Day in, 316;
- New Year in, 322,
332
- Gilmorton, “Christmas Vase” at, 118
- Glastonbury thorns, 268
- “Gloria in excelsis,” 91,
94
- Goethe, 266
- Goliards, 49,
128
- Gomme, Sir Laurence, 257,
354
- Goose, Martinmas, 203;
- Gozzoli, Benozzo, 148
- Grampus, 219
- Greece, Epiphany ceremonies in, 102,
244,
344;
- winter festivals of Dionysus in, 169,
245;
- Kallikantzaroi in, 244,
257;
- Christmas log in, 257,
344;
- rhamna in Chios, 270;
- “Christ's Loaves” in, 290;
- folk-plays in, 300;
- New Year in, 331,
333
- Greek Church, Epiphany in, 22,
102;
- Christmas in, 22,
99;
- Advent in, 90
- Gregorie, 315
- Gregory III., 107
- Gregory the Great, letter to Mellitus, 179,
203
- Guernsey, Christmas superstitions in, 234,
240;
- Guisers, 297
- Guy Fawkes Day, 182,
198
- Habergaiss, 201
- Habersack, 201
- Hakon the Good, 21,
172
- Hallowe'en, 182,
195
- Hampstead, Guy Fawkes Day at, 199
- Hans Trapp, 230
- Hardy, Mr. Thomas, 48,
234
- Harke, Frau, 241
- Harrison, Miss Jane, 21,
176,
325
- “Haxey Hood,” 347
- Herbert, George, 81
- Herefordshire, Hallowe'en in, 197;
- pyramids in, 266;
- Holy Thorn in, 269;
- New Year water in, 332;
- Epiphany and New Year ceremonies in, 346
- Herod plays, 126,
129,
141,
153
- Herrick, 81,
257,
338,
345,
354
- Hertfordshire, pyramids in, 266
- Hindu New Year, 322
- Höfler, Dr., 288
- Hogmanay, 328
- Holda, Frau, 241
- Holland, the “star” in, 152;
- Martinmas in, 204;
- Rommelpot in, 217;
- St. Nicholas in, 219;
- St. Thomas's Day in, 225
- Holly, 272,
275
- Holy Innocents’ Day, 127,
302,
306,
315
- Horn-cakes, 202,
204
- Hornchurch, boar's head at, 348
- Horn-dance, 201
- Horse, as a sacrificial animal, 200;
- hobby-horse, hodening, and the Schimmel, 199;
- customs on St. Stephen's Day, 311p. 396
- Howison, 234
- Hubert, St., his Day, 202
- Hunt, Leigh, 337
- Huysmans, J. K., 93
- Hymns, Latin, 31,
42
- Iceland, “Yule host” in, 240
- Image, Prof. Selwyn, 85
- “In dulci jubilo,” 44
- Incense used for purification, 183,
225,
244,
327
- Ireland, Christmas carols in, 69;
- All Souls’ Eve in, 192;
- Hallowe'en customs in, 197;
- Martinmas slaughter in, 203;
- “hunting of the wren” in, 292;
- Holy Innocents’ Day in, 315;
- Epiphany in, 350
- Italy, Christmas poetry in, 36,
67;
- presepio in, 105,
112,
359;
- Christmas drama in, 146,
152;
- All Souls’ in, 192,
194;
- Martinmas in, 204;
- Christmas log in, 256;
- Santa Lucia in, 278;
- Christmas fare in, 287,
289;
- Epiphany in, 343
- Ivy, 272,
275
- Jacopone da Todi, 36,
39,
146
- James, St., Gospel of, 124
- Jerome, St., 181
- Jerusalem, Christmas at, 22,
94
- John, St., Evangelist, his Day, 302,
314
- Johnson, Lionel, 85
- Johnson, Richard, 301
- Jonson, Ben, 298
- Julebuk, 202
- Julian the Apostate, 23
- Julklapp, 278
- Kalends of January, the Roman festival, 24,
165,
167,
200,
269;
- made a fast, 101,
170.
- See also New Year's Day
- Kallikantzaroi, 244
- Kindelwiegen, 108
- King of the Bean, 180,
338
- “Kissing-bunch,” 274
- Kissling, K. G., 266
- Klapperbock, 201
- Klaubauf, 219
- Klöpfelnächte, 216
- Knecht Ruprecht, 220,
231
- Kore, 21
- Krampus, 219
- Labruguière, Epiphany in, 342
- Lake, Prof. K., 20,
24
- La Monnoye, 62
- Lancashire, Hallowe'en in, 198
- Latin Christmas poetry, 31,
42,
63,
68
- Lawson, Mr. J. C., 247,
301
- Lead-pouring, 215,
237,
332
- Leather, Mrs., 269,
346
- Le Moigne, Lucas, 56
- Libanius, 168,
269
- Liberius, Pope, 107,
352
- Lima, Christmas Eve at, 98
- Lithuania, feast of the dead in, 195;
- Log customs. See Yule log
- Lombardy, Christmas log in, 256
- London, Greek Epiphany ceremonies in, 103;
- Italian Christmas in, 116,
291;
- Christmas in, under Puritans, 185;
- German Christmas in, 265;
- Boy Bishop in, 306;
- New Year in, 322,
327
- Lord Mayor's day, 202
- Lord of Misrule, 298
- Lorraine, cake customs in, 287,
339
- Lucia, St., her festival, 221,
268
- Lucian, 166
- Ludlow, Guy Fawkes Day at, 199
- Lullabies, 51,
67,
83,
109
- Luther, Martin, 70,
265
- Lyme Regis, Candlemas at, 354
- Macedonia, Christmas Eve in, 217;
- New Year's Eve in, 226,
330,
332;
- Kallikantzaroi in, 245;
- folk-play in, 300;
- Epiphany in, 344
- Macée, Claude, 141
- Madrid, 97,
153,
343
- Magi in drama, 125,
128,
151;
- Magic, 163
- Man, Isle of, carol-singing in, 99;
- Mana, 176
- Mannhardt, W., 252,
313
- Marguerite of Navarre, 141
- Marseilles, “pastorals” at, 141
- Martin of Braga, 272
- Martin I., Pope, 203
- Martinengo-Cesaresco, Countess, 106,
112,
142
- Martinmas, an old winter festival, 173,
182,
200,
202;
- its feasting customs, 202;
- its bonfires, 204;
- St. Martin as gift-bringer, and his relation to St. Nicholas, 205,
218,
277
- Masking customs, 169,
175,
199,
206,
219,
230,
245,
297,
304,
352
- Mass, Midnight, 94;
- the three Christmas Masses, 94
- Mechlin, Martinmas at, 206
- Mellitus, Abbot, 179
- Mexico, Christmas drama in, 154
- Michaelmas, 173
- Milan, Epiphany play at, 147
- Milton, 82
- Mince-pies, 284
- Minnesingers, 36
- “Misterio de los Reyes Magos,” 128
- Mistletoe, 272,
276
- Mistral, Frédéric, 255
- Mithra, 23
- Modranicht, 181
- Monasticism and Christmas, 34
- Mont-St.-Michel, Epiphany king at, 340
- Montenegro, Christmas log customs in, 252
- Morgan, Lady, 114
- Morris, William, 85
- Morris-dancers, 299
- Mouthe, “De fructu” at, 288
- Mummers’ plays, 297
- Munich, Bavarian National Museum at, 107;
- Christmas-tree at, 267;
- St. Stephen's Day at, 312
- Murillo, 65
- Mythology, in relation to ritual, 164,
176
- Naogeorgus, 111,
217,
353
- Naples, zampognari at, 112;
- presepio at, 113;
- Christmas plays at, 150;
- Epiphany at, 343
- Natalis Invicti, 23,
165
- New Year's Day, in Roman Empire, 24,
167,
276;
- opposed in character to Christmas, 25;
- Teutonic and Celtic, 25,
171,
189,
202;
- Slav, 173;
- January 1 made a fast, 101,
170;
- customs attracted to January 1, 173,
189,
200,
321;
- fire not given out, 170,
257;
- charms, omens, and other customs, 182,
321;
- presents, 168,
276;
- mistletoe connected with, 276
- Nicea, Council of, 22
- Nicholas, St., his Day related to Martinmas, 173,
207,
277;
- as patron of boys, 218,
220,
- of sailors, 218,
221;
- his festival, 218;
- on Christmas Eve, 229
- Noël, origin of the name, 22;
- Normandy, “star-singing” in, 151;
- Innocents’ Day in, 316;
- Epiphany in, 349
- Northamptonshire, St. Catherine's and St. Andrew's Days in, 213;
- Northumberland, holly in, 275
- Norway, Christmas established in, 21;
- “star-singing” in, 151;
- pre-Christian Yule festival in, 172;
- animal masks in, 202;
- Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235;
- Yule candles in, 259
- Notker, 32
- Nottinghamshire, Hallowe'en customs in, 196;
- Christmas cake and wassail-bowl in, 285
- Nuremberg, Epiphany at, 342
- Nuts, customs with, 195,
207
- “O's,” Great, 92
- Oak as a sacred tree, 254
- Oberufer, Christmas play at, 143,
272
- Ocaña, F. de, 65
- Oesel, “Yule Boar” in, 288
- Old Hob, 199p. 398
- Otfrid of Weissenburg, 42
- Oxford, boars head at, 284
- Palmer, Mr. F. H. E., 104
- Parcae, 181
- Paris, Christmas in, 98;
- All Souls’ Eve in, 191;
- St. Catherine's Day in, 213;
- Christmas-tree in, 267;
- New Year in, 277;
- Feast of Fools in, 302
- Paschal, Françoise, 61
- Pasquier, Étienne, 339
- Pearson, Dr. Karl, 161
- Pellegrin, Abbé, 63
- Pelzmärte, 206,
217
- Perchta, 181,
241,
342
- Perun, 254
- Peterborough, St. Catherine's Day at, 213
- Philocalian Calendar, 20
- Pifferari, 112
- Pillersee, Advent mummeries at, 218
- Pliny, 273
- Plough Monday, 300
- Plum-pudding, 284
- Plygain, 99
- Poland, the “star” in, 152;
- puppet-shows in, 153;
- werewolves in, 246;
- Christmas straw in, 276;
- Christmas wafers in, 291
- Polaznik, 231,
252,
323
- Presents, at the Roman Kalends, 168,
276;
- on All Souls’ Eve, 192;
- at Martinmas, 205;
- on St. Nicholas's Day, 218;
- at Christmas, 183,
230,
277;
- at New Year and other seasons, 277;
- at Epiphany, 343
- Presepio. See Crib
- “Prophetae,” 127
- Protestantism, effects of, on Christmas, 27,
70,
111,
138,
141,
185,
229
- Provence, remains of Christmas drama in, 141,
154;
- Christmas log in, 255;
- Magi in, 344
- Prudentius, 32
- Puppet-plays, 153 f.
- Purification, feast of the. See Candlemas
- Puritans, their attitude towards Christmas, 77,
180,
184,
298
- Pyramids, 266
- Quainton, blossoming thorn at, 268
- “Raging host,” 240,
242
- Ragusa, Christmas log customs at, 252
- Ramsgate, hodening at, 200
- Rauchnächte, 225,
327
- Rhys, Sir John, 189,
321,
325
- Ripon, St. Clement's Day at, 212;
- Yule candles at, 259;
- Candlemas at, 354
- Risano, Christmas log customs at, 252
- Rolle, Richard, 48
- Rome, Christmas established in, 20;
- pagan winter festivals in, 23,
165;
- Christmas services and customs in, 95,
112,
289;
- mediaeval New Year quête in, 331
- Rossetti, Christina, 85
- Rouen, religious plays at, 124,
138
- Roumania, the “star” in, 152;
- Christmas drama in, 153;
- St. Andrew's Eve in, 215;
- Christmas songs in, 238;
- Christmas fare in, 287,
291;
- New Year in, 330;
- Epiphany in, 342
- Russia, Epiphany ceremonies in, 104,
246;
- the “star” in, 152;
- Christmas Eve in, 232,
237;
- fire superstitions in, 253;
- Christmas fare in, 287,
291;
- Christmas games in, 294;
- mummers in, 302;
- New Year in, 333
- Saboly, 62
- Sacrifice, theories of, 174;
- Salers, Christmas king at, 340
- Samhain, 172,
204
- Sant’ Andrea della Valle, Rome, 102
- Santa Klaus, 220
- Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, 95,
107,
114
- Saturnalia, 24,
113,
165,
180,
359
- Schiller, 266
- Schimmel and Schimmelreiter, 199,
206,
231
- Schoolboys’ festival, 223.
- Scotland, Christmas carols in, 70;
- Hallowe'en customs in, 197;
- sowens eaten in, 285;
- “first-foot” in, 325;
- other New Year customs in, 326,
332;
- Candlemas in, 354p. 399
- Sedulius, Coelius, 32
- Sequences, 32
- Serao, Matilde, 113
- Serbs, Christmas customs of, 251,
341
- Shakespeare, 239,
298
- Shepherds in Christmas drama, 123,
132,
139
- Shropshire, soul-cakes in, 192;
- Guy Fawkes Day at Ludlow, 199;
- Twelve Days superstitions in, 240,
258;
- Christmas Brand in, 258;
- Christmas decorations in, 275,
355;
- “wigs” in, 285;
- cattle specially fed at Christmas, 289;
- morris-dancers in, 299;
- New Year in, 324;
- Candlemas in, 355
- Sicily, Midnight Mass in, 98;
- Christmas novena in, 112;
- Christmas procession at Messina, 113;
- Christmas plays in, 150;
- All Souls’ Eve in, 192;
- Martinmas in, 204;
- St. Lucia's Eve in, 222;
- presents in, 278;
- Candlemas candles in, 353
- Sidgwick, Mr. F., 6,
77
- Sidgwick, Mrs. Alfred, 264
- Silesia, Schimmel in, 200;
- Martinmas in, 206;
- Christmas Eve in, 232;
- animals specially fed at Christmas, 289
- Slav New Year, 172;
- Christmas songs and customs, 237,
251,
290,
341.
- See also Bohemia, Crivoscia, Poland, Russia
- Smith, W. Robertson, 164,
175,
178
- Somersetshire wassailing, 345
- Soul cakes, 192
- South America, Christmas in, 98
- Southwell, 79
- Sowens eaten, 285,
325
- Spain, Christmas poetry in, 65;
- Spervogel, 42
- Spinning, during Twelve Days, 240
- Staffordshire, St. Clement's Day in, 211
- “Star-singing,” 151
- “Stella,” 125,
129
- Stephen, St., his festival, 292,
302,
311
- Stephens, Dean, 35
- Stow's “Survay,” 272
- Strasburg, early Christmas-trees at, 265
- Strenae, 168,
277
- Stubbes, Philip, 184,
298
- Styles, Old and New, 268
- Styria, Habergaiss in, 201;
- Perchta in, 243;
- St. John's wine in, 315
- Sun, the, December 25
as festival of, 23;
- Suso, 44
- Sussex, squirrel-hunting in, 214;
- tipteerers in, 298;
- wassailing fruit-trees in, 345
- Swabia, Pelzmärte in, 206,
217
- Sweden, Christmas service in, 99;
- “star-singing” in, 151;
- animal masks in, 202;
- St. Lucia's Day in, 221;
- Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235;
- Yule log in, 257;
- Yule candles in, 259;
- Christmas-trees in, 267,
270;
- Yule straw in, 276;
- Christmas presents in, 278;
- pig's head eaten in, 286;
- dances in, 293;
- St. Stephen's Day in, 312,
315;
- “St. Knut's Day” in, 351
- Swinburne, 84
- Swine as sacrificial animal, 284,
286
- Switzerland, St. Nicholas in, 218;
- Christmas-tree in, 267;
- birds fed at Christmas, 289
- Sword-dance, 294,
299
- Sylvesterabend, 274,
322
- Tacitus, 200,
299
- Tate, Nahum, 84
- Tauler, 43
- Teme valley, “first-footing” in, 324
- Tenby, Plygain at, 99;
- St. Clement's Day at, 212
- Tersteegen, Gerhard, 75
- Tertullian, 269
- Teutonic New Year, 171,
189,
202
- Thomas of Celano, 38
- Thomas, Mr. N. W., 293
- Thomas, St., his festival, 223
- “Thomassin’,” 226
- Thurston, Mr. Edgar, 322
- Tieck, 266p. 400
- Tille, Dr. A., 5,
110,
169,
172,
231,
268
- Tipteerers, 298
- Tolstoy's “War and Peace,” 302
- Tomte Gubbe, 236
- Tonquin, feast of the dead in, 195
- Totemism, 175
- Tours, Council of, 21,
101,
239
- Towneley plays, 128,
134
- Trees, sacred, 177,
254,
269;
- flowering at Christmas, 268;
- Christian symbols, 271
- Trest, Epiphany at, 344
- Trolls on Christmas Eve, 235
- Troppau, Christmas Eve at, 232
- Troubadours, 36
- Tübingen, cradle-rocking at, 111
- Tuscany, Christmas log in, 256
- Tutilo of St. Gall, 123
- Twelfth Night. See Epiphany
- Twelve Days, declared a festal tide, 21,
239;
- variously reckoned, 239;
- supernatural visitors on, 239
- Tylor, Dr. E. B., 191
- Tynan, Katharine, 85
- Tyrol, Midnight Mass in, 97;
- the crib in, 107;
- cradle-rocking in, 111;
- Christmas drama in, 143;
- “star-singing” in, 152;
- All Souls in, 191,
194;
- Klöpfelnächte in, 218;
- St. Nicholas in, 220;
- St. Lucia in, 223;
- Christmas Eve in, 236,
346;
- Berchta in, 243;
- customs with fruit-trees in, 268;
- Christmas pie in, 290,
345;
- St. Stephen's Day in, 311;
- St. John's Day in, 314;
- Epiphany in, 337;
- Carnival in, 349;
- Purification candles in, 353
- Ubeda, J. L. de, 65
- Uist, South, “breast-strip” in, 328
- United States, Santa Klaus in, 220;
- Usedom, 201
- Usener, H., 20,
107
- Valdivielso, J. de, 65
- Vampires, 215,
245
- Vaughan, Henry, 81
- Vega, Lope de, 149
- Vegetation-cults, 177
- Venetia, Martinmas in, 204,
207
- Vessel-cup, 118
- Villazopeque, 148
- Vosges mountains, All Souls’ Eve in, 191
- Wales, Christmas carols in, 69;
- Plygain in, 99;
- soul-cakes in, 193;
- Hallowe'en in, 189,
196;
- the “Mari Llwyd” in, 201;
- “new water” carol in, 333;
- Christmas football in, 349
- Warnsdorf, St. Nicholas play at, 220
- Wassail-bowl, 193,
285
- Water, New Year, 332
- Watts, Isaac, 83
- Weather, ideas about, 203,
332
- Weihnacht, origin of the name, 20
- Werewolves, 246
- Wesley, Charles, 84
- Westermarck, Dr. E., 176
- Westphalia, St. Thomas's Day in, 225
- Whipping customs, 207,
315,
330
- “Wild hunt,” 239
- Wine, Martinmas, 204;
- St. John's and St. Stephen's, 314
- “Wish hounds,” 240
- Wither, George, 83
- Woden, 200,
206,
208,
231,
240
- Women, their clothes worn by men at folk-festivals, 178,
301,
304;
- Woolwich, St. Clement's and St. Catherine's Days at, 212
- Worcestershire. St. Clement's Day in, 212;
- Wormesley, Holy Thorn at, 269
- Wren, hunting of, 292
- Wylie, Miss I. A. R., 263
- “Yeth hounds,” 240
- York Minster, mistletoe at, 273;
- York plays, 128,
131
- Yorkshire, possible survival of the crib in, 118;
- frumenty, ale posset, and Yule cakes in, 285;
- “lucky bird” in, 325
- Ypres, St. Martin at, 206
- Yule, origin of the name, 25,
171
- “Yule Boar,” 288
- Yule log, 180,
245,
251,
344,
354
Next: Footnotes